672:, skimming the sandy reaches of the various rivers and streams in their habitat. Though little is known about the precise eating habits of the species, they are thought to be opportunistic feeders. One study which examined the contents from the stomachs of juvenile pallid sturgeon revealed that their diets were seasonally dependent. Various insects were consumed during some seasons and various fish species during others. These results support the description of the pallid sturgeon's eating habits as opportunistic. Fish is a more important dietary staple for pallid sturgeon than it is for shovelnose sturgeon. In one study comparing dietary tendencies between adult shovelnose sturgeon and immature pallid sturgeon, the pallid sturgeon was found to consume far greater numbers of small fish such as
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maturity relatively late. Males reach sexual maturity between the ages of 5 and 7 years, while females are believed to become capable of reproduction when they are at least 15 years old. One study of nine females indicated that they begin egg development between the ages of 9 and 12 years, but do not reach reproductive maturity until they are 15 years old. Reproduction does not take place every year; the average interval between spawnings is three years, although other studies suggest an interval as long as 10 years. Spawning usually takes place May to July.
755:
766:. Unlike most rivers in the Mississippi-Missouri River System, the Platte River has only a few dams and they are well upstream from its confluence with the Missouri River. The lower Platte River is shallow with numerous sand bars and small islands. Though pallid sturgeon prefer more turbulent and deeper rivers than the Platte, between 1979 and 2003, over a dozen pallid sturgeon, including some from hatcheries, have been captured from the Platte River. A number of these pallid sturgeon have been fitted with
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170,000 eggs, representing over 11 percent of its total body weight. After fertilization, pallid sturgeon eggs hatch in 5 to 8 days, after which the larvae drift back downstream for several weeks. As the larvae develop tails, they seek out slower-moving waterways and slowly mature over a period of a dozen years. The rate of survival to maturity for pallid sturgeon larvae is extremely low, and of the hundreds of thousands of eggs spawned, only a few live to adulthood.
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786:, wild pallid sturgeon larvae were collected in 1998. These nonhatchery-raised larvae were the first recovered on the lower Missouri River in the previous 50 years. The recovery was made along a side channel of the Missouri River that had been developed to provide suitable habitat for pallid sturgeon and other fish spawning. The side channel was apparently being used by the larva pallid sturgeon for protection from the swifter currents of the Missouri River.
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relatively unchanged. These alterations of the river have had a detrimental impact on a number of native fish species. In the 13 U.S. states where the pallid sturgeon is found, only a few other fish species are listed as critically endangered. Although substantial efforts are being implemented to ensure the survival of this species, the rarity of self-sustaining populations of pallid sturgeon ensures that it will remain federally protected for many decades.
92:
481:
218:
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642:, several hundred specimens were documented. Again, some evidence suggests natural reproduction is occurring, as demonstrated by the recovery of a few examples of immature, nonhatchery-raised individuals. The Atchafalaya River basin is designated as RPMA 6 and the findings there were similar to those in RPMAs 4 and 5, but with greater numbers of unique individuals, near 500 in total.
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parasite or disease that may be impacting the reproductive capabilities of pallid sturgeon, and to examine engineering possibilities that may permit recreation of suitable habitats without reducing the USFWS's ability to protect people from harmful and destructive flooding, and to maintain its ability to provide adequate water impoundment for irrigation and recreation purposes.
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and were most commonly recorded in water depths between 2 and 47 feet (0.61 and 14.33 m). The study also showed that the pallid sturgeon moved as much as 13 miles (21 km) per day and up to 5.7 miles per hour (9.2 km/h). Pallid sturgeon are believed to have preferred the muddy and generally warmer waters that existed prior to
Missouri River dam construction.
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of the
Missouri and Mississippi rivers. This region also includes the Platte River. Here, at least 100 unique nonhatchery specimens were collected during the study period. Evidence also indicates some wild reproduction is going on in this region. In RPMA 5, between the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi and the
637:
along the
Missouri River, no native populations were recorded. All collected specimens appeared to be hatchery-raised. However, these specimens were apparently maturing and adjusting well to this section of the river. Recovery priority management area 4 extends from Gavins Point Dam to the confluence
435:
and that of other closely related species was conducted to assess the differences within various populations of pallid sturgeon, and the differences between pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. Early DNA research indicated that pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon were a single species. However, a 2000
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In 2007, the USFWS concluded that hatchery-based reproduction efforts should be continued, along with monitoring of any population changes, to determine the effectiveness of human intervention. The 2007 findings also emphasized the need to determine the most likely areas of spawning, to identify any
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Six areas were studied for wild pallid sturgeon population estimates and recovery recommendations by the United States Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS) between 1990, when the species was declared endangered, and 2006. The USFWS has referred to these six areas of wild population studies as "recovery
577:
spanned the entire
Missouri River and into the Mississippi River. Historically, the species was rare to nonexistent in the upper Mississippi, probably due to a lack of proper habitat. Currently, the species is considered imperiled throughout its entire range. As of 2008, pallid sturgeon can still
551:
For several decades, no natural reproduction of pallid sturgeon was observed, since all the fish that had been captured were older specimens. In the late 1990s, young pallid sturgeon were discovered living in a restored riparian area of the lower
Missouri River. This was the first documented example
488:
The pallid sturgeon is one of the largest freshwater fish species in North
