206:
502:
316:
411:. The dissolution of the Spanish language intensified as maroons settled in armed fortified territories. The Palenqueros maintained their physical distance from ethnic Europeans as a form of anti-colonial resistance but they likely intermarried with indigenous women. They developed a creole based mostly on their own African languages and Spanish.
981:
language. A comprehensive list and proposed etymologies are provided in Moñino and
Schwegler's "Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: historia y lengua" (2002). Many of the words that come from African origin, include plant, animal, insect and landscape names. Another handful of words are believed to
485:
Beginning in 1992, the educational system in
Palenque de San Basilio started reintroducing Palenquero in the curriculum. Children resumed learning Palenquero, as it was introduced in preschool, and they continued to learn it in advancing grades. Parents and grandparents were encouraged to use the
452:
With its legacy of cultural resistance, Palenquero has survived since the early 17th century despite the many challenges. In recent years, scholars and activists have encouraged teaching and use of
Palenquero, and native speakers are encouraged. Three major events have contributed to the revived
476:
In 2005, Palenque was declared by the United
Nations to be a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The recognition has led to appreciation for Palenquero culture. Films, documentaries and music festivals have brought more attention to the community. These type of cultural
441:. There they came into contact with other languages. In the 20th century, with the introduction of a standard Spanish educational system, Spanish became the supra regional prescriptive speech, and Palenquero was often criticized and mocked.
468:, local residents took pride in both the village and Palenquero as a language. As result, Palenque de San Basilio attracted interest by many journalists and politicians. It has continued to attract cultural and foreign attention.
272:) and Spanish. However, there is not sufficient evidence to indicate that Palenquero is strictly the result of a two-language contact. It could also have absorbed elements of local indigenous languages.
1575:
414:
In the early 20th century, residents of this area were noted as having been bilingual in both
Palenquero and Spanish. A 1913 document noted that residents of Palenque de San Basilio had a 'guttural
3070:
576:
is "houses"). This particle is believed to derive from
Kikongo, a Bantu language, and is the sole Kikongo-derived inflection present in Palenquero. The younger speakers of Palenquero utilize
430:. Although it is spoken in parallel with Spanish, the latter has dominated the regular linguistic activity of Palenque de San Basilio. Some 53% of residents are unable to speak Palenquero.
444:
Racial discrimination against people of ethnic
African descent added to the decline of Palenquero. Some parents did not feel comfortable continuing to teach their children the language.
2596:
3279:
465:
392:
refers to the ‘corruption of our
Spanish language’ commonly spoken amongst African slaves. Palenquero's origins are unclear; it was not referred to in print until 1772.
489:
Additionally, academic research, conferences and activism have increased the desirability of
Palenquero. There is new energy to continue to pass it down generations.
2068:
536:
Similar to several other creole languages, Palenquero grammar lacks inflectional morphology. Nouns, adjectives, verbs and determiners are almost always invariant.
433:
The decline of
Palenquero can be traced to the establishment of sugar and banana plantations. Many natives left the village in order to find work either in the
407:
The village was formed in the early 17th century to the south of Cartagena by fugitive slaves who escaped from surrounding districts, under the leadership of
2589:
1548:
3284:
3264:
3244:
2582:
2006:
3249:
3259:
2758:
2537:
486:
language at home, and classes were opened for adults. A fully equipped cultural centre was constructed to promote the language and culture.
1597:
2061:
2811:
2016:
1989:
1964:
1939:
355:
3289:
2652:
464:, also known as Kid Pambelé, is an internationally recognized boxing champion born in Palenque de San Basilio. After he won the
2563:
3254:
2777:
2605:
2054:
337:
86:
287:, which is often thought to be Portuguese-based, from this assessment. In 2018 more than 6,600 people spoke this language.
241:
2972:
2411:
2041:
257:
178:
333:
2191:
1929:
404:
is the village from which Palenquero originated from and in which it is most commonly spoken in the 21st century.
326:
1844:
Hernández, Rubén; Guerrero, Clara; Palomino, Jesús (2008). "Palenque: historia libertaria, cultura y tradición".
1680:
Bickerton, Derek; Escalante, Aquilas (January 1970). "Palenquero: A Spanish-based creole of northern Colombia".
