1288:
1356:
1348:
1147:
3443:
1114:
3432:
1460:
1199:) allowed plants to gain a foothold on land. These early plants were the forerunners of all plant life on land. During this time, there were four continents: Gondwana (Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, Siberia), Laurentia (North America), Baltica (Northern Europe), and Avalonia (Western Europe). The recent rise in sea levels allowed many new species to thrive in water.
1504:
communities but about 47% of
Cenozoic communities. Additionally, the Palaeozoic had very few facultatively motile animals that could easily adjust to disturbance, with such creatures composing 1% of its assemblages in contrast to 50% in Cenozoic faunal assemblages. Non-motile animals untethered to the substrate, extremely rare in the Cenozoic, were abundant in the Palaeozoic.
1214:
1443:(early Carboniferous Period) began with a spike in atmospheric oxygen, while carbon dioxide plummeted to new lows. This destabilized the climate and led to one, and perhaps two, ice ages during the Carboniferous. These were far more severe than the brief Late Ordovician ice age; but, this time, the effects on world biota were inconsequential. By the
1238:, leading to taller growth and vascular tissue; the first trees and seeds evolved. These new habitats led to greater arthropod diversification. The first amphibians appeared and fish occupied the top of the food chain. Earth's second Phanerozoic mass extinction event (a group of several smaller extinction events), the
1256:
The
Carboniferous is named after the large coal deposits laid down during the period. It spanned from 359–299 million years ago. During this time, average global temperatures were exceedingly high; the early Carboniferous averaged at about 20 degrees Celsius (but cooled to 10 °C during
1180:
The
Silurian spanned from 444–419 million years ago. The Silurian saw the rejuvenation of life as the Earth recovered from the previous glaciation. This period saw the mass evolution of fish, as jawless fish became more numerous, jawed fish evolved, and the first freshwater fish evolved, though
1492:
animal phyla in great abundance at the beginning of the
Cambrian. The first vertebrates appeared in the form of primitive fish, which greatly diversified in the Silurian and Devonian Periods. The first animals to venture onto dry land were the arthropods. Some fish had lungs, and powerful bony fins
1415:
The middle
Paleozoic was a time of considerable stability. Sea levels had dropped coincident with the ice age, but slowly recovered over the course of the Silurian and Devonian. The slow merger of Baltica and Laurentia, and the northward movement of bits and pieces of Gondwana created numerous new
1161:
still prevalent today evolved, such as primitive fish, cephalopods, and coral. The most common forms of life, however, were trilobites, snails and shellfish. The first arthropods went ashore to colonize the empty continent of
Gondwana. By the end of the Ordovician, Gondwana was at the south pole,
962:
as an indicator of complex life. Unlike later in the fossil record, Cambrian trace fossils are preserved in a wide range of sediments and environments, which aids correlation between different sites around the world. Trace fossils reflect the complexity of the body plan of the organism that made
1467:
While macroscopic plant life appeared early in the
Paleozoic Era and possibly late in the Neoproterozoic Era of the earlier eon, plants mostly remained aquatic until the Silurian Period, about 420 million years ago, when they began to transition onto dry land. Terrestrial flora reached its
1503:
The
Palaeozoic marine fauna was notably lacking in predators relative to the present day. Predators made up about 4% of the fauna in Palaeozoic assemblages while making up 17% of temperate Cenozoic assemblages and 31% of tropical ones. Infaunal animals made up 4% of soft substrate Palaeozoic
1383:(eastern North America and Greenland) remained in the tropical zone, while China and Australia lay in waters which were at least temperate. The early Paleozoic ended, rather abruptly, with the short, but apparently severe, late Ordovician ice age. This cold spell caused the second-greatest
963:
them. Ediacaran trace fossils are simple, sub-horizontal feeding traces. As more complex organisms evolved, their more complex behaviour was reflected in greater diversity and complexity of the trace fossils they left behind. After two decades of deliberation, the ICS chose
1131:
evolved, but the most ubiquitous of that period were the armored arthropods, like trilobites. Almost all marine phyla evolved in this period. During this time, the supercontinent
Pannotia begins to break up, most of which later became the supercontinent Gondwana.
1500:, and began to develop lungs. Amphibians were the dominant tetrapods until the mid-Carboniferous, when climate change greatly reduced their diversity. Later, reptiles prospered and continued to increase in number and variety by the late Permian period.
1374:
The early
Paleozoic climate was strongly zonal, with the result that the "climate", in an abstract sense, became warmer, but the living space of most organisms of the time – the continental shelf marine environment – became steadily colder. However,
2609:
1300:
The Permian spanned from 299–252 million years ago and was the last period of the Paleozoic Era. At the beginning of this period, all continents joined together to form the supercontinent Pangaea, which was encircled by one ocean called
829:
Some geological timescales divide the Paleozoic informally into early and late sub-eras: the Early Paleozoic consisting of the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian; the Late Paleozoic consisting of the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian.
