195:
491:
305:
400:. The dissolution of the Spanish language intensified as maroons settled in armed fortified territories. The Palenqueros maintained their physical distance from ethnic Europeans as a form of anti-colonial resistance but they likely intermarried with indigenous women. They developed a creole based mostly on their own African languages and Spanish.
970:
language. A comprehensive list and proposed etymologies are provided in Moñino and
Schwegler's "Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: historia y lengua" (2002). Many of the words that come from African origin, include plant, animal, insect and landscape names. Another handful of words are believed to
474:
Beginning in 1992, the educational system in
Palenque de San Basilio started reintroducing Palenquero in the curriculum. Children resumed learning Palenquero, as it was introduced in preschool, and they continued to learn it in advancing grades. Parents and grandparents were encouraged to use the
441:
With its legacy of cultural resistance, Palenquero has survived since the early 17th century despite the many challenges. In recent years, scholars and activists have encouraged teaching and use of
Palenquero, and native speakers are encouraged. Three major events have contributed to the revived
465:
In 2005, Palenque was declared by the United
Nations to be a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The recognition has led to appreciation for Palenquero culture. Films, documentaries and music festivals have brought more attention to the community. These type of cultural
430:. There they came into contact with other languages. In the 20th century, with the introduction of a standard Spanish educational system, Spanish became the supra regional prescriptive speech, and Palenquero was often criticized and mocked.
457:, local residents took pride in both the village and Palenquero as a language. As result, Palenque de San Basilio attracted interest by many journalists and politicians. It has continued to attract cultural and foreign attention.
261:) and Spanish. However, there is not sufficient evidence to indicate that Palenquero is strictly the result of a two-language contact. It could also have absorbed elements of local indigenous languages.
1564:
403:
In the early 20th century, residents of this area were noted as having been bilingual in both
Palenquero and Spanish. A 1913 document noted that residents of Palenque de San Basilio had a 'guttural
3059:
565:
is "houses"). This particle is believed to derive from
Kikongo, a Bantu language, and is the sole Kikongo-derived inflection present in Palenquero. The younger speakers of Palenquero utilize
419:. Although it is spoken in parallel with Spanish, the latter has dominated the regular linguistic activity of Palenque de San Basilio. Some 53% of residents are unable to speak Palenquero.
433:
Racial discrimination against people of ethnic
African descent added to the decline of Palenquero. Some parents did not feel comfortable continuing to teach their children the language.
2585:
3268:
454:
381:
refers to the ‘corruption of our
Spanish language’ commonly spoken amongst African slaves. Palenquero's origins are unclear; it was not referred to in print until 1772.
478:
Additionally, academic research, conferences and activism have increased the desirability of
Palenquero. There is new energy to continue to pass it down generations.
2057:
525:
Similar to several other creole languages, Palenquero grammar lacks inflectional morphology. Nouns, adjectives, verbs and determiners are almost always invariant.
422:
The decline of
Palenquero can be traced to the establishment of sugar and banana plantations. Many natives left the village in order to find work either in the
396:
The village was formed in the early 17th century to the south of Cartagena by fugitive slaves who escaped from surrounding districts, under the leadership of
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1995:
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language at home, and classes were opened for adults. A fully equipped cultural centre was constructed to promote the language and culture.
1586:
2050:
2800:
2005:
1978:
1953:
1928:
344:
3278:
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453:, also known as Kid Pambelé, is an internationally recognized boxing champion born in Palenque de San Basilio. After he won the
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3243:
2766:
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2043:
326:
75:
276:, which is often thought to be Portuguese-based, from this assessment. In 2018 more than 6,600 people spoke this language.
230:
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2400:
2030:
246:
167:
322:
2180:
1918:
393:
is the village from which Palenquero originated from and in which it is most commonly spoken in the 21st century.
315:
1833:
Hernández, Rubén; Guerrero, Clara; Palomino, Jesús (2008). "Palenque: historia libertaria, cultura y tradición".
1669:
Bickerton, Derek; Escalante, Aquilas (January 1970). "Palenquero: A Spanish-based creole of northern Colombia".
1539:
Población Negra, Afrocolombiana, Raizal y Palenquera: Resultados del Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018
2689:
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2299:
179:
1850:"What you hear is (not always) what you get: Subjects and verbs among receptive Palenquero-Spanish bilinguals"
185:
2547:
966:
Some 300 words of African origin have been identified in Palenquero, with many believed to originate in the
407:
that some believe to be the very African language, if not in all its purity at least with some variations'.