America. They are generally between 30 and 60 inches (76 and 152 cm) in length and weigh as much as 85 pounds (39 kg). The species is ancient and has remained virtually unchanged for 70 million years, since the
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Two populations of pallid sturgeon in the
Missouri and Yellowstone rivers of Montana are both at risk of extinction, and current projections are that wild pallid sturgeon populations in Montana will be extinct by 2018. Though a vigorous stocking effort was implemented in 1996, until pallid sturgeon
659:
In a study based in
Montana and North Dakota conducted on both the pallid and shovelnose sturgeon, both species were fitted with radio transmitters so researchers could track their swimming habits. Pallid sturgeon were found to prefer wider river channels, midchannel sandbars, and numerous islands,
582:
to
Louisiana, as well as the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana, continue to harbor an aging population of pallid sturgeon. Pallid sturgeon have never been very common; as early as 1905 when the species was first identified, they represented only one in five of all sturgeon in the lower Missouri River
493:
period. The pallid sturgeon has a distinctive appearance that has been referred to as "primitive", "dinosaur-like" and even "ugly". Although visually similar, the shovelnose sturgeon is much smaller and usually weighs no more than 5 pounds (2.3 kg). Pallid sturgeon are much paler in coloration
463:
between pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. The southern populations have more hybrids than are found in the middle sections of the Missouri River basin, while the northernmost populations have had few reports of hybrids. Hybrids are most common in the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana, and DNA sequencing
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in Montana in 1937, and subsequent damming and channelization, the Missouri River has lost over 90% of its wetland and sandbar ecosystems. More than 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of the Missouri River have been altered and only that stretch of the river above Fort Peck Reservoir in Montana remains
543:
Pallid sturgeon have a long lifespan, living in excess of 50 and perhaps as long as 100 years. They lack bones and scales, which makes it more difficult to establish their age and determine exactly how long they live. As is true for many long-lived species, pallid sturgeon reach reproductive
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in these hybrids showed a genetic distinction from pallid sturgeon, but based on the genetic markers assessed, they were genetically indistinguishable from shovelnose sturgeon. Because of this ability of two species to hybridize, some biologists have expressed concern that it is a violation of the
778:
to its confluence with the Missouri River, has suitable spawning habitat for pallid sturgeon, although no conclusive evidence has been found that spawning is occurring in this region. Along with the lower Yellowstone River, the lower Platte River was identified as one of the best of the remaining
770:
which track their return to the Platte River when water levels and turbidity conditions are favorable. Coinciding with the majority of the pallid sturgeon that have been captured, the period that is generally most favorable is during the spring and early summer. By midsummer, a reduction in water
727:
states of North and South Dakota, Nebraska, and Montana have been significantly altered. The resultant changes to the Missouri River in the upper Great Plains from channelization and impoundment prevent upstream migration. The reduced water flow rates and sediment loads have brought an end to the
711:
and most of the states with pallid sturgeon populations have commenced restoration efforts to save the species from extinction. Wild reproduction of pallid sturgeon is rare to nonexistent in most areas; therefore, human intervention is needed to ensure the survival of the species. Pallid sturgeon
338:
and the offspring are being released back to the wild every year. To better understand pallid sturgeon behavior, researchers have implanted radio transmitters to track their movements and help identify possible spawning areas. Federal and state agencies are working together to improve habitat by
526:
which descend from the snout near the front of the mouth. The barbels are believed to be sensory features to locate food sources. On pallid sturgeon, the two inner barbels are about half as long as the outer ones, while on the shovelnose sturgeon, all four barbels are the same length. The inner
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placed the pallid sturgeon on its endangered species list because few young individuals had been observed in the preceding decade and sightings had greatly diminished; the species is now rarely seen in the wild. It was the first fish species in the Missouri River drainage area to be listed as
509:
skeletons with five rows of thick cartilage plates that extend along their sides, undersides, and backs, as well as over most of the head. These thick cartilage plates are covered by the skin and serve as a protective armor. The bony cartilage also extends along the backside, from the
547:
Prior to the construction of dams on the Missouri, pallid sturgeon migrated hundreds of miles upstream to spawn, and sought out rocky or hard surfaces to deposit hundreds of thousands of eggs. One female pallid sturgeon caught in the upper Missouri River was estimated to be carrying
655:
waterways and water depths between 3 and 25 feet (0.91 and 7.62 m). The species is more commonly found where sandy substrates are plentiful, but also lives in predominately rocky waterways. Pallid sturgeon prefer swift river currents more often than do shovelnose sturgeon.
2182:
299:), but is much larger, averaging between 30 and 60 inches (76 and 152 cm) in length and 85 pounds (39 kg) in weight at maturity. This species takes 15 years to mature and spawns infrequently, but can live up to a century. A member of the sturgeon family,
587:
meets the Mississippi. Between 1985 and 2000, the ratio of pallid sturgeon to all sturgeon netted declined from one in about 400 to one in nearly 650. A 1996 study concluded that between 6,000 and 21,000 pallid sturgeon remained in their natural habitat at that time.
712:
were previously considered a prized trophy game fish species, until their numbers declined and they were placed on the endangered species list. All captured pallid sturgeon must now be released back to the wild. The species was known for being very palatable and the
494:
with grayish white backs and sides, while shovelnose sturgeon are brown. Pallid sturgeon turn whiter as they age and younger specimens are easily confused with adult shovelnose sturgeon since they are similar in color. Like the shovelnose sturgeon, their tails are
527:
barbels of the pallid sturgeon are positioned in front of the outer ones, but those on the shovelnose sturgeon are all located in essentially a straight line. The length and positioning of the barbels is one of the best ways to distinguish the two species.
