1108:. Prior to the destruction of the Temple in 70, Jews were divided into different sects, each promoting different interpretations of the law. Rabbinic Judaism domesticated and internalized conflicts over the law, while vigorously condemning any sectarianism. In other words, rabbis are encouraged to disagree and argue with one another, but these activities must be carefully contained, or else they could lead to a schism. Although this story may not present a historically accurate account of Jesus' life, it does use a fiction about Jesus to communicate an important truth about the rabbis. Moreover, Rubenstein sees this story as a rebuke to overly harsh rabbis. Boyarin suggests that the rabbis were well aware of Christian views of the Pharisees and that this story acknowledges the Christian belief that Jesus was forgiving and the Pharisees were not (see Mark 2:1–2), while emphasizing forgiveness as a necessary rabbinic value.
1455:
different interpretations of the law. Rabbinic
Judaism domesticated and internalized conflicts over the law, while vigorously condemning any sectarianism. In other words, rabbis are encouraged to disagree and argue with one another, but these activities must be carefully contained, or else they could lead to a schism. Although this story may not present a historically accurate account of Jesus' life, it does use a fiction about Jesus to communicate an important truth about the rabbis. Moreover, Rubenstein sees this story as a rebuke to overly harsh rabbis. Boyarin suggests that the rabbis were well aware of Christian views of the Pharisees and that this story acknowledges the Christian belief that Jesus was forgiving and the Pharisees were not (see Mark 2), while emphasizing forgiveness as a necessary rabbinic value.
433:
1413:. They agree that the accounts offer little independent or accurate historical evidence about Jesus. Herford argues that writers of the Talmud and Tosefta had only vague knowledge of Jesus and embellished the accounts to discredit him while disregarding chronology. Klausner distinguishes between core material in the accounts which he argues are not about Jesus and the references to "Yeshu" which he sees as additions spuriously associating the accounts with Jesus. Recent scholars in the same vein include Peter Schäfer,
951:
Onkelos said to him: What is the punishment of that man, a euphemism for Jesus himself, in the next world? Jesus said to him: He is punished with boiling excrement. As the Master said: Anyone who mocks the words of the Sages will be sentenced to boiling excrement. And this was his sin, as he mocked the words of the Sages. The Gemara comments: Come and see the difference between the sinners of Israel and the prophets of the nations of the world. As
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whether it was permissible to use a whore's money to build a retiring place for the High Priest? (Who spent the whole night preceding the Day of
Atonement in the precincts of the Temple, where due provision had to be made for all his conveniences.) When Rabbi Eliezer did not reply, Jacob quoted Micah 1:7, "For they were amassed from whores' fees and they shall become whores' fees again." This was the teaching that had pleased Rabbi Eliezer.
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Yannai, Salome
Alexandra, and Joshua b. Peraḥyah indicate that according to the Jewish legends the advent of Jesus took place just one century before the actual historical date; and some medieval apologists for Judaism, as Naḥmanides and Salman Ẓebi, based on this fact their assertion that the "Yeshu'" mentioned in the Talmud was not identical with Jesus; this, however, is merely a subterfuge.
289:, that "Yeshu" was always such a deliberately insulting term for Jesus. Eisenmenger claimed that Jews believed that they were forbidden to mention names of false gods and instead were commanded to change and defame them and did so with Jesus' name as they considered him a false god. He argued that Jesus' original name was "Yeshua" and as Jews did not recognize him as saviour (
1952:
sincerity of the multiple Jesus theory, R. Yehiel found a way to neutralize some dangerous rabbinic statements, and yet the essential
Ashkenazic evaluation of Jesus remains even in the text of this disputation.…In the fourteenth century, Moses ha-Kohen de Tordesillas made much stronger use of the theory of two Jesuses in defending Judaism and the Talmud against renewed attack.
402:, p. 15) who argue that it was the Galilean pronunciation. The views of these theological scholars however are contradicted by the studies of Hebrew and Aramaic philologist E. Y. Kutscher, Professor of Hebrew Philology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and member of the Hebrew Language Academy, who noted that although the
578:) interrogated him, the rabbi answered that he "trusted the judge." Although Rabbi Eliezer was referring to God, the judge interpreted him to be referring to the judge himself, and freed the Rabbi. The remainder of the account concerns why Rabbi Eliezer was arrested in the first place. Rabbi Akiva suggests that perhaps one of the
1163:, thus a Midrashic meaning for the term Stada is obtained. Real historical relationships between the figures mentioned cannot be inferred due to the Midrashic nature of the debate. Pappos and Miriam might have been introduced simply as a result of their being remembered in connection with a theme of a woman having gone astray.
