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985:, with its centralised control room, CCTV cameras and security guards, and came to the conclusion that it "plagiarizes brazenly from Jeremy Bentham's renowned nineteenth-century design". In their 1996 study of CCTV camera installations in British cities, Nicholas Fyfe and Jon Bannister called central and local government policies that facilitated the rapid spread of CCTV surveillance a dispersal of an "electronic panopticon". Particular attention has been drawn to the similarities of CCTV with Bentham's prison design because CCTV technology enabled, in effect, a central observation tower, staffed by an unseen observer.
277:
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466:. However, these circular prisons with approximately 400 cells fail as panopticons because the inward-facing cell windows were so small that guards could not see the entire cell. The lack of surveillance that was actually possible in prisons with small cells and doors discounts many circular prison designs from being a panopticon as it had been envisaged by Bentham. In 2006, one of the first digital panopticon prisons opened in the dutch province of Flevoland. Every prisoner in the Lelystad Prison wears an
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800:. Deleuze argued that the society of control is replacing the discipline society. With regards to the panopticon, Deleuze argued that "enclosures are moulds ... but controls are a modulation". Deleuze observed that technology had allowed physical enclosures, such as schools, factories, prisons and office buildings, to be replaced by a self-governing machine, which extends
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29:
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lived to see
Millbank Prison built and did not support the approach taken by the British government. His writings had virtually no immediate effect on the architecture of taxpayer-funded prisons that were to be built. Between 1818 and 1821, a small prison for women was built in Lancaster. It has been observed that the architect
395:, which opened in 1829. But the Pennsylvania–Pentonville architectural model with its radial prison wings was not designed to facilitate constant surveillance of individual prisoners. Guards had to walk from the hall along the radial corridors and could only observe prisoners in their cells by looking through the cell door's
97:
340:. Bentham argued that the confinement of the prison, "is his punishment, preventing carrying the work to another market". Key to Bentham's proposals and efforts to build a panopticon prison in Millbank at his own expense, was the "means of extracting labour" out of prisoners in the panopticon. In his 1791 writing
700:. He argued that the disciplinary society had emerged in the 18th century and that discipline are techniques for assuring the ordering of human complexities, with the ultimate aim of docility and utility in the system. Foucault first came across the panopticon architecture when he studied the origins of
438:
Between 1926 and 1931, the Cuban government built four such panopticons connected with tunnels to a massive central structure that served as a community centre. Each panopticon had five floors with 93 cells. In keeping with
Bentham's ideas, none of the cells had doors. Prisoners were free to roam the
359:
opened in 1821. Millbank Prison, as it became known, was controversial, even blamed for causing mental illness among prisoners. Nevertheless, the
British government placed an increasing emphasis on prisoners doing meaningful work, instead of engaging in humiliating and meaningless kill-times. Bentham
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The
Building circular – an iron cage, glazed – a glass lantern about the size of Ranelagh – The Prisoners in their Cells, occupying the Circumference – The Officers, the Centre. By Blinds, and other contrivances, the Inspectors concealed from the observation of the Prisoners: hence the sentiment of a
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to early utilitarian thinkers. She argued that
Bentham's pet gadget, the panopticon prison, was a device of such monstrous efficiency that it left no room for humanity. She accused Bentham of forgetting the dangers of unrestrained power and argued that "in his ardour for reform, Bentham prepared the
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has been associated by management with all behaviour that include avoidance of work. In the past decades "unproductive behaviour" has been cited as rationale for introducing a range of surveillance techniques and the vilification of employees who resist them. In a 2009 paper by Max Haiven and Scott
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expressed scepticism about the ongoing surveillance debate, criticising that "Foucault's 'archaeology', in which human beings do not make their own history but are swept along by it, does not adequately acknowledge that those subject to the power ... are knowledgeable agents, who resist, blunt
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said: "there was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment ... you had to live ... in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every movement scrutinised". In
Radford's film the telescreens were bidirectional and
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was completed. The rotunda at the centre of the building was encircled with a 91-meter procession. The interior reflected the taste for religiously meaningless ornament and emerged from the contemporary taste for recreational learning. Visitors of the Royal
Panopticon of Science and Art could view
871:
professor and information theorist
Branden Hookway introduced the concept of a Panspectrons in 2000: an evolution of the panopticon to the effect that it does not define an object of surveillance more, but everyone and everything is monitored. The object is defined only in relation to a specific
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and the cells in the new circular prison were too faced inwards towards a central guard tower. Because of the shuttered guard tower, the guards could see the prisoners, but the prisoners could not see the guards. Cuban officials theorised that the prisoners would "behave" if there was a probable
59:
Although it is physically impossible for the single guard to observe all the inmates' cells at once, the fact that the inmates cannot know when they are being watched motivates them to act as though they are all being watched at all times. They are effectively compelled to self-regulation. The
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treats social media like a classical panopticon. He argues that the focus should not be on the relationship between the users of a medium, but the relationship between the users and the medium. Therefore, he argues that the relationship between the large number of users and the sociotechnical
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Foucault argued that discipline had already crossed the technological threshold in the late 18th century, when the right to observe and accumulate knowledge had been extended from the prison to hospitals, schools, and later factories. In his historic analysis, Foucault reasoned that with the
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in a quest to manage production and consumption. Information circulates in the control society, just like products in the modern economy, and meaningful objects of surveillance are sought out as forward-looking profiles and simulated pictures of future demands, needs and risks are drawn up.
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near
Chicago, inside the so-called "Roundhouse," a panopticon cell block built according to Bentham's original concept, with the important difference that the central guard tower had transparent windows, making the positions and activities of the men inside it visible to all the prisoners.
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to track the behavior and output of workers. She used the term 'panopticon' because the workers could not tell that they were being spied on, while the manager was able to check their work continuously. Zuboff argued that there is a collective responsibility formed by the hierarchy in the
856:, in which a group of people live in a container studio apartment and allow themselves to be recorded constantly, Weibel argued that the panopticon provides the masses with "the pleasure of power, the pleasure of sadism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, scopophilia, and narcissism". In 2006,
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that eliminates subjective opinions and judgements of managers on their employees. Because each employee's contribution to the production process is translated into objective data, it becomes more important for managers to be able to analyze the work rather than analyze the people.
1054:(1924–1933) and a significant number of subsequent empirical studies led to the reinterpretation of alienation: instead of being a given power relationship between the worker and management, it came to be seen as hindering progress and modernity. The increasing employment in the
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will be found applicable, I think, without exception to all establishments whatsoever, in which within a space not too large to be covered or commanded by buildings, a number of persons are meant to be kept under inspections. No matter how different or even opposite the purpose.
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and hospital architecture in the second half of the 18th century. He argued that discipline had replaced the pre-modern society of kings, and that the panopticon should not be understood as a building, but as a mechanism of power and a diagram of political technology.