390:
280:
40:
2739:
2208:
466:
programs have successfully appealed to Colombian youth, who otherwise were not interested in Palenquero.
3258:
2618:
2066:
1788:"Free at Last: From Bound Morpheme to Discourse Marker in Lengua ri Palenge (Palenquero Creole Spanish)"
533:
Grammatical gender is non-existent, and adjectives derived from Spanish default to the masculine form:
1849:
194:
2783:
2674:
2327:
780:
427:
1639:"San Basilio de Palenque Journal - A Language, Not Quite Spanish, With African Echoes - NYTimes.com"
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1619:
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1602:
Parkvall, Mikael; Jacobs, Bart (2020). "Palenquero Origins: A Tale of More than Two Languages".
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activity. Existing records dating from the era of Cartagena’s slave trade allude to the
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is only found with predicative nouns and adjectives referring to permanent states.
423:
358:
288:
99:
1741:
1109:
1757:
1711:"La época de formación de la lengua de Palenque: Datos históricos y lingüísticos"
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For almost two decades in the 21st century, Palenquero has been classified as an
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1065:
304:
172:
2024:
3158:
841:
273:
125:
constitution recognizes minority languages as "official in their territories."
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1690:
3179:
3138:
3121:
152:
136:
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1865:
1803:
1615:
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373:
from which Palenquero evolved. As illustrated in the ethnographic text of
143:
3185:
3035:
576:
This particle is usually dropped with cardinal numbers greater than two:
234:
122:
30:
2035:
3092:
3081:
2723:
404:
366:
329: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
200:
1787:
370:
254:
250:
241:(a language spoken in central Africa in the current countries of
264:
Palenquero is considered to be the only surviving Spanish-based
2567:
2039:
1920:
Linguistic Simplicity and Complexity: Why Do Languages Undress?
1710:
573:
for plurality more so than the speakers that came before them.
973:
for example: mai 'mother'; ten 'has'; ele 'he/she'; bae 'go').
485:
298:
1584:
http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/colombia_const2.pdf
1713:[The Formation Period of the Palenquero Language].
1566:
Palenqueros, descendientes de la insurgencia anticolonial
2031:
Misa andi lengua ri palenque - Katajena, mayo 21 ri 2000
2027:
by Richard J. File-Muriel, Rafael Orozco (eds.), (2012)
501:
1742:"Palenquero vs. Spanish negation: Separate but equal?"
1572:(in Spanish). p. 2 – via mincultura.gov.co.
1997:
Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: historia y lengua
1971:
Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe: historia y lengua
845:
in that it used for temporary states and locatives.
3171:
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150:
134:
129:
115:
110:
89:
64:
54:
46:
36:
26:
21:
831:in Spanish and is used for permanent states, and
357:The formation of Palenquero is recorded from the
3163:(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)
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719:
698:
674:
636:
622:
586:
578:
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559:
551:
535:
16:Spanish-based creole language spoken in Colombia
2000:(in Spanish). Walter de Gruyter. p. 171.
2579:
2051:
1994:Moñino, Yves; Schwegler, Armin (2013-02-07).
1973:(in Spanish). Walter de Gruyter. p. 69.
1969:Moñino, Yves; Schwegler, Armin (2002-01-01).
1944:Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (2016-09-05).
1476:
1413:
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8:
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1529:
2647:
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2095:
2058:
2044:
2036:
193:
18:
1946:The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages
345:Learn how and when to remove this message
279:It is primarily spoken in the village of
3269:Languages attested from the 17th century
1948:. Oxford University Press. p. 455.
1430:
976:
594:
455:1972 world Jr. Welterweight championship
1525:
203:municipality, where Palenque is located
549:Plurality is marked with the particle
375:De Instauranda Aethiopum Salute (1627)
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1854:Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
714:
690:
617:
614:
7:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1478:Padre nuestro que estás en el cielo,
327:adding citations to reliable sources
237:. It is believed to be a mixture of
1488:Danos hoy nuestro pan de cada día.
1469:Nu rejá sujo caí andí tentación nu,
442:interest in the Palenquero creole:
1496:no nos dejes caer en la tentación,
1486:así en la tierra como en el cielo.
853:is used as a copula for nouns and
14:
3274:Spanish language in South America
3254:Languages of the African diaspora
3234:Spanish-based pidgins and creoles
1923:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 92.
1917:McWhorter, John H. (2011-06-30).