1162:
early North America had collided with Europe, closing the intervening ocean. Glaciation of Africa resulted in a major drop in sea level, killing off all life that had established along coastal Gondwana. Glaciation may have caused the
1647:. By some estimates, that event killed almost all life on the Earth, and might qualify as the "greatest ever" mass extinction, if its consequences for soft-bodied genera could be measured. Further, there might have been
1516:
overall were both nutrient-poor themselves and adapted to nutrient-poor environmental conditions. This phytoplankton nutrient poverty has been cited as an explanation for the Palaeozoic's relatively low biodiversity.
2452:
Saupe, Erin E.; Qiao, Huijie; Donnadieu, Yannick; Farnsworth, Alexander; Kennedy-Asser, Alan T.; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Lunt, Daniel J.; Pohl, Alexandre; Valdes, Paul; Finnegan, Seth (16 December 2019).
1325:
ruled the new continent. The first conifers evolved, and dominated the terrestrial landscape. Near the end of the Permian, however, Pangaea grew drier. The interior was desert, and new taxa such as
2393:
859:
The Paleozoic was a time of dramatic geological, climatic, and evolutionary change. The Cambrian witnessed the most rapid and widespread diversification of life in Earth's history, known as the
1367:
in the Phanerozoic got underway. However, as if to offset this trend, Gondwana moved south, so that, in Ordovician time, most of West Gondwana (Africa and South America) lay directly over the
934:
The base of the Paleozoic is one of the major divisions in geological time representing the divide between the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons, the Paleozoic and Neoproterozoic eras and the
926:. The effects of this catastrophe were so devastating that it took life on land 30 million years into the Mesozoic Era to recover. Recovery of life in the sea may have been much faster.
1123:
The Cambrian spanned from 539–485 million years ago and is the first period of the Paleozoic Era of the Phanerozoic. The Cambrian marked a boom in evolution in an event known as the
1447:
Epoch, both oxygen and carbon dioxide had recovered to more normal levels. On the other hand, the assembly of Pangaea created huge arid inland areas subject to temperature extremes. The
1493:
that in the late Devonian, 367.5 million years ago, allowed them to crawl onto land. The bones in their fins eventually evolved into legs and they became the first tetrapods,
2812:
1224:
The Devonian spanned from 419–359 million years ago. Also known as "The Age of the Fish", the Devonian featured a huge diversification of fish, including armored fish like
938:
and Cambrian periods. When Adam Sedgwick named the Paleozoic in 1835, he defined the base as the first appearance of complex life in the rock record as shown by the presence of
1390:
The Ordovician and Silurian were warm greenhouse periods, with the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic (200 m above today's); the warm climate was interrupted only by a
2662:
2517:
2427:
2309:
2276:
2243:
2210:
1769:"A synopsis of the English series of stratified rocks inferior to the Old Red Sandstone – with an attempt to determine the successive natural groups and formations"
1451:
Epoch is associated with falling sea levels, increased carbon dioxide and general climatic deterioration, culminating in the devastation of the Permian extinction.
1166:, in which 60% of marine invertebrates and 25% of families became extinct, and is considered the first Phanerozoic mass extinction event, and the second deadliest.
942:-dominated fauna. Since then evidence of complex life in older rock sequences has increased and by the second half of the 20th century, the first appearance of
2405:
1305:. The land mass was very dry during this time, with harsh seasons, as the climate of the interior of Pangaea was not regulated by large bodies of water.
1780:
1163:
2805:
986:. The base of the Phanerozoic, Paleozoic and Cambrian is dated at 538.8+/-0.2 Ma and now lies below both the first appearance of trilobites and SSF.
1261:, which allowed amphibians to move farther inland and remain the dominant vertebrates for the duration of this period. Also, the first reptiles and
1079:). By the mid-Paleozoic, the collision of North America and Europe produced the Acadian-Caledonian uplifts, and a subducting plate uplifted eastern
955:
479:
2587:
2005:
Ogg, J. G.; Chen, Z. -Q.; Orchard, M. J.; Jiang, H. S. (2020-01-01), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.),
1336:
1003:
946:(SSF), also known as early skeletal fossils, were considered markers for the base of the Paleozoic. However, whilst SSF are well preserved in
923:
2151:
2018:
1979:
1363:
The early Cambrian climate was probably moderate at first, becoming warmer over the course of the Cambrian, as the second-greatest sustained
1068:
was most likely in the polar regions during the early Paleozoic. The breakup of Pannotia was followed by the assembly of the huge continent
2798:
1230:
and lobe-finned fish which eventually evolved into the first tetrapods. On land, plant groups diversified rapidly in an event known as the
2372:
2343:
1265:
evolved in the swamps. Throughout the Carboniferous, there was a cooling trend, which led to the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation or the
1083:. By the late Paleozoic, continental collisions formed the supercontinent of Pangaea and created great mountain chains, including the
2742:
2247:
1477:
1266:
755:
749:
743:
989:
The boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras and the Permian and Triassic periods is marked by the first occurrence of the
1966:
Peng, S. C.; Babcock, L. E.; Ahlberg, P. (2020-01-01), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.),
891:
all evolved during the Paleozoic. Life began in the ocean but eventually transitioned onto land, and by the late Paleozoic, great
2313:
2280:
2214:
1611:, and it is the disappearance of large proportions of existing genera from the fossil record that is the standard for comparing
2431:
1737:
1157:
The Ordovician spanned from 485–444 million years ago. The Ordovician was a time in Earth's history in which many of the
2767:
2734:
2512:
2401:
2167:
Dalziel, I.W. (1997). "Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation".