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had been used before, as for example in industrial buildings. However, Bentham turned the rotund architecture into a structure with a societal function, so that humans themselves became the object of control. The idea for a panopticon had been prompted by his brother
236:
Bentham remained bitter throughout his later life about the rejection of the panopticon scheme, convinced that it had been thwarted by the king and an aristocratic elite. It was largely because of his sense of injustice and frustration that he developed his ideas of
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was to be observed by the general public and public officials. The apparently constant surveillance of the prison inmates by the panopticon manager and the occasional observation of the manager by the general public was to solve the age old philosophic question:
165:. Bentham arrived in Krichev in early 1786 and stayed for almost two years. While residing with his brother in Krichev, Bentham sketched out the concept of the panopticon in letters. Bentham applied his brother's ideas on the constant observation of
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217:. Bentham reasoned that if the prisoners of the panopticon prison could be seen but never knew when they were watched, the prisoners would need to follow the rules. Bentham also thought that Reveley's prison design could be used for
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100:
1169:, amounts to a panopticon. Fuchs draws attention to the fact that use of such platforms requires identification, classification and assessment of users by the platforms and therefore, he argues, the definition of
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Foucault's theories positioned
Bentham's panopticon prison in the social structures of 1970s Europe. This led to the widespread use of the panopticon in literature, comic books, computer games, and TV series. In
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to prisons. Back in England, Bentham, with the assistance of his brother, continued to develop his theory on the panopticon. Prior to fleshing out his ideas of a panopticon prison, Bentham had drafted a complete
4046:
451:, the four circulars were packed with 6,000 men, every floor was filled with trash, there was no running water, food rations were meagre, and the government supplied only the bare necessities of life.
383:, Pentonville prison had a central hall with radial prison wings. It has been claimed that Bentham's panopticon influenced the radial design of 19th-century prisons built on the principles of the "
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618:
expressed the panopticon principle by positioning the master's room as the central point. The designs provided for the segregation of occupants and maximum visibility from the centre. Professor
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Though no panopticon was built during Bentham's lifetime, his principles prompted considerable discussion and debate. Shortly after Jeremy Bentham's death in 1832 his ideas were criticised by
5489:
1341:, written 1920–1921. Zamyatin goes beyond a concept of a single prison and projects panopticon principles to the whole society where people live in buildings with fully transparent walls.
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from the centre of the round mill. The mill was built between 1803 and 1813 and was used for production until the late 19th century. It was demolished in 1959. In Bentham's 1812 writing
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344:, Bentham reasoned that those working fixed hours needed to be overseen. Also, in 1791, Jean Philippe Garran de Coulon presented a paper on Bentham's panopticon prison concepts to the
530:, he included a building for an "industry-house establishment" that could hold 2000 persons. In 1812 Samuel Bentham, who had by then risen to brigadier-general, tried to persuade the
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1994) to describe social media. Because the controlled is at the center and surrounded by those who watch, early surveillance studies treat social media as a reverse panopticon.
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in London, so that they could tune in to watch CCTV footage live. The service allowed residents "to see what's happening, check out the traffic and keep an eye out for crime".
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as cargo while drafting his panopticon proposal. She argues that the structure of chattel slavery haunts the theory of the panopticon. She proposes that the 1789 plan of the
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and other London prisons prompted the British government to fund the construction of a prison in Millbank at the taxpayers' expense. Based on Bentham's panopticon plans, the
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and explored fundamental legal theory. While in his lifetime Bentham was a prolific letter writer, he published little and remained obscure to the public until his death.
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in a society ruled by reason. The modern prison in the 1970s, with its corrective technology, was rooted in the changing legal powers of the state. While acceptance for
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concluded that "no single metaphor or model is adequate to the task of summing up what is central to contemporary surveillance, but important clues are available in
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241:– that is, of the vested interests of the powerful conspiring against a wider public interest – which underpinned many of his broader arguments for reform.
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Section view of a panopticon prison drawn by Willey Reveley, circa 1791. The cells are marked with (H); a skylight (M) was to provide light and ventilation.
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and George Draffan called Bentham "one of the pioneers of modern surveillance" and argued that his panopticon prison design serves as the model for modern
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The panopticon has become a symbol of the extreme measures that some companies take in the name of efficiency as well as to guard against employee theft.
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house at its centre. From the centre, the manager or staff are able to watch the inmates. Bentham conceived the basic plan as being equally applicable to
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1221:, which makes comparison, distinction, contrast and variation legible. Among the architectural references Bentham quoted for his panopticon prison was
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undertake predictable and monotonous work that is badly paid and offers few prospects. As such, they argue, it is comparable to factory work.
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of workers and management in the industrialised production process had long been studied and theorised. In the 1950s and 1960s, the emerging
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Bentham's proposal for a panopticon prison met with great interest among British government officials not only because it incorporated the
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Bentham thought that the chief mechanism that would bring the manager of the panopticon prison in line with the duty to be humane would be
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in a world with an ever increasing number of telescreen devices the citizens of Oceania were spied on more than they thought possible. In
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1097:, it is argued that catering at all times to the desires of the customer can lead to increasingly oppressive corporate environments and
2825:. ECSM2015-Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Social Media 2015: ECSM 2015. Academic Conferences Limited. pp. 377–378.
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diminished, the state gained the right to administer more subtle methods of punishment, such as to observe. The French sociologist
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does not consider the panopticon as a threat or punishment, but as "amusement, liberation and pleasure". With reference to the
741:, academics such as Marc Schuilenburg argue that a different self-consciousness arises among humans who live in an urban area.
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prison and participate in workshops to learn a trade or become literate, with the hope being that they would become productive
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Foucault's use of the panopticon metaphor shaped the debate on workplace surveillance in the 1970s. In 1981 the sociologist
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sort of invisible omnipresence. – The whole circuit reviewable with little, or, if necessary, without any, change of place.
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in 1965, was at the forefront of depicting Bentham's mechanism of surveillance as a tool of oppression and social control.
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Romele, Alberto; Emmenegger, Camilla; Gallino, Francesco; Gorgone, Daniel (2015). Peres, Paula; Mesquita, Anabela (eds.).
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542:, which served as a training centre for young men wishing to work in naval manufacturing. The panopticon, Bentham writes:
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becomes permanent and certain groups are excluded on the basis of their future potential behaviour as determined through
88:. He devoted most of his efforts to developing a design for a panopticon prison, so the term now usually refers to that.
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828:. Mass media has thus turned the discipline society into a viewer society. In the 1998 satirical science fiction film
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emerged in London and despite the varying music, the large fountains, interesting experiments, and opportunities for
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375:, which was built in London after Bentham's death in 1832, that was to serve as a model for a further 54 prisons in
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1412:, Foucault's panopticon is used to grasp the pressure under which the character Harold Finch suffers in the post-
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on the murder of Santiago Nasar, chapter four is written with a view on the characters through the panopticon of
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to describe how computer technology makes work more visible. Zuboff examined how computer systems were used for
502:'s work in Russia and had been inspired by existing architectural traditions. Samuel Bentham had studied at the
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Pauper management improved: particularly by means of an application of the Panopticon principle of construction
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886:" to describe a situation where profiling technologies are used to determine who to place under surveillance.
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set out to build a modern prison, based on Bentham's concepts and employing the latest scientific theories on
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is a semi-rotunda with a central tower for the supervisor and five storeys with nine cells on each floor.
