193:, written by Katelyn Braymer-Hayes and colleagues, notes that there is a "clear need" to replace the term "Paleo-Eskimo", citing the ICC resolution, but note finding a consensus within the Alaskan context is difficult. In particular, Native Alaskans do not use the word Inuit to describe themselves, and as such, terms used in Canada like "Paleo Inuit" and "Ancestral Inuit" would not be optimal; they use the term "Early Arctic Pottery tradition" while noting a lack of consensus in the field.
572:
424:. The evidence suggested that the ancestors of the Paleo-Eskimos migrated from Siberia to North America in a distinct migration c. 4000 BCE, after which they remained genetically largely isolated. By 1300 CE, the Paleo-Eskimos had been completely replaced by the Thule people (the ancestors of the Inuit), who were descended from people of the
363:
archaeological culture came as a result of back-and-forth migrations across the Bering Strait by the tribes associated with the Arctic Small Tool tradition, or their descendants (Old
Whaling, Choris, Norton culture, from 3,100 to 2,500 cal. yr BP). These people were mixing with the
329:
populations. The authors note that the Paleo-Eskimo peoples lived alongside Na-Dene ancestors for millennia. The authors believe that this represents new evidence of a genetic connection between
Siberian and Na-Dene populations mediated by Paleo-Eskimos.
355:
In 2019, scholars concluded that the Palaeo-Eskimo people were the ancestors not only of modern Na-Dene-speaking peoples but also of the Eskimo-Aleut speakers. But this contribution did not come directly; rather, there was a 'Neo-Eskimo' intermediary.
308:
and genes suggesting he was adapted to cold weather, had brown eyes, brownish skin, and dark hair, and would have likely balded later in life. This marked the first sequencing of an ancient human's genome and the first sequencing of an ancient human's
238:
The relatively rapid spread of Paleo-Eskimos from Alaska as far as
Greenland and Labrador may have been helped by their use of the bow and arrows. They are credited with introducing this technology to populations in Eastern Canada by 2000 BCE.
463:
352:, have hypothesized that the Paleo-Eskimos spread the Na-Dene languages into the American continent, which would make the Paleo-Eskimos cultural and linguistic relatives (if not ancestors) of Na-Dene peoples.
442:
113:
and the Dorset culture (500 BCE – 1400 CE), which spread across Arctic North
America. The Dorset was the last major "Paleo-Eskimo" culture in the Arctic before the migration east from present-day
159:
editor
Patricia Wells wrote: "In the Canadian context, continued use of any term that incorporates 'Eskimo' is potentially harmful to the relationships between archaeologists and the Inuit and
297:, as well as of the later migration by the Inuit. By 4,500 years ago, descendants of this migration had reached Greenland. The remains used for analysis were found in a Saqqaq culture area.
153:
has argued for the ICC's terminology to be adopted, and to capitalize the "P" in Paleo, to adhere to archaeological conventions in naming major traditions. In 2016, Lisa
Hodgetts and
217:, and Ipiutak cultures in Alaska, and the Saqqaq, Independence, Pre-Dorset, and Dorset cultures in the Canadian Arctic and Greenland. The ASTt source has been argued to lie in the
278:, and additional collaborating scientific institutions sequenced nearly 80% of a Paleo-Eskimo man's genome. The man was found in Greenland and believed to be from the prehistoric
437:
499:
Gusev, Sergey V.; Zagoroulko, Andrey V.; Porotov, Aleksey V. (February 1999). "Sea mammal hunters of
Chukotka, Bering Strait: Recent archaeological results and problems".
1090:
806:
Flegontov, Pavel; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Changmai, Piya; et al. (13 September 2016). "Na-Dene populations descend from the Paleo-Eskimo migration into
America".
293:
to North
America some 5,500 years ago. They noted that this was independent of earlier migrations, whose descendants comprised the historic cultures of the
1100:
710:
189:
655:
483:
294:
163:
communities who are our hosts and increasingly our research partners"; they suggested using more specific terms when possible (e.g.,
1105:
1095:
594:
1115:
364:
Chukotko-Kamchatkan speakers of
Siberia. Eventually, the Old Bering Sea archaeological culture became the ancestor of the
334:
673:"Priscilla Renouf Remembered: An Introduction to the Special Issue with a Note on Renaming the Palaeoeskimo Tradition"
206:
172:
560:
271:
74:
cultures developed by 3900 to 3600 BCE, but were gradually displaced in most of the region, with the last one, the
969:
556:
912:
Stone, Anne C. (1 June 2019). "The lineages of the first humans to reach northeastern Siberia and the Americas".
130:
51:
706:"Studying pre-colonial gendered use of space in the Arctic: Spatial analysis of ceramics in Northwestern Alaska"
349:
333:
According to these scholars, in general, the Paleo-Eskimos had large proportions of Beringian (which includes
267:
94:
171:); they also noted replacement for "Palaeoeskimo" was still an open question and discussed "Paleo-Inuit", "
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90:
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464:"Sea mammal hunters of Chukotka, Bering Strait: recent archaeological results and problems"
1016:
Raghavan, Maanasa; DeGiorgio, Michael; Albrechtsen, Anders; et al. (29 August 2014).
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75:
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Flegontov, Pavel; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Changmai, Piya; et al. (13 October 2017),
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210:
55:
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Rasmussen, Morten; Li, Yingrui; Lindgreen, Stinus; et al. (11 February 2010).
413:
397:
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251:
118:
1064:
514:
739:
Flegontov, Pavel; Altinişik, N. Ezgi; Changmai, Piya; et al. (5 June 2019).
927:
741:"Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America"
704:
Braymer-Hayes, Katelyn; Anderson, Shelby L.; Alix, Claire; et al. (2020).
758:
724:
705:
381:
160:
97:
of northeastern Canada and Greenland (c. 2400–1800 BCE and c. 800–1 BCE); the
82:
1048:
935:
899:"DNA reveals Paleo-Eskimos majorly contributed to North American populations"
857:
766:
522:
1039:
301:
275:
258:
and is the oldest known depiction of a human face created in North America.
176:
59:
1056:
943:
875:
784:
412:
in August 2014 examined the remains of a large number of Paleo-Eskimos and
250:
is a paleo-Eskimo carving in the shape of an abstract human face made from
17:
1072:
951:
883:
792:
631:
538:
475:
416:. Paleo-Eskimos were determined to have largely belonged to the maternal
102:
849:
689:
672:
290:
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Based on the genome, scientists believe there was a distinct, separate
254:
that is between 3,900 and 3,600 years old. The artifact was located on
106:
530:
462:
Gusev, Sergey V.; Zagoroulko, Andrey V.; Porotov, Aleksey V. (1999).
114:
67:
47:
600:(Resolution 2010-01). Inuit Circumpolar Council. September 29, 2010.
812:
623:
270:
of an ancient human. Using fragments of hair 4,000 years old, the
266:
In February 2010, scientists reported they had performed the first
420:, while Thule people largely belonged to the maternal haplogroups
401:
369:
63:
27:
Ancestral culture of peoples in the Arctic before Inuit migration
595:"On the use of the term Inuit in scientific and other circles"
832:"Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo"
348:
Furthermore, some geneticists and archaeologists, such as
205:
Paleo-Eskimo archeological cultures are grouped under the
300:
The scientists reported that the man, dubbed "Inuk" (the
970:"Long-standing dispute about North American prehistory"
438:
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
609:
607:
989:, Supplementary Materials, pp. 109-112, Table S1.
321:A 2017 study identifies Paleo-Eskimo ancestry in
225:sequence of East Siberia, dated to 6,500 – 2,800
1018:"The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic"
616:Paleo-Eskimo genetic legacy across North America
58:) in present-day Russia across North America to
998:
986:
203:
644:Friesen, T. Max; Mason, Owen K., eds. (2016).
647:The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic
8:
825:
823:
262:First ancient human to have genome sequenced
317:Paleo-Eskimo, Athabaskans, and Eskimo-Aleut
372:, the speakers of Eskimo–Aleut languages.
1038:
865:
811:
774:
723:
688:
359:According to Flegontov et al., the later
1091:Archaeological cultures of North America
671:Hodgetts, Lisa; Wells, Patricia (2016).
650:. Oxford University Press. p. 14.
454:
133:(ICC) has proposed that scientists use
968:Svobodová, Ing. Andrea (7 June 2019).
963:
961:
711:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
552:
550:
548:
190:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
187:" as possibilities. One 2020 paper in
121:, the ancestors of the modern Inuit.
46:, were the peoples who inhabited the
7:
295:indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
1101:Native American history of Alaska
89:of Greenland (2500–800 BCE); the
81:Paleo-Eskimo groups included the
62:before the arrival of the modern
470:. Routledge. pp. 354–369.
466:. In Peter Rowley-Conwy (ed.).
394:Birnirk culture § Genetics
175:", and "pre-Inuit", as well as
78:, disappearing around 1500 CE.
897:Harvey, Olivia (5 June 2020).
390:Dorset culture § Genetics
386:Saqqaq culture § Genetics
201:According to Pavel Flegontov:
1:
573:"The Prehistory of Greenland"
515:10.1080/00438243.1999.9980417
406:A genetic study published in
575:. National Museum of Denmark
398:Thule people § Genetics
70:) and related cultures. The
207:Arctic Small Tool tradition
173:Arctic Small Tool Tradition
1134:
928:10.1038/D41586-019-01374-5
561:Canadian Museum of History
443:Settlement of the Americas
382:Pre-Dorset § Genetics
379:
276:Beijing Genomics Institute
272:National Museum of Denmark
759:10.1038/S41586-019-1251-Y
725:10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101165
131:Inuit Circumpolar Council
1106:Prehistory of the Arctic
1096:Archaeology of Greenland
557:QkHn-13:489 - First Face
304:word for "person"), had
209:(ASTt), and include the
95:Independence II cultures
72:first known Paleo-Eskimo
1040:10.1126/SCIENCE.1255832
197:Archaeological cultures
231:
1116:Peopling of the world
974:University of Ostrava
476:10.4324/9780203060216
402:Inuit § Genetics
234:Use of bow and arrows
999:Raghavan et al. 2014
987:Raghavan et al. 2014
287:migration of peoples
149:. The archaeologist
850:10.1038/NATURE08835
690:10.14430/arctic4678
335:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
468:Arctic Archaeology
223:Ymyakhtakh culture
1033:(6200): 1255832.
922:(7760): 170–172.
753:(7760): 236–240.
657:978-0-19-976695-6
502:World Archaeology
485:978-0-2030-6021-6
341:), Siberian, and
268:genome sequencing
38:, also known as,
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311:mitochondrial
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306:A+ blood type
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56:Chertov Ovrag
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49:
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37:
36:"old Eskimos"
33:
19:
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1001:, p. 1.
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901:. Earth.com.
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577:. Retrieved
567:
506:
500:
494:
467:
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428:of Siberia.
418:haplogroup D
414:Thule people
407:
405:
358:
354:
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339:Eskimo-Aleut
332:
320:
299:
284:
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256:Devon Island
252:walrus ivory
247:
246:
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204:
200:
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185:Sivullirmiut
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147:Paleo-Eskimo
146:
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128:
111:Newfoundland
80:
50:region from
43:
39:
35:
32:Paleo-Eskimo
31:
29:
350:David Reich
221:-Bel’kachi-
151:Max Friesen
141:instead of
139:Paleo-Inuit
125:Terminology
18:Paleo-Inuit
1085:Categories
718:: 101165.
449:References
380:See also:
345:ancestry.
323:Athabaskan
248:First Face
213:, Choris,
161:Inuvialuit
83:Pre-Dorset
1073:Q29606641
1049:0036-8075
952:Q92643216
936:1476-4687
884:Q21972850
858:1476-4687
793:Q64438022
767:1476-4687
632:Q56017883
579:April 14,
539:Q57271869
523:0043-8243
302:Inuktitut
177:Inuktitut
169:Groswater
99:Groswater
60:Greenland
44:pre-Inuit
40:pre-Thule
34:meaning
1069:Wikidata
1057:25170159
948:Wikidata
944:31182830
880:Wikidata
876:20148029
789:Wikidata
785:31168094
628:Wikidata
535:Wikidata
432:See also
376:Genetics
313:genome.
243:Art work
103:Labrador
52:Chukotka
1111:Eskimos
1026:Science
1009:Sources
867:3951495
808:bioRxiv
776:6942545
409:Science
291:Siberia
219:Syalakh
211:Denbigh
183:" and "
117:of the
107:Nunavik
54:(e.g.,
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950:
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915:Nature
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837:Nature
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746:Nature
677:Arctic
654:
630:
537:
531:124957
529:
521:
482:
400:, and
274:, the
215:Norton
181:Tuniit
165:Dorset
156:Arctic
143:Eskimo
115:Alaska
109:, and
85:; the
68:Eskimo
48:Arctic
1061:S2CID
1021:(PDF)
683:(5).
598:(PDF)
527:JSTOR
370:Inuit
366:Yupik
289:from
227:calBP
135:Inuit
119:Thule
64:Inuit
1053:PMID
1045:ISSN
940:PMID
932:ISSN
872:PMID
854:ISSN
781:PMID
763:ISSN
652:ISBN
581:2010
519:ISSN
480:ISBN
368:and
337:and
167:and
137:and
129:The
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