2821:
2610:"Changes in theoretical ecospace utilization in marine fossil assemblages between the mid-Paleozoic and late Cenozoic"
1831:
1644:
1480:
which fragmented this habitat, diminishing the diversity of plant life in the late Carboniferous and Permian periods.
468:
907:. Towards the end of the era, large, sophisticated synapsids and diapsids were dominant and the first modern plants (
2780:
1006:
and environmental changes. In non-marine strata, the equivalent level is marked by the disappearance of the Permian
967:, Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland as the basal Cambrian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the base of the
1036:
of volcanic clay layers just above and below the boundary confine its age to a narrow range of 251.902+/-0.024 Ma.
1436:
which killed off much of middle Paleozoic vertebrate life, without noticeably reducing species diversity overall.
1287:
1127:
in which the largest number of creatures evolved in any single period of the history of the Earth. Creatures like
1433:
1398:
842:
624:
2188:
1424:
dropped, although much less dramatically. The north–south temperature gradient also seems to have moderated, or
553:
3471:
1239:
1768:
1013:. This means events previously considered to mark the Permian-Triassic boundary, such as the eruption of the
3094:
3089:
1660:
1631:
973:
assemblage of trace fossils and immediately above the last occurrence of the Ediacaran problematica fossils
394:
387:
2041:"Late Proterozoic plate tectonics and palaeogeography: A tale of two supercontinents, Rodinia and Pannotia"
1355:
2712:
2614:
2455:"Extinction intensity during Ordovician and Cenozoic glaciations explained by cooling and palaeogeography"
2515:; Servais, T. (2010). "Ordovician and Silurian sea-water chemistry, sea level, and climate: A synopsis".
2006:
1967:
1688:
1028:
and the resulting mass extinction are now regarded as being of latest Permian in age. The GSSP is near
2657:
1335:
filled it. Eventually they disappeared, along with 95% of all life on Earth, in a cataclysm known as "
2571:
2556:
2526:
2481:
2176:
2106:
2052:
1189:. Fully terrestrial life evolved, including early arachnids, fungi, and centipedes. The evolution of
3425:
1924:"The Precambrian–Phanerozoic and Ediacaran–Cambrian boundaries: a historical approach to a dilemma"
1526:
1347:
1146:
1025:
1257:
the Middle Carboniferous). An important evolutionary development of the time was the evolution of
3466:
2486:
2068:
1683:
1625:
1231:
1124:
1033:
943:
860:
3442:
2364:
2335:
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regions of relatively warm, shallow sea floor. As plants took hold on the continental margins,
3223:
3187:
2763:
2748:
2738:
2679:
2631:
2459:
2147:
2014:
1975:
1943:
1877:
1801:
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1440:
1002:
event found worldwide that is associated with the beginning of the recovery following the end-
528:
320:
290:
31:
3317:
3192:
3161:
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2733:. British Museum publications on Natural History. Vol. 624 (4th ed.). London, UK:
2671:
2623:
2579:
2534:
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2184:
2114:
2060:
1935:
1867:
1859:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1580:
1057:
982:
915:
789:
672:
598:
334:
313:
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1113:
3286:
3182:
3120:
3015:
2984:
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1600:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1384:
1190:
1158:
999:
919:
373:
327:
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841:(1785–1873) in 1838 to describe the Cambrian and Ordovician periods. It was redefined by
2575:
2530:
2180:
2110:
2056:
3436:
3255:
3125:
3020:
2989:
2728:
1872:
1847:
1432:
and West Gondwana became increasingly less barren. The Devonian ended with a series of
1421:
1364:
1092:
1065:
1014:
947:
777:
366:
216:
1802:"Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. v.17 Org-Per"
1428:
simply became hardier, or both. At any event, the far southern continental margins of
3460:
3156:
3146:
3115:
3078:
3010:
2979:
2490:
2301:
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2202:
2094:
2072:
2040:
1900:
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1636:
1620:
1513:
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A noteworthy feature of Paleozoic life is the sudden appearance of nearly all of the
1425:
1251:
1186:
1053:
951:
904:
846:
845:(1800–1874) in 1840 to cover the Cambrian to Permian periods. It is derived from the
838:
817:
769:
503:
380:
358:
341:
267:
79:
2557:"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"
1387:
of the Phanerozoic Eon. Over time, the warmer weather moved into the Paleozoic Era.