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in the 18th century. The concept is to allow all prisoners of an institution to be observed by a single
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and bureaucratic management of factories was still assumed to reflect a mature industrial society. The
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2776:"Worse than Wal-Mart: Amazon's sick brutality and secret history of ruthlessly intimidating workers"
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show that, unknown to him, broadcasts his life around the clock and across the globe. But in 2002,
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is a design of institutional building with an inbuilt system of control, originated by the English
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was coined by Roger Clarke in 1987, since then academic researchers have used expressions such as
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panopticon in Kent. Before returning home to London he had constructed a panopticon in 1807, near
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applied not only to the inmates of the panopticon prison, but also the manager. The unaccountable
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in 1986, in which he reasoned that Bentham's fear of instability caused him to advocate ruthless
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came to the conclusion that Bentham's panopticon prison did not inform the architecture of early
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In the mid-1970s, the panopticon was brought to the wider attention by the French psychoanalyst
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The metaphor of the panopticon prison has been employed to analyse the social significance of
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gave many people the ability to view the few from their own homes and gaze upon the lives of
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and by design, only six guards are needed for 150 prisoners instead of the usual 15 or more.
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in turn expanded on Foucault's use of the panopticon metaphor when analysing the effects of
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gained international attention for the cinematographic panopticon he had staged in the film
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Technologies of Voluntary Servitude (TovS): A Post-Foucauldian Perspective on Social media
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are employed to critically evaluate the effects of social media. However, the sociologist
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The Terror of Natural Right: Republicanism, the Cult of Nature, and the French Revolution
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This computer rendered video shows how Bentham's panopticon would have appeared if built.
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and Foucault's interpretation of the panopticon prison, arriving at the conclusion that
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The concept of panopticon has been referenced in early discussions about the impact of
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Crime, Deviance and Popular Culture: International and Multidisciplinary Perspectives
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1062:(2000), Phil Taylor and Peter Bain argue that the large number of people employed in
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David Mitchell's Post-Secular World: Buddhism, Belief and the Urgency of Compassion
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Bigo, Didier (2006), "Security, Exception, Ban and Surveillance.", in Lyon, David,
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Pandaemonium 1660–1886: The Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers
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in which many warehouse workers can no longer keep up with demands of management.
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dominate the skyline, with a panopticon in the foreground replacing the Christian
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is no more than the relationship between the panopticon, people, and objects. In
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thinkers began to regard Bentham's entire philosophy as having paved the way for
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1039:
954:
Closed circuit TV monitoring at the Central Police Control Station, Munich, 1973
927:
879:
825:
726:
648:
380:
329:
45:
364:
modelled it very closely on Bentham's panopticon prison plans. The K-wing near
316:
5718:
5625:
5595:
5208:
5168:
5083:
5073:
4965:
4887:
4807:
4707:
4667:
4615:
4530:
3465:
3450:
3385:
3211:
3190:
3145:
2982:
1944:
Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to Al-Qaeda
1429:
1361:
1313:
1267:
931:
918:
883:
861:
813:
763:
714:
680:
523:
415:
304:
171:
81:
69:
4433:
2391:
Surveillance on Screen: Monitoring Contemporary Films and Television Programs
2276:
Ideas in History: essays presented to Louis Gottschalk by his former students
5484:
5339:
5324:
5299:
5258:
5253:
5133:
5088:
5068:
5063:
5023:
4822:
4797:
4777:
4757:
4722:
4640:
4605:
4590:
4344:
3813:
3239:
3196:
3179:
3175:
1403:
1399:
1060:
Entrapped by the electronic panopticon? Worker resistance in the call centre
1047:
934:, Browne argues that society is ruled by exceptionalism of power, where the
821:
615:
226:
210:
178:
73:
5093:
2212:
The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic
5394:
5319:
5314:
5183:
5163:
5038:
5003:
4950:
4827:
4802:
4787:
4737:
4657:
4575:
3818:
3276:
2664:
Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination
2577:
Welcome to the Machine: Science, Surveillance, and the Culture of Control
2532:"Tactical memory: The politics of openness in the construction of memory"
1377:
1308:, two years after opening the amateur science panopticon project closed.
1305:
1245:
1241:
1166:
1094:
962:
891:
Welcome to the Machine: Science, Surveillance, and the Culture of Control
578:
in which one plate shows a "Modern Poor House". He contrasted an English
427:
396:
209:
and an increasing number of workers were required to work in ever larger
2967:"Phantom architecture: Jeremy Bentham's haunted and haunting panopticon"
5729:
5724:
5605:
5425:
5309:
5028:
4998:
4940:
4935:
4912:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4727:
4702:
4550:
4485:
4480:
3870:
3766:
3549:
3430:
1973:
The Inspection House: An Impertinent Field Guide to Modern Surveillance
1516:
1293:
1253:
1170:
1162:
1080:
1043:
914:
744:
676:
591:
587:
535:
440:
218:
206:
154:
146:
77:
28:
796:
shaped the emerging field of surveillance studies with the 1990 essay
272:
has six pentagons with a tower at the centre arranged around a chapel.
56:, without the inmates knowing whether or not they are being watched.
5263:
5218:
5188:
5173:
5113:
5058:
5053:
5043:
4980:
4970:
4955:
4872:
4862:
4842:
4792:
4762:
4747:
4692:
4565:
4545:
4540:
4525:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4495:
4490:
3823:
3788:
3390:
3228:
1280:
519:
230:
166:
1042:
that sought out employees that would be organisationally committed.
518:
in cooperation with his friend Jeremy Bentham built a round mill in
3020:
Doctor Who, The Deadly Assassin, Season 14, Serial 3; November 1976
2006:
Open Prison Architecture: Design Criteria for a New Prison Typology
185:
into practice by encouraging a public debate on prisons. Bentham's
5713:
5369:
5349:
5289:
5268:
5248:
5243:
5228:
5223:
5193:
5148:
5128:
5033:
4897:
4782:
4772:
4677:
4610:
4505:
4384:
3365:
3184:
1894:
Building Power: Architecture and Surveillance in Victorian America
1441:, the Kyln high security prison incorporates panopticon features.
1266:
1188:
1074:
1012:
957:
949:
743:
599:
583:
559:
477:
315:
303:
283:
275:
263:
118:
110:
95:
27:
2793:
Head, Simon (2014). "Walmart and Amazon". In Tim Bartlett (ed.).
1942:
Wallace, Robert; Melton, H. Keith; Schlesinger, Henry R. (2008).
5734:
5153:
5143:
5013:
4975:
4717:
4697:
4645:
4635:
4600:
4323:
1413:
1230:
834:, the protagonist eventually escapes the OmniCam Ecosphere, the
403:
4437:
3843:
3118:
2089:
Architecture and Justice: Judicial Meanings in the Public Realm
1869:
Architecture and Justice: Judicial Meanings in the Public Realm
4620:
2816:
2814:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2291:
An Utterly Dark Spot: Gaze and Body in Early Modern Philosophy
1289:
3114:
2690:
In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power
1366:
an abandoned panopticon is featured. In the 1981 the novella
998:
In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power
926:
should be regarded as the paradigmatic blueprint. Drawing on
336:, but also because Bentham joined the emerging discussion on
32:
This plan of Jeremy Bentham's panopticon prison was drawn by
1896:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 18–19.
1073:
by workers has become accepted as an output restriction and
3057:
Angela Carter: Surrealist, Psychologist, Moral Pornographer
2450:
2448:
435:, and once prisoners behaved, they could be rehabilitated.