599:
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in Montana and the western reaches of Fort Peck Reservoir, only 45 wild (nonhatchery) individuals remain. Of these, no juveniles were observed and the population was declining. In RPMA 2, located between Fort Peck Dam, the headwaters of
650:
Pallid sturgeon prefer moderate to swift river currents and most captured specimens have been recovered in rivers and streams in which the current averages between 0.33 and 2.9 feet per second (0.10 and 0.88 m/s). They also prefer
750:
every four to five years to try to recreate a semblance of an annual spring flood to restore and rejuvenate downstream floodplains. These pulse releases are done in an effort to restore suitable habitat for numerous fish species.
517:
The pallid sturgeon's snout and head are longer than that of the shovelnose sturgeon. In both species, the mouth is located well back from the tip of the snout. Lacking teeth, they use their extendable mouths to suck up small fish,
596:
676:(minnows). In another study conducted in the upper Missouri River region, an examination of the stomach contents of hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon showed that 82% of the wet weight was small fish and the balance was
1214:
Campton, Donald E.; Bass, Anna L.; Chapman, Frank A.; Bowen, Brian W. (March 2000). "Genetic distinction of pallid, shovelnose, and Alabama sturgeon: emerging species and the US Endangered Species Act".
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and are genetically distinct from the Atchafalaya population. However, the genetic variability among pallid sturgeon was found to be far less than that between them and the shovelnose sturgeon.
468:
to protect one species that may not be genetically isolated from another. It is not known if the hybrids are able to reproduce or not, although they appear to be the result of pallid sturgeon
440:(pallid, shovelnose, and Alabama sturgeon) showed that the three are distinct species. Between 2001 and 2006, several studies examined two populations of pallid sturgeon located in the upper
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1862:
707:
Though never believed to be common, pallid sturgeon populations rapidly declined during the late 20th century and the species was listed as endangered on September 6, 1990. The
3617:
1975:
Wildhaber, Mark L.; Aaron J. DeLonay; Diana M. Papoulias; David L. Galat; Robert B. Jacobson; Darin G. Simpkins; Patrick J. Braaten; Carl E. Korschgen; Michael J. Mac (2007).
1815:
Bramblett, Robert; White, Robert (2001). "Habitat Use and Movements of Pallid and Shovelnose Sturgeon in the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers in Montana and North Dakota".
402:
The word pallid means "deficient in color", and compared to other species of sturgeon, the pallid is noticeably paler. The scientific name for the fish is derived from
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be found throughout their original range, but their population numbers have severely declined from the mid-20th century. The Missouri and Mississippi rivers from
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endangered, and a loss of its habitat is thought to be responsible for its decline. The vast majority of the Missouri River drainage system has been
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females reach reproductive maturity sometime after they are 15 years of age, recovery efforts in Montana will not be readily measurable. The
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1675:
2210:
2098:
1398:
996:
2001:
1863:"Food Habits of Juvenile Pallid Sturgeon and Adult Shovel nose Sturgeon in the Missouri River Downstream of Fort Randall Dam, South Dakota"
553:
1901:
2026:
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Efforts to prevent the species from becoming extinct have had modest success. Pallid sturgeon are actively being raised in a dozen
1414:
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1115:
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of wild spawned pallid sturgeon in 50 years. In 2007, two female pallid sturgeon were also reported to have spawned in the
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2289:
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1925:
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1352:
311:
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877:
54:
1480:"Abnormal Cells found in Pallid Sturgeon at Gavins Point National Fish Hatchery Prohibit Stocking these Fish in the Wild"
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905:
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areas. Until the middle of the 20th century, pallid sturgeon were common and anglers found catching such a large fish in
91:
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2172:
1176:
Tranah, G. J.; Campton, D. E.; May, B. (2004). "Genetic Evidence for Hybridization of Pallid and Shovelnose Sturgeon".
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priority management areas" (RPMAs). In the northernmost region of the study, known as RPMA 1, located between the
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restoring spawning areas since restoration of these areas is required if the species is to survive in the wild.
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1721:
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1508:
2177:
498:, with the top tail fin being longer than the bottom fin, though this is more pronounced in pallid sturgeon.
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285:
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1951:
626:
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186:
3594:
1598:
1293:
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2803:
2196:
1877:
1824:
1709:
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Keenlyne, K. D.; Grossman, E. M.; Jenkins, L. G. (January 1992). "Fecundity of the Pallid Sturgeon".
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levels and turbidity on the Platte River encourages pallid sturgeon to return to the Missouri River.
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391:
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a rewarding experience. The species is considered to be good-tasting, and its eggs have been used as
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39:
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2413:
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2005:
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In Nebraska, a small number of pallid sturgeon have been captured along the lower reaches of the
261:
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86:
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445:
316:
304:
277:
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Keenlyne, K. D.; Jenkins, L. G. (May 1993). "Age at Sexual Maturity of the Pallid Sturgeon".