3447:
3431:
3378:
3228:
3151:
2419:
1489:
1459:
1321:
1226:
1084:
1021:
1017:
964:
959:
543:
539:
524:
349:
283:
1044:
The beginning of the Paleozoic Era witnessed the breakup of the supercontinent of
2675:
2538:
3373:
3242:
3218:
3063:
2858:
1652:
1550:
1532:
1332:
1327:
1302:
1182:
1150:
1088:
975:
969:
950:
sediments, the majority of Ediacaran to Cambrian rock sequences are composed of
781:
773:
408:
299:
205:
198:
54:
2658:"Marine biodiversification in response to evolving phytoplankton stoichiometry"
3368:
3328:
3271:
3171:
3068:
2942:
2842:
2790:
2472:
1473:
1444:
1429:
1402:
1368:
1315:
1293:
1141:
802:
401:
246:
99:
64:
17:
2683:
2656:
Martin, Ronald E.; Quigg, Antonietta; Podkovyrov, Victor (27 February 2008).
2635:
2118:
1947:
1826:
639:
626:
568:
555:
3383:
3333:
3307:
3266:
3213:
3058:
2915:
2905:
2894:
1588:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1448:
1380:
1217:
1195:
1117:
1080:
1007:
994:
939:
935:
880:
868:
415:
306:
104:
2785:
2095:"Contrasting modes of supercontinent formation and the conundrum of Pangea"
1881:
1863:
1213:
3343:
3338:
3302:
3202:
3135:
3104:
2999:
2968:
2929:
2879:
2853:
2829:
1895:
1544:
1538:
1469:
1310:
1270:
1262:
1208:
1175:
1108:
1096:
1069:
1056:
and other Cambrian seas and coincided with a dramatic rise in sea level.
1045:
1010:
990:
908:
888:
872:
812:
807:
797:
785:
614:
260:
253:
239:
232:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
3357:
3297:
3047:
2884:
2868:
1376:
1306:
1282:
1258:
1061:
1049:
1029:
884:
822:
610:
513:
276:
109:
84:
1923:
1052:
was assembling. The breakup of Pannotia began with the opening of the
3393:
3276:
2910:
2608:
Bush, Andrew M.; Bambach, Richard K.; Daley, Gwen M. (January 2007).
2583:
1939:
1640:
1495:
1417:
1407:
1235:
1074:
900:
895:
of primitive plants covered the continents, many of which formed the
892:
864:
547:
2627:
2064:
1547: – Second era of the Phanerozoic Eon: ~252–66 million years ago
1392:
30:"Primitive period" redirects here. For the use in mathematics, see
1458:
1439:
There are many unanswered questions about the late Paleozoic. The
1354:
1346:
1286:
1212:
1145:
1128:
1112:
618:
2371:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Museum of Paleontology.
1713:
3417:
3413:
3409:
2752:
1273:
was glaciated as much of it was situated around the south pole.
954:
rocks where skeletal fossils are rarely preserved. This led the
896:
876:
48:
2794:
2708:
125:
1848:"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"
776:
Eon. Beginning 538.8 million years ago (Ma), it succeeds the
2550:
2548:
2189:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:ONPGAT>2.3.CO;2
735:
723:
717:
702:
693:
687:
1553: – Fourth and current eon of the geological timescale
1339:", the third and most severe Phanerozoic mass extinction.
27:
First era of the Phanerozoic Eon 539–252 million years ago
2555:
Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010).
708:
681:
1852:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2137:
2135:
2093:
Murphy, J.B.; Nance, R.D. & Cawood, P.A. (2009).
1313:
flourished in the new dry climate. Creatures such as
756:
750:
744:
729:
711:
699:
675:
2146:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 146.
732:
684:
678:
3392:
3356:
3316:
3285:
3254:
3241:
3201:
3170:
3134:
3103:
3077:
3046:
3033:
2998:
2967:
2941:
2928:
2893:
2867:
2841:
2828:
1535: – History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago
1529: – System that relates geologic strata to time
696:
655:
606:
592:
584:
535:
519:
509:
499:
494:
486:
474:
464:
459:
451:
443:
438:
118:
39:
2663:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2518:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
425:An approximate timescale of key Paleozoic events.
2709:"International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)"
2045:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1928:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2428:University of California Museum of Paleontology
2310:University of California Museum of Paleontology
2277:University of California Museum of Paleontology
2244:University of California Museum of Paleontology
2211:University of California Museum of Paleontology
1773:Proceedings of the Geological Society of London
1759:
1757:
2806:
8:
2761:– via Internet Archive (archive.org).