3839:
2738:
2736:
1144:
In modern academic literature on social media, terms like
506:
in 1751, and at about 1773 the prominent French architect
280:
Annotated floor plan of Eastern State Penitentiary in 1836
2187:
Familiar Past?: Archaeologies of Later Historical Britain
2162:
Architecture Re-assembled: The Use (and Abuse) of History
2507:
Toward a Ludic Architecture: The Space of Play and Games
2242:
Bentham's Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary
1597:
Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, Volume 1: 1752 to 1776
1311:
Panopticon principle is the central idea in the plot of
454:
In the Netherlands, historic panopticon prisons include
379:. Built between 1840 and 1842 according to the plans of
201:
Bentham continued to develop the panopticon concept, as
2482:
The Evolution and Social Impact of Video Game Economics
2455:
Ball, Kirstie; Lyon, David; Haggerty, Kevin D. (2012).
1275:
In 1854 the work on the building that was to house the
1237:
beneath the dome was an elevated platform from which a
1087:
Mindless: Why Smarter Machines Are Making Dumber Humans
572:, who in 1841 published the second edition of his work
3080:
Dimitris Akrivos & Alexandros K. Antoniou (2019).
2746:
Rethinking Misbehavior and Resistance in Organizations
1209:, the panopticon prison of Bentham resonates with the
1965:
1963:
1416:
United States of America. The horror fiction podcast
1395:
to a "perverse honeycomb" and made the character the
1332:
996:
used the metaphor of the panopticon in her 1988 book
2850:
Rethinking Art History: Meditations on a Coy Science
2423:
The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society
2235:
2233:
2231:
2033:
Rethinking Art History: Meditations on a Coy Science
779:
The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society
123:
Plan view of the panopticon prison, by Reveley, 1791
5680:
5639:
5581:
5533:
5462:
5436:
5403:
4989:
4921:
4471:
4337:
4266:
4166:
4130:
4017:
3913:
3877:
3707:
3676:
3610:
3568:
3328:
3285:
3159:
3152:
2554:
Theorizing Surveillance. The panopticon and beyond.
1595:Sprigge, Timothy L. S.; Burns, J. H., eds. (2017).
1256:, because the architecture is arranged so that the
610:included two designs by the commission's architect
213:. Bentham commissioned drawings from an architect,
4319:International Association of Privacy Professionals
2847:
2795:Mindless: Why Smarter Machines Makes Dumber Humans
2420:
2269:
2030:
748:Wall of an industrial building in Donetsk, Ukraine
320:Inside one of the buildings of the Presidio Modelo
2613:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
1862:
1860:
522:, so that one supervisor could oversee an entire
4284:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
2278:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
1590:
1588:
1586:
1271:Ground-plan of the Diorama Building, London 1823
913:noted that Bentham travelled on a ship carrying
733:is a social phenomenon. Lefebvre contended that
582:in 1400 with the same town in 1840 where broken
493:'s panopticon architecture was not original, as
1026:or actively alter the conditions of life." The
544:
248:
131:derives from the Greek word for "all seeing" –
2611:Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness
2274:. In Herr, Richard; Parker, Harold T. (eds.).
1252:compares the panopticon with the 19th-century
907:Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness
816:on society. He argued that mass media such as
5647:Issues relating to social networking services
4449:
3855:
3130:
1776:
1774:
1655:The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Utilitarianism
8:
2936:Charlotte Brontë: The Imagination in History
2657:
2655:
2293:. University of Michigan Press. p. 95.
2147:Panopticon Or the Inspection House, Volume 2
2066:. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 155.
1705:Suspicious Minds: How Culture Shapes Madness
655:. In the late 1960s, the American historian
141:, an English social reformer and founder of
2911:. Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
1999:
1997:
1350:features a scene filmed on location at the
1173:must be reassessed to incorporate stronger
132:
4456:
4442:
4434:
3862:
3848:
3840:
3156:
3137:
3123:
3115:
2457:Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies
2348:de Jong, Alex; Schuilenburg, Marc (2006).
1682:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 78.
1569:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 77.
977:(CCTV) cameras in public spaces. In 1990,
614:. His Y-shape and cross-shape designs for
3598:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
3108:(Podcast). Rusty Quill. 17 October 2019.
2573:Jensen, Derrick; Draffan, George (2004).
2427:. University of Minnesota Press. p.
675:and a society in which there could be no
606:. In 1835 the first annual report of the
5698:Decentralized Social Networking Protocol
2902:
2900:
2350:Mediapolis: Popular Culture and the City
1919:Prison: Cultural Memory and Dark Tourism
1233:built around 1742. At the center of the
2638:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 77.
1529:
1337:), a dystopian novel by Russian writer
1199:The Royal Panopticon of Science and Art
1017:A call centre worker at his workstation
981:reviewed the design and operation of a
766:in the landmark surveillance narrative
5703:Distributed Social Networking Protocol
3000:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 120.
1657:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 396.
798:Postscript on the Societies of Control
713:pain had been gradually eliminated as
4299:Electronic Privacy Information Center
2581:. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp.
2271:"The Haunted House of Jeremy Bentham"
1732:. London: Continuum. pp. 90–93.
1244:could be viewed, illuminated through
860:became available to residents of the
414:. A Cuban envoy tasked with studying
7:
3586:Right-wing authoritarian personality
2940:. Oxford University Press. pp.
2749:. Emerald Group Publishing. p.
2743:Taska, Lucy; Barnes, Alison (2012).
2711:Strategic Human Resource Development
2636:Handbook on the Geographies of Power
2394:. Rowman & Littlefield. p.
2189:. Routledge. p. 131 & 134.
634:In 1965, the conservative historian
183:duty and interest junction principle
4279:Center for Democracy and Technology
2185:Tarlow, Sarah; West, Susie (2002).
1707:. Simon and Schuster. p. 210.
1420:features a modified version of the
1277:Royal Panopticon of Science and Art
1089:, which describes conditions at an
661:The Haunted House of Jeremy Bentham
554:Panopticon, or The Inspection House
342:Panopticon, or The Inspection House
258:Panopticon, or The Inspection House
2634:Coleman, Mat; Agnew, John (2012).
1730:Bentham: a guide for the perplexed
474:Architecture of other institutions
418:in advance of the construction of
351:In 1812, persistent problems with
288:An 1880s architectural drawing by
14:
2909:The Orient on the Victorian Stage
2883:. Psychology Press. p. 403.
2854:. Yale University Press. p.
2244:. Clarendon Press. pp. 3–4.
2037:. Yale University Press. p.
1892:Andrzejewski, Anna Vemer (2008).
1680:Stirring of Soul in the Workplace
1567:Stirring of Soul in the Workplace
510:had finished his designs for the
5444:Social network analysis software
4418:
4417:
3885:Right of access to personal data
2774:Head, Simon (23 February 2014).
2696:. Basic Books. pp. 315–361.
2323:Fontana-Giusti, Gordana (2013).
1970:Maly, Tim; Horne, Emily (2014).
1177:and protection of citizens from
1085:and the 2014 book by Simon Head
905:in California. In the 2015 book
647:way for what he feared". Recent
512:Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans
422:had been greatly impressed with
3034:. Reaktion Books. p. 121.
