757:
55:
374:
399:
552:
41:
90:
565:
The area of the Pale of Calais is difficult to delineate because boundaries frequently changed and often included ill-defined marsh and waterways. Over those wetlands, the territory was roughly divided in low hills on the west and the lower coastlands to the east. The Pale roughly encompassed the
732:
afforded convenient garrison and supply by sea. However, the lack of natural inland defences necessitated the construction and maintenance of military fortifications, at some expense. A critical factor in the stability of
English government there over the centuries was the rivalry of France and
788:
records that a few months later a distraught Mary, lying on her death bed, graphically confided to her family her feelings: "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart". Subsequently, the
English wool market adjusted and the English textile trade moved to the
784:(1559). In England, blame was attached to the Queen, entrenching Protestant resolve against her. Although the loss of the Pale of Calais was a lesser blow to the English economy than was feared, the retreat of English power was a permanent blot to her reign. Indeed, the chronicler
697:. Its capture gave England not only a key stronghold in the world’s textile trade centred in Flanders, but provided a strategic, defensible military outpost for England to regroup in future wars on the continent; the city's position on the
800:
culture. At the same time, the Pale performed as an integral part of
England in election of its members to Parliament, and as English citizens the Pale sent and received people to and from various parts of the British Isles.
838:
224:
1353:
737:, both of which coveted the strategic position of the city; each left it to the English rather than to concede it to each other. Eventually, political strategies shifted at the division of
574:, which was about 20 square miles (52 km). Throughout its history, the French were continually retaking small pieces of the territory, particularly land in the southwest.
1251:
464:, also provided England with a permanent strategic, defensible outpost from which it could plan and launch military action on the continent. Its position on the
485:
1313:
756:
1358:
1308:
968:
258:
54:
1160:
243:
828:
706:
176:
746:
717:, the Pale was the last part of mainland France in English hands. It served successfully as a base for English expeditions such as the
1235:
1204:
1109:
1082:
1010:
89:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1368:
1170:
666:
442:
288:
781:
103:
1264:
749:, the approach to Calais opened to the south. Then in 1550, the Crown, in a crisis of royal succession, withdrew from
796:
During
English governance, the weavers of the Pale maintained their output, which industry was a distinctive mark of
1363:
694:
1348:
718:
590:
1303:
60:
815:
777:
773:
738:
598:
496:
314:
658:
904:
690:
578:
481:
450:
714:
702:
638:
446:
301:
790:
761:
722:
634:
508:
40:
849:
430:
1245:
785:
504:
500:
379:
373:
107:
1227:
1221:
701:
could be reinforced over the short distance by sea. English sovereignty was confirmed under the
686:
642:
438:
1231:
1200:
1166:
1105:
1078:
1072:
1006:
1000:
964:
833:
769:
734:
674:
492:
392:
159:
1194:
1099:
958:
1048:
877:
477:
469:
327:
275:
127:
453:. It became an important economic centre for England in Europe's textile trade centered in
1141:
912:
729:
698:
540:
465:
154:
139:
135:
46:
868:
797:
473:
345:
131:
1297:
810:
626:
536:
551:
527:, English: Etymology 2.6. on Wiktionary). English "Cales" (now supplanted by French
1034:
670:
630:
622:
1101:
Bridging divides: the
Channel Tunnel and English legal identity in the new Europe
809:
The hardships endured during the prolonged siege of 1346–1347 are the subject of
654:
742:
646:
610:
567:
195:
1279:
1266:
710:
650:
602:
586:
524:
507:. Subsequently, the English textile trade abandoned Calais and moved to the
772:
to France in 1558. After secret preparations, 30,000 French troops, led by
618:
843:
750:
662:
606:
461:
454:
768:
The Pale of Calais remained part of
England until unexpectedly lost by
571:
169:
16:
Region of northern France controlled by
England during the middle ages
614:
594:
582:
434:
417:
210:
117:
577:
The Pale of Calais is roughly within the modern French communes of
839:
List of
Captains, Lieutenants and Lords Deputies of English Calais
755:
550:
1220:
Linduff, David G. Wilkins, Bernard
Schultz, Katheryn M. (1994).
468:
meant it could be reinforced, garrisoned and supplied over the
1226:(2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp.
713:
and the territory around Calais. By 1453, at the end of the
495:, the Pale was unexpectedly retaken by the French following
892:
960:
The early Tudor court and international musical relations
886:
1354:
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of France
1124:
Calais absorbed Saint-Pierre-lès-Calais inhabited with
1148:. Great Britain: Edward Arnold & Co. p. 322.
895:
883:
889:
764:
of Edward III minted in Calais between 1361 and 1369
499:
during their campaigns against the
Spaniards (whose
963:. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 53.
880:
413:
341:
324:
311:
298:
285:
271:
252:
237:
223:
204:
189:
175:
145:
123:
113:
99:
23:
1071:Sandeman, George Amelius Crawshay (October 2009).
999:Sandeman, George Amelius Crawshay (October 2009).