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3094:
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3040:
2995:
2893:
2524:
2494:
2086:
1885:
1832:
1736:"Sturgeon Research Update: Confirmed Pallid Sturgeon Spawning in the Missouri River in 2007"
1717:
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557:
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374:
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207:
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217:
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1479:
708:
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1976:
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The lower reaches of the Platte River, a more than 30-mile (48 km) stretch from the
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1828:
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section of the Missouri River and compared them to a southern population located in the
3213:
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3121:
3004:
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2709:
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1386:
639:
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618:
584:
407:
273:
265:
163:
133:
1123:
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629:, Montana, only 136 wild specimens remain. In RPMA 3, stretching from upstream of the
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3514:
3258:
3145:
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2986:
2786:
2692:
2144:
1253:
Tranah, G. J.; Kincaid, H. L.; Krueger, C. C.; Campton, D. E.; May, B. (March 2001).
1031:
819:
810:
775:
729:
669:
506:
469:
362:
335:
59:
1897:
1785:"Pallid and Shovelnose Sturgeon in the Lower Missouri and Middle Mississippi Rivers"
1236:
30:
3418:
2924:
2672:
2633:
2619:
2575:
1929:
1255:"Reproductive isolation in sympatric populations of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon"
1091:
763:
728:
seasonal flooding of the flood plains in the region. Since the construction of the
724:
685:
677:
613:
495:
452:. These DNA studies concluded that the northern populations of pallid sturgeon are
441:
348:
203:
2055:
1889:
723:
The route and the environmental characteristics of Missouri River in the northern
319:, reducing the gravel deposits and slow-moving side channels that are its favored
3571:
2079:
Committee on Endangered and Threatened Species in the Platte River Basin (2004).
2027:"How many species are listed in each state (based on published population data)?"
881:
3527:
3475:
3359:
2930:
2349:
2327:
2301:
2258:
2219:
351:
and R. E. Richardson classified the pallid sturgeon in 1905, grouping it in the
324:
941:
2918:
2660:
2487:
2466:
1360:
1228:
997:"Threatened and Endangered Species: Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus Fact Sheet"
909:
511:
490:
382:
307:
70 million years ago, the pallid sturgeon has changed little since then.
291:
Named for its pale coloration, it is closely related to the relatively common
3350:
1844:
1655:
1327:"Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) 5-Year Review Summary and Evaluation"
1289:
3292:
2950:
2749:
2582:
1189:
758:
Surgical implant of a radio transmitter in a sexually mature pallid sturgeon
747:
652:
535:
449:
103:
1197:
846:
3449:
3344:
3268:
2940:
2912:
2740:
2370:
2243:
2143:. Mississippi Interstate Cooperative Resource Association. Archived from
963:"Operation and Maintenance of the Upper Mississippi River 9-Foot Channel"
681:
673:
522:, and other food sources from river bottoms. Both species also have four
366:
320:
300:
153:
123:
3428:
431:
To better protect the pallid sturgeon from extinction, research on its
3467:
3454:
3076:
579:
539:
The immature larva of a pallid sturgeon being raised in a fish hatchery
519:
269:
3480:
1021:
Parauka, F.M.; et al. (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) (2004).
3387:
2906:
2237:
2085:. Washington, D. C.: The National Academies Press. pp. 225–239.
717:
328:
113:
3321:
2116:"Biologists struggle to keep the pallid sturgeon from going extinct"
1977:"A Conceptual Life-History Model for Pallid and Shovelnose Sturgeon"
505:
or bones found in more "modern" species of fish. Instead, they have
2090:
999:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. November 16, 2005. Archived from
484:
Detail and measurement of head of a hatchery-raised pallid sturgeon
373:), which is still relatively common, and the critically endangered
3566:
753:
695:
590:
534:
479:
415:
352:
76:
70:
1151:. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. Archived from
3136:
2776:
436:
study comparing DNA sequences in the three members of the genus
396:
3441:
3325:
2865:
2230:
2192:
2188:
804:
802:
713:
432:
369:
worldwide. Its closest relatives are the shovelnose sturgeon (
908:. Platte River Endangered Species Partnership. Archived from
459:
Another reason for DNA testing was to determine the rates of
331:, although less commonly than those of many other sturgeon.
1837:
10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1006:HUAMOP>2.0.CO;2
1585:
10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0393:AASMOT>2.3.CO;2
1359:. Conservation Commission of Missouri. 2008. Archived from
1282:
10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0367:RIISPO>2.0.CO;2
1928:. The Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Archived from
1722:
10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0139:FOTPS>2.3.CO;2
1648:
10.1577/1548-8446(1983)008<0003:SOTPS>2.0.CO;2
280:
basins of the United States. It may have even reached the
1861:
Wanner, Greg; Shuman, D. A.; Willis, D. W. (March 2007).
746:
has been conducting spring pulse water releases from the
1622:
Kallemeyn, Larry (1983). "Status of the Pallid Sturgeon
2178:
Pallid Sturgeon project in the Middle Mississippi River
1545:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 31, 2007
2033:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Archived from
2082:
Endangered and Threatened Species of the Platte River
1357:
The Sturgeon of Missouri Missouri's Aquatic Dinosaurs
779:
regions with the potential for the natural spawning.
395:, represented by three species found in west-central
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2782:
2765:
2755:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2600:
2563:
2548:
2537:
2447:
2431:
2420:
2409:
2399:
2388:
2377:
2366:
1482:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. September 26, 2007
1393:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books. pp. 169–170.
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3290:
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3257:
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3167:
3134:
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2739:
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2599:
2562:
2522:
2446:
2347:
2300:
2273:
969:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. November 18, 2008
700:USFWS employees release a pallid sturgeon into the
1122:. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from
934:"The Pallid Sturgeon, a Missouri River "Dinosaur""
880:. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from
782:In Missouri, at the Lisbon Bottoms section of the
688:and small amounts of detritus and plant material.