1603:make it essentially impossible to identify
1472:rainforests dominated the tropical belt of
1468:climax in the Carboniferous, when towering
1463:An artist's impression of early land plants
784:Eon) and ends 251.9 Ma at the start of the
720:
705:
690:
3251:
3043:
2938:
2838:
2813:
2799:
2791:
1714:"International Commission on Stratigraphy"
1615:of the Phanerozoic "big 5". The one known
788:Era. The Paleozoic is subdivided into six
2482:1983/c88c3d46-e95d-43e6-aeaf-685580089635
2480:
2142:Rogers, J.J.W. & Santosh, M. (2004).
1871:
914:The Paleozoic Era ended with the largest
1541: – Third era of the Phanerozoic Eon
956:International Commission on Stratigraphy
2715:from the original on September 20, 2005
1922:Geyer, Gerd; Landing, Ed (2016-11-02).
1675:
1563:
2169:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1846:Sahney, S. & Benton, M.J. (2008).
856:(ζωή, "life") meaning "ancient life".
36:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1164:Ordovician–Silurian extinction events
1032:, Zhejiang Province, southern China.
7:
2786:Paleozoic (chronostratigraphy scale)
2781:60+ images of Paleozoic Foraminifera
3412:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1659:(if any) are less obvious than the
1220:(an amphibian) of the Carboniferous
1048:and ended while the supercontinent
1020:, the onset of greenhouse climate,
3416:= megaannum (millions years ago);
2007:"Chapter 25 – The Triassic Period"
1968:"Chapter 19 – The Cambrian Period"
427:Axis scale: millions of years ago.
25:
3420:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1478:Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse
1379:(Northern Europe and Russia) and
1359:Swamp forest in the Carboniferous
1267:Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse
1242:, ended 70% of existing species.
924:Permian–Triassic extinction event
596:First appearance of the Conodont
3441:
3430:
1645:newly photosynthesizing bacteria
671:
2590:from the original on 2011-10-11
2434:from the original on 2017-07-04
2375:from the original on 2012-02-10
2346:from the original on 2014-12-20
2316:from the original on 2012-05-11
2283:from the original on 2017-06-16
2250:from the original on 2015-05-02
2217:from the original on 2012-05-15
1783:from the original on 2023-04-10
1623:before the Phanerozoic was the
1583:only counts extinctions in the
2144:Continents and Supercontinents
2013:, Elsevier, pp. 903–953,
1974:, Elsevier, pp. 565–629,
1412:at the end of the Ordovician.
1:
2859:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1601:fossil traces of earlier life
2676:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.11.003
2539:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001
1898:. Science & technology.
1779:(58): 675–685, esp. p. 685.
1476:. Climate change caused the
47:538.8 ± 0.2 – 251.9 ± 0.024
2822:Geological history of Earth
1832:Online Etymology Dictionary
1351:Life in the early Paleozoic
792:(from oldest to youngest):
3488:
3095:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
3090:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2854:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
2730:British Palaeozoic Fossils
2511:Munnecke, A.; Calner, M.;
1655:eons, whose traces in the
1280:
1249:
1206:
1173:
1139:
1106:
29:
3407:
3379:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
3229:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2473:10.1038/s41561-019-0504-6
1742:British Geological Survey
1651:extinction events in the
1639:seas were poisoned with
1399:Early Palaeozoic Icehouse
593:Upper boundary definition
520:Lower boundary definition
423:
123:
44:
3374:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
3219:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
3064:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2916:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2906:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
2119:10.1016/j.gr.2008.09.005
2011:Geologic Time Scale 2020
1972:Geologic Time Scale 2020
1579:The list of the "big 5"
1240:Late Devonian extinction
1060:studies and evidence of
1004:Permian mass extinctions
3369:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
3334:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
3329:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
3272:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
3162:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
3069:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2880:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1632:Great Oxygenation Event
1498: million years ago
1410: million years ago
1077: million years ago
863:, in which most modern
191:−250 —
181:−300 —
171:−350 —
161:−400 —
151:−450 —
141:−500 —
131:−550 —
3339:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
3308:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
3267:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
3214:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
3059:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2885:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
2735:Natural History Museum
2402:Natural History Museum
2039:Scotese, C.R. (2009).