917:(My wife is black and I am black)
1492:como también nosotros perdonamos
489:
303:
287:, and in some neighbourhoods of
2553:Providence Island Sign Language
1461:Nda suto agué pan ri to ma ría,
1451:Tatá suto lo que ta riba cielo,
314:needs additional citations for
2025:Colombian varieties of Spanish
1848:Lipski, John M. (2020-06-03).
1563:Ministerio de Cultura (2010).
1515: – Extinct Spanish creole
1:
3239:Endangered diaspora languages
2902:Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela
1465:asina cumo suto a se peddoná,
231:Spanish-based creole language
3249:African diaspora in Colombia
1835:Grupo de Investigación Muntú
1758:10.1016/j.lingua.2017.12.007
1683:10.1016/0024-3841(70)90080-x
1637:Romero, Simon (2007-10-18).
1453:santificaro sendá nombre si,
1792:Anthropological Linguistics
971:originate from Portuguese (
461:UNESCO Heritage of Humanity
389:Palenque de San Basilio or
3295:
3192:Coastal Argentina, Uruguay
3060:spoken by Catalan speakers
1482:Venga a nosotros tu Reino.
1480:santificado sea tu nombre.
839:is similar to the Spanish
257:, former member states of
2869:Central western Argentina
1498:y líbranos del mal. Amén.
1490:perdona nuestras ofensas,
1443:
1440:
1405:
1386:
1367:
1348:
1329:
1310:
1291:
1272:
1253:
1234:
1215:
1196:
1177:
1158:
1139:
1120:
1094:
1075:
1050:
1031:
1012:
993:
988:
985:
982:
978:Sample words in Palenque
750:
693:
669:
652:
609:
606:
603:
600:
361:with the dilution of the
192:
117:Official language in
1786:Lipski, John M. (2012).
1709:Dieck, Marianne (2011).
1552:– via dane.gov.co.
1536:DANE (6 November 2019).
283:, which is southeast of
3279:Creoles of the Americas
2949:Colombia-Ecuador border
2548:Colombian Sign Language
1471:librá suto ri má. Amén.
1450:
1407:
1388:
1369:
1350:
1331:
1312:
1293:
1274:
1255:
1236:
1217:
1198:
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1160:
1141:
1122:
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1052:
1033:
1014:
995:
953:
947:
941:
933:
927:
921:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
885:(You are not my mother)
881:
875:
869:
856:
848:
834:
823:roughly corresponds to
818:
810:
802:
794:
786:
756:
738:
720:
699:
675:
637:
623:
587:
579:
568:
560:
552:
536:
428:Department of Magdalena
391:San Basilio de Palenque
385:Palenque de San Basilio
281:San Basilio de Palenque
226:
41:San Basilio de Palenque
2595:Dialects and varieties
2527:San Andrés–Providencia
1582:Title 1, Article 10.
1494:a los que nos ofenden.
1477:
1459:aí tiela cumo a cielo.
1414:
1395:
1376:
1357:
1338:
1319:
1300:
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1224:
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1002:
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683:
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498:This section is empty.
3244:Languages of Colombia
2067:Languages of Colombia
1866:10.1075/lab.17083.lip
1804:10.1353/anl.2012.0007
1740:Lipski, John (2018).
1616:10.1075/dia.19019.par
1463:peddona ma fata suto,
482:Language distinctions
1467:lo que se fatá suto.
937:(I will be a doctor)
596:Palenquero pronouns
541:‘African language’.
365:and the increase of
323:improve this article
1484:Hágase tu voluntad,
1437:
979:
957:(That woman is fat)
743:(formerly archaic)
597:
417:endangered language
213:(sometimes spelled
2836:Chiloé Archipelago
2074:Official languages
1589:2011-09-27 at the
1545:(in Spanish). DANE
1457:asé ño voluntá sí,
1431:
977:
595:
379:Alonso de Sandoval
3221:
3220:
3207:
3193:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3117:
3051:
3041:
3002:
3001:
2983:
2982:Coastal Argentina
2969:
2950:
2931:
2917:
2903:
2889:
2870:
2856:
2855:Central Argentina
2837:
2762:
2561:
2560:
2505:
2504:
1504:
1503:
1424:
1423:
767:
766:
518:
517:
470:Academic Interest
451:Antonio Cervantes
446:Antonio Cervantes
355:
354:
347:
208:
207:
199:Map highlighting
60:2,788 (2005)
3286:
3205:
3191:
3162:
3153:(mixed language)
3152:
3142:
3132:
3111:
3049:
3039:
2981:
2967:
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2929:
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2901:
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2756:
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2588:
2581:
2574:
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2401:Tanimuca-Retuarã
2096:
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2012:
2011:
1991:
1985:
1984:
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1902:Mackenzie, Ian.
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1455:miní a reino sí,
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598:
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582:
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557:. (for example:
555:
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513:
510:
500:You can help by
493:
486:
363:Spanish language
350:
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336:
330:
307:
299:
197:
188:
162:
146:
139:
104:Spanish alphabet
95:
70:
19:
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3293:
3289:
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3285:
3284:
3283:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3206:Central America
3167:
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2888:Coastal Ecuador
2795:
2734:
2690:Central America
2684:
2639:
2633:
2607:Africa and Asia
2602:
2592:
2562:
2557:
2536:
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2435:
2346:Barasana-Eduria
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2300:Northern Embera
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2218:
2175:
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2016:
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1715:Forma y Función
1708:
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1643:www.nytimes.com
1636:
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1591:Wayback Machine
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964:
783:in Palenquero:
779:There are four
777:
772:
746:African origin
584:"two cows" but
547:
537:lengua africano
531:
523:
514:
508:
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266:creole language
204:
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142:
135:
118:
111:Official status
96:
91:
85:
71:
68:Language family
66:
57:
56:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3118:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3098:Tetuani Ladino
3088:Judaeo-Spanish
3085:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2541:Sign languages
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Minica Huitoto
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2019:External links
2017:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1986:
1979:
1961:
1954:
1936:
1929:
1909:
1887:
1860:(3): 315–350.
1840:
1825:
1798:(2): 101–132.
1771:
1732:
1717:(in Spanish).
1696:
1654:
1629:
1610:(4): 540–576.
1594:
1575:
1555:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1474:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1436:in Palenquero
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1006:
999:
991:
990:
987:
984:
963:
960:
959:
958:
938:
918:
886:
776:
773:
771:
768:
765:
764:
761:
752:
748:
747:
744:
733:
732:
725:
716:
712:
711:
704:
695:
692:
688:
687:
680:
671:
667:
666:
659:
654:
650:
649:
642:
632:
631:
628:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
546:
543:
530:
527:
522:
519:
516:
515:
496:
494:
483:
480:
471:
468:
462:
459:
447:
444:
438:
437:Revitalization
435:
412:
409:
386:
383:
353:
352:
311:
309:
302:
296:
293:
206:
205:
198:
190:
189:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
156:
148:
147:
140:
132:
131:
130:Language codes
127:
126:
119:
116:
113:
112:
108:
107:
97:
93:Writing system
90:
87:
86:
84:
83:
76:Spanish Creole
74:
72:
65:
62:
61:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3291:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3211:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3050:(Extremadura)
3048:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2801:South America
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:United States
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2740:North America
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:Interamerican
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Equatoguinean
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:Creoles/Other
2508:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Murui Huitoto
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:9783110960228
2003:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1980:9783110960228
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1955:9780191063251
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1930:9781934078402
1926:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1513:Bozal Spanish
1511:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1475:
1472:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1434:Lord's Prayer
1426:
1420:neighborhood
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1401:thing, stuff
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:
981:
975:
974:
969:
961:
955:
951:
949:
943:
939:
935:
931:
929:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
903:
899:
897:
891:
887:
883:
879:
877:
871:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
858:
852:
850:
844:
843:
838:
836:
830:
829:
828:
822:
820:
814:
812:
806:
804:
798:
796:
790:
788:
782:
774:
769:
763:Bantu origin
762:
760:
758:
753:
749:
745:
742:
740:
735:
734:
730:
726:
724:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
703:
701:
696:
689:
685:
681:
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
641:
639:
634:
633:
629:
627:
625:
620:
613:
599:
593:
591:
589:
583:
581:
574:
572:
570:
564:
562:
556:
554:
544:
542:
540:
538:
528:
526:
520:
512:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
487:
481:
479:
476:
469:
467:
460:
458:
456:
452:
445:
443:
436:
434:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
410:
408:
406:
401:
399:
394:
392:
384:
382:
380:
377:, the priest
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
349:
346:
338:
335:November 2018
328:
324:
318:
317:
312:This section
310:
306:
301:
300:
294:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
270:Latin America
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
202:
196:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
138:
133:
128:
124:
120:
114:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
88:
82:
79:
78:
77:
73:
69:
63:
59:
53:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
3259:Barranquilla
3198:
3184:
3178:
3157:
3149:Media Lengua
3147:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3106:
3080:
3044:
3034:
2974:
2968:Coastal Peru
2960:
2941:
2930:Paisa Region
2922:
2908:
2894:
2880:
2861:
2847:
2828:
2784:Sabine River
2771:
2758:
2753:
2722:
2675:Puerto Rican
2601:by continent
2521:
1996:
1989:
1970:
1964:
1945:
1939:
1919:
1912:
1904:"Palenquero"
1857:
1853:
1843:
1834:
1828:
1795:
1791:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1721:(1): 11–24.
1718:
1714:
1674:
1670:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1632:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1578:
1565:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1538:
972:
965:
945:
925:
905:
893:
873:
863:
854:
846:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
784:
778:
754:
736:
718:
697:
673:
656:
635:
621:
592:"13 years".
585:
577:
575:
566:
558:
550:
548:
534:
532:
524:
506:
502:adding to it
497:
477:
473:
464:
449:
440:
432:
424:Panama Canal
421:
414:
402:
398:Benkos Biohó
395:
388:
374:
359:17th century
356:
341:
332:
321:Please help
316:verification
313:
289:Barranquilla
278:
272:. Typically
263:
218:
214:
210:
209:
180:Linguasphere
151:
80:
50:6,637 (2018)
3114:Para-Romani
2976:Rioplatense
2916:Zulia State
2779:New Mexican
2767:Californian
2703:Costa Rican
2680:Trinidadian
2462:Inga Kichwa
2181:Bora–Witoto
1677:: 254–267.
1604:Diachronica
1441:Palenquero
607:Nominative
580:ma ndo baka
509:August 2024
3228:Categories
3159:Papiamento
3129:Palenquero
3020:Andalusian
3011:Peninsular
2994:Venezuelan
2937:Paraguayan
2882:Equatorial
2876:Ecuadorian
2730:Salvadoran
2718:Nicaraguan
2708:Guatemalan
2670:Panamanian
2624:Philippine
2522:Palenquero
2090:Indigenous
1648:2010-02-13
1549:2020-05-11
1520:References
1358:castellano
1107:. Compare
1063:. Compare
962:Vocabulary
902:negra i yo
882:mamá mí nu
864:Examples:
630:uncertain
274:Papiamento
233:spoken in
223:Palenquero
211:Palenquero
173:Palenquero
81:Palenquero
22:Palenquero
3180:Cocoliche
3139:Chavacano
3122:Spanglish
3040:(Galicia)
3030:Castilian
2989:Uruguayan
2910:Maracucho
2843:Colombian
2665:Dominican
2652:Caribbean
2477:Nheengatu
2376:Macaguaje
2371:Koreguaje
2323:Guayabero
2310:Guajiboan
2138:Barbacoan
2092:languages
1882:149952479
1874:1879-9264
1820:143540760
1812:1944-6527
1766:0024-3841
1752:: 44–57.
1727:859491443
1691:0024-3841
1624:225778990
1382:outsider
1377:forastero
1173:to speak
1154:clothing
1041:cacahuete
983:Palenque
615:Singular
588:tresi año
545:Plurality
285:Cartagena
215:Palenkero
186:51-AAC-bc
153:Glottolog
137:ISO 639-3
123:Colombian
47:Ethnicity
3200:Malespín
3186:Lunfardo
3143:(creole)
3133:(creole)
3076:Standard
3036:Castrapo
3025:Canarian
2962:Ribereño
2956:Peruvian
2849:Cordobés
2819:Bolivian
2809:Amazonic
2713:Honduran
2698:Belizean
2638:Americas
2614:Canarian
2447:Carijona
2386:Pisamira
2351:Carapana
2338:Tucanoan
2328:Macaguán
2224:Chibchan
2161:Mwelyama
2151:Kokonuco
2113:Cabiyari
2100:Arawakan
1587:Archived
1507:See also
1444:Spanish
1370:foratero
1363:Spanish
1351:cateyano
1230:brother
1211:tobacco
1192:chicken
1135:garbage
989:English
986:Spanish
942:Ese mujé
708:nosotros
235:Colombia
219:Palenque
160:pale1260
31:Colombia
3264:Mahates
3172:Extinct
3093:Haketia
3082:Llanito
3055:Murcian
2943:Pastuso
2896:Llanero
2830:Chilote
2824:Chilean
2791:Mexican
2759:Chicano
2724:Pachuco
2629:Saharan
2599:Spanish
2517:Llanero
2421:Wajiara
2416:Waimajã
2396:Siriano
2318:Guahibo
2295:Eperara
2272:Chocoan
2242:Chimila
2232:Arhuaco
2204:Muinane
2189:Andoque
2146:Awa Pit
2118:Piapoco
2081:Spanish
1306:flower
1225:hermano
1187:gallina
1123:bumbilo
1116:mother
1078:tambore
1046:peanut
1027:cattle
968:Kikongo
890:Mujé mí
781:copulas
729:ustedes
691:Plural
610:Source
604:Person
601:Number
561:ma posá
521:Grammar
426:or the
411:Decline
405:dialect
295:History
239:Kikongo
229:) is a
201:Mahates
3046:Castúo
3007:Europe
2863:Cuyano
2814:Andean
2773:Isleño
2532:Romani
2492:Ticuna
2472:Kichwa
2452:Cocama
2426:Wanano
2411:Tuyuca
2406:Tatuyo
2381:Macuna
2366:Desano
2214:Ocaina
2171:Totoró
2128:Yucuna
2108:Achawa
2004:
1977:
1952:
1927:
1880:
1872:
1818:
1810:
1764:
1746:Lingua
1725:
1689:
1671:Lingua
1622:
1427:Sample
1415:barrio
1408:cuagro
1325:child
1263:puerta
1249:where
1218:hemano
1206:tabaco
1199:tabaco
1180:ngaina
1168:hablar
1161:chitiá
1130:basura
1085:tambor
1071:house
1066:posada
1022:ganado
1015:ngombe
1008:money
1003:dinero
807:, and
775:Copula
529:Gender
371:pidgin
367:maroon
255:Angola
253:, and
227:Lengua
37:Region
3213:Bozal
3069:Other
2924:Paisa
2660:Cuban
2497:Yukpa
2482:Nukak
2467:Kakwa
2457:Cofán
2440:Other
2431:Yauna
2391:Siona
2361:Cuiba
2356:Cubeo
2290:Chami
2285:Catio
2280:Baudo
2166:Pasto
2156:Misak
2123:Wayuu
1878:S2CID
1816:S2CID
1620:S2CID
1570:(PDF)
1543:(PDF)
1339:cerdo
1332:ceddo
1282:gordo
1275:ngolo
1268:door
1256:pueta
1244:donde
1142:chepa
1104:madre
1090:drum
1034:ngubá
954:ngolo
928:sendá
922:I tan
914:negro
857:senda
842:estar
811:senda
770:Verbs
721:utere
259:Kongo
251:Gabon
243:Congo
217:) or
100:Latin
3183:and
3108:Caló
2754:Caló
2487:Páez
2262:Wiwa
2252:Kuna
2247:Kogi
2237:Barí
2194:Bora
2002:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1870:ISSN
1808:ISSN
1762:ISSN
1723:OCLC
1687:ISSN
1432:The
1396:cosa
1389:kusa
1344:pig
1320:niño
1313:moná
1301:flor
1287:fat
1237:onde
1149:ropa
1060:casa
1053:posá
996:burú
934:dotó
751:3rd
715:2nd
700:suto
694:1st
670:3rd
653:2nd
618:1st
121:The
2597:of
2257:Uwa
1862:doi
1800:doi
1754:doi
1750:202
1679:doi
1612:doi
1294:flo
1110:mãe
1097:mai
908:jue
896:jue
849:Jue
827:ser
803:jue
757:ané
739:enu
684:ele
676:ele
663:vos
504:.
325:by
268:in
247:DRC
168:ELP
144:pln
3230::
1890:^
1876:.
1868:.
1858:10
1856:.
1852:.
1814:.
1806:.
1796:54
1794:.
1790:.
1774:^
1760:.
1748:.
1744:.
1719:24
1699:^
1685:.
1675:24
1673:.
1657:^
1641:.
1618:.
1608:37
1606:.
1528:^
1113:.
948:ta
870:Bo
835:ta
815:.
799:,
795:ta
791:,
657:bo
646:yo
638:yo
569:ma
553:ma
291:.
249:,
245:,
225::
3116:)
3112:(
3013:)
3009:(
2761:)
2757:(
2644:)
2640:(
2587:e
2580:t
2573:v
2059:e
2052:t
2045:v
2010:.
1983:.
1958:.
1933:.
1906:.
1884:.
1864::
1837:.
1822:.
1802::
1768:.
1756::
1729:.
1693:.
1681::
1651:.
1626:.
1614::
876:é
819:E
787:e
624:í
511:)
507:(
348:)
342:(
337:)
333:(
319:.
221:(
106:)
102:(
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