501:As with other sturgeon, pallid sturgeon lack the
1790:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
1765:. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries
1540:"Status and Life History of the Pallid Sturgeon"
940:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
1601:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. July 15, 2008
472:being fertilized by shovelnose sturgeon males.
1817:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1702:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1565:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1420:. National Wildlife Federation. Archived from
1262:North American Journal of Fisheries Management
385:. These three species belong to the subfamily
2877:
2204:
2173:Revised Recovery Plan for the Pallid Sturgeon
1783:Grady, Joanne; Jim Milligan (February 2001).
1046:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T19942A174781249.en
8:
1617:
1615:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1073:. Southeastern Fishes Council. November 2008
906:"The Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus)"
3618:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
1353:"Endangered Sturgeon Struggle for Survival"
1347:
1345:
1343:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
784:Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge
3322:
3263:
2945:
2884:
2870:
2862:
2656:
2530:
2359:
2355:
2344:
2279:
2270:
2227:
2211:
2197:
2189:
2074:
2072:
2031:Threatened & Endangered Species System
2002:"The Missouri River System's "Other" Fish"
1502:"Prehistoric Presence The Pallid Sturgeon"
1248:
1246:
1209:
1207:
1171:
1169:
1068:"The Desperate Dozen: Fishes on the Brink"
928:
926:
216:
48:
29:
20:
2168:Pallid Sturgeon Recovery Plan (10mb file)
2004:. U. S. Geological Survey. Archived from
1856:
1854:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1044:
872:
870:
868:
866:
2056:"Pallid Sturgeon — Scaphirhynchus albus"
1760:"Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus)"
1149:"Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus)"
1110:
1108:
900:
898:
878:"Pallid Sturgeon - Scaphirhynchus albus"
2141:"Pallid Sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus"
1599:"Pallid Sturgeon: The Road to Recovery"
1507:. North Dakota Outdoors. Archived from
1142:
1140:
809:Jordan, G.; Nelson-Stastny, W. (2022).
798:
242:S. A. Forbes and R. E. Richardson, 1905
2120:Reviving the Missouri River's dinosaur
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1329:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
607:) showing siphoning feeding behaviour
7:
3653:Taxa named by Robert Earl Richardson
554:Missouri National Recreational River
3648:Taxa named by Stephen Alfred Forbes
1741:. U.S. Geological Survey. July 2007
1032:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
820:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
583:and as few as one in 500 where the
1678:. Montana Outdoors. Archived from
1452:"New Hope for the Pallid Sturgeon"
1450:Burton, Ken (January–April 2000).
389:, which has only one other genus,
14:
3623:Endemic fish of the United States
1952:"Pallid Sturgeon Recovery Update"
1676:"A Whisker Away from Winking Out"
573:The pallid sturgeon's historical
3643:Freshwater fish of North America
2846:
2840:
2833:
1957:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1674:McKean, Andrew (May–June 2006).
1461:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1415:"Upper Missouri Pallid Sturgeon"
90:
410:word meaning "spade snout" and
668:Pallid sturgeon are generally
312:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
303:, which originated during the
1:
2114:Ikenson, Ben (May 31, 2006).
1890:10.1080/02705060.2007.9664148
1870:Journal of Freshwater Ecology
556:area located downstream from
1500:Holm, Rob (April–May 2002).
938:Feature Series, Vol I, No. 4
737:Species preservation efforts
625:up to the confluence of the
1950:Wilson, Ryan (April 2004).
1459:Endangered Species Bulletin
371:Scaphirhynchus platorynchus
297:Scaphirhynchus platorynchus
3669:
967:Endangered Species Program
744:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
531:Reproduction and lifecycle
2901:
2830:
2533:
2362:
2358:
2343:
2324:
2282:
2269:
2226:
716:from females was used as
381:), which may soon become
236:
229:
224:
215:
192:
185:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
3061:A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus
1982:. U.S. Geological Survey
476:Physical characteristics
239:Parascaphirhynchus albus
3113:European sea sturgeon (
2894:sturgeon and paddlefish
1229:10.1023/A:1010121417487
1094:. Merriam-Webster. 2008
1025:Scaphirhynchus suttkusi
560:on the Missouri River.
454:reproductively isolated
379:Scaphirhynchus suttkusi
3638:Fish described in 1905
3633:ESA endangered species
1391:The Nature of Nebraska
1039:: e.T19942A174781249.
759:
704:
608:
540:
485:
466:Endangered Species Act
343:Taxonomy and etymology
225:Pallid sturgeon range
3278:American paddlefish (
3232:Shovelnose sturgeon (
3052:A. oxyrinchus desotoi
1217:Conservation Genetics
1190:10.1093/jhered/esh077
757:
699:
678:mosquito-like insects
602:
538:
483:
365:, which includes all
272:to the waters of the
55:Critically Endangered
3393:scaphirhynchus-albus
3380:Scaphirhynchus_albus
3366:Scaphirhynchus albus
3336:Scaphirhynchus albus
3302:Chinese paddlefish (
3199:Amu Darya sturgeon (
3181:Syr Darya sturgeon (
2969:Shortnose sturgeon (
2804:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
2000:Power, Greg (2006).