1131:inhabitants in 1885, now southern part of Calais
429:was a territory in northern France ruled by the
1104:. University of California Press. p. 77.
433:from 1347 to 1558. The area, which centred on
8:
1250:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
986:Calais: An English Town in France, 1347–1558
952:
950:
941:Calais: An English Town in France, 1347–1558
480:commonly spoken. It was represented in the
74:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
88:
20:
739:Burgundian territory in the Low Countries
460:The Pale, which was historically part of
709:in return for substantial lands, namely
931:
861:
503:was also married to queen Mary) in the
1243:
780:, which quickly capitulated under the
1005:. BiblioBazaar. pp. 48, 61, 81.
685:Calais was a prize of war won in the
323:
310:
297:
284:
280:
251:
236:
232:
222:
203:
188:
184:
174:
7:
705:, signed on 8 May 1360, when Edward
94:The Pale of Calais (yellow) in 1477.
1199:. New York: Routledge. p. 97.
829:English claims to the French throne
741:between France and Spain and, when
472:. The territory was bilingual with
1028:The New Oxford American Dictionary
14:
539:who lived along the coast of the
1314:1558 disestablishments in Europe
876:
397:
372:
53:
39:
813:'s poignant sculpture of 1889,
523:is a "jurisdiction, area" (see
1359:Geography of the Pas-de-Calais
1165:. London: Viking. p. 10.
707:renounced the throne of France
1:
1309:1347 establishments in Europe
1077:. BiblioBazaar. p. 114.
556:
82:"Truth, the daughter of Time"
957:Dumitrescu, Theodor (2007).
1050:Online Etymology Dictionary
445:, and was confirmed at the
441:in 1346 and the subsequent
1387:
1098:Darian-Smith, Eve (1999).
782:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
728:The short trip across the
437:, was taken following the
1074:Calais under English Rule
1002:Calais under English Rule
745:suffered setbacks in the
449:in 1360, in the reign of
351:
337:
281:
267:
233:
219:
185:
157:(until 1534); (from 1553)
87:
69:
35:
30:
805:Artistic interpretations
1339:16th century in England
1329:15th century in England
1319:14th century in England
1159:Bentley, James (1991).
908:
1344:16th century in France
1334:15th century in France
1324:14th century in France
1193:Hunt, Jocelyn (1999).
916:
816:The Burghers of Calais
774:Francis, Duke of Guise
765:
562:
76:Veritas Temporis filia
75:
1223:Art past, art present
1162:The Gateway to France
1030:(3rd ed.). 2013.
759:
691:Edward III of England
591:Bonningues-lès-Calais
554:
482:Parliament of England
451:Edward III of England
124:Common languages
1280:50.94806°N 1.85639°E
984:Rose, Susan (2008).
943:. pp. 107, 156.
939:Rose, Susan (2008).
791:Habsburg Netherlands
509:Habsburg Netherlands
491:During the reign of
1276: /
1146:A History of Europe
850:Treasurer of Calais
599:Campagne-lès-Guines
555:The Pale of Calais
486:Calais constituency
431:monarchs of England
104:Overseas possession
1369:Hundred Years' War
988:. pp. passim.
786:Raphael Holinshead
766:
747:Sieges of Boulogne
715:Hundred Years' War
703:Treaty of Brétigny
639:Nielles-lès-Calais
563:
505:County of Flanders
447:Treaty of Brétigny
380:County of Boulogne
302:Treaty of Brétigny
61:Royal coat of arms
1364:History of Calais
1285:50.94806; 1.85639
1047:Harper, Douglas.
970:978-0-7546-5542-8
834:History of Calais
719:Siege of Boulogne
493:Mary I of England
423:
422:
409:
408:
405:
404:
393:Kingdom of France
385:
384:
263:
254:• 1553–1558
248:
215:
206:• 1553–1558
200:
191:• 1347–1377
160:Church of England
83:
1376:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1286:
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1277:
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936:
919:
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
866:
659:Pihen-lès-Guînes
561:
558:
470:Straits of Dover
401:
400:
389:
388:
376:
369:
368:
353:
352:
328:Peace of Vervins
276:Late Middle Ages
261:
259:Thomas Wentworth
246:
213:
198:
92:
81:
78:
57:
43:
21:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1349:Former exclaves
1294:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1278:
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1270:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
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1196:The Renaissance
1192:
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1097:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1070:
1069:
1058:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1026:"Pale (noun)".
1025:
1024:
1020:
1013:
998:
997:
993:
983:
982:
978:
971:
956:
955:
948:
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937:
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928:
923:
922:
879:
875:
867:
863:
858:
825:
807:
730:Strait of Dover
699:English Channel
687:Battle of Crécy
683:
643:Nouvelle-Église
559:
549:
541:English Channel
531:) derives from
517:
497:a siege in 1558
466:English Channel
443:Siege of Calais
439:Battle of Crécy
398:
330:
317:
315:Siege of Calais
304:
291:
289:Siege of Calais
255:
240:
207:
192:
168:
163:
158:
153:
95:
80:
65:
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63:
58:
50:
49:
44:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:Pale of Calais
1296:
1295:
1258:
1257:
1236:
1212:
1205:
1185:
1171:
1151:
1142:Fisher, H.A.L.