1550:
Población Negra, Afrocolombiana, Raizal y Palenquera: Resultados del Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018
2700:
2356:
2310:
190:
1861:"What you hear is (not always) what you get: Subjects and verbs among receptive Palenquero-Spanish bilinguals"
196:
2558:
977:
Some 300 words of African origin have been identified in Palenquero, with many believed to originate in the
418:
that some believe to be the very African language, if not in all its purity at least with some variations'.
401:
291:
51:
2750:
2219:
477:
programs have successfully appealed to Colombian youth, who otherwise were not interested in Palenquero.
3269:
2629:
2077:
1799:"Free at Last: From Bound Morpheme to Discourse Marker in Lengua ri Palenge (Palenquero Creole Spanish)"
544:
Grammatical gender is non-existent, and adjectives derived from Spanish default to the masculine form:
1860:
205:
2794:
2685:
2338:
791:
438:
1650:"San Basilio de Palenque Journal - A Language, Not Quite Spanish, With African Echoes - NYTimes.com"
1649:
2986:
2859:
2789:
2713:
2690:
2426:
2320:
2148:
427:
295:
233:
3030:
3021:
3004:
2947:
2892:
2886:
2740:
2728:
2718:
2680:
2634:
2574:
2487:
2386:
2381:
2348:
2333:
2234:
2166:
2161:
2110:
1888:
1826:
1630:
389:
1613:
Parkvall, Mikael; Jacobs, Bart (2020). "Palenquero Origins: A Tale of More than Two Languages".
1594:
3040:
2999:
2953:
2920:
2853:
2783:
2763:
2675:
2662:
2467:
2457:
2396:
2361:
2171:
2123:
2091:
2012:
1985:
1960:
1935:
1880:
1818:
1772:
1733:
1697:
461:
253:
3274:
3118:
3086:
3035:
2966:
2829:
2819:
2723:
2708:
2624:
2609:
2497:
2431:
2406:
2328:
2305:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2214:
2199:
2156:
2128:
1872:
1810:
1764:
1689:
1622:
1444:
373:
269:
114:
3065:
2906:
2840:
2834:
2801:
2639:
2542:
2527:
2502:
2482:
2462:
2436:
2421:
2416:
2391:
2376:
2282:
2224:
2181:
2138:
2118:
1601:
276:
78:
1914:
408:
380:
activity. Existing records dating from the era of Cartagena’s slave trade allude to the
3108:
3098:
2824:
2507:
2492:
2477:
2441:
2401:
2371:
2366:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2209:
2176:
2133:
978:
249:
103:
501:
170:
3238:
3223:
2670:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2204:
1892:
1830:
1693:
1634:
1523:
280:
3159:
2934:
2873:
2267:
872:
is only found with predicative nouns and adjectives referring to permanent states.
434:
369:
299:
110:
1752:
1120:
1768:
1722:"La época de formación de la lengua de Palenque: Datos históricos y lingüísticos"
426:
For almost two decades in the 21st century, Palenquero has been classified as an
17:
3210:
3124:
2472:
1076:
315:
183:
2035:
3169:
852:
284:
136:
constitution recognizes minority languages as "official in their territories."
1884:
1822:
1776:
1737:
1701:
3190:
3149:
3132:
163:
147:
3056:
1876:
1814:
1626:
837:
384:
from which Palenquero evolved. As illustrated in the ethnographic text of
154:
3196:
3046:
587:
This particle is usually dropped with cardinal numbers greater than two:
245:
133:
41:
2046:
3103:
3092:
2734:
415:
377:
340: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
211:
1798:
381:
265:
261:
252:(a language spoken in central Africa in the current countries of
275:
Palenquero is considered to be the only surviving Spanish-based
2578:
2050:
1931:
Linguistic Simplicity and Complexity: Why Do Languages Undress?
1721:
584:
for plurality more so than the speakers that came before them.
984:
for example: mai 'mother'; ten 'has'; ele 'he/she'; bae 'go').
496:
309:
1595:
http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/colombia_const2.pdf
1724:[The Formation Period of the Palenquero Language].
1577:
Palenqueros, descendientes de la insurgencia anticolonial
2042:
Misa andi lengua ri palenque - Katajena, mayo 21 ri 2000
2038:
by Richard J. File-Muriel, Rafael Orozco (eds.), (2012)
512:
1753:"Palenquero vs. Spanish negation: Separate but equal?"
1583:(in Spanish). p. 2 – via mincultura.gov.co.
2008:
Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: historia y lengua
1982:
Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: historia y lengua
856:
in that it used for temporary states and locatives.