1159:) and that the mother was named Stada. This is then refuted by the claim that the mother was named Miriam, the dresser of women's hair, but that she had gone astray from her husband (a Miriam the daughter of Bilgah, is mentioned elsewhere as having had an affair with a Roman soldier). In Aramaic, "gone astray" is
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According to them the account also reveals that there was greater contact between
Christians and Jews in the 2nd century than commonly believed. They view the account of the teaching of Yeshu as an attempt to mock Christianity. According to Dr. Rubenstein, the structure of this teaching, in which a biblical
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just as in the narrative of Mar Saba, Christianity is seen as only a true form of
Judaism. Close reading of some rabbinic texts will suggest that a couple of centuries earlier, the boundaries on the ground were drawn even less firmly, for all the desire of the "official" text to obscure this ambiguity.
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More to my point, however, the fact that the Talmud, in what seems clearly to be a late tradition, still reports on the founding of
Christianity in this particular thematological vein connotes that in their eyes, Christianity was still seen structurally as a Jewish heresy indeed as a deviant Judaism,
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While not accepting the full, radical approach of Maier, I think we can agree with him on one basic point: in the earliest rabbinic sources, there is no clear or even probable reference to Jesus of
Nazareth. Furthermore, I favor the view that, when we do finally find such references in later rabbinic
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27b) The name Yeshu is not mentioned in the Hebrew manuscripts of these passages but reference to "Jeshu ben
Pandira" is interpolated by Herford's in his English paraphrasing of the Jerusalem Talmud text. Similarly the Rodkinson translation of the Babylonian Talmud account interpolates "with the name
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who was sent away for misinterpreting a word that in context should have been understood as referring to the inn; he instead understood it to mean the innkeeper's wife. His teacher said "Here is a nice inn", to which he replied "Her eyes are crooked", to which his teacher responded "Is this what you
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is used to answer a question about
Biblical law, is common to both the rabbis and early Christians. The vulgar content, however, may have been used to parody Christian values. Dr. Boyarin considers the text to be an acknowledgment that rabbis often interacted with Christians, despite their doctrinal
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story; rather, various medieval versions existed that differ in attitudes towards the central characters and in story details. It is considered unlikely that any one person wrote it, and each version seems to be from a different set of storytellers. In these manuscripts, the name "Yeshu" is used as
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in the Babylonian Talmud, a passage is found that some have interpreted as equating ben Pandera with ben Stada. The passage is in the form of a Talmudic debate in which various voices make statements, each refuting the previous statement. In such debates the various statements and their refutations
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107b recognizes the kinship between Christians and Jews, since Jesus is presented as a disciple of a prominent rabbi. But it also reflects and speaks to an anxiety fundamental to Rabbinic Judaism. Prior to the destruction of the Temple in 70, Jews were divided into different sects, each promoting
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where you are now? Jesus said to him: The Jewish people. Onkelos asked him: Should I then attach myself to them in this world? Jesus said to him: Their welfare you shall seek, their misfortune you shall not seek, for anyone who touches them is regarded as if he were touching the apple of his eye.
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2:24 about Rabbi Eliezer and adds additional material. It tells that Jacob quoted Deuteronomy 23:19: "You shall not bring the fee of a whore or the price of a dog into the house of the Lord your God in fulfillment of any vow." Jacob says that he was taught this by Yeshu. Jacob then asked Eliezer
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The Jewish legends in regard to Jesus are found in three sources, each independent of the others—(1) in New Testament apocrypha and Christian polemical works, (2) in the Talmud and the Midrash, and (3) in the life of Jesus ("Toledot Yeshu'") that originated in the Middle Ages.…The references to
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approach to domination, which he contrasts to the strategy of many early Christians, who proclaim their beliefs in spite of the consequences (i.e. martyrdom). Although Rabbi Eliezer was referring to God, the Governor interpreted him to be referring to the Governor himself, and freed the rabbi.
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sought to establish Rabbinic Judaism as the normative form of Judaism. Like the rabbis, early Christians claimed to be working within Biblical traditions to provide new interpretations of Jewish laws and values. The sometimes blurry boundary between the rabbis and early Christians provided an
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It is well known that when R. Yehiel of Paris was confronted in 1240 with the argument that the Talmud should be banned partly because of blasphemies against Jesus, he maintained that the Jesus of the Talmud and the Jesus of the Christians are two different people.…Whatever one thinks of the
1817:. "Scholars debate whether there may be obscure references to Jesus in some of the collections of ancient Jewish writings, such as the Talmud, the Tosefta, the targums, and the midrashim... 'On the eve of Passover, they hanged Yeshu and the herald went before him 40 days... (Sanhedrin 43a)."