2556:, Wilan Publishing, pp. 46–47,
2484:. Lexington Books. p. 57.
2352:. 010 Publishers. p. 146.
1843:. University of Chicago Press.
1058:has also been re-evaluated. In
312:in Cuba is a museum as of 2005.
5568:Social network hosting service
4294:Electronic Frontier Foundation
4274:American Civil Liberties Union
4228:Privacy-enhancing technologies
3581:Authoritarian leadership style
2530:Braman, Sandra (3 July 2006).
1976:. Coach House Books. pp.
1703:Gold, Joel; Gold, Ian (2015).
789:and in Bentham's panopticon".
424:Stateville Correctional Center
290:John Frederick Adolphus McNair
149:in Mogilev Governorate of the
1:
3486:Social construction of gender
2327:. Routledge. pp. 89–92.
1946:. Penguin. pp. 258–259.
1917:Jacqueline Z. Wilson (2008).
1369:Chronicle of a Death Foretold
1284:changing exhibits, including
899:supermaximum security prisons
630:Criticism and use as metaphor
346:National Legislative Assembly
5657:Problematic social media use
5541:Hospitality exchange service
3481:Rally 'round the flag effect
3084:. Springer. pp. 77–78.
2996:Rose Harris-Birtill (2019).
1487:PRISM (surveillance program)
431:chance that they were under
4019:Data protection authorities
3684:Asch conformity experiments
3401:Identification (psychology)
2480:Casey B. Hart, ed. (2017).
2214:. Routledge. p. xliv.
2120:. Reaktion Books. pp.
2064:Belper From Old Photographs
1814:. Reaktion Books. pp.
1628:. Reaktion Books. pp.
1333:
1052:Hawthorne Plant experiments
690:and the French philosopher
181:. Bentham tried to put his
21:Panopticon (disambiguation)
5787:
5756:18th century in philosophy
5563:Social network advertising
4465:Social networking services
4223:Social networking services
3699:Stanford prison experiment
3441:Normative social influence
3059:. Routledge. p. 165.
2879:Nicholas Mirzoeff (2002).
2388:Lefait, Sebastien (2013).
1921:. Peter Lang. p. 37.
1753:Humphrey Jennings (2012).
1653:James E. Crimmins (2017).
1300:. However, a competitive
669:The Mind of Jeremy Bentham
389:Eastern State Penitentiary
18:
4413:
4314:Global Network Initiative
4258:Virtual assistant privacy
4238:Privacy-invasive software
3648:Normalization of deviance
3576:Authoritarian personality
2983:10.1177/26326663221101571
2965:Fiddler, Michael (2022).
2881:The Visual Culture Reader
2687:Zuboff, Shoshana (1988).
2505:Walz, Steffen P. (2010).
2377:. Penguin. pp. 4, 5.
2164:. Routledge. p. 47.
2091:. Routledge. p. 44.
1871:. Routledge. p. 43.
1728:Philip Schofield (2009).
1554:. UCL Press. p. 139.
1540:. UCL Press. p. 137.
1428:'s 2023 single is named "
1391:linked the panopticon of
1322:
989:Employment and management
975:closed-circuit television
348:in revolutionary France.
3658:Preference falsification
2846:Donald Preziosi (1989).
2373:Orwell, George (1989) .
2029:Donald Preziosi (1989).
2008:. WITPress. p. 10.
1083:: The Panopticon of Time
965:about video surveillance
903:Pelican Bay State Prison
157:) to visit his brother,
5454:Web 2.0 Suicide Machine
4309:Future of Privacy Forum
4304:European Digital Rights
3320:Tyranny of the majority
3055:Scott Dimovitz (2016).
2325:Foucault for Architects
2289:BoĹľoviÄŤ, Miran (2000).
2160:Trevor Garnham (2013).
2145:Jeremy Bentham (1791).
2112:Gillian Darley (2003).
2087:Jonathan Simon (1989).
2004:Luigi Vessella (2017).
1867:Jonathan Simon (2016).
1806:Gillian Darley (2003).
1620:Gillian Darley (2003).
1552:Bentham Papers 119a/119
1538:Bentham Papers 119a/119
1438:Guardians of the Galaxy
1352:Stateville Penitentiary
1344:The 1948 American film
1205:According to professor
946:Surveillance technology
792:The French philosopher
781:(1994) the sociologist
552:Jeremy Bentham (1791).
443:. However, by the time
366:Lancaster Castle prison
326:pleasure-pain principle
300:, that was never built.
256:Jeremy Bentham (1791).
5672:User gender difference
5500:Small-world experiment
4350:Cellphone surveillance
4267:Advocacy organizations
3890:Expectation of privacy
3623:Communal reinforcement
3376:False consensus effect
3032:Gabriel GarcĂa Márquez
2240:Semple, Janet (1993).
2210:David Rothman (2017).
2062:Adrian Farmer (2013).
1839:Dan Edelstein (2010).
1374:Gabriel GarcĂa Márquez
1302:entertainment industry
1272:
1202:
1179:corporate surveillance
1018:
1007:information panopticon
966:
955:
844:entertainment industry
749:
626:in the United States.
565:
558:
487:
321:
313:
301:
281:
273:
262:
196:Who guards the guards?
133:
124:
116:
108:
37:
5662:Use in investigations
4581:Foursquare City Guide
4329:Privacy International
3900:Right to be forgotten
3727:Anti-social behaviour
3722:Anti-authoritarianism
3461:Pluralistic ignorance
3308:National conservatism
3303:Left-wing nationalism
3286:Governmental pressure
3030:Stephen Hart (2013).
2932:Heather Glen (2002).
2907:Edward Ziter (2003).
2707:Grieves, Jim (2003).
2509:. Lulu. p. 258.
1678:Alan Briskin (1998).
1565:Alan Briskin (1998).
1482:Panoptykon Foundation
1452:Atrium (architecture)
1270:
1192:
1135:electronic panopticon
1040:recruitment processes
1016:
961:
953:
854:Endemol Entertainment
747:
697:Discipline and Punish
563:
508:Claude-Nicolas Ledoux
481:
357:National Penitentiary
319:
307:
287:
279:
267:
122:
114:
106:
31:
5470:Attention inequality
3689:Breaching experiment
3476:Operant conditioning
3421:Mere exposure effect
2666:. Psychology Press.
2662:Lyon, David (2003).
2419:Lyon, David (1994).
2375:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2266:Himmelfarb, Gertrude
1387:Nights at the Circus
1146:lateral surveillance
852:television shows of
818:broadcast television
787:Nineteen Eighty-Four
769:Nineteen Eighty-Four
759:Nineteen Eighty-Four
688:Jacques-Alain Miller
659:, who had published
636:Shirley Robin Letwin
598:, was influenced by
580:medieval gothic town
464:Haarlem penitentiary
187:inspection principle
48:and social theorist
19:For other uses, see
5505:Small-world network
5411:Software comparison
5360:Windows Live Spaces
5330:Tea Party Community
4365:Global surveillance
4233:Privacy engineering
4218:Personal identifier
4168:Information privacy
3905:Post-mortem privacy
3569:Individual pressure
3446:Passing (sociology)
3381:Fear of missing out
3346:Closure (sociology)
3260:Enemy of the people
3106:The Magnus Archives
1781:Gary Kelly (2017).