3182:
3079:
3017:
2810:
2749:
2699:
2661:
2648:
2617:
2551:
2520:
2450:
2347:
2319:
2281:
2233:
2190:
2147:
2109:
2100:
2084:
189:
177:
161:
145:
140:
126:
121:
100:
75:
65:
57:
47:
37:
32:
842:in Spanish and is used for permanent states, and
368:The formation of Palenquero is recorded from the
3174:(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)
1460:
1417:
1398:
1379:
1360:
1341:
1322:
1303:
1284:
1265:
1246:
1227:
1208:
1189:
1170:
1151:
1132:
1106:
1087:
1062:
1043:
1024:
1005:
963:
957:
951:
943:
937:
931:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
891:
885:
879:
866:
858:
844:
828:
820:
812:
804:
796:
766:
748:
730:
709:
685:
647:
633:
597:
589:
578:
570:
562:
546:
27:Spanish-based creole language spoken in Colombia
2011:(in Spanish). Walter de Gruyter. p. 171.
2590:
2062:
2005:Moñino, Yves; Schwegler, Armin (2013-02-07).
1984:(in Spanish). Walter de Gruyter. p. 69.
1980:Moñino, Yves; Schwegler, Armin (2002-01-01).
1955:Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (2016-09-05).
1487:
1424:
1405:
1386:
1367:
1348:
1329:
1310:
1291:
1272:
1253:
1234:
1215:
1196:
1177:
1158:
1139:
1113:
1094:
1069:
1050:
1031:
1012:
738:
717:
693:
672:
655:
8:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1542:
1540:
2658:
2597:
2583:
2575:
2106:
2069:
2055:
2047:
204:
29:
1957:The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages
356:Learn how and when to remove this message
290:It is primarily spoken in the village of
3280:Languages attested from the 17th century
1959:. Oxford University Press. p. 455.
1441:
987:
605:
466:1972 world Jr. Welterweight championship
1536:
214:municipality, where Palenque is located
560:Plurality is marked with the particle
386:De Instauranda Aethiopum Salute (1627)
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1865:Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
725:
701:
628:
625:
7:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1489:Padre nuestro que estás en el cielo,
338:adding citations to reliable sources
248:. It is believed to be a mixture of
1499:Danos hoy nuestro pan de cada día.
1480:Nu rejá sujo caí andí tentación nu,
453:interest in the Palenquero creole:
1507:no nos dejes caer en la tentación,
1497:así en la tierra como en el cielo.
864:is used as a copula for nouns and
25:
3285:Spanish language in South America
3265:Languages of the African diaspora
3245:Spanish-based pidgins and creoles
1934:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 92.
1928:McWhorter, John H. (2011-06-30).
928:(My wife is black and I am black)
1503:como también nosotros perdonamos
500:
314:
298:, and in some neighbourhoods of
2564:Providence Island Sign Language
1472:Nda suto agué pan ri to ma ría,
1462:Tatá suto lo que ta riba cielo,
325:needs additional citations for
2036:Colombian varieties of Spanish
1859:Lipski, John M. (2020-06-03).
1574:Ministerio de Cultura (2010).
1526: – Extinct Spanish creole
1:
3250:Endangered diaspora languages
2913:Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela
1476:asina cumo suto a se peddoná,
242:Spanish-based creole language
3260:African diaspora in Colombia
1846:Grupo de Investigación Muntú
1769:10.1016/j.lingua.2017.12.007
1694:10.1016/0024-3841(70)90080-x
1648:Romero, Simon (2007-10-18).
1464:santificaro sendá nombre si,
1803:Anthropological Linguistics
982:originate from Portuguese (
472:UNESCO Heritage of Humanity
400:Palenque de San Basilio or
3306:
3203:Coastal Argentina, Uruguay
3071:spoken by Catalan speakers
1493:Venga a nosotros tu Reino.
1491:santificado sea tu nombre.
850:is similar to the Spanish
268:, former member states of
2880:Central western Argentina
1509:y líbranos del mal. Amén.
1501:perdona nuestras ofensas,
1454:
1451:
1416:
1397:
1378:
1359:
1340:
1321:
1302:
1283:
1264:
1245:
1226:
1207:
1188:
1169:
1150:
1131:
1105:
1086:
1061:
1042:
1023:
1004:
999:
996:
993:
989:Sample words in Palenque
761:
704:
680:
663:
620:
617:
614:
611:
372:with the dilution of the
203:
128:Official language in
1797:Lipski, John M. (2012).