1896:"Dead-ammonite bounce"
1864:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370
1738:"Geological timechart"
1635:, when the previously
1464:
1360:
1352:
1297:
1221:
1154:
1120:
768:is the first of three
3344:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
3303:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
3224:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2911:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
2424:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
2369:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
2306:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
2273:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
2240:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
2207:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
1689:CollinsDictionary.com
1462:
1420:levels increased and
1401:, culminating in the
1358:
1350:
1290:
1216:
1149:
1116:
852:(παλαιός, "old") and
780:(the last era of the
452:Alternate spelling(s)
3384:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
3277:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
3157:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
3147:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1246:Carboniferous Period
1181:arthropods, such as
998:. This is the first
640:31.0798°N 119.7058°E
540:Fortune Head section
3439: •
3428: •
3426:Geologic time scale
3188:Middle (458–470 Ma)
3152:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
3121:Middle (383–393 Ma)
3016:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2985:Middle (164–174 Ma)
2576:2010Geo....38.1079S
2531:2010PPP...296..389M
2336:"Carboniferous Era"
2181:1997GSAB..109...16D
2111:2009GondR..15..408M
2057:2009GSLSP.326...67S
1527:Geologic time scale
1095:, and mountains of
656:Upper GSSP ratified
636: /
607:Upper boundary GSSP
585:Lower GSSP ratified
569:47.0762°N 55.8310°W
565: /
536:Lower boundary GSSP
269:Carboniferous
3437:Geology portal
3298:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
3193:Early (470–485 Ma)
3126:Early (393–419 Ma)
3021:Early (247–252 Ma)
2990:Early (174–201 Ma)
2959:Early (100–145 Ma)
2954:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1626:Oxygen Catastrophe
1465:
1361:
1353:
1298:
1294:Dimetrodon grandis
1232:Devonian explosion
1222:
1159:biological classes
1155:
1125:Cambrian explosion
1121:
1034:Radiometric dating
944:small shelly fauna
861:Cambrian explosion
837:was first used by
523:Appearance of the
510:Stratigraphic unit
500:Chronological unit
487:Time scale(s) used
3454:
3453:
3352:
3351:
3318:Paleoproterozoic
3237:
3236:
3183:Late (444–458 Ma)
3116:Late (359–383 Ma)
3029:
3028:
3011:Late (201–237 Ma)
2980:Late (145–164 Ma)
2924:
2923:
2845:(present–2.58 Ma)
2833:(present–66.0 Ma)
2570:(12): 1079–1082.
2460:Nature Geoscience
2394:"The Great Dying"
2153:978-0-19-516589-0
2099:Gondwana Research
2020:978-0-12-824360-2
1981:978-0-12-824360-2
1825:Harper, Douglas.
1661:Oxygenation Event
1613:extinction events
1397:cool period, the
1234:when plants made
1136:Ordovician Period
970:Treptichnus pedum
663:
662:
645:31.0798; 119.7058
574:47.0762; -55.8310
529:Treptichnus pedum
460:Usage information
433:
432:
32:Periodic function
16:(Redirected from
3479:
3448:World portal
3446:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3397:
3361:
3321:
3290:
3287:Mesoproterozoic
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3206:
3175:
3139:
3108:
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3003:
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2605:
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2598:
2596:
2595:
2584:10.1130/G31182.1
2561:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2525:(3–4): 389–413.
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2484:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2426:. Berkeley, CA:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2404:. Archived from
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2308:. Berkeley, CA:
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2275:. Berkeley, CA:
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2256:
2255:
2242:. Berkeley, CA:
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2209:. Berkeley, CA:
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2164:
2158:
2157:
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2125:
2090:
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2002:
1991:
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1963:
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1951:
1940:10.1144/sp448.10
1919:
1906:
1905:
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1886:
1885:
1875:
1858:(1636): 759–65.
1843:
1837:
1836:
1822:
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1725:
1724:
1718:stratigraphy.org
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1680:
1664:
1617:extinction event
1581:mass extinctions
1577:
1499:
1411:
1396:
1153:(a jawless fish)
1078:
1000:biostratigraphic
995:Hindeodus parvus
983:Palaeopsacichnus
916:extinction event
867:first appeared.
790:geologic periods
742:
741:
738:
737:
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3472:Geological eras
3457:
3456:
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3421:
3403:
3395:
3388:
3359:
3348:
3319:
3312:
3288:
3281:
3257:
3256:Neoproterozoic
3246:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
3245:
3244:
3243:Proterozoic Eon
3233:
3204:
3197:
3173:
3166:
3137:
3130:
3106:
3099:
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3049:
3037:
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2703:
2701:Further reading
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2688:
2686:
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2650:
2640:
2638:
2628:10.1666/06013.1
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2365:"Carboniferous"
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2065:10.1144/SP326.4
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1707:
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1677:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1657:geologic record
1597:all soft-bodied
1593:Proterozoic Eon
1585:Phanerozoic Eon
1578:
1565:
1560:
1523:
1510:
1494:
1486:
1457:
1434:turnover pulses
1406:
1391:
1385:mass extinction
1345:
1337:The Great Dying
1285:
1279:
1254:
1248:
1211:
1205:
1203:Devonian Period
1191:vascular plants
1178:
1172:
1170:Silurian Period
1144:
1138:
1111:
1105:
1103:Cambrian Period
1073:
1042:
932:
920:Phanerozoic Eon
827:
770:geological eras
745:PAL-ee-ə-ZOH-ik
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3112:
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3079:Carboniferous
3075:
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2926:
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2900:
2897:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2891:
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2888:
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2876:
2874:
2871:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2865:
2864:
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2776:
2775:External links
2773:
2771:
2770:
2743:
2725:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2670:(4): 277–291.