1133:
1117:
1110:
1090:
1083:
1056:
1039:
1033:See also: The
1018:
1011:
991:
976:
969:
946:
930:
929:
927:
924:
921:
920:
869:Middle English
860:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
847:
841:
836:
831:
824:
821:
806:
803:
721:, launched by
682:
679:
675:Vieille-Église
548:
545:
516:
513:
427:Pale of Calais
421:
420:
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411:
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377:
365:
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320:8 January 1558
318:
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282:
279:
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272:Historical era
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244:Reynold Cobham
241:
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85:
84:
67:
66:
59:
52:
51:
45:
38:
37:
36:
33:
32:
28:
27:
25:Pale of Calais
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
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1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
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1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1237:0-13-062084-X
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1206:0-203-98177-4
1202:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1111:0-520-21610-5
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1084:9781115448154
1080:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1012:9781115448154
1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
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987:
980:
977:
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966:
962:
961:
953:
951:
947:
942:
935:
932:
925:
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
874:
870:
865:
862:
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851:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
820:
818:
817:
812:
811:Auguste Rodin
804:
802:
799:
794:
792:
787:
783:
779:
778:took the city
775:
771:
763:
760:Gold quarter
758:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:Hames-Boucres
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
566:land between
553:
546:
544:
542:
538:
537:Celtic people
535:, an ancient
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
512:
510:
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498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
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436:
432:
428:
419:
416:
414:Today part of
412:
396:
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378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
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363:
360:
358:
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329:
319:
316:
306:
303:
294:3 August 1347
293:
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68:
62:
56:
48:
42:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1261:
1222:
1215:
1195:
1188:
1178:26 September
1176:. Retrieved
1161:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1073:
1049:
1042:
1035:English Pale
1027:
1021:
1001:
994:
985:
979:
959:
940:
934:
905:West Flemish
872:
864:
814:
808:
795:
767:
727:
684:
671:Saint-Tricat
667:Saint-Pierre
631:Hervelinghen
623:Les Attaques
576:
564:
532:
528:
520:
518:
490:
459:
426:
424:
362:Succeeded by
361:
356:
239:• 1353
164:
149:
73:
71:Motto:
70:
18:
1283: /
1037:in Ireland.
689:of 1346 by
655:Peuplingues
560: 1360
357:Preceded by
162:(1534-1553)
1298:Categories
1268:50°56′53″N
1172:0670832065
926:References
743:Henry VIII
725:in 1492.
695:long siege
647:Offekerque
568:Gravelines
333:2 May 1598
307:8 May 1360
196:Edward III
1271:1°51′23″E
1246:cite book
846:(Ireland)
723:Henry VII
711:Aquitaine
651:Oye-Plage
603:Coquelles
587:Balinghem
547:Geography
146:Religion
31:1347–1558
1144:(1936).
917:Calaisis
844:The Pale
823:See also
751:Boulogne
735:Burgundy
693:after a
663:Sangatte
607:Coulogne
462:Flanders
455:Flanders
346:Sterling
342:Currency
225:Governor
155:Catholic
150:Official
798:Flemish
681:History
611:Fréthun
572:Wissant
515:Toponym
484:by the
478:Flemish
474:English
326:•
313:•
300:•
287:•
247:(first)
199:(first)
170:Judaism
128:English
114:Capital
108:England
1234:
1203:
1169:
1108:
1081:
1009:
967:
913:French
770:Mary I
673:, and
619:Guînes
615:Guemps
595:Calais
583:Ardres
579:Andres
533:Caleti
529:Calais
525:'pale'
435:Calais
418:France
262:(last)
229:
214:(last)
211:Mary I
181:
165:Others
140:Picard
136:French
118:Calais
100:Status
909:Kales
873:Cales
856:Notes
762:noble
635:Marck
132:Dutch
1252:link
1232:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1180:2016
1167:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1007:ISBN
965:ISBN
570:and
521:pale
519:The
501:king
476:and
425:The
177:Lord
47:Flag
1228:454
1128:290
130:,
106:of
1300::
1248:}}
1244:{{
1230:.
1126:33
1059:^
949:^
915::
911:;
907::
903:;
871:,
819:.
793:.
776:,
753:.
677:.
669:,
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
649:,
645:,
641:,
637:,
633:,
629:,
625:,
621:,
617:,
613:,
609:,
605:,
601:,
597:,
593:,
589:,
585:,
581:,
557:c.
543:.
511:.
488:.
457:.
138:,
134:,
1254:)
1240:.
1209:.
1182:.
1114:.
1087:.
1053:.
1015:.
973:.
899:/
896:s
893:ə
890:l
887:æ
884:k
881:ˈ
878:/
167::
152::
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