1720:Dieck, Marianne (2011).
1563:– via dane.gov.co.
1547:DANE (6 November 2019).
294:, which is southeast of
3290:Creoles of the Americas
2960:Colombia-Ecuador border
2559:Colombian Sign Language
1482:librá suto ri má. Amén.
1461:
1418:
1399:
1380:
1361:
1342:
1323:
1304:
1285:
1266:
1247:
1228:
1209:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1133:
1107:
1088:
1063:
1044:
1025:
1006:
964:
958:
952:
944:
938:
932:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
896:(You are not my mother)
892:
886:
880:
867:
859:
845:
834:roughly corresponds to
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
767:
749:
731:
710:
686:
648:
634:
598:
590:
579:
571:
563:
547:
439:Department of Magdalena
402:San Basilio de Palenque
396:Palenque de San Basilio
292:San Basilio de Palenque
237:
52:San Basilio de Palenque
2606:Dialects and varieties
2538:San Andrés–Providencia
1593:Title 1, Article 10.
1505:a los que nos ofenden.
1488:
1470:aí tiela cumo a cielo.
1425:
1406:
1387:
1368:
1349:
1330:
1311:
1292:
1273:
1254:
1235:
1216:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1119:
1114:
1095:
1075:
1070:
1051:
1032:
1013:
851:
836:
739:
718:
694:
673:
656:
509:This section is empty.
3255:Languages of Colombia
2078:Languages of Colombia
1877:10.1075/lab.17083.lip
1815:10.1353/anl.2012.0007
1751:Lipski, John (2018).
1627:10.1075/dia.19019.par
1474:peddona ma fata suto,
493:Language distinctions
1478:lo que se fatá suto.
948:(I will be a doctor)
607:Palenquero pronouns
552:‘African language’.
376:and the increase of
334:improve this article
1495:Hágase tu voluntad,
1448:
990:
968:(That woman is fat)
754:(formerly archaic)
608:
428:endangered language
224:(sometimes spelled
2847:Chiloé Archipelago
2085:Official languages
1600:2011-09-27 at the
1556:(in Spanish). DANE
1468:asé ño voluntá sí,
1442:
988:
606:
390:Alonso de Sandoval
3232:
3231:
3218:
3204:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3128:
3062:
3052:
3013:
3012:
2994:
2993:Coastal Argentina
2980:
2961:
2942:
2928:
2914:
2900:
2881:
2867:
2866:Central Argentina
2848:
2773:
2572:
2571:
2516:
2515:
1515:
1514:
1435:
1434:
778:
777:
529:
528:
481:Academic Interest
462:Antonio Cervantes
457:Antonio Cervantes
366:
365:
358:
219:
218:
210:Map highlighting
71:2,788 (2005)
18:Palenque language
16:(Redirected from
3297:
3216:
3202:
3173:
3164:(mixed language)
3163:
3153:
3143:
3122:
3060:
3050:
2992:
2978:
2959:
2940:
2926:
2912:
2898:
2879:
2865:
2846:
2767:
2659:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2412:Tanimuca-Retuarã
2107:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2023:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1913:Mackenzie, Ian.