2648:
2600:
2560:(PDF abstract)
2544:
2513:Harper, D.A.T.
2503:
2444:
2411:
2408:on 2015-04-20.
2400:. London, UK:
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2019:
1992:
1980:
1953:
1934:(1): 311–349.
1907:
1904:. 5 July 2010.
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1765:Sedgwick, Adam
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1422:carbon dioxide
1365:sea level rise
1344:
1341:
1281:Main article:
1278:
1277:Permian Period
1275:
1250:Main article:
1247:
1244:
1207:Main article:
1204:
1201:
1187:apex predators
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1140:Main article:
1137:
1134:
1107:Main article:
1104:
1101:
1093:Ural Mountains
1066:Central Africa
1064:indicate that
1041:
1038:
1015:Siberian Traps
931:
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820:
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778:Neoproterozoic
751:-ee-oh-
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18:Palaeozoic Era
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3284:
3278:
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3260:
3258:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
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3035:Paleozoic Era
3032:
3022:
3019:
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3006:
3004:
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2945:(66.0–145 Ma)
2940:
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2935:
2933:(66.0–252 Ma)
2927:
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2719:September 19,
2714:
2711:(home page).
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2420:"Permian Era"
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2398:www.nhm.ac.uk
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1599:. The meagre
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1441:Mississippian
1437:
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1426:metazoan life
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1259:amniotic eggs
1253:
1252:Carboniferous
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1229:
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1184:
1183:sea scorpions
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1059:
1058:Paleoclimatic
1055:
1054:Iapetus Ocean
1051:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:acidification
1023:
1019:
1018:flood basalts
1016:
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1001:
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992:
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960:trace fossils
958:(ICS) to use
957:
953:
952:siliciclastic
949:
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905:North America
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848:
844:
843:John Phillips
840:
839:Adam Sedgwick
836:
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818:Carboniferous
816:
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389:
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71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3422:
3358:Archean Eon
3320:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
3205:(485–539 Ma)
3174:(444–485 Ma)
3138:(419–444 Ma)
3107:(359–419 Ma)
3081:(299–359 Ma)
3050:(252–299 Ma)
3038:(252–539 Ma)
3034:
3002:(201–252 Ma)
2971:(145–201 Ma)
2930:Mesozoic Era
2830:Cenozoic Era
2756:. Retrieved
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2689:30 September
2687:. Retrieved
2667:
2661:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2622:(1): 76–97.
2619:
2615:Paleobiology
2613:
2603:
2592:. Retrieved
2567:
2563:
2522:
2516:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2467:(1): 65–70.
2464:
2458:
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2406:the original
2397:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2368:
2359:
2348:. Retrieved
2340:geocraft.com
2339:
2329:
2318:. Retrieved
2305:
2296:
2285:. Retrieved
2272:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2239:
2236:"Ordovician"
2230:
2219:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2175:(1): 16–42.
2172:
2168:
2162:
2143:
2122:. Retrieved
2102:
2098:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2048:
2044:
2034:
2024:, retrieved
2010:
1985:, retrieved
1971:
1931:
1927:
1899:
1890:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1830:
1820:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1776:
1772:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
1648:
1630:
1624:
1511:
1502:
1490:invertebrate
1487:
1466:
1438:
1414:
1405:glaciation,
1395:million year
1389:
1373:
1362:
1333:Gorgonopsids
1326:
1322:Edaphosaurus
1320:
1314:
1299:
1292:
1255:
1227:Dunkleosteus
1225:
1223:
1194:
1179:
1156:
1122:
1085:Appalachians
1043:
1022:ocean anoxia
993:
988:
981:
974:
968:
965:Fortune Head
933:
913:
911:) appeared.