1624:Scaphirhynchus albus
1003:on November 26, 2005
847:"Appendices | CITES"
813:Scaphirhynchus albus
635:Lewis and Clark Lake
605:Scaphirhynchus albus
392:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
317:channeled and dammed
257:Scaphirhynchus albus
196:Scaphirhynchus albus
3059:Atlantic sturgeon (
3032:Adriatic sturgeon (
3023:Japanese sturgeon (
3014:Sakhalin sturgeon (
2960:Siberian sturgeon (
2797:Protoscaphirhynchus
2183:Running out of time
1882:2007JFEco..22...81W
1829:2001TrAFS.130.1006B
1714:1992TrAFS.121..139K
1640:1983Fish....8a...3K
1577:1993TrAFS.122..393K
1274:2001NAJFM..21..367T
1178:Journal of Heredity
827:: e.T19940A97435395
293:shovelnose sturgeon
40:Conservation status
3241:Alabama sturgeon (
3095:Chinese sturgeon (
3068:Persian sturgeon (
3041:Bastard sturgeon (
2998:A. gueldenstaedtii
2996:Russian sturgeon (
2978:Dabry's sturgeon (
2414:Bobasatraniiformes
2058:. State of Montana
1387:Johnsgard, Paul A.
1147:Riis, Jim (1993).
1120:Animal Field Guide
768:radio transmitters
760:
705:
609:
541:
486:
356:Parascaphirhynchus
262:endangered species
3605:
3604:
3554:Open Tree of Life
3328:Taxon identifiers
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3253:
3252:
3223:Pallid sturgeon (
3104:Starry sturgeon (
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2518:
2517:
2436:Saurichthyiformes
2425:Guildayichthyidae
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2100:978-0-309-09230-2
1926:"Pallid Sturgeon"
1400:978-0-8032-7621-5
1389:(April 1, 2005).
1116:"Pallid Sturgeon"
702:Yellowstone River
623:Yellowstone River
603:Pallid sturgeon (
600:
446:Atchafalaya River
305:Cretaceous period
278:Mississippi river
248:
247:
243:
80:
63:
3660:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3457:
3445:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3323:
3264:
3190:Dwarf sturgeon (
3124:A. transmontanus
3122:White sturgeon (
3025:A. multiscutatus
3005:Green sturgeon (
2946:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2794:
2784:
2767:
2757:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2690:
2680:
2670:
2657:
2602:
2565:
2550:
2539:
2531:
2525:Acipenseriformes
2495:Plesiococcolepis
2449:
2433:
2422:
2411:
2401:
2390:
2379:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2345:
2280:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2228:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1900:. Archived from
1867:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1823:(6): 1006–1025.
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1292:. Archived from
1259:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
993:
978:
977:
975:
974:
959:
953:
952:
950:
949:
930:
921:
920:
918:
917:
902:
893:
892:
890:
889:
874:
861:
860:
858:
857:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
806:
664:Food preferences
621:, and the lower
601:
558:Gavins Point Dam
387:Scaphirhynchinae
375:Alabama sturgeon
241:
220:
208:R. E. Richardson
198:
144:Acipenseriformes
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
24:Pallid sturgeon
21:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3518:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3330:
3320:
3311:
3286:
3249:
3234:S. platorynchus
3207:
3183:P. fedtschenkoi
3171:
3163:
3130:
3086:Amur sturgeon (
3050:Gulf sturgeon (
2987:Lake sturgeon (
2971:A. brevirostrum
2935:
2897:
2890:
2860:
2851:
2832:
2816:
2735:
2646:
2595:
2558:
2542:Cylindracanthus
2527:
2514:
2442:
2352:
2331:
2316:
2296:
2265:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2164:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
981:
972:
970:
961:
960:
956:
947:
945:
932:
931:
924:
915:
913:
904:
903:
896:
887:
885:
876:
875:
864:
855:
853:
845:
844:
840:
830:
828:
808:
807:
800:
796:
739:
709:U.S. government
694:
666:
648:
591:
571:
566:
533:
478:
429:
424:
345:
282:St. Croix River
266:ray-finned fish
252:pallid sturgeon
211:
200:
194:
181:
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3628:Scaphirhynchus
3625:
3620:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3586:
3576:
3563:
3550:
3537:
3524:
3511:
3498:
3485:
3472:
3459:
3446:
3433:
3423:
3410:
3397:
3384:
3371:
3356:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3214:Scaphirhynchus
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3172:scaphirhynchus
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3043:A. nudiventris
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3007:A. medirostris
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2811:Scaphirhynchus
2807:
2800:
2790:
2780:
2773:
2770:Engdahlichthys
2763:
2760:Anchiacipenser
2753:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2730:Pugiopsephurus
2723:
2713:
2710:Protopsephurus
2703:
2696:
2686:
2683:Paleopsephurus
2676:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2652:Acipenseroidei
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2604:Peipiaosteidae
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2590:Strongylosteus
2586:
2579:
2571:
2569:
2567:Chondrosteidae
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2553:Eochondrosteus
2546:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2509:Toarcocephalus
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2451:Coccolepididae
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2418:
2407:
2397:
2386:
2375:
2363:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2290:Actinopterygii
2283:
2277:
2275:Actinopterygii
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2250:Actinopterygii
2246:
2240:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2162:External links
2160:
2158:
2157:
2132:
2106:
2099:
2091:10.17226/10978
2068:
2047:
2018:
1992:
1967:
1942:
1917:
1850:
1807:
1775:
1751:
1727:
1708:(1): 139–140.
1692:
1661:
1611:
1590:
1571:(3): 393–396.