1910:
1897:
1896:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1610:
1604:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1544:
1511:
1484:
1466:miní a reino sí,
1449:
1428:
1421:
1409:
1402:
1390:
1383:
1371:
1364:
1352:
1345:
1333:
1326:
1314:
1307:
1295:
1288:
1276:
1269:
1257:
1250:
1238:
1231:
1219:
1212:
1200:
1193:
1181:
1174:
1162:
1155:
1143:
1136:
1117:
1110:
1098:
1091:
1073:
1066:
1054:
1047:
1035:
1028:
1016:
1009:
991:
967:
961:
955:
947:
941:
935:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
895:
889:
883:
870:
862:
848:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
770:
752:
742:
734:
721:
713:
697:
689:
676:
659:
651:
637:
609:
601:
593:
582:
574:
568:. (for example:
566:
550:
524:
521:
511:You can help by
504:
497:
374:Spanish language
361:
354:
350:
347:
341:
318:
310:
208:
199:
173:
157:
150:
115:Spanish alphabet
106:
81:
30:
21:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3217:Central America
3178:
3075:
3019:
3009:
2899:Coastal Ecuador
2806:
2745:
2701:Central America
2695:
2650:
2644:
2618:Africa and Asia
2613:
2603:
2573:
2568:
2547:
2512:
2446:
2357:Barasana-Eduria
2343:
2315:
2311:Northern Embera
2277:
2229:
2186:
2143:
2102:
2096:
2080:
2075:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1726:Forma y Función
1719:
1718:
1709:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1654:www.nytimes.com
1647:
1646:
1642:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1602:Wayback Machine
1592:
1588:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1520:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1440:
975:
794:in Palenquero:
790:There are four
788:
783:
757:African origin
595:"two cows" but
558:
548:lengua africano
542:
534:
525:
519:
516:
495:
483:
474:
459:
450:
424:
398:
362:
351:
345:
342:
331:
319:
308:
277:creole language
215:
195:
169:
153:
146:
129:
122:Official status
107:
102:
96:
82:
79:Language family
77:
68:
67:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3303:
3301:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3129:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3109:Tetuani Ladino
3099:Judaeo-Spanish
3096:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2552:Sign languages
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:Minica Huitoto
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2031:
2030:External links
2028:
2025:
2024:
2017:
1997:
1990:
1972:
1965:
1947:
1940:
1920:
1898:
1871:(3): 315–350.
1851:
1836:
1809:(2): 101–132.
1782:
1743:
1728:(in Spanish).
1707:
1665:
1640:
1621:(4): 540–576.
1605:
1586:
1566:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1485:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1447:in Palenquero
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
974:
971:
970:
969:
949:
929:
897:
787:
784:
782:
779:
776:
775:
772:
763:
759:
758:
755:
744:
743:
736:
727:
723:
722:
715:
706:
703:
699:
698:
691:
682:
678:
677:
670:
665:
661:
660:
653:
643:
642:
639:
630:
627:
623:
622:
619:
616:
613:
557:
554:
541:
538:
533:
530:
527:
526:
507:
505:
494:
491:
482:
479:
473:
470:
458:
455:
449:
448:Revitalization
446:
423:
420:
397:
394:
364:
363:
322:
320:
313:
307:
304:
217:
216:
209:
201:
200:
193:
187:
186:
181:
175:
174:
167:
159:
158:
151:
143:
142:
141:Language codes
138:
137:
130:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
108:
104:Writing system
101:
98:
97:
95:
94:
87:Spanish Creole
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3302:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3061:(Extremadura)
3059:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3016:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2812:South America
2809:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:United States
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2751:North America
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:Interamerican
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Equatoguinean
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:Creoles/Other
2519:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Murui Huitoto
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2018:9783110960228
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1991:9783110960228
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1966:9780191063251
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1941:9781934078402
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1524:Bozal Spanish
1522:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1486:
1483:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1445:Lord's Prayer
1437:
1431:neighborhood
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1412:thing, stuff
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1003:
992:
986:
985:
980:
972:
966:
962:
960:
954:
950:
946:
942:
940:
934:
930:
926:
922:
920:
914:
910:
908:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
882:
878:
877:
876:
873:
871:
869:
863:
861:
855:
854:
849:
847:
841:
840:
839:
833:
831:
825:
823:
817:
815:
809:
807:
801:
799:
793:
785:
780:
774:Bantu origin
773:
771:
769:
764:
760:
756:
753:
751:
746:
745:
741:
737:
735:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
714:
712:
707:
700:
696:
692:
690:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
652:
650:
645:
644:
640:
638:
636:
631:
624:
610:
604:
602:
600:
594:
592:
585:
583:
581:
575:
573:
567:
565:
555:
553:
551:
549:
539:
537:
531:
523:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
498:
492:
490:
487:
480:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
456:
454:
447:
445:
442:
440:
436:
431:
429:
421:
419:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
395:
393:
391:
388:, the priest
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
360:
357:
349:
346:November 2018
339:
335:
329:
328:
323:This section
321:
317:
312:
311:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
281:Latin America
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
213:
207:
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
185:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
165:
160:
156:
152:
149:
144:
139:
135:
131:
125:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
99:
93:
90:
89:
88:
84:
80:
74:
70:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3270:Barranquilla
3209:
3195:
3189:
3168:
3160:Media Lengua
3158:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3117:
3091:
3055:
3045:
2985:
2979:Coastal Peru
2971:
2952:
2941:Paisa Region
2933:
2919:
2905:
2891:
2872:
2858:
2839:
2795:Sabine River
2782:
2769:
2764:
2733:
2686:Puerto Rican
2612:by continent
2532:
2007:
2000:
1981:
1975:
1956:
1950:
1930:
1923:
1915:"Palenquero"
1868:
1864:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1806:
1802:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1732:(1): 11–24.