903:and eastern
858:
853:
849:
834:
832:
828:
765:
761:
666:
664:
597:
544:Newfoundland
527:
291:
284:Terreneuvian
223:
207:
3394:Hadean Eon
3172:Ordovician
2943:Cretaceous
2843:Quaternary
2641:10 December
2124:20 December
2078:29 November
1827:"Paleozoic"
1684:"Paleozoic"
1653:precambrian
1595:, life was
1551:Phanerozoic
1533:Precambrian
1512:Palaeozoic
1328:Scutosaurus
1303:Panthalassa
1151:Cephalaspis
1089:Caledonides
976:Harlaniella
782:Proterozoic
774:Phanerozoic
643: /
631:119°42′21″E
572: /
525:Ichnofossil
409:Guadalupian
300:Miaolingian
208:Phanerozoic
3461:Categories
3396:(4–4.6 Ga)
3360:(2.5–4 Ga)
3289:(1–1.6 Ga)
2895:Paleogene
2768:0565056247
2758:2022-10-06
2594:2012-02-17
2496:22 October
2438:2015-05-24
2379:2015-04-26
2350:2015-04-26
2320:2015-04-26
2302:"Devonian"
2287:2015-04-26
2269:"Silurian"
2254:2015-04-26
2221:2015-04-26
2203:"Cambrian"
2026:2023-08-24
1987:2023-08-24
1811:2023-08-01
1806:HathiTrust
1787:2018-07-15
1747:2023-08-01
1723:2023-08-01
1699:2023-08-30
1671:References
1589:the end of
1508:Microbiota
1474:Euramerica
1445:Cisuralian
1430:Antarctica
1403:Hirnantian
1369:South Pole
1316:Dimetrodon
1291:Synapsid:
1142:Ordovician
1118:Trilobites
930:Boundaries
881:amphibians
869:Arthropods
803:Ordovician
762:Palaeozoic
628:31°04′47″N
560:55°49′52″W
557:47°04′34″N
495:Definition
455:Palaeozoic
402:Cisuralian
335:Llandovery
247:Ordovician
119:Chronology
3467:Paleozoic
3423:See also:
3203:Cambrian
3136:Silurian
3105:Devonian
3000:Triassic
2969:Jurassic
2737:. 1975 .
2684:0031-0182
2636:0094-8373
2491:209381464
2073:128845353
2051:(1): 68.
1948:0305-8719
1629:, or the
1558:Footnotes
1449:Lopingian
1381:Laurentia
1311:synapsids
1263:synapsids
1218:Eogyrinus
1196:Cooksonia
1081:Australia
1011:tetrapods
1008:Dicynodon
948:carbonate
940:trilobite
936:Ediacaran
889:synapsids
835:Paleozoic
833:The name
667:Paleozoic
439:Etymology
416:Lopingian
307:Furongian
225:Paleozoic
40:Paleozoic
3048:Permian
2869:Neogene
2753:77354077
2713:Archived
2588:Archived
2432:Archived
2373:Archived
2344:Archived
2314:Archived
2281:Archived
2248:Archived
2215:Archived
1882:18198148
1781:Archived
1767:(1838).
1545:Mesozoic
1539:Cenozoic
1521:See also
1470:lycopsid
1307:Diapsids
1271:Gondwana
1209:Devonian
1176:Silurian
1109:Cambrian
1097:Tasmania
1070:Gondwana
1062:glaciers
1046:Pannotia
991:conodont
978:podolica
909:conifers
899:beds of
885:reptiles
873:molluscs
813:Devonian
808:Silurian
798:Cambrian
786:Mesozoic
615:Zhejiang
478:Global (
292:Series 2
261:Devonian
254:Silurian
240:Cambrian
233:Mesozoic
2572:Bibcode
2564:Geology
2527:Bibcode
2177:Bibcode
2107:Bibcode
2053:Bibcode
1873:2596898
1619:in the
1605:species
1377:Baltica
1343:Climate
1283:Permian
1050:Pangaea
1040:Geology
1030:Meishan
918:of the
893:forests
850:palaiós
823:Permian
772:of the
611:Meishan
514:Erathem
277:Permian
186:–
176:–
166:–
156:–
146:–
136:–
3402:
2766:
2751:
2741:
2682:
2634:
2489:
2150:
2071:
2017:
1978:
1946:
1880:
1870:
1641:oxygen
1637:anoxic
1609:genera
1418:oxygen
1236:lignin
922:, the
901:Europe
887:, and
548:Canada
447:Formal
374:Middle
321:Middle
2487:S2CID
2069:S2CID
1649:other
1484:Fauna
1455:Flora
1129:algae
865:phyla
847:Greek
760:; or
619:China
469:Earth
367:Early
314:Early
2764:ISBN
2749:LCCN
2739:ISBN
2721:2005
2691:2023
2680:ISSN
2643:2023
2632:ISSN
2498:2022
2148:ISBN
2126:2019
2080:2015
2015:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1944:ISSN
1878:PMID
1621:eons
1591:the
1331:and
1319:and
1309:and
1024:and
980:and
897:coal
877:fish
757:PAY-
665:The
659:2001
588:1992
381:Late
328:Late
55:PreꞒ
2672:doi
2668:258
2624:doi
2580:doi
2535:doi
2523:296
2477:hdl
2469:doi
2185:doi
2173:109
2115:doi
2061:doi
2049:326
1936:doi
1932:448
1868:PMC
1860:doi
1856:275
1643:by
1607:or
1496:390
1408:445
1075:510
854:zōḗ
766:Era
504:Era
480:ICS
3463::
3418:Ga
3414:Ma
3410:ka
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