1497:Social facilitation
1472:Landscapes of power
1467:Heterotopia (space)
1435:In the 2014 movie,
1418:The Magnus Archives
1384:, in her 1984 novel
1175:consumer protection
1154:social surveillance
1032:behavioural science
1002:employee monitoring
889:In their 2004 book
719:corporal punishment
657:Gertrude Himmelfarb
653:totalitarian states
608:Poor Law Commission
54:corrections officer
4405:Personality rights
3737:Civil disobedience
3694:Milgram experiment
3633:Creeping normality
3535:Social integration
3471:Psychosocial issue
3411:Invented tradition
3265:Enemy of the state
1783:Newgate Narratives
1409:Person of Interest
1347:Call Northside 777
1273:
1203:
1185:Art and literature
1131:Oscar H. Gandy Jr.
1078:Stoneman entitled
1056:service industries
1019:
967:
956:
936:state of emergency
869:Cornell University
836:reality television
750:
673:social engineering
665:David John Manning
612:Sampson Kempthorne
566:
488:
447:was imprisoned at
373:Pentonville prison
322:
314:
302:
282:
274:
161:, who accompanied
125:
117:
109:
92:Conceptual history
38:
5743:
5742:
5525:Virtual community
5480:Cybersectarianism
4431:
4430:
4375:Mass surveillance
3837:
3836:
3717:Alternative media
3606:
3605:
3545:Spiral of silence
3416:Memory conformity
3356:Consensus reality
3249:Persona non grata
3170:Damnatio memoriae
1739:978-0-8264-9589-1
1512:Total institution
1477:Mass surveillance
1331:
1250:Nicholas Mirzoeff
1193:A drawing of the
1028:social alienation
882:coined the term "
711:public executions
709:disappearance of
702:clinical medicine
683:for the deviant.
532:British Admiralty
377:Victorian Britain
338:political economy
328:developed by the
298:Outram, Singapore
239:sinister interest
203:industrialisation
104:
5778:
5652:Privacy concerns
5616:Online petitions
5573:Social profiling
5490:1+ million users
5475:Confessions page
5380:Yahoo! Kickstart
5079:Friends Reunited
4586:Foursquare Swarm
4458:
4451:
4444:
4435:
4421:
4420:
4289:Data Privacy Lab
4248:Privacy software
3895:Right to privacy
3864:
3857:
3850:
3841:
3762:Devil's advocate
3732:Auto-segregation
3628:Countersignaling
3555:Toxic positivity
3530:Social influence
3491:Social contagion
3336:Bandwagon effect
3293:Authoritarianism
3157:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2715:. SAGE. p.
2714:
2704:
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2020:
2019:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1903:978-1-57233631-5
1889:
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1555:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1492:Right to privacy
1339:Yevgeny Zamyatin
1336:
1326:
1324:
1223:Ranelagh Gardens
1150:social searching
1113:. The notion of
1034:approach led to
810:Thomas Mathiesen
564:A plate by Pugin
556:
534:to construct an
486:for 2000 persons
260:
136:
105:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5676:
5667:Use in politics
5635:
5591:Activity stream
5577:
5529:
5495:Online identity
5458:
5432:
5399:
5104:Google Currents
4985:
4946:HCL Connections
4917:
4467:
4462:
4432:
4427:
4409:
4333:
4262:
4162:
4126:
4013:
4007:amended in 2020
3909:
3873:
3868:
3838:
3833:
3804:Insubordination
3752:Culture jamming
3742:Cosmopolitanism
3703:
3672:
3643:Internalization
3602:
3564:
3324:
3315:Totalitarianism
3281:
3148:
3143:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3067:
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2877:
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2840:
2833:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:. Basic Books.
2792:
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2768:
2761:
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2074:
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2049:
2028:
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2016:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1969:
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1961:
1954:
1941:
1940:
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1563:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1447:
1422:Millbank Prison
1264:or galleries.
1227:pleasure garden
1207:Donald Preziosi
1195:interior design
1187:
1165:platform, like
1158:Christian Fuchs
1119:superpanopticon
1107:
1023:Anthony Giddens
994:Shoshana Zuboff
991:
948:
842:noted that the
831:The Truman Show
754:Michael Radford
692:Michel Foucault
644:social planning
632:
604:German idealism
557:
551:
504:Ecole Militaire
482:Bentham's 1812
476:
449:Presidio Modelo
420:Presidio Modelo
408:Gerardo Machado
385:separate system
310:Presidio Modelo
294:proposed prison
270:Millbank Prison
261:
255:
247:
163:Prince Potemkin
145:, travelled to
96:
94:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5784:
5782:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5761:Jeremy Bentham
5758:
5748:
5747:
5741:
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5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5583:User interface
5579:
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5558:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
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5512:
5510:Social network
5507:
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5280:SixDegrees.com
5277:
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5061:
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5016:
5011:
5009:Avatars United
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
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4885:
4880:
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4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4833:The Meet Group
4830:
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4815:
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4805:
4800:
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4428:
4426:
4425:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4390:Search warrant
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4370:Identity theft
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Privacy policy
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4183:
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4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4122:United Kingdom
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:European Union
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3995:
3993:United Kingdom
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3953:European Union
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Counterculture
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3709:Anticonformity
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3668:Social reality
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3560:Untouchability
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Milieu control
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:Indoctrination
3403:
3398:
3396:Herd mentality
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3329:Group pressure
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Cancel culture
3204:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3110:
3104:"Panopticon".
3097:
3090:
3072:
3065:
3047:
3040:
3022:
3013:
3006:
2988:
2957:
2950:
2924:
2917:
2896:
2889:
2871:
2864:
2838:
2831:
2810:
2803:
2785:
2766:
2759:
2732:
2725:
2699:
2679:
2672:
2651:
2644:
2626:
2619:
2607:Browne, Simone
2598:
2591:
2565:
2562:978-1843921912
2545:
2522:
2515:
2497:
2490:
2472:
2465:
2444:
2437:
2411:
2404:
2380:
2365:
2358:
2340:
2333:
2306:
2299:
2281:
2257:
2250:
2227:
2220:
2202:
2195:
2177:
2170:
2152:
2137:
2130:
2104:
2097:
2079:
2072:
2054:
2047:
2021:
2014:
1993:
1986:
1959:
1952:
1934:
1927:
1909:
1902:
1884:
1877:
1856:
1849:
1831:
1824:
1798:
1791:
1770:
1763:
1757:. Icon Books.