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is however found as a secondary marginal gloss to the first passage in the Leiden manuscript which together with the Midrashic version show that the account was understood to be about a follower of Yeshu ben Pandera. (Herford again takes liberty and adds "in the name of Jeshu Pandera" to his
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translation of the Talmud passages despite these words not being in the original text. Schäfer similarly provides a paraphrased translation mentioning "Jesus son of Pandera" which he admittedly has constructed himself by combining the Talmudic and Midrashic texts and the marginal glosses.)
1802:, 2005, p. 294. "... the rest of the baraita, which states he was first stoned, and that his execution was delayed for forty days while a herald went out inviting anyone to say a word in his favour, suggest that it may refer to a different Yeshu altogether." footnote citing Jeremias 1966.
1542:, reflecting the setting of the account of Yeshu the student of Yehoshuah ben Perachiah in the Talmud. Due to the Gospel parallels, the Toledot Yeshu narratives are typically viewed as a derogatory account of the life of Jesus resulting from Jewish reaction to persecution by Christians.
1089:, but there the person in question is not given any name.) After several returns for forgiveness he mistook Perachiah's signal to wait a moment as a signal of final rejection, and so he turned to idolatry (described by the euphemism "worshipping a brick"). The story ends by invoking a
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The surname ben Pandera is not found in the Talmud account. (Rodkinson's translation drawing on the Tosefta account paraphrases the reference to Yeshu having taught Jacob by "so taught Jeshu b. Panthyra", in this case not translating "Yeshu" as "Jesus".) The name is found again in the
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as an arrest by the Romans for practising Christianity (the text uses the word for heretic). When the Governor (the text uses the word for chief judge) interrogated him, the rabbi answered that he "trusted the judge." Boyarin has suggested that this was the Jewish version of the
130:
Whatever one thinks of the number of Jesuses in antiquity, no one can question the multiplicity of Jesuses in Medieval Jewish polemic. Many Jews with no interest at all in history were forced to confront a historical/biographical question that bedevils historians to this
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reveal an ambivalent relationship between rabbis and Christianity. In his view the tosefta account reveals that at least some Jews believed Christians were true healers, but that the rabbis saw this belief as a major threat. Concerning the Babylonian Talmud account in
3255:ʻAtiqot: 29-30 Israel. Rashut ha-ʻatiḳot (1996). "The name yeshua (Yeshua = Jesus), a derivative of Yehoshua (Joshua), has been found on five ossuaries in the Israel State Collections, yeshu (Yeshu) on one, yehoshua (Yehoshua) on one (Rahmani 1994:293-295)."
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who held the view that the Jesus of Christianity had been derived from the figure of Yeshu the student of ben Perachiah. Ibn Daud was nevertheless aware that such an equation contradicted known chronology but argued that the Gospel accounts were in error.
981:. His five disciples, named Matai, Nekai, Netzer, Buni, and Todah, are then tried. Word play is made on each of their names, and they are executed. It is mentioned that excessive leniency was applied because of Yeshu's influence with the royal government (
1020:, but encourages Onkelos to convert to Judaism, prompting the Talmud to praise "the sinners of Israel." The current standard text does not name the individual Onkelos summons, but a footnote cites a textual variant that identifies the tormented spirit as
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Steinsaltz The essential Talmud - Page 105 2006 "Wherever the Talmud makes derogatory reference to Jesus or to Christianity in general, the comment was completely erased, and the name of Christ was systematically removed, even when the reference was not
1151:. The debate then follows. It begins by asking if this was not ben Pandera rather than ben Stada. This is refuted by the claim that it is both, his mother's husband was Stada but her lover was Pandera. This is countered with the claim the husband was
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considers this a legitimate, if rare, form of the name in use at the time, and writes that this ossuary shows that the name Yeshu "was not invented by the rabbis as a way of avoiding pronouncing the real name of Jesus of Nazareth".
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the king of Judah, infamous for having turned to idolatry and having persecuted the Jews (2 Kings 21). It is part of a larger discussion about three kings and four commoners excluded from paradise. These are also discussed in the
1590:, a depository for holy texts which are not usable due to age, damage or errors. Flusser takes this as evