Palestinian suicide attacks

314: 1012: 613:), and the ability to extend these privileges to seventy relatives. These promises create a strong incentive for individuals to undertake martyrdom, viewing it as a way to trade their limited earthly possessions for the luxurious rewards promised in paradise. Reports indicate that many are convinced of these rewards, which significantly influences their willingness to undertake martyrdom. Reportedly, there has been at least one case of a suicide bomber taking steps, like wrapping toilet paper around their genitals, to preserve their ability to enjoy these rewards. Palestinian media has framed martyrdom in terms of marriage to virgins, further solidifying this expectation. 270: 891: 786:, but are a rational strategy used by weaker groups against democratic states to force the withdrawal of troops from occupied territories these groups see as their homeland. While religion can be used as a recruitment tool, the main motivation is the strategic military objectives of terrorist organisations: "There is strong evidence that Islamic fundamentalism has not been the driving force behind Palestinian suicide terrorism". According to Pape, suicide bombing is effective: "The main reason that suicide terrorism is growing is that terrorists have learned that it works". He argues that the suicide campaigns by 1537:, the film follows two Palestinian friends recruited for a suicide bombing mission in Tel Aviv, exploring their motivations, doubts and the moral complexities of their actions. The film rejects the romantic notion of heroism and sacrifice: both main characters are disillusioned young men, trapped and suffocated by the occupation, far from the heroic figure of the martyr. While the film sparked controversy and accusations of sympathy for terrorists, Abu-Assad stated that his aim was to encourage dialogue rather than justify violence. The film received worldwide praise and was nominated for an 1277: 1359:, which began in 2002. By August 2003, the main section of the barrier was completed, significantly impacting attack patterns. Initially, the number of suicide bombings declined sharply, from 19 in 2003 to 6 in 2004 and 5 in 2005. Between the barrier's completion and June 2004, only three terror attacks originated from the northern West Bank and breached Israel, exploiting incomplete sections of the barrier. In contrast, from September 2000 to June 2003, 73 attacks from the same area had successfully penetrated this section. 1073: 547: 386:, was a major player in the use of suicide terrorism. During the initial 21 months of the Second Intifada (September 2000 to June 2002), Fatah has been responsible for nearly a third of all suicide attacks and became the most active organization in terms of the number of attacks on Israelis. The group's strategy involved leveraging the Tanzim and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades to provide a secular alternative to Islamist groups like Hamas and PIJ. 907:

sets strategic goals, operators manage the selection and preparation of bombers, and aides handle material acquisition and logistical support. In some cases, foreign countries have been involved in training and planning Palestinian suicide bombings. For instance, after his arrest in 1996, Hasan Salama, a senior Hamas member, admitted that he had been trained in Iran to prepare for attacks against Israeli targets.

1096: 33: 1558:, the film tells the story of an Israeli-Palestinian surgeon, well integrated into Israeli society, whose wife is accused of being a suicide bomber. The film explores themes of identity, loyalty, and the personal toll of political conflict, and has been described as an "intelligent, involving movie that’s by turns a murder mystery and a politically charged argument about contemporary Palestinian identity". 127:, renders martyrdom a compelling choice. Bombers are also motivated by a desire for revenge, personal pride and honor, and the promise of spiritual and material rewards in the afterlife. Public support for suicide bombers is reflected in cultural practices such as mass funerals, the naming of public spaces after bombers, and promotion through social media, written media, education, and children's programs. 436:(PFLP), a secular Marxist–Leninist faction originating from the PLO, carried out a limited number of suicide attacks during the Second Intifada. Under George Habash's leadership, the PFLP's rejection of suicide attacks led to a decline in support. However, after shifting to suicide terrorism and adopting jihadist rhetoric in 2001, the group's support levels quickly recovered. Under the leadership of 586:, driven by a tradition in Islam and amplified by Islamist leaders. This glorification has encouraged Palestinians to undertake "martyrdom operations" against Israelis, depicted as acts of bravery in contrast to the perceived cowardice of Westerners, including Israelis, who are seen as reluctant to sacrifice their lives. This belief is echoed in statements by figures like the mufti of Jerusalem, 696:, designed to instill fear in Israeli society and demonstrate Palestinian resolve. Lacking the ability to directly confront Israel's superior military might, and convinced that negotiations will never lead to the creation of a Palestinian state, a significant part of the Palestinian population sees martyrdom operations as the only means of forcing Israel to meet their demands. 732:, a group with a high representation among suicide bombers in the Palestinian territories, reportedly said that "Martyrs give us dignity to free ourselves". This reflects the widespread sentiment among Palestinians that daily life in the occupied territories is marked by fear, despair, and constant humiliation, which provoke strong sense of justice and a desire for revenge. 918:, Israeli military uniforms, or tourist clothing, and are instructed to target crowded public places while avoiding security checkpoints. Targets have included shopping centers, public buses, nightclubs, eateries, and places popular with teenagers and children. Final preparations include writing a will, performing religious rites, and finalizing operational details. 811:

of "domestic political signaling": a way of sending a powerful political message within one's own political community. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict illustrates this outbidding process, with groups such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad using suicide bombings to capture the Palestinian imagination and compete for leadership not only with each other but also with the

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and organizing summer camps where children receive training in weapon use and survival skills. Victor notes that Palestinian children as young as six often express a wish to become martyrs, although they may not fully comprehend its significance. By twelve, they usually have a clearer understanding and are more committed to the idea.

1394:(PLO) and polarize Israeli politics. Within a month of the Oslo Accords signing, Hamas launched a new series of bombings that killed twenty-six Israelis and injured many more. This violent response conveyed Hamas's position that peace and security could not be achieved "unless and until Hamas recognized and its demands met." 1410:. Netanyahu's hard-line stance on security became more appealing to voters. When Netanyahu began his term, he focused his political agenda on combating terrorism. Unlike the previous government's approach of addressing terrorism and peace separately, Netanyahu's policy emphasized pursuing peace only in the absence of terror. 1152:, claimed by Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, resulted in the bomber's death and wounded a passerby. The bombing, which detonated prematurely near a local synagogue, is one of the rare instances of such attacks in Israel since the Second Intifada and may be the first suicide attack since 2016. On 27 August 2024, 882:, with evaluations to ensure candidates are not clinically depressed or suicidal but are genuinely committed. Practical training includes handling and assembling explosive devices, performing detonations, and practicing escape routes, often through simulated missions to ensure familiarity with procedures and equipment. 753:

admit that avenging fallen loved ones was a primary reason for their actions. Interviews conducted by Brym and Araj with the families and friends of Palestinian suicide bombers suggest that these individuals do not exhibit higher levels of depression than what is typically observed in the general population.

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demonstrated strong ideological alignment. Recruiters often target students and young people in mosques, universities, social activities, and in Israeli prisons. Candidates are scrutinized for their ability to handle psychological pressure, their personal and family backgrounds, and their criminal records.

358:, resulting in 19 fatalities. During the initial 21 months of the Second Intifada (September 2000 to June 2002), PIJ was responsible for approximately 20% of all successful suicide attacks, killing at least 28 Israelis and injuring 213. The number of attacks by PIJ increased over time, peaking with the 810:

The outbidding theory suggests that competing political organisations use suicide bombings to show their commitment to the cause and gain popular support. Unlike Pape's view of suicide bombings as a direct tool of coercion against the state, the outbidding theory interprets suicide bombings as a form

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Prominent examples include Quran 2:154, which states, "And call not those who are slain in the way of Allah 'dead.' Nay, they are living, only ye perceive not," and Quran 9:111, which says, "Surely Allah has bought from the believers their persons and their property—theirs (in return) is the Garden.

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This Israeli television series depicts the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from both sides. While it primarily focuses on Israeli undercover operations, it also portrays Palestinian militants involved in planning attacks, including Abu Ahmad ("The Panther"), a prominent Hamas operative in Season 1, and

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Among Palestinians, suicide attacks are typically followed by demonstrations of support, the distribution of pamphlets, and large funerals attended by hundreds or thousands of supporters. Instead of grieving, families are encouraged to celebrate the deaths of their loved ones. Additionally, streets,

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Several scholars observed that the recruitment of female suicide bombers by Palestinian groups was driven by the need to bypass Israeli security measures and checkpoint barriers. There have also been reports of Palestinian women who, under psychological or physical coercion, were driven to carry out

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The planning of suicide attacks is executed with utmost secrecy and strict compartmentalization. This detailed process involves gathering intelligence, procuring weapons—often smuggled from Egypt or Iran—and organizing logistics. The planning is divided into specific roles: organizational leadership

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In a region heavily affected by conflict, many Palestinians are driven by personal losses and seek to avenge the deaths or injuries of close friends or family members. Revenge is a powerful motivator, often expressed during funeral processions and reflected in the personal testimonies of bombers who

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reportedly offered up to $ 25,000 to the families of Palestinian suicide bombers. This financial support, combined with the elevated social status bestowed upon the family due to the martyrdom of their member, leads to significant improvements in their living conditions and public standing. However,

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Another significant motivator for suicide bombers is the financial and social support provided to their families following the attack. Suicide bombers' families often receive substantial cash payments, ranging from $ 1,000 to several thousand dollars, from organizations such as Hamas or the PIJ, and

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in January 1996. This led to a surge in attacks until late 1997. During the initial 21 months of the Second Intifada (September 2000 to June 2002), Hamas was responsible for approximately 43% of all suicide attacks against Israelis, killing 161 and injuring over 1,100. Ganor writes that from 2000 to

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articulates the group's goal, stating, "Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it." Additionally, Article 7 of the Covenant declares, "The time will not come until the Muslims fight the Jews and kill them, and until the Jews

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three months later. Ayyash, known as "the Engineer," was a master bomb maker responsible for numerous attacks and had first proposed using suicide bombings. His death, however, led to another wave of attacks. Following a surge of suicide bombings in early 1996, the Israeli government established an

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notes that Palestinian suicide bombings have been strategically employed to provoke a response from Israel that can be used for propaganda. Hamas used suicide attacks to provoke an aggressive response from Israel, aiming to present its violence as defensive and superior to that of rival Palestinian

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Palestinian organizations have used various methods to promote their activities, including displaying posters of suicide bombers in communities, sharing videos and photos of martyrs on social media, employing imams to incite violence in mosques, integrating such messages into the education system,

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Common targets for Palestinian suicide bombings have included everyday public spaces such as markets, shops, buses, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, and shopping malls. These locations have been frequently chosen due to their accessibility, the large number of civilians present, and the ease with

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argues that in Israel/Palestine, "the bombings became a method of recruitment for militant Islamic organizations within the Palestinian community. They serve at one and the same time to attack the hated enemy (Israel) and give legitimacy to outlier militant groups who compete with the Palestinian

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The vast majority of suicide bombings targeting Israelis have been organized by radical Palestinian groups, initially led by Islamist organizations and later adopted by more secular groups. These organizations typically recruit bombers from outside their own ranks, rather than relying on internal

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Buses and transportation hubs have been particularly attractive to perpetrators due to their frequent use and the anonymity they offer. Although increased security at some locations has reduced accessibility, such as central bus stations and shopping malls, attacks have continued to target areas

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As the mission approaches, candidates typically disappear from their homes and families to avoid detection. They undergo final intensive training and briefings about their specific attack. In the days before the mission, candidates often record a final message, which may include a declaration of

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found that nearly 60% of suicide bombers recruited by Hamas and Islamic Jihad had education beyond high school, whereas less than 15% of the general adult male Palestinian population did. Additionally, these bombers were significantly less likely to come from impoverished backgrounds compared to

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Research by Kimhi and Even identifies four profiles of Palestinian suicide bombers. One type is the "exploited suicide bomber," driven by personal crises or a desire to atone for perceived sins such as extramarital relationships, homosexuality, or cooperation with Israel. Another profile is the

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in 1989, which killed 16 civilians and is considered by some as the first Palestinian suicide attack in Israel. The group's first notable attack occurred on November 11, 1994, when a PIJ member used a bicycle bomb to kill three Israelis. On January 22, 1995, PIJ carried out one of the deadliest

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Recruitment for suicide missions by Palestinians groups generally involves a selective process where potential candidates are chosen based on their religious commitment, loyalty, and ability to maintain secrecy. Palestinian groups prefer to identify and approach individuals who have already

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Critics argue that Pape overstates the success of suicide terrorism, and that the link between suicide bombing and foreign occupation is weak, as is the link with the democratic nature of the occupying countries. They propose alternative explanations, such as the inter-group competition (or

416:, a faction within Fatah formed after September 2000, emerged during the Second Intifada as a leading group in carrying out suicide attacks. In the early months of 2002, this group was responsible for over half of all suicide attacks, prompting the U.S. State Department to designate it as a 313: 1371:. Attackers have been forced to adopt longer and more challenging routes, leading to a decrease in successful attacks. Overall, by 2008, it was observed that while the barrier has not entirely halted suicide bombings, it has effectively redirected and complicated the attackers' efforts. 456:

Martyrdom among Palestinian suicide bombers is often driven by a combination of religious beliefs, nationalistic sentiment, and personal incentives. Individual motivations for becoming a suicide bomber may stem from various factors, including the desire to attain expected rewards in the

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organization, is evident in the suicide attacks conducted by both Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ). Both groups adopted Hezbollah's procedures for selecting and training suicide bombers, including psychological preparation, writing farewell letters, and making videotapes.

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where large crowds gather and security is less stringent. The selection of targets has been influenced by factors such as distance, ease of access, and the presence of large groups, although these variables have also been affected by time and the effort required to reach the target.

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and similar groups, but not Palestinian suicide bombings against Israeli civilians. Yusuf al-Qaradawi argues that Israel is a militarized state that has, since its founding, seized Palestinian land and displaced its people through persecution, torture, and humiliation. He uses the

1053:. In the summer of 2001, support for suicide bombings peaked at over 70%, according to a Palestinian Center for Public Opinion poll. By the summer of 2002, this support had decreased slightly but remained strong, with more than two-thirds of Palestinians endorsing such attacks. 986:

Comparing Palestinian bombings to those carried out by other groups highlights several differences in tactics and target selection. Palestinian suicide attacks predominantly aimed at civilians and were often conducted by newly recruited members. In contrast, in Sri Lanka, the

692:, combined with the feeling of humiliation and frustration, fuels their resolve. Nationalist fervor is also linked to the concept of "national Jihad," which aims to bolster Palestinian identity and pride through "resistance". Suicide bombings are viewed as a potent tactic in 75:(2000–2005). Attacks occurred at various locations, including shopping centers, public buses, transit stations, cafes, nightclubs, and restaurants, with only a few targeting military objectives. Between 1994 and 2005, suicide bombings killed 735 Israelis and wounded 4,554. 1213:, while the Islamic Jihad focused its activities in Jenin. Although both groups maintained a presence in Gaza, their operations were limited by the Gaza Strip's surrounding fence, confining their attacks to local targets such as soldiers, security personnel, and settlers. 735:

Cognitive psychology studies on Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza report that "members of different militant groups often attribute their own violent acts to personal or collective humiliation experienced at the hands of their oppressors". Political scientist

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expressed the group's reliance on martyrdom as a tactic, stating, "We have nothing with which to repel the killing and thuggery against us except the weapon of martyrdom. It is easy and costs us only our lives human bombs cannot be defeated, not even by nuclear bombs."

78:

The majority of Palestinian suicide bombings targeting Israelis have been carried out by radical Palestinian groups, who often recruit potential bombers from outside their ranks, rather than relying on internal members. In the early 1990s, Islamist organizations such as

575:" and that "nothing will deter them except for us voluntarily detonating ourselves in their midst". The interchangeable use of terms like "Israeli," "Jew," and "Zionist" underscores a hatred that likely serves as an additional personal motivation for suicide attacks. 1038:(PA) has also supported the commemoration of suicide bombers, reflecting a growing unity among Palestinians around this practice. In 2002, the Palestinian Authority named a soccer tournament after Abdel Baset Odeh, the Hamas suicide bomber responsible for the 1004:

schools, and public squares are often named in honor of the deceased martyrs. The culture of martyrdom is deeply embedded, evident in various forms including naming sports tournaments after suicide bombers or featuring dramas about figures like the bomb maker

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Another key motivator for suicide bombers is the desire for revenge, driven by "perceptions of personal harm, unfairness, and injustice, as well as the anger, indignation, and hatred associated with such perceptions". Students from middle-class backgrounds at

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Hamas presents both practical and doctrinal justifications for suicide bombings. Practically, they emphasize the harm and deterrence these attacks inflict on Israeli society. Doctrinally, they glorify martyrdom as the pinnacle of jihad and Islamic belief. The

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while economic hardship can drive some Palestinians to seek martyrdom, it alone does not fully explain the phenomenon. Economic deprivation has been a long-standing issue, and some suicide bombers come from relatively affluent families. Claude Berrebi of the

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blurs the line between civilians and soldiers: since every Israeli citizen has served, is serving, or will serve in the military, they are seen by terrorists as part of the military effort and therefore complicit in the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza.

1092:(1987–1993). Almost all Palestinian suicide bombings targeted civilians, and were carried out by newly recruited members. Between 1993 and early August 2002, over 135 Palestinian suicide bombers carried out attacks targeting Israeli civilians and soldiers. 1208:

has been described as the 'capital' of Palestinian suicide terrorism, with attacks originating from the city responsible for the deaths of 124 people. According to Israeli intelligence, Hamas primarily operated from the northern West Bank, notably around

184:. This tactic has since been employed in countries such as India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Lebanon, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, the UK, the US, and Yemen. Hezbollah's attacks specifically influenced Palestinian groups such as 1137:, killing 30 guests and injuring 140 others. In March 2002 alone there were 23 attacks, resulting in 135 Israeli deaths. Palestinian suicide terrorism reached its zenith during this year, and then saw a gradual decline, with attacks ceasing by 2005. 1316:'s deterrence-based strategy, as the violence intensified despite Israeli military efforts. Sharon's response evolved from targeted assassinations to a more comprehensive approach aimed at dismantling terrorist infrastructure. This led to 1140:

During the Second Intifada, the typical expense of a suicide bombing was around $ 150. Despite this low cost, such attacks resulted in six times more deaths and approximately twenty-six times more casualties than other forms of terrorism.

1249:(7) and smaller, less logical targets, often due to planning limitations or proximity to Palestinian centers in the West Bank. Attacks in Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza were minimal, likely due to strong security measures. 765:

Palestinian suicide bombings have been interpreted as a political and military strategy rather than acts driven solely by individual motivations. From this perspective, they are viewed as deliberate actions by organised groups under

831:, but as the peace process stalled and the PA's credibility waned, backing for militant groups increased. Bloom concludes that Israeli efforts to weaken the PA unintentionally strengthened more militant groups. She also argues that 260:) against Israel by inflicting significant casualties and psychological distress on Israelis, despite the group's own military limitations. Additionally, Hamas frames these attacks as a testament to "Palestinian innovative genius" ( 298:

2005, Hamas orchestrated 92 out of 155 total terrorist attacks. Moghadam notes that Hamas has demonstrated a high level of lethality and effectiveness in its attacks, often causing more casualties than other Palestinian groups.

1510:, a high-ranking Hamas official and former leader, called for the resumption of Palestinian suicide bombings during a speech in Turkey. His call came a few weeks after a failed suicide bombing attempt in Tel Aviv on 18 August. 558:

Islamist groups often frame violence, including suicide bombings, as a defensive Jihad against perceived threats from Israel and the West. This rhetoric has escalated to calls for violence against Jews more broadly. During the

937:. By 2003, Palestinian Islamic Jihad took responsibility for two female bombers. Eventually, Hamas also recognized female martyrs, in what has been described by the group as a "significant evolution." The first among them was 857:

The training for suicide bombers typically lasts from several weeks to months and is designed to prepare candidates practically, mentally and spiritually. It begins with rigorous indoctrination, involving classes on specific

417: 110:

In Palestinian society, suicide bombings are commonly referred to as "martyrdom operations". For many Palestinian suicide bombers, martyrdom represents a fulfillment of religious duty, driven by an Islamist interpretation of

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on the United States in 2001. The latter marked a significant escalation in global terrorism, prompting widespread security reforms and further legitimizing the jihadi movement, attracting more foreign fighters to Al-Qaeda.

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spokesmen claimed that suicide bombings instilled significant fear among the "Zionist occupiers". They celebrated the notion that life in Israel had become akin to "hell" and argued that these attacks undermined the

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Many Palestinian suicide bombers are motivated by nationalist sentiments, joining groups like Hamas, PIJ, and Fatah to fight perceived injustices and defend their land against what they see as encroachment by the

594:, who have contrasted the Muslim willingness to die with the Jewish preference for life. Martyrdom brings elevated status in Palestinian society, where honor and dignity are highly valued. This is reinforced by a 4358: 1486:

as a primary strategy, leading to substantial disruption and casualties in southern Israel and posing an ongoing threat to a larger civilian population. Alongside rocket attacks, the group has also engaged in

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In 1996, a series of devastating Hamas suicide bombings, which resulted in significant casualties and nearly half the death toll from the previous two years, is often credited with shaping the results of the

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The barrier has shifted the focus of attacks to less protected regions, including Gaza, southern Israel, and parts of Jerusalem, as well as areas where the barrier was not yet constructed such as the area of

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Dr. Amin Jaafari, a successful Palestinian surgeon with Israeli citizenship, is forced to confront the realities of his environment when his wife is revealed to be a suicide bomber. The novel, on which the

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argues that collective Palestinian frustration, exacerbated by failed peace initiatives and Israel's military dominance, has fostered a suicidal mentality among impoverished Palestinians, particularly in

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to address suicide terrorism, believing that capturing their targets alive would result in higher Israeli casualties. In 1995, Israel carried out assassinations of key militant leaders, such as PIJ's

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Islamic groups initially excluded women from active participation in suicide bombings. However, this changed during the Second Intifada as groups like the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades began to utilize

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Before 1996, public support for suicide bombings among Palestinians was below 30 percent. By 1999, support for 'martyrdom operations' was 26.1%, but it rose to 66.2% three months into the

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stated that "The Palestinian who blows himself up is a person who is defending his homeland. When he attacks an occupier enemy, he is attacking a legitimate target." Former Hamas leader

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their intent and a call for others to follow their example. These recordings are usually made against the backdrop of the organizational symbols and often include religious elements.

598:, with martyrs celebrated through posters, leaflets, and large rallies. For many young Palestinians, this glorification offers a path to significant social status and recognition. 256:

hide behind rocks and trees when the call is raised: 'Oh Muslim, here is a Jew hiding! Come and kill him.'" The group contends that suicide bombings establish a "balance of fear" (

637:" to justify Palestinian guerrilla warfare and martyrdom operations as a last resort, claiming that peaceful means to regain their homeland have been exhausted. Others argue that 925:

groups. This approach seeks to garner international sympathy for the terrorists and critique the Israeli reaction, thereby shaping both public opinion and international support.

247:, has been responsible for numerous suicide attacks since 1993. The group has conducted more suicide attacks and caused more Israeli casualties than any other Palestinian group. 95:'s position and sidelined these Islamist groups. During the Second Intifada, suicide attacks against Israel intensified and gained widespread Palestinian support, leading to the 448:, resulting in 2 Israeli deaths and 29 injuries. Approximately three weeks later, the PFLP conducted another suicide attack in the settlement of Ariel, injuring 15 individuals. 1046:

in Netanya. While other tournaments had been named after Palestinian suicide bombers, this was the first instance of such an honor being given by the PA to a Hamas affiliate.

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allows viewers in the United States and Europe to see Al-Makdasi as their own enemy — and revel in the heroism of the brave Israelis who protect them from the barbarians".

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Following the Second Intifada, Hamas shifted from using suicide bombings to focusing on rocket attacks against Israel. By 2005, Hamas began adopting a strategy similar to

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One motivation cited for Palestinian suicide bombers is the belief in rewards in the afterlife, including the promise of marrying seventy-two black-eyed virgins, known as

465:, the struggle for national liberation, a drive to seek revenge for the death or injury of a loved one, or a response to the real or perceived humiliation associated with 1241:(10). Around 65% of the attacks occurred in cities, reflecting their accessibility and potential to cause mass casualties. The remainder of the attacks took place in the 1305:

extensive and costly security system to protect borders, roads, and key installations. This included new security units focused on public transport and school security.

3482: 770:, aimed at forcing occupiers to withdraw by causing heavy casualties and drawing media attention, or at strengthening the group's position against rival organisations. 3872:

Ginges, Jeremy; Atran, Scott (2008). "Humiliation and the Inertia Effect: Implications for Understanding Violence and Compromise in Intractable Intergroup Conflicts".

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Despite Operation Defensive Shield's success in degrading terrorist capabilities, attacks continued, leading to increased public pressure for the construction of the

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Authority (PA) for leadership of the community". She observes that support for suicide bombings was lower during periods of optimism for peace, such as during the

513:(armed struggle or "holy war"). Islamist groups dismiss the former as heretical and emphasize the latter as the true "Greater Jihad," supporting their view with 350: 433: 220: 878:

propaganda. Candidates also undergo spiritual purification through fasting, extensive prayer, and seeking forgiveness for past sins. The process also includes

3428: 310:(PIJ) began conducting suicide attacks between 1994 and 1997. The group's attacks primarily targeted civilians within Israel proper, including Jerusalem. 1602:

Al-Makdasi in Season 2. The series has been praised for its nuanced characters but also criticized for potentially reinforcing stereotypes. According to

970:, Hamas's political leader, stated in July 2000, "We always have the Lebanese experiment before our eyes... It was a great model of which we are proud." 1165:

which attackers can blend in. Out of a total of 120 suicide bombings documented between 1994 and 2005, the distribution of targets has been as follows:

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against Israel in 1994-1995 provide a key test of these theories. He believes these groups thought the bombings would speed up Israel's withdrawal from

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Kliot and Charney's study of 120 Palestinian suicide attacks from 1994 to September 2005 shows that most attacks targeted major Israeli cities, with

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in March 2002, when Hamas-affiliated Abd al-Bassat Ouda, disguised as a woman, detonated a ten-kilogram bomb in the dining room of the Park Hotel in

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is based, delves into the psychological and emotional aftermath of a suicide bombing in Tel Aviv. The book is translated from the original French.

4523: 1417:, which was marked by hundreds of suicide bombings that left hundreds of Israelis dead and thousands injured. In August 2005, Israel's unilateral 974:, founder of the PIJ, said he developed a plan for "exceptional" martyrdom operations based on Hezbollah's theological justifications. PIJ leader 4448: 4420: 539:, meaning "to witness," and refers to those who die bearing witness to their faith. Hamas, in particular, sees martyrdom as a crucial part of 4372: 4347: 4288: 4230: 4178: 4057: 4015: 3990: 3965: 3946: 3862: 3837: 3719: 3675: 3652: 3627: 1418: 1117:, from September 2000 to February 2005, there were approximately 116 suicide attacks carried out by 127 bombers. Notable among these was the 681: 330: 120: 1483: 894:

Targets have included shopping centers, public buses, nightclubs, eateries, and places frequented by teenagers and children. Pictured: The

169: 1647: 1446: 1156:, former chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau, called for the resumption of Palestinian suicide bombings in Israel and the West Bank. 1062: 707:

goal of a secure haven for Jews, and led to doubts about Israel's future as well as substantial emigration. Influential Islamic scholar

445: 269: 1324:

control to counteract terrorism. The operation targeted the infrastructure of Palestinian terrorism across six major cities, including

4313: 4160: 4145: 4031: 3907: 3813: 3809:"Mapping the Minds of Suicide Bombers using Linguistic Methods: The Corpus of Palestinian Suicide Bombers' Farewell Letters (CoPSBFL)" 3798: 1020: 651: 493:

Religious motives play a significant role among Palestinian suicide bombers, particularly in the recruitment practices of groups like

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The emergence of Palestinian suicide bombings in the 1990s represented a significant escalation in violence compared to the earlier

1077: 890: 716: 379: 92: 64: 4433: 3976: 4130: 1642: 988: 595: 583: 488: 462: 274: 96: 3588: 1422: 3535: 3492: 60: 1103:, when a Hamas-affiliated bomber, disguised as a woman, detonated an explosive device in the dining room of a hotel during 293:, killing five people. A significant escalation in Hamas' suicide bombing campaign followed the assassination of bombmaker 4188:

Moghadam, Assaf (2006b). "Suicide Terrorism, Occupation, and the Globalization of Martyrdom: A Critique of Dying to Win".

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and enhanced Israeli intelligence, limited the effectiveness of traditional suicide attacks. Consequently, Hamas adopted

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in March 2002. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are closely linked to Fatah, with many of its members also being part of the

4513: 895: 729: 685: 466: 413: 359: 216: 124: 100: 37: 1276: 757:"seeking retribution for suffering" bomber, which they identified as a major prototype of Palestinian suicide bombers. 164:

Since the 1980s, suicide terrorism has emerged in various parts of the world, beginning with high-profile incidents in

607:. These rewards include forgiveness of sins, protection from hell, a crown of glory, marriage to seventy-two virgins ( 215:). This term is used by both radical Islamist groups such as Hamas, as well as more secular organizations such as the 1348:, with the latter—being a major source of terrorism—experiencing intense fighting. Yasser Arafat was isolated in his 991:

primarily targeted military objectives or high-profile civilian figures and employed a specialized unit known as the

440:, the PFLP was responsible for several notable incidents, including the assassination of Israeli Minister of Tourism 134:, profoundly affecting Israeli society and hardening attitudes towards Palestinians as potential peace partners in a 4329: 4222: 4126:"Making Palestinian "Martyrdom Operations"/"Suicide Attacks": Interviews With Would-Be Perpetrators and Organizers" 4007: 3982: 3357:

Nashef, Hania A.M. (January 2, 2016). "Demythologizing the Palestinian in Hany Abu-Assad's Omar and Paradise Now".

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verses that equate warfare with religious duty. Hamas and PIJ maintain that jihad in Palestine is a personal duty (

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of terrorist leaders may benefit these groups by creating "nationalist myths, martyrs, and cults of personality".

3854: 3829: 3711: 3667: 1471: 1356: 1271: 1201: 915: 742: 498: 322: 307: 189: 143: 116: 84: 3848: 3393: 1500: 546: 4461: 4395:"Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: Assessing the Effect of Gender Norms on the Lethality of Female Suicide Terrorism" 3693:

Berrebi, Claude (2007). "Evidence About the Link Between Education, Poverty and Terrorism Among Palestinians".

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Various documentaries and news specials have covered the phenomenon of Palestinian suicide bombings, including

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The use of suicide bombing by Palestinian Islamist groups is believed to have influenced organizations such as

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that eventually resulted in Hamas taking control of Gaza while the PLO retained authority over the West Bank.

4169:

Moghadam, Assaf (2006a). "The roots of suicide terrorism. A multi-causal approach". In Pedahzur, Ami (ed.).

3825:

Global Alert: The Rationality of Modern Islamist Terrorism and the Challenge to the Liberal Democratic World

3765: 3644: 3562: 3512: 1293: 1072: 795: 601:

Another motivator is the promise of rewards in the afterlife, as described in Islamic teachings and various

1445:. Al-Qaeda, a transnationalist Islamist group, employed this tactic in high-profile attacks, including the 3433: 1580: 1545: 1496: 828: 638: 205: 3589:"The mind of a suicide bomber / A politically incorrect film explores the bomb bearers' many motivations" 4001: 3619: 1321: 1035: 934: 812: 712: 634: 501:, which seek deeply religious individuals. Central to this motivation is the Islamist interpretation of 421: 3507: 587: 4476:"'Return to martyrdom': Hamas official instructs Palestinian terrorists to return to suicide bombing" 1454: 879: 689: 540: 4124:

Merari, Ariel; Fighel, Jonathan; Ganor, Boaz; Lavie, Ephraim; Tzoreff, Yohanan; Livne, Arie (2010).

1474:

and smuggling routes to build a significant rocket arsenal. In 2006–2007, Hamas took control of the

1145: 767: 3640:

The Cult of Dismembered Limbs: Jewish Rites of Death at the Scene of Palestinian Suicide Terrorism

4466: 3777: 1403: 1380: 871: 867: 693: 458: 402: 252: 244: 173: 135: 798:, an assessment shared by other observers and Israeli leaders, which ultimately proved correct. 3729:

Bloom, Mia (2006). "Dying to kill: motivations for suicide terrorism". In Pedahzur, Ami (ed.).

341:, a co-founder of PIJ, has advocated the idea that jihad is a personal duty. Former PIJ leader 4368: 4343: 4309: 4284: 4267: 4226: 4205: 4174: 4156:"Palestinian Suicide Terrorism in the Second Intifada: Motivations and Organizational Aspects" 4097: 4084: 4053: 4011: 3986: 3961: 3942: 3903:"Suicide Bombing as a Strategic Weapon: An Empirical Investigation of Hamas and Islamic Jihad" 3889: 3858: 3833: 3769: 3738: 3715: 3681: 3671: 3648: 3623: 3403: 3374: 1368: 1309: 1126: 1100: 1039: 708: 617: 441: 159: 1379:

The attacks hardened Israeli public attitudes toward Palestinians as potential partners in a

978:

acknowledged that the group's suicide bombings were influenced by Hezbollah's 1983 bombings.

4257: 4249: 4197: 4076: 4045: 3881: 3483:"First a Bombing, Then a Truth That's Elusive 'The Attack' Is a Politically Charged Mystery" 3366: 1450: 663: 532: 437: 192:(PIJ), leading them to adopt similar procedures for selecting and training suicide bombers. 17: 4026: 3823: 473:

in organizing suicide attacks indicates that religious fervor is not the sole determinant.

1624: 1414: 1114: 1050: 746: 560: 531:(martyr) for suicide attackers, distinguishing these acts from ordinary suicide, which is 371: 266:), showcasing their perceived creativity and strategic ingenuity in the ongoing conflict. 196: 72: 195:

Among Palestinians, suicide bombings are commonly referred to as "martyrdom operations" (

4475: 1421:

was seen as a direct consequence of Hamas's terror campaign. Hamas won elections to the

1125:

nightclub, killing 21 people, most of whom were teenagers. The bloodiest attack was the

688:, drives their willingness to die for their cause. The significance of land and home in 393:, the armed wing of Fatah, was involved in significant violence, particularly following 130:

Suicide bombings in the 1990s and 2000s had an unexpected and severe impact on Israel's

4480: 3540: 3487: 1571: 1555: 1538: 1534: 1134: 1105: 1089: 1043: 1016: 975: 783: 677: 658: 591: 342: 155: 56: 4489: 3456: 4507: 1507: 1488: 1297: 1153: 971: 967: 921: 737: 383: 338: 1402:. The bombings intensified public fear and shifted voter sentiment, contributing to 1095: 543:

and mobilization, portraying it as the ultimate act of jihad and devotion to Islam.

115:

that equates martyrdom with a sacred obligation. This perspective, combined with an

32: 3808: 3398: 1603: 1525: 1407: 1387: 1313: 1301: 1284:

to dismantle terrorist infrastructure in Palestinian urban centers. Photo taken in

1005: 992: 938: 875: 824: 564: 398: 394: 294: 139: 119:

and a response to perceived national humiliation and injustice associated with the

88: 4421:"Hamas claims Tel Aviv blast as attempted suicide bombing, vows to carry out more" 4112: 4067:

Khashan, Hilal (2003). "Collective Palestinian frustration and suicide bombings".

3370: 4080: 4049: 1364: 949:

suicide attacks due to the perceived dishonor they brought upon their families.

779: 719:, stated that Palestinians "will never approve of the occupation of homeland." 461:, economic or social benefits for family members, the influence of a widespread 406: 334: 67:, predominantly targeting Israeli civilians. This tactic is also referred to as 4155: 4125: 3902: 1478:

from Fatah and began ruling the territory. Operational challenges, such as the

578:

Since the early 1990s, and particularly with the onset of the Second Intifada,

4325:"Altruism and fatalism: the characteristics of Palestinian suicide terrorists" 4253: 4201: 4102: 3754:"Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada" 1475: 1242: 1200:

Palestinian suicide terrorism largely stemmed from urban centers and adjacent

962: 131: 4271: 4209: 4088: 3893: 3885: 3773: 3407: 3378: 4394: 4364: 4305: 4141:"Nihilism in Political Chaos: Himmler, bin Laden, and Altruistic Punishment" 4140: 3938: 3917: 3734: 3685: 1467: 1438: 1325: 1246: 1222: 958: 819: 579: 568: 482: 177: 401:. The Tanzim's first major suicide attack occurred on January 17, 2002, in 3918:"Agents of death: the structural logic of suicide terrorism and martyrdom" 27:

Suicide bombings by Palestinian groups in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

1492: 1442: 1341: 1333: 1238: 1226: 1149: 1122: 1081: 1024: 899: 629: 282: 1896: 1894: 4438: 3781: 1349: 1337: 1234: 1184:

Other places (such as hotels, clinics, and synagogues): 11 attacks (9%)

1130: 704: 165: 4262: 4006:. Columbia Studies in Terrorism and Irregular Warfare (3rd ed.). 3753: 3638: 3135: 3133: 44:, killed 17 passengers, many of them children, teenagers, and students 3536:"How a Netflix Hit Sanitizes the Israeli Occupation of the West Bank" 1352:, which remained under siege until 2004, and his authority declined. 1329: 1210: 863: 602: 554:. Pictured: A 15th-century manuscript depiction of Houris in paradise 526: 390: 107:, which sought to leverage the tactic to enhance their own standing. 104: 4324: 4240:

Pape, Robert A. (2003). "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism".

4462:"Hamas and Islamic Jihad Claim Responsibility for Tel Aviv Bombing" 4113:""Martyrdom is Life": Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas" 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 1172:

Bars, restaurants, coffee shops, and discotheques: 17 attacks (14%)

289:

The first major attack by Hamas occurred on April 13, 1994, at the

1767: 1593: 1426: 1345: 1308:

In early 2002, a wave of terror attacks culminating in the deadly

1285: 1275: 1230: 1205: 1094: 1071: 1010: 889: 859: 787: 699: 608: 572: 551: 545: 514: 502: 494: 470: 375: 312: 278: 268: 240: 185: 112: 80: 41: 31: 3429:"Bomb culture: Hany Abu-Assad's Paradise Now | Sight & Sound" 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1499:. Between Hamas' takeover in 2007 and 2023, the group engaged in 4301:

Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom

2793: 2791: 657:

occasionally from external supporters. In 2002, Iraqi president

1233:(7). Smaller cities and towns also suffered attacks, including 4494: 4434:"Palestinian militants claim Tel Aviv bombing that wounded 1" 2354: 2059: 2057: 2055: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1881: 1879: 3312: 3310: 2933: 2931: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2369: 2367: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2297: 2295: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 4490:"What is Hamas and why is it fighting with Israel in Gaza?" 3796:

Brym, RJ; Araj, B (2012). "Are suicide bombers suicidal?".

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Use of child suicide bombers by Palestinian militant groups

4449:"Human-bomb mother kills four Israelis at Gaza checkpoint" 4385:

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling

3850:

Israel's Counterterrorism Strategy: Origins to the Present

1386:

The 1990s saw Hamas using suicide bombings to disrupt the

571:, declared that the Jews are "the greatest enemies of the 71:. It emerged in the 1990s and reached its peak during the 4323:

Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie; Weinberg, Leonard (2003).

3297: 3295: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2882: 2880: 2867: 2865: 2169: 2167: 2025: 2023: 1972: 1970: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1288:, a major center for suicide terrorism during this period 1023:

in 2002, displayed at a girls' school in her hometown of

1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1711: 1687: 4460:

Mpoke Bigg, Matthew; Sobelman, Gabby (19 August 2024).

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Soibelman, Mali (2004). "Palestinian Suicide Bombers".

4360:

Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

2499: 2497: 2196: 2194: 1866: 1864: 1666:

They fight in Allah's way, so they slay and are slain."

1121:

in June 2001, when a PIJ suicide bomber detonated at a

99:. This led to its adoption by other groups such as the 4281:

Dying to Win. The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism

3139: 1900: 1019:, a teenage suicide bomber who killed two people in a 3978:

Martyrdom in Modern Islam: Piety, Power, and Politics

1084:, June 2001, which killed 21 people, mostly teenagers 138:. The bombings contributed to Israeli Prime Minister 4040:

Husain, Mir Zohair (2021). "Muslims and Terrorism".

1169:

Buses, bus stops, and bus stations: 65 attacks (54%)

1109:. The attack killed 30 guests and injured 140 others 210: 4519:

Suicide bombing in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

3563:"The Cult of the Suicide Bomber (2004), PopMatters" 2014: 1225:experiencing the highest number (30), followed by 3340: 3695:Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 1076:The aftermath of the PIJ suicide bombing at the 616:Some Islamic theologians and jurists, including 4042:Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives 3193: 3191: 914:Bombers are typically given disguises, such as 680:". This sense of injustice associated with the 87:(PIJ) adopted this strategy in response to the 4098:"The geography of suicide terrorism in Israel" 782:argues that suicide attacks are not driven by 941:, a young mother of two, who carried out the 509:(the internal struggle for self-control) and 446:a suicide bombing at a mall in Karnei Shomron 434:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 8: 3234: 3158: 3060: 1783: 1771: 1738: 1715: 1691: 1390:and the peace process, aiming to weaken the 261: 4342:. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge. 4044:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 3506:Murphy, Maureen Clare (December 18, 2006). 3012: 2527: 1885: 1843: 745:, and led to increased support for radical 563:, Sheikh Ibrahim Madhi, in a sermon at the 2797: 1099:The bloodiest suicide attack was the 2002 444:. On February 16, 2002, the PFLP executed 168:. The first modern attack occurred in the 4261: 3000: 2686: 2269: 2245: 1484:rocket fire against Israeli urban centers 1320:, which involved reoccupying areas under 584:increasingly glorified among Palestinians 469:. The involvement of secular groups like 4173:. New York: Routledge. pp. 81–107. 4027:"The Rise and Spread of Suicide Bombing" 3170: 3048: 3036: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2922: 2886: 2871: 2844: 2770: 2758: 2734: 2710: 2602: 2587: 2563: 2551: 2464: 2433: 2421: 2373: 2358: 2286: 2257: 2233: 2221: 2185: 2158: 2098: 2075: 2029: 1961: 1944: 1927: 1870: 1847: 1831: 1806: 1734: 1707: 1683: 405:, killed six people and wounded 33 at a 362:in June 2002, which killed 17 Israelis. 3901:Gupta, Dipak K.; Mundra, Kusum (2005). 3344: 3286: 3262: 3250: 3246: 3201: 3112: 3076: 2949: 2905: 2539: 2515: 2476: 2445: 2325: 2173: 2129: 2063: 1995: 1855: 1851: 1676: 1658: 1606:, "By introducing the terrorist group, 4338:Pisoiu, Daniela; Hain, Sandra (2018). 3394:"'It was a joke I was even nominated'" 3328: 3301: 3124: 3100: 3024: 2937: 2746: 2626: 2575: 2503: 2488: 2409: 2385: 2313: 2301: 2200: 2117: 1712:Pedahzur, Perliger & Weinberg 2003 1688:Pedahzur, Perliger & Weinberg 2003 717:2001 Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 628:, have condemned terrorist attacks by 521:), rather than a communal obligation ( 366:Fatah, Tanzim, and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs 4221:. Elements in Religion and Violence. 3752:Brym, Robert J.; Araj, Bader (2006). 3316: 3274: 3213: 3197: 3182: 3088: 3072: 2856: 2821: 2809: 2782: 2722: 2397: 2141: 2046: 1976: 1719: 1695: 1514:In cinema, literature and other media 1433:Inspiration for other Islamist groups 7: 4096:Kliot, Nurit; Charney, Igal (2006). 3508:"Book review: "The Attack: A Novel"" 2698: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2614: 1723: 1300:in Malta in October 1995 and Hamas' 4190:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 4161:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 4146:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 4117:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 3908:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 3814:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 3799:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 3534:Kashua, Sayed (September 5, 2024). 1648:List of Palestinian suicide attacks 1063:List of Palestinian suicide attacks 995:specifically for these operations. 333:was influenced by Islamist thinker 200: 4447:McGreal, Chris (14 January 2004). 4432:Lidman, Melanie (19 August 2024). 4419:Fabian, Emanuel (19 August 2024). 4032:Annual Review of Political Science 3614:Abufarha, Nasser (July 24, 2009). 3392:Glaister, Dan (January 20, 2006). 839:Recruitment, training and planning 652:Palestinian Authority Martyrs Fund 356:dual bombings at Beit Lid junction 319:dual bombings at Beit Lid junction 291:Hadera bus station suicide bombing 285:in March 1996, killing 13 Israelis 25: 4242:American Political Science Review 3481:Dargis, Manohla (June 20, 2013). 1419:disengagement from the Gaza Strip 1413:In September 2000, Hamas led the 1392:Palestine Liberation Organization 1204:in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. 1119:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 1042:that killed 30 people during the 902:, 1994, which killed 22 civilians 380:Palestine Liberation Organization 146:inside and around the West Bank. 4171:Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism 4131:Terrorism and Political Violence 3874:Journal of Cognition and Culture 3731:Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism 1643:Martyrdom in Palestinian society 1541:for Best Foreign Language Film. 1187:Military targets: 6 attacks (5%) 639:universal conscription in Israel 620:, who hosted the weekly TV show 489:Martyrdom in Palestinian society 354:attacks in Israeli history with 275:Dizengoff Center suicide bombing 263:abqariyyat al-ibda' al-filastini 3935:Understanding Suicide Terrorism 1423:Palestinian Legislative Council 1175:Shopping malls: 11 attacks (9%) 97:development of a martyrdom cult 4524:Palestinian political violence 2015:Mpoke Bigg & Sobelman 2024 1620:The Cult of the Suicide Bomber 806:Group competition (outbidding) 418:Foreign Terrorist Organization 40:in March 2003, perpetrated by 1: 4025:Horowitz, Michael C. (2015). 3371:10.1080/20403526.2015.1080984 1453:in Yemen, and ultimately the 1400:1996 Israeli general election 378:, the primary faction of the 182:1983 Beirut barracks bombings 142:'s decision to construct the 69:Palestinian suicide terrorism 4139:Midlarsky, Manus I. (2004). 4081:10.1080/01436590310001630062 4050:10.1007/978-3-030-32626-5_34 1614:News media and documentaries 1178:Open markets: 5 attacks (4%) 896:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 730:An-Najah National University 360:Megiddo Junction bus bombing 243:, through its military wing 170:1981 Iraqi Embassy in Beirut 65:Israeli-Palestinian conflict 53:Palestinian suicide bombings 38:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 18:Palestinian suicide bombings 4357:Siniver, Asaf, ed. (2023). 4298:Pedahzur, Ami, ed. (2006). 3140:JP Return to Martyrdom 2024 1449:in Kenya and Tanzania, the 723:Humiliation and retaliation 325:in January 1995, killing 22 262: 211: 49:Palestinian suicide attacks 4540: 4393:Thomas, Jakana L. (2021). 4223:Cambridge University Press 4008:Cambridge University Press 3983:Cambridge University Press 3616:The Making of a Human Bomb 1718:, pp. 353, 359, 361; 1694:, pp. 353, 359, 361; 1587:Television and other media 1425:, leading to clashes with 1318:Operation Defensive Shield 1282:Operation Defensive Shield 1268:Targeted killing by Israel 1264:Operation Defensive Shield 1261: 1239:Tel Aviv metropolitan area 1181:Roadblocks: 5 attacks (4%) 1060: 999:Palestinian public opinion 880:psychological conditioning 833:Israel's targeted killings 649: 486: 480: 153: 4363:. Abingdon and New York: 4254:10.1017/S000305540300073X 4219:Islam and Suicide Attacks 4217:Nanninga, Pieter (2019). 4202:10.1080/10576100600561907 3855:Columbia University Press 3830:Columbia University Press 3712:Columbia University Press 3668:Columbia University Press 1381:two-state peace agreement 1280:In 2002, Israel launched 1272:Israeli West Bank barrier 1146:attempted suicide bombing 916:Jewish religious clothing 874:, as well as exposure to 308:Palestinian Islamic Jihad 217:Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 190:Palestinian Islamic Jihad 101:Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 91:, which had elevated the 85:Palestinian Islamic Jihad 4412:Newspapers and magazines 4154:Moghadam, Assaf (2003). 3933:Halder, Radhika (2020). 3886:10.1163/156853708X358182 3807:Cohen, Shuki J. (2016). 3235:Kliot & Charney 2006 3159:Kliot & Charney 2006 3061:Kliot & Charney 2006 1784:Kliot & Charney 2006 1772:Kliot & Charney 2006 1739:Kliot & Charney 2006 1716:Kliot & Charney 2006 1692:Kliot & Charney 2006 1501:several wars with Israel 1447:1998 US embassy bombings 1078:Dolphinarium discotheque 784:religious fundamentalism 535:. The term derives from 414:Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades 4000:Hoffman, Bruce (2017). 3937:. London and New York: 3766:Oxford University Press 3645:Oxford University Press 3513:The Electronic Intifada 3013:Gupta & Mundra 2005 2528:Ginges & Atran 2008 1886:Gupta & Mundra 2005 1844:Gupta & Mundra 2005 1497:vehicle-ramming attacks 1294:targeted assassinations 1217:Geographic distribution 1144:On August 18, 2024, an 349:The PIJ was behind the 212:'amaliyyāt istišhādiyya 3434:British Film Institute 3341:BBC What Is Hamas 2024 2798:Pisoiu & Hain 2018 1554:Based on the novel by 1312:challenged Israeli PM 1289: 1237:(6) and cities in the 1110: 1085: 1027: 935:female suicide bombers 903: 802:"outbidding") theory. 796:Gaza and the West Bank 761:Strategic explanations 555: 409:children celebration. 351:Bus 405 suicide attack 326: 286: 45: 4340:Theories of Terrorism 4279:Pape, Robert (2005). 4111:Litvak, Meir (2010). 4069:Third World Quarterly 3975:Hatina, Meir (2014). 3960:. London: Routledge. 3956:Hassan, Riaz (2011). 3916:Fierke, K.M. (2009). 3637:Aran, Gideon (2023). 3620:Duke University Press 3461:Jewish Film Institute 3359:Transnational Cinemas 2590:, pp. 1972–1973. 1451:2000 USS Cole bombing 1350:Ramallah headquarters 1322:Palestinian Authority 1292:Israel has preferred 1279: 1262:Further information: 1098: 1075: 1036:Palestinian Authority 1021:Jerusalem supermarket 1014: 943:Erez Crossing bombing 893: 813:Palestinian Authority 713:Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi 635:doctrine of necessity 549: 525:). They use the term 422:Palestinian Authority 321:, carried out by the 316: 272: 117:animosity toward Jews 55:, involve the use of 35: 4399:International Theory 3922:International Theory 3847:Ganor, Boaz (2021). 3822:Ganor, Boaz (2015). 3662:Asad, Talal (2007). 3200:, pp. 216–218; 2603:Brym & Araj 2006 2588:Brym & Araj 2006 2552:Brym & Araj 2012 2542:, p. 1064-1065. 1854:, pp. 159–160; 1455:September 11 attacks 1253:Impact and aftermath 1113:Overall, during the 982:Comparative research 929:Involvement of women 778:Political scientist 541:Palestinian identity 505:, which encompasses 463:culture of martyrdom 424:'s security forces. 4514:1990s introductions 3706:Bloom, Mia (2005). 3595:. October 22, 2006. 3319:, pp. 163–164. 3237:, pp. 364–365. 3216:, pp. 216–218. 3161:, pp. 360–361. 2940:, pp. 775–776. 2677:, pp. 352–355. 2304:, pp. 167–168. 2120:, pp. 724–725. 2066:, pp. 159–160. 2049:, pp. 142–143. 1774:, pp. 366–367. 1506:On 27 August 2024, 1480:Gaza–Israel barrier 1057:Patterns and trends 768:military occupation 690:Palestinian culture 671:Nationalist motives 590:, and Hamas leader 331:Ideology of the PIJ 4467:The New York Times 3737:. pp. 25–53. 3664:On Suicide Bombing 3607:Books and journals 3567:www.popmatters.com 3253:, pp. 159–160 3204:, pp. 161–162 3079:, pp. 161–162 2800:, p. 119-129. 1998:, p. 161–162. 1901:Merari et al. 2010 1404:Benjamin Netanyahu 1375:Political outcomes 1290: 1196:Geographic origins 1111: 1086: 1028: 904: 818:Terrorism scholar 715:, reacting to the 694:asymmetric warfare 686:Israeli occupation 588:Ekrima Sa'id Sabri 556: 533:forbidden in Islam 467:Israeli occupation 452:Individual motives 382:(PLO) led then by 327: 287: 245:Al-Qassam Brigades 174:Islamic Dawa Party 136:two-state solution 125:Israeli occupation 61:Palestinian groups 46: 4484:. 29 August 2024. 4374:978-1-032-24901-8 4349:978-0-415-82607-5 4290:978-1-58836-460-9 4232:978-1-108-71265-1 4180:978-0-415-77029-3 4059:978-3-030-32625-8 4017:978-0-231-54489-4 3992:978-1-107-47782-7 3967:978-0-415-58887-4 3948:978-1-003-00611-4 3864:978-0-231-55300-1 3839:978-0-231-53891-6 3721:978-0-231-13320-3 3710:. New York, NY : 3677:978-0-231-14152-9 3654:978-0-197-68914-1 3629:978-0-8223-4428-5 3495:on March 4, 2014. 3103:, pp. 49–50. 2847:, pp. 83–86. 2749:, pp. 47–49. 2629:, pp. 43–44. 2578:, pp. 41–51. 2467:, pp. 74–75. 2436:, pp. 75–76. 2376:, pp. 90–92. 2361:, pp. 71–73. 2289:, pp. 64–65. 2248:, pp. 88–89. 2224:, pp. 82–83. 2161:, pp. 81–82. 2101:, pp. 78–80. 1979:, pp. 76–77. 1964:, pp. 30–31. 1930:, pp. 69–71. 1741:, p. 366–367 1369:Beth Shean valley 1357:West Bank barrier 1310:Passover massacre 1127:Passover massacre 1101:Passover massacre 1040:Passover massacre 957:The influence of 953:Foreign influence 945:in January 2004. 709:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 682:1948 displacement 618:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 596:cult of martyrdom 477:Religious motives 317:Aftermath of the 277:, carried out by 273:Aftermath of the 209: 160:Islamic terrorism 144:West Bank barrier 121:1948 displacement 16:(Redirected from 4531: 4499: 4485: 4471: 4456: 4443: 4428: 4406: 4389: 4378: 4353: 4334: 4330:Deviant Behavior 4319: 4294: 4283:. Random House. 4275: 4265: 4236: 4213: 4184: 4165: 4150: 4135: 4120: 4107: 4092: 4075:(6): 1049–1067. 4063: 4036: 4021: 4003:Inside Terrorism 3996: 3971: 3958:Suicide Bombings 3952: 3929: 3912: 3897: 3880:(3–4): 281–294. 3868: 3843: 3818: 3803: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3748: 3725: 3702: 3689: 3658: 3633: 3597: 3596: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3491:. Archived from 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3354: 3348: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3143: 3137: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2909: 2903: 2890: 2884: 2875: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2737:, p. 76-77. 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2617:, p. 54-56. 2612: 2606: 2600: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2566:, p. 74-79. 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2290: 2284: 2273: 2272:, p. 89-90. 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2204: 2198: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2162: 2156: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2102: 2096: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2050: 2044: 2033: 2027: 2018: 2012: 1999: 1993: 1980: 1974: 1965: 1959: 1948: 1942: 1931: 1925: 1904: 1898: 1889: 1883: 1874: 1868: 1859: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1810: 1804: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1742: 1732: 1726: 1705: 1699: 1681: 1667: 1663: 1462:Changing tactics 1406:'s victory over 1258:Counterterrorism 866:teachings about 664:RAND Corporation 646:Economic motives 511:Jihad bi al-saif 397:'s visit to the 265: 214: 204: 202: 201:عمليات استشهادية 57:suicide bombings 51:, also known as 21: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4498:. 5 April 2024. 4488: 4474: 4459: 4446: 4431: 4425:Times of Israel 4418: 4414: 4409: 4392: 4381: 4375: 4356: 4350: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4297: 4291: 4278: 4239: 4233: 4216: 4187: 4181: 4168: 4153: 4138: 4123: 4110: 4095: 4066: 4060: 4039: 4024: 4018: 3999: 3993: 3974: 3968: 3955: 3949: 3932: 3928:(171): 155–184. 3915: 3900: 3871: 3865: 3846: 3840: 3821: 3806: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3751: 3745: 3728: 3722: 3705: 3692: 3678: 3661: 3655: 3636: 3630: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3569:. June 19, 2006 3561: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3437:. June 24, 2017 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3308: 3304:, pp. 107. 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277:, pp. 166. 3273: 3269: 3265:, pp. 158. 3261: 3257: 3249:, p. 279; 3245: 3241: 3233: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3196: 3189: 3185:, pp. 189. 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3146: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115:, pp. 141. 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075:, p. 111; 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3015:, pp. 590. 3011: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2912: 2908:, pp. 159. 2904: 2893: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689:, pp. 708. 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2605:, p. 1973. 2601: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2491:, pp. 163. 2487: 2483: 2479:, p. 1061. 2475: 2471: 2463: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2388:, p. 1144. 2384: 2380: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2332: 2328:, pp. 164. 2324: 2320: 2316:, pp. 716. 2312: 2308: 2300: 2293: 2285: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2207: 2199: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2165: 2157: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2105: 2097: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2053: 2045: 2036: 2028: 2021: 2013: 2002: 1994: 1983: 1975: 1968: 1960: 1951: 1943: 1934: 1926: 1907: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1862: 1846:, p. 578; 1842: 1838: 1830: 1813: 1805: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1745: 1733: 1729: 1722:, p. 753; 1714:, p. 419; 1706: 1702: 1690:, p. 419; 1682: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1634: 1625:Suicide Killers 1616: 1589: 1564: 1521: 1516: 1472:Iranian support 1470:'s, leveraging 1464: 1435: 1415:Second Intifada 1377: 1274: 1260: 1255: 1219: 1198: 1162: 1115:Second Intifada 1070: 1065: 1059: 1051:Second Intifada 1001: 984: 955: 931: 888: 855: 846: 841: 808: 776: 763: 747:political Islam 725: 673: 654: 648: 622:Sharia and Life 561:Second Intifada 491: 485: 479: 454: 430: 372:Second Intifada 368: 304: 238: 229: 162: 152: 73:Second Intifada 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4537: 4535: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4486: 4481:Jerusalem Post 4472: 4457: 4444: 4429: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4390: 4379: 4373: 4354: 4348: 4335: 4333:(24): 405–423. 4320: 4315:978-0415770309 4314: 4295: 4289: 4276: 4237: 4231: 4214: 4196:(8): 707–729. 4185: 4179: 4166: 4151: 4149:(27): 187–206. 4136: 4134:(22): 102–119. 4121: 4119:(33): 716–734. 4108: 4106:(66): 353–373. 4093: 4064: 4058: 4037: 4022: 4016: 3997: 3991: 3972: 3966: 3953: 3947: 3930: 3913: 3911:(17): 573–598. 3898: 3869: 3863: 3844: 3838: 3819: 3817:(39): 749–780. 3804: 3793: 3749: 3743: 3726: 3720: 3708:Dying to Kil l 3703: 3690: 3676: 3659: 3653: 3634: 3628: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3580: 3554: 3541:Foreign Policy 3526: 3498: 3488:New York Times 3473: 3448: 3420: 3384: 3349: 3333: 3321: 3306: 3291: 3289:, p. 279. 3279: 3267: 3255: 3239: 3218: 3206: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3144: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3091:, p. 111. 3081: 3065: 3063:, p. 371. 3053: 3041: 3029: 3027:, p. 172. 3017: 3005: 3003:, p. 188. 3001:Midlarsky 2004 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2927: 2910: 2891: 2876: 2861: 2849: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2761:, p. 191. 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2687:Moghadam 2006b 2679: 2667: 2655: 2653:, p. 350. 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2554:, pp. 79. 2544: 2532: 2530:, p. 282. 2520: 2518:, p. 566. 2508: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2424:, pp. 79. 2414: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2363: 2330: 2318: 2306: 2291: 2274: 2270:Moghadam 2006a 2262: 2250: 2246:Soibelman 2004 2238: 2226: 2205: 2203:, pp. 99. 2190: 2178: 2176:, p. 300. 2163: 2146: 2144:, p. 157. 2134: 2122: 2103: 2080: 2068: 2051: 2034: 2032:, pp. 65. 2019: 2000: 1981: 1966: 1949: 1932: 1905: 1903:, p. 118. 1890: 1888:, p. 578. 1875: 1860: 1836: 1811: 1788: 1786:, p. 361. 1776: 1743: 1737:, p. 42; 1727: 1710:, p. 65; 1700: 1686:, p. 65; 1674: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1633: 1630: 1615: 1612: 1599: 1598: 1597:(2015-present) 1588: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1572:Yasmina Khadra 1563: 1560: 1556:Yasmina Khadra 1552: 1551: 1535:Hany Abu-Assad 1531: 1530: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1463: 1460: 1434: 1431: 1376: 1373: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1218: 1215: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1161: 1158: 1135:Passover seder 1090:First Intifada 1069: 1066: 1058: 1055: 1044:Passover Seder 1017:Ayat al-Akhras 1000: 997: 983: 980: 976:Ramadan Shalah 954: 951: 930: 927: 887: 884: 854: 851: 845: 842: 840: 837: 827:and the early 807: 804: 775: 772: 762: 759: 724: 721: 678:Zionist entity 672: 669: 659:Saddam Hussein 647: 644: 592:Ismail Haniyeh 573:Islamic nation 478: 475: 453: 450: 442:Rehavam Ze'evi 429: 426: 367: 364: 343:Ramadan Shalah 303: 300: 253:Hamas Covenant 237: 234: 228: 225: 176:, followed by 156:Suicide attack 151: 148: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4536: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4405:(3): 769–802. 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4388:(1): 175–190. 4387: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3802:(35): 432–43. 3801: 3800: 3794: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3768:: 1969–1986. 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758:Social Forces 3755: 3750: 3746: 3744:0-415-77030-0 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3474: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3347:, p. 279 3346: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3173:, p. 49. 3172: 3171:Pedahzur 2006 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3051:, p. 56. 3050: 3049:Pedahzur 2006 3045: 3042: 3039:, p. 76. 3038: 3037:Moghadam 2003 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2988:, p. 38. 2987: 2986:Pedahzur 2006 2982: 2979: 2976:, p. 99. 2975: 2974:Pedahzur 2006 2970: 2967: 2964:, p. 21. 2963: 2962:Pedahzur 2006 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2925:, p. 47. 2924: 2923:Pedahzur 2006 2919: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2889:, p. 43. 2888: 2887:Pedahzur 2006 2883: 2881: 2877: 2874:, p. 42. 2873: 2872:Pedahzur 2006 2868: 2866: 2862: 2859:, p. 70. 2858: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2845:Moghadam 2003 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2824:, p. 49. 2823: 2818: 2815: 2812:, p. 19. 2811: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2785:, p. 29. 2784: 2779: 2776: 2773:, p. 77. 2772: 2771:Horowitz 2015 2767: 2764: 2760: 2759:Abufarha 2009 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2735:Horowitz 2015 2731: 2728: 2725:, p. 33. 2724: 2719: 2716: 2713:, p. 76. 2712: 2711:Horowitz 2015 2707: 2704: 2701:, p. 55. 2700: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2564:Horowitz 2015 2560: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2506:, p. 90. 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465:Moghadam 2003 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2434:Moghadam 2003 2430: 2427: 2423: 2422:Horowitz 2015 2418: 2415: 2412:, p. 69. 2411: 2406: 2403: 2400:, p. 40. 2399: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2374:Pedahzur 2006 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359:Moghadam 2003 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:Pedahzur 2006 2283: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2260:, p. 62. 2259: 2258:Pedahzur 2006 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2236:, p. 45. 2235: 2234:Pedahzur 2006 2230: 2227: 2223: 2222:Moghadam 2003 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2188:, p. 64. 2187: 2186:Pedahzur 2006 2182: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159:Moghadam 2003 2155: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2132:, p. 94. 2131: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:Moghadam 2003 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2078:, p. 16. 2077: 2076:Pedahzur 2006 2072: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:Moghadam 2003 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962:Pedahzur 2006 1958: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1947:, p. 87. 1946: 1945:Moghadam 2003 1941: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928:Moghadam 2003 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871:Nanninga 2019 1867: 1865: 1861: 1858:, p. 279 1857: 1853: 1850:, p. 7; 1849: 1848:Nanninga 2019 1845: 1840: 1837: 1834:, p. 72. 1833: 1832:Horowitz 2015 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1809:, p. 68. 1808: 1807:Moghadam 2003 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:Pedahzur 2006 1731: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Moghadam 2003 1704: 1701: 1698:, p. 753 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684:Moghadam 2003 1680: 1677: 1672: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1539:Academy Award 1536: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1508:Khaled Mashal 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298:Fathi Shiqaqi 1295: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1202:refugee camps 1195: 1193: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1154:Khaled Mashal 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1007: 998: 996: 994: 990: 981: 979: 977: 973: 972:Fathi Shiqaqi 969: 968:Khaled Meshal 964: 961:, a Lebanese 960: 952: 950: 946: 944: 940: 936: 928: 926: 923: 922:Bruce Hoffman 919: 917: 912: 908: 901: 897: 892: 885: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 852: 850: 843: 838: 836: 834: 830: 826: 821: 816: 814: 805: 803: 799: 797: 793: 792:Islamic Jihad 789: 785: 781: 773: 771: 769: 760: 758: 754: 750: 748: 744: 743:refugee camps 739: 738:Hilal Khashan 733: 731: 722: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 670: 668: 667:their peers. 665: 660: 653: 645: 643: 640: 636: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 612: 611: 606: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 553: 548: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:Jihad al-nafs 504: 500: 496: 490: 484: 476: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 451: 449: 447: 443: 439: 438:Ahmad Sa'adat 435: 427: 425: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 384:Yasser Arafat 381: 377: 373: 365: 363: 361: 357: 352: 347: 344: 340: 339:Fathi Shiqaqi 336: 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