1745:
1738:
1720:
1713:
1695:
1688:
1670:
1663:
1645:
1638:
1612:
1605:
1582:
1575:
1557:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:Urban planning
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1402:. In the 2011
1215:Giulio Camillo
1211:memory theatre
1201:opened in 1854
1186:
1183:
1106:
1103:
1036:skills testing
990:
987:
947:
944:
895:Derrick Jensen
794:Gilles Deleuze
723:Henri Lefebvre
631:
628:
570:Augustus Pugin
549:
516:William Strutt
500:Samuel Bentham
491:Jeremy Bentham
484:industry-house
475:
472:
468:electronic tag
412:rehabilitation
353:Newgate Prison
253:
246:
243:
215:Willey Reveley
151:Russian Empire
143:utilitarianism
139:Jeremy Bentham
93:
90:
64:consists of a
50:Jeremy Bentham
34:Willey Reveley
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5783:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5551:Online dating
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5393:
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5388:
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5353:
5351:
5348:
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5341:
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5328:
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5323:
5321:
5318:
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5311:
5308:
5306:
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5301:
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5267:
5265:
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5260:
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5255:
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5245:
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5240:
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5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
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5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
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5080:
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5072:
5070:
5067:
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4743:Odnoklassniki
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4360:Eavesdropping
4358:
4356:
4355:Data security
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
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4280:
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4253:Secret ballot
4251:
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4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Personal data
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
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4189:
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3999:
3998:United States
3996:
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3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:Individualism
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
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3664:
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3659:
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3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Herd behavior
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Control freak
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Socialization
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
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3482:
3479:
3477:
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3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Peer pressure
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Normalization
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
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3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
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3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Culture shock
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
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3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
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3300:
3299:
3296:
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3290:
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3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3217:Deplatforming
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
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3177:
3174:
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3158:
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3147:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3091:9783030049126
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3066:9781317181125
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3041:9781780232423
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3007:9781350078604
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:Incarceration
2968:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2951:9780198187615
2947:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2918:9780521818292
2914:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2890:9780415252225
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2865:9780300049831
2861:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2832:9781910810316
2828:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2804:9780465018444
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2760:9781780526621
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:9781412932288
2722:
2718:
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2700:
2692:
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2683:
2680:
2675:
2673:9780415278737
2669:
2665:
2658:
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2652:
2647:
2645:9781785365645
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2620:9780822359197
2616:
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2592:9781931498524
2588:
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2516:9780557285631
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2491:9781498543422
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2466:9780415588836
2462:
2459:. Routledge.
2458:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2438:9781452901732
2434:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2405:9780810885905
2401:
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2359:9789064506284
2355:
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2334:9781135010096
2330:
2326:
2319:
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2302:
2300:9780472111404
2296:
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2258:
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2251:9780191590818
2247:
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2228:
2223:
2221:9781351483643
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2196:9781134660346
2192:
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2171:9781134052998
2167:
2163:
2156:
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2141:
2138:
2133:
2131:9781861891556
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2098:9781317179382
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2073:9781445619620
2069:
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2055:
2050:
2048:9780300049831
2044:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2015:9781784662479
2011:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1987:9781552453018
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:9781440635304
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
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1928:9781433102790
1924:
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1878:9781317179382
1874:
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1850:9780226184395
1846:
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1825:9781861891556
1821:
1817:
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1802:
1799:
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1792:9781351221405
1788:
1785:. Routledge.
1784:
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1764:9781848315860
1760:
1756:
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1741:
1735:
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1714:9781439181560
1710:
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1689:9781605096162
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1639:9781861891556
1635:
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1616:
1613:
1608:
1606:9781911576051
1602:
1599:. UCL Press.
1598:
1591:
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1583:
1578:
1576:9781605096162
1572:
1568:
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1539:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Sousveillance
1500:
1498:
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1490:
1488:
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1478:
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1473:
1470:
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1444:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:Peter Gabriel
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:Angela Carter
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1356:
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1349:
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1342:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:vacuum flasks
1282:
1278:
1269:
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1263:
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1255:
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1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:panoptic sort
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:dataveillance
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1067:
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1033:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
986:
984:
983:shopping mall
980:
976:
972:
964:
960:
952:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:Simone Browne
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:
865:
863:
859:
858:Shoreditch TV
855:
851:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
775:
774:George Orwell
771:
770:
765:
761:
760:
755:
746:
742:
740:
739:urban studies
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
706:
703:
699:
698:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
629:
627:
625:
621:
620:David Rothman
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:
571:
562:
555:
548:
543:
541:
540:St Petersburg
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
492:
485:
480:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
436:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:'s president
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
387:", including
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:Thomas Hobbes
331:
327:
318:
311:
306:
299:
295:
291:
286:
278:
271:
266:
259:
252:
245:Prison design
244:
242:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
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192:
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91:
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87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
35:
30:
26:
22:
16:Prison design
5771:Surveillance
5640:Implications
5534:Applications
5520:User profile
5295:Spotify Live
5274:Sciencescape
4961:ResearchGate
4931:Academia.edu
4923:Professional
4858:Truth Social
4653:IRC-Galleria
4400:Human rights
4379:
3915:Privacy laws
3809:Pueblo clown
3794:Idiosyncrasy
3779:Eccentricity
3663:Social proof
3371:Echo chamber
3351:Collectivism
3341:Brainwashing
3272:Scapegoating
3255:Public enemy
3247:
3238:
3202:Blacklisting
3189:
3168:
3161:Proscription
3105:
3100:
3081:
3075:
3056:
3050:
3031:
3025:
3016:
2997:
2991:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2935:
2927:
2908:
2880:
2874:
2849:
2841:
2822:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2769:
2745:
2710:
2702:
2689:
2682:
2663:
2635:
2629:
2610:
2601:
2576:
2568:
2553:
2548:
2539:
2536:First Monday
2535:
2525:
2506:
2500:
2481:
2475:
2456:
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2390:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2349:
2343:
2324:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2260:
2241:
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2205:
2186:
2180:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2115:
2107:
2088:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2032:
2024:
2005:
1972:
1943:
1937:
1918:
1912:
1893:
1887:
1868:
1840:
1834:
1809:
1801:
1782:
1754:
1748:
1729:
1723:
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1673:
1654:
1648:
1623:
1615:
1596:
1566:
1560:
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1537:
1532:
1457:Architecture
1436:
1434:
1424:panopticon.