1555:
1524:
1492:
1471:
1437:
1406:
1399:
1373:
1339:
1309:
1268:(2): 367–373.
1242:
1203:
1184:(6): 474–480.
1165:
1136:
1104:
1083:
1059:
1013:
979:
954:
922:
894:
862:
838:
797:
795:
792:
738:
735:
693:
690:
670:bottom feeders
665:
662:
647:
644:
640:Gulf of Mexico
631:Niobrara River
619:Lake Sakakawea
585:Illinois River
570:
567:
565:
562:
532:
529:
477:
474:
438:Scaphirhynchus
428:
425:
423:
420:
404:Scaphirhynchus
344:
341:
246:
245:
234:
233:
227:
226:
222:
221:
213:
212:
201:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
173:
169:
168:
165:Scaphirhynchus
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
134:Actinopterygii
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3665:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Polyodontidae
3256:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3088:A. schrenckii
3084:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2989:A. fulvescens
2985:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Acipenseridae
2938:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:Priscosturion
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2741:Acipenseridae
2738:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:Parapsephurus
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2661:Polyodontidae
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
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2598:
2592:
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2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
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2529:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
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2492:
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2489:
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2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
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2456:
2454:
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2445:
2438:
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2430:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2395:
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2387:
2384:
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2376:
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2372:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2185:NYTimes, 2015
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2147:on 2008-10-07
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2037:on 2006-12-07
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2008:on 2008-09-17
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1932:on 2008-07-06
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1907:on 2009-02-25
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1797:on 2009-02-25
1793:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1682:on 2008-11-08
1681:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1514:on 2009-02-25
1510:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1427:on 2009-01-17
1423:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1363:on 2008-12-03
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1299:on 2009-02-25
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1155:on 2008-02-06
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1126:on 2008-11-08
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1014:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
980:
968:
964:
958:
955:
944:on 2008-11-19
943:
939:
935:
929:
927:
923:
912:on 2007-09-30
911:
907:
901:
899:
895:
884:on 2008-11-07
883:
879:
873:
871:
869:
867:
863:
852:
848:
842:
839:
826:
822:
821:
816:
814:
805:
803:
799:
793:
791:
787:
785:
780:
777:
776:Elkhorn River
772:
769:
765:
756:
752:
749:
745:
736:
734:
731:
730:Fort Peck Dam
726:
721:
719:
715:
710:
703:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
663:
661:
657:
654:
645:
643:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
606:
589:
586:
581:
576:
568:
563:
561:
559:
555:
549:
545:
537:
530:
528:
525:
521:
515:
514:to the tail.
513:
508:
507:cartilaginous
504:
499:
497:
492:
482:
475:
473:
471:
467:
462:
461:hybridization
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
426:
421:
419:
418:for "white".
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Acipenseridae
361:
357:
354:
350:
342:
340:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
310:In 1990, the
308:
306:
302:
301:Acipenseridae
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:
253:
244:
240:
235:
232:
228:
223:
219:
214:
209:
205:
199:
197:
191:
188:
187:Binomial name
184:
180:
179:
178:S. albus
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:Acipenseridae
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
72:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3335:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3201:P. kaufmanni
3200:
3191:
3182:
3168:
3156:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3114:
3106:A. stellatus
3105:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2980:A. dabryanus
2979:
2970:
2961:
2949:
2925:Osteichthyes
2839:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2785:
2775:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2691:
2681:
2673:Crossopholis
2671:
2639:
2634:Stichopterus
2632:
2625:
2620:Peipiaosteus
2618:
2611:
2588:
2581:
2576:Chondrosteus
2574:
2551:
2540:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2434:
2423:
2412:
2402:
2391:
2382:Errolichthys
2380:
2369:
2326:
2254:
2149:. Retrieved
2145:the original
2135:
2124:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2081:
2060:. Retrieved
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2030:
2021:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:the original
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1970:
1959:. Retrieved
1945:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:the original
1920:
1909:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1876:(1): 81–92.
1873:
1869:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1730:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1631:
1627:
1623:
1603:. Retrieved
1593:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1516:. Retrieved
1509:the original
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1458:
1429:. Retrieved
1422:the original
1409:
1390:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1356:
1331:. Retrieved
1301:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1265:
1261:
1223:(1): 17–32.
1220:
1216:
1181:
1177:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1128:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1119:
1096:. Retrieved
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1036:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1005:. Retrieved
1001:the original
971:. Retrieved
966:
957:
946:. Retrieved
942:the original
937:
914:. Retrieved
910:the original
886:. Retrieved
882:the original
854:. Retrieved
850:
841:
829:. Retrieved
824:
818:
812:
788:
781:
773:
764:Platte River
761:
740:
725:Great Plains
722:
706:
692:Conservation
686:caddis flies
667:
658:
649:
627:Tongue River
614:Marias River
610:
604:
572:
569:Distribution
550:
546:
542:
516:
500:
496:heterocercal
487:
458:
442:Great Plains
437:
430:
411:
403:
401:
390:
378:
370:
355:
349:S. A. Forbes
347:Taxonomists
346:
333:
309:
296:
290:
286:colonization
256:
255:
251:
249:
238:
237:
204:S. A. Forbes
195:
193:
177:
176:
164:
18:
3528:NatureServe
3476:iNaturalist
3360:Wikispecies
3280:P. spathula
3243:S. suttkusi
3192:P. hermanni
3148:H. dauricus
3097:A. sinensis
3079:A. ruthenus
3070:A. persicus
3034:A. naccarii
2931:Chondrostei
2923:Superclass
2627:Spherosteus
2474:Condorlepis
2404:Neochallaia
2350:Chondrostei
2328:Chondrostei
2302:Chondrostei
2259:Actinopteri
2220:Chondrostei
1052:13 November
427:DNA studies
325:fresh water
73:Appendix II
3612:Categories
3304:P. gladius
3016:A. mikadoi
2919:Vertebrata
2917:Subphylum
2488:Morrolepis
2467:Coccolepis
2460:Barbalepis
2393:Gualolepis
2311:see below↓
2151:2008-11-19
2126:2008-11-19
2062:2008-11-19
2041:2008-11-19
2012:2008-11-19
1986:2011-09-29
1961:2008-12-06
1936:2008-11-19
1911:2008-11-19
1801:2008-11-19
1769:2011-09-25
1745:2008-11-19
1686:2008-11-19
1634:(1): 3–9.