1729:
1725:
1685:
1681:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1589:
1576:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
983:
976:
956:
936:
916:
904:
884:
874:
865:
857:
843:
835:
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
789:
765:
747:
729:
708:
684:
667:
646:
632:
603:"13 years".
596:
588:
586:
577:
569:
561:
559:
545:
543:
535:
517:
513:adding to it
508:
488:
484:
475:
460:
451:
443:
435:Panama Canal
432:
425:
413:
409:Benkos Biohó
406:
399:
385:
370:17th century
367:
352:
343:
332:Please help
327:verification
324:
300:Barranquilla
289:
283:. Typically
274:
229:
225:
221:
220:
191:Linguasphere
162:
91:
61:6,637 (2018)
3125:Para-Romani
2987:Rioplatense
2927:Zulia State
2790:New Mexican
2778:Californian
2714:Costa Rican
2691:Trinidadian
2473:Inga Kichwa
2192:Bora–Witoto
1688:: 254–267.
1615:Diachronica
1452:Palenquero
618:Nominative
591:ma ndo baka
520:August 2024
3239:Categories
3170:Papiamento
3140:Palenquero
3031:Andalusian
3022:Peninsular
3005:Venezuelan
2948:Paraguayan
2893:Equatorial
2887:Ecuadorian
2741:Salvadoran
2729:Nicaraguan
2719:Guatemalan
2681:Panamanian
2635:Philippine
2533:Palenquero
2101:Indigenous
1659:2010-02-13
1560:2020-05-11
1531:References
1369:castellano
1118:. Compare
1074:. Compare
973:Vocabulary
913:negra i yo
893:mamá mí nu
875:Examples:
641:uncertain
285:Papiamento
244:spoken in
234:Palenquero
222:Palenquero
184:Palenquero
92:Palenquero
33:Palenquero
3191:Cocoliche
3150:Chavacano
3133:Spanglish
3051:(Galicia)
3041:Castilian
3000:Uruguayan
2921:Maracucho
2854:Colombian
2676:Dominican
2663:Caribbean
2488:Nheengatu
2387:Macaguaje
2382:Koreguaje
2334:Guayabero
2321:Guajiboan
2149:Barbacoan
2103:languages
1893:149952479
1885:1879-9264
1831:143540760
1823:1944-6527
1777:0024-3841
1763:: 44–57.
1738:859491443
1702:0024-3841
1635:225778990
1393:outsider
1388:forastero
1184:to speak
1165:clothing
1052:cacahuete
994:Palenque
626:Singular
599:tresi año
556:Plurality
296:Cartagena
226:Palenkero
197:51-AAC-bc
164:Glottolog
148:ISO 639-3
134:Colombian
58:Ethnicity
3211:Malespín
3197:Lunfardo
3154:(creole)
3144:(creole)
3087:Standard
3047:Castrapo
3036:Canarian
2973:Ribereño
2967:Peruvian
2860:Cordobés
2830:Bolivian
2820:Amazonic
2724:Honduran
2709:Belizean
2649:Americas
2625:Canarian
2458:Carijona
2397:Pisamira
2362:Carapana
2349:Tucanoan
2339:Macaguán
2235:Chibchan
2172:Mwelyama
2162:Kokonuco
2124:Cabiyari
2111:Arawakan
1598:Archived
1518:See also
1455:Spanish
1381:foratero
1374:Spanish
1362:cateyano
1241:brother
1222:tobacco
1203:chicken
1146:garbage
1000:English
997:Spanish
953:Ese mujé
719:nosotros
246:Colombia
230:Palenque
171:pale1260
42:Colombia
3275:Mahates
3183:Extinct
3104:Haketia
3093:Llanito
3066:Murcian
2954:Pastuso
2907:Llanero
2841:Chilote
2835:Chilean
2802:Mexican
2770:Chicano
2735:Pachuco
2640:Saharan
2610:Spanish
2528:Llanero
2432:Wajiara
2427:Waimajã
2407:Siriano
2329:Guahibo
2306:Eperara
2283:Chocoan
2253:Chimila
2243:Arhuaco
2215:Muinane
2200:Andoque
2157:Awa Pit
2129:Piapoco
2092:Spanish
1317:flower
1236:hermano
1198:gallina
1134:bumbilo
1127:mother
1089:tambore
1057:peanut
1038:cattle
979:Kikongo
901:Mujé mí
792:copulas
740:ustedes
702:Plural
621:Source
615:Person
612:Number
572:ma posá
532:Grammar
437:or the
422:Decline
416:dialect
306:History
250:Kikongo
240:) is a
212:Mahates
3057:Castúo
3018:Europe
2874:Cuyano
2825:Andean
2784:Isleño
2543:Romani
2503:Ticuna
2483:Kichwa
2463:Cocama
2437:Wanano
2422:Tuyuca
2417:Tatuyo
2392:Macuna
2377:Desano
2225:Ocaina
2182:Totoró
2139:Yucuna
2119:Achawa
2015:
1988:
1963:
1938:
1891:
1883:
1829:
1821:
1775:
1757:Lingua
1736:
1700:
1682:Lingua
1633:
1438:Sample
1426:barrio
1419:cuagro
1336:child
1274:puerta
1260:where
1229:hemano
1217:tabaco
1210:tabaco
1191:ngaina
1179:hablar
1172:chitiá
1141:basura
1096:tambor
1082:house
1077:posada
1033:ganado
1026:ngombe
1019:money
1014:dinero
818:, and
786:Copula
540:Gender
382:pidgin
378:maroon
266:Angola
264:, and
238:Lengua
48:Region
3224:Bozal
3080:Other
2935:Paisa
2671:Cuban
2508:Yukpa
2493:Nukak
2478:Kakwa
2468:Cofán
2451:Other
2442:Yauna
2402:Siona
2372:Cuiba
2367:Cubeo
2301:Chami
2296:Catio
2291:Baudo
2177:Pasto
2167:Misak
2134:Wayuu
1889:S2CID
1827:S2CID
1631:S2CID
1581:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1350:cerdo
1343:ceddo
1293:gordo
1286:ngolo
1279:door
1267:pueta
1255:donde
1153:chepa
1115:madre
1101:drum
1045:ngubá
965:ngolo
939:sendá
933:I tan
925:negro
868:senda
853:estar
822:senda
781:Verbs
732:utere
270:Kongo
262:Gabon
254:Congo
228:) or
111:Latin
3194:and
3119:Caló
2765:Caló
2498:Páez
2273:Wiwa
2263:Kuna
2258:Kogi
2248:Barí
2205:Bora
2013:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1881:ISSN
1819:ISSN
1773:ISSN
1734:OCLC
1698:ISSN
1443:The
1407:cosa
1400:kusa
1355:pig
1331:niño
1324:moná
1312:flor
1298:fat
1248:onde
1160:ropa
1071:casa
1064:posá
1007:burú
945:dotó
762:3rd
726:2nd
711:suto
705:1st
681:3rd
664:2nd
629:1st
132:The
2608:of
2268:Uwa
1873:doi
1811:doi
1765:doi
1761:202
1690:doi
1623:doi
1305:flo
1121:mãe
1108:mai
919:jue
907:jue
860:Jue
838:ser
814:jue
768:ané
750:enu
695:ele
687:ele
674:vos
515:.
336:by
279:in
258:DRC
179:ELP
155:pln
3241::
1901:^
1887:.
1879:.
1869:10
1867:.
1863:.
1825:.
1817:.
1807:54
1805:.
1801:.
1785:^
1771:.
1759:.
1755:.
1730:24
1710:^
1696:.
1686:24
1684:.
1668:^
1652:.
1629:.
1619:37
1617:.
1539:^
1124:.
959:ta
881:Bo
846:ta
826:.
810:,
806:ta
802:,
668:bo
657:yo
649:yo
580:ma
564:ma
302:.
260:,
256:,
236::
3127:)
3123:(
3024:)
3020:(
2772:)
2768:(
2655:)
2651:(
2598:e
2591:t
2584:v
2070:e
2063:t
2056:v
2021:.
1994:.
1969:.
1944:.
1917:.
1895:.
1875::
1848:.
1833:.
1813::
1779:.
1767::
1740:.
1704:.
1692::
1662:.
1637:.
1625::
887:é
830:E
798:e
635:í
522:)
518:(
359:)
353:(
348:)
344:(
330:.
232:(
117:)
113:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