1407:
1392:
1385:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1345:
1343:
1312:
1310:
1274:
1257:
1248:. Professor
1210:
1204:
1153:
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1145:
1143:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1111:social media
1108:
1105:Social media
1086:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1064:call centres
1059:
1020:
1006:
997:
992:
971:surveillance
968:
921:
906:
890:
888:
876:Paris School
874:
866:
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840:Peter Weibel
829:
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802:surveillance
797:
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735:architecture
707:
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586:and factory
573:
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489:
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445:Fidel Castro
437:
433:surveillance
401:
393:Philadelphia
370:
362:Joseph Gandy
350:
341:
332:philosopher
323:
308:The disused
268:The plan of
257:
249:
238:
235:
205:advanced in
200:
186:
182:
176:
128:
126:
62:architecture
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5693:AT Protocol
5688:ActivityPub
5611:Like button
5515:Thirst trap
5416:White-label
5390:Yahoo! Meme
5385:Yahoo! Mash
5375:Yahoo! 360°
5335:Third Voice
5139:iTunes Ping
5099:Google Buzz
4908:Xiaohongshu
4673:LiveJournal
4626:Hive Social
4571:Draugiem.lv
4395:Wiretapping
4107:Switzerland
4092:South Korea
4082:Philippines
4072:Netherlands
4067:Isle of Man
3988:Switzerland
3968:New Zealand
3829:Shock value
3784:Eclecticism
3677:Experiments
3298:Nationalism
3234:Civil death
3153:Enforcement
1462:Consumerism
1397:matriarchal
1239:360 degrees
1225:, a London
1123:Mark Poster
928:Didier Bigo
880:Didier Bigo
849:Big Brother
826:celebrities
764:telescreens
727:urban space
649:libertarian
638:traced the
381:Joshua Jebb
371:It was the
330:materialist
137:. In 1785,
82:sanatoriums
46:philosopher
5750:Categories
5719:OpenSocial
5626:Reblogging
5596:Brand page
5556:comparison
5305:Streetlife
5209:Musical.ly
5169:LunarStorm
5124:Houseparty
5084:Friendster
5074:FriendFeed
4966:Solaborate
4723:MX TakaTak
4708:micro.blog
4683:Marco Polo
4668:Letterboxd
4616:GNU social
4380:Panopticon
4003:California
3878:Principles
3618:Compliance
3611:Conformity
3511:Hysterical
3501:Behavioral
3466:Propaganda
3451:Patriotism
3386:Groupthink
3212:Censorship
3191:Homo sacer
3146:Conformity
1524:References
1430:Panopticom
1362:Doctor Who
1298:cook stove
1139:David Lyon
1133:1993) and
1071:Time-theft
979:Mike Davis
932:Banopticon
919:slave ship
901:, such as
884:Banopticon
862:Shoreditch
814:mass media
783:David Lyon
731:spatiality
715:punishment
667:published
524:shop floor
416:US prisons
292:depicts a
172:penal code
129:panopticon
70:inspection
42:panopticon
5721:(defunct)
5705:(defunct)
5681:Protocols
5485:Fediverse
5340:tribe.net
5300:Spring.me
5259:Posterous
5254:PlanetAll
5239:Periscope
5134:IdeaPlane
5119:Highlight
5089:Grono.net
5069:FitFinder
5064:Eyegroove
5024:BranchOut
4823:Tal Canal
4798:ShareChat
4778:Promo.com
4758:Pinterest
4641:Instagram
4591:Friendica
4536:Clubhouse
4345:Anonymity
4181:Financial
4158:Workplace
4148:Education
4057:Indonesia
4027:Australia
3983:Sri Lanka
3978:Singapore
3923:Australia
3814:Rebellion
3772:Political
3653:Obedience
3523:Emotional
3496:Addiction
3240:Vogelfrei
3197:Ostracism
3180:Dissenter
3176:Dissident
2149:. London.
1404:TV series
1400:queen bee
1393:Countes P
1328:romanized
1246:skylights
1093:depot in
1048:Taylorism
940:profiling
878:academic
822:reporters
808:In 1997,
762:. Of the
752:In 1984,
681:tolerance
642:zest for
616:workhouse
575:Contrasts
402:In 1925,
227:hospitals
219:factories
211:factories
179:publicity
127:The word
74:hospitals
5709:Micropub
5463:Concepts
5449:Diaspora
5404:Services
5320:Talkbits
5315:Surfbook
5204:Multiply
5184:Miiverse
5164:Lifeknot
5039:eConozco
5004:AsianAve
4951:LinkedIn
4828:Taringa!
4803:Snapchat
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4733:My World
4688:Mastodon
4658:Kuaishou
4576:Facebook
4556:Diaspora
4473:Personal
4423:Category
4338:See also
4191:Facebook
4186:Internet
4138:Consumer
4112:Thailand
3819:Red team
3757:Deviance
3277:Shunning
2609:(2015).
2268:(1965).
1445:See also
1378:Riohacha
1306:shopping
1296:, and a
1242:panorama
1167:Facebook
1095:Augsburg
1081:Wal-Mart
963:Graffiti
772:(1949),
725:studied
588:chimneys
550:—
495:rotundas
441:citizens
428:Illinois
397:peephole
254:—
153:(modern
134:panoptes
68:with an
36:in 1791.
5766:Prisons
5730:Pump.io
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5631:Stories
5621:Polling
5606:Hashtag
5426:Wall.fm
5310:StudiVZ
5285:Skyrock
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5179:Meerkat
5094:Google+
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4999:App.net
4991:Defunct
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4936:Behance
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4903:Whisper
4883:Untappd
4878:Twitter
4868:TV Time
4853:Triller
4838:Threads
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4728:Myspace
4703:Miaopai
4631:Huddles
4561:display
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4516:Bluesky
4486:Amikumu
4481:23snaps
4201:Twitter
4153:Medical
4143:Digital
4062:Ireland
4047:Germany
4032:Denmark
3958:Germany
3948:England
3943:Denmark
3871:Privacy
3767:Dissent
3550:Teasing
3516:Suicide
3431:Mobbing
3224:Outcast
2116:Factory
1810:Factory
1624:Factory
1517:Torture
1330::
1319:Russian
1294:machine
1292:making
1254:diorama
1235:rotunda
1229:with a
1197:, when
1171:privacy
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1125:1990),
1044:Fordism
923:Brookes
872:issue.
677:privacy
624:asylums
592:hospice
536:arsenal
231:schools
223:asylums
207:England
167:workers
155:Belarus
147:Krichev
86:asylums
78:schools
66:rotunda
5601:Groups
5546:Mobile
5365:Wretch
5276:(Meta)
5264:Pownce
5219:Netlog
5214:Natter
5189:MixBit
5174:Me2day
5114:Heello
5059:eWorld
5054:Emojli
5044:Edmodo
4981:Yammer
4971:Viadeo
4956:Moodle
4873:Tumblr
4863:Tuenti
4848:Tinder
4843:TikTok
4818:Tagged
4813:Spaces
4793:Renren
4763:Pixnet
4748:Parler
4693:Meetup
4566:Douban
4546:Convoz
4541:Cohost
4526:Bumble
4521:Bondee
4511:BeReal
4501:Ask.fm
4496:Are.na
4491:aNobii
4196:Google
4117:Turkey
4102:Sweden
4087:Poland
4077:Norway
4042:France
3973:Russia
3933:Canada
3928:Brazil
3824:Satire
3789:Hermit
3391:Hazing
3229:Outlaw
3088:
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1281:London
1260:views
1152:, and
1099:quotas
1091:Amazon
915:slaves
640:Fabian
584:spires
520:Belper
462:, and
460:Arnhem
229:, and
191:gaoler
159:Samuel
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5714:Nostr
5437:Tools
5370:Xanga
5350:tvtag
5290:So.cl
5269:Qaiku
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5244:Pheed
5229:Orkut
5224:NK.pl
5194:Mobli
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5129:Hyves
5109:Hello
5034:Cloob
4898:Weibo
4783:Qzone
4773:Plurk
4753:Peach
4713:Minds
4678:Likee
4611:Gettr
4506:Badoo
4385:PRISM
4208:Email
4131:Areas
4097:Spain
4052:India
3963:Ghana
3938:China
3506:Crime
3366:Dogma
3185:Exile
2977:(2).
2780:Salon
2694:(PDF)
2039:65-66
1978:28–29
1262:cells
1219:array
1075:theft
600:Hegel
456:Breda
5735:XMPP
5421:Ning
5355:Vine
5345:Tout
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4718:Mixi
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4663:Kumu
4646:IGTV
4636:Idka
4601:Gapo
4531:Cara
4324:NOYB
3086:ISBN
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