1605:2008-11-19
1549:2008-11-19
1518:2008-11-19
1486:2008-11-19
1465:2008-11-19
1431:2008-11-19
1367:2008-11-19
1333:2011-03-02
1303:2008-11-19
1159:2008-11-19
1130:2008-11-19
1098:2008-11-19
1077:2008-12-09
1007:2008-11-19
973:2008-11-19
948:2008-11-19
916:2008-11-19
888:2008-11-19
856:2022-01-14
794:References
512:dorsal fin
491:Cretaceous
336:hatcheries
276:and lower
3293:Psephurus
3115:A. sturio
3077:Sterlet (
2962:A. baerii
2951:Acipenser
2929:Subclass
2750:Acipenser
2720:Psephurus
2641:Yanosteus
2613:Liaosteus
2583:Gyrosteus
2502:Sunolepis
2236:Kingdom:
1845:1548-8659
1656:1548-8446
1628:Fisheries
1290:1548-8675
851:cites.org
748:Tiber Dam
674:cyprinids
450:Louisiana
414:which is
172:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
3567:Species+
3533:2.103033
3494:10153785
3450:FishBase
3345:Wikidata
3269:Polyodon
3225:S. albus
3170:Pseudo-
3155:Beluga (
3146:Kaluga (
2913:Chordata
2907:Animalia
2905:Kingdom
2700:Polyodon
2481:Iyalepis
2371:Birgeria
2244:Chordata
2242:Phylum:
2238:Animalia
1898:85049030
1237:11322280
1198:15475392
1092:"Pallid"
831:3 August
682:mayflies
520:mollusks
367:sturgeon
358:and the
321:spawning
274:Missouri
260:) is an
231:Synonyms
150:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3595:1425016
3468:2402088
3351:Q921461
3157:H. huso
2911:Phylum
2896:species
2892:Recent
2248:Class:
1878:Bibcode
1825:Bibcode
1710:Bibcode
1636:Bibcode
1573:Bibcode
1270:Bibcode
646:Habitat
580:Montana
564:Ecology
524:barbels
422:Biology
383:extinct
284:before
270:endemic
210:, 1905)
160:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
3582:138005
3579:uBio:
3559:962544
3507:161081
3481:112106
3442:205909
3426:ECOS:
3388:ARKive
2122:. ESPN
2097:
1896:
1843:
1654:
1397:
1288:
1235:
1196:
718:caviar
684:, and
653:turbid
503:scales
360:family
329:caviar
206:&
3590:WoRMS
3572:10620
3546:36178
3520:19940
3489:IRMNG
3419:79TKJ
3406:50222
2255:Clade
1980:(PDF)
1955:(PDF)
1905:(PDF)
1894:S2CID
1866:(PDF)
1795:(PDF)
1788:(PDF)
1763:(PDF)
1739:(PDF)
1543:(PDF)
1512:(PDF)
1505:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1418:(PDF)
1297:(PDF)
1258:(PDF)
1233:S2CID
1071:(PDF)
575:range
416:Latin
412:albus
408:Greek
353:genus
77:CITES
71:CITES
3541:NCBI
3515:IUCN
3502:ITIS
3463:GBIF
3455:2595
3429:7162
3401:BOLD
3137:Huso
2777:Huso
2288:see
2095:ISBN
1841:ISSN
1652:ISSN
1395:ISBN
1286:ISSN
1194:PMID
1054:2021
1037:2004
833:2022
825:2022
470:eggs
406:, a
397:Asia
250:The
3437:EoL
3414:CoL
3375:ADW
2087:doi
1886:doi
1833:doi
1821:130
1718:doi
1706:121
1644:doi
1626:".
1581:doi
1569:122
1278:doi
1225:doi
1186:doi
1041:doi
714:roe
633:to
448:in
433:DNA
264:of
3614::
3592::
3569::
3556::
3543::
3530::
3517::
3504::
3491::
3478::
3465::
3452::
3439::
3416::
3403::
3390::
3377::
3362::
3347::
2257::
2118:.
2093:.
2071:^
2029:.
1892:.
1884:.
1874:22
1872:.
1868:.
1853:^
1839:.
1831:.
1819:.
1716:.
1704:.
1664:^
1650:.
1642:.
1630:.
1614:^
1579:.
1567:.
1527:^
1457:.
1440:^
1376:^
1355:.
1342:^
1312:^
1284:.
1276:.
1266:21
1264:.
1260:.
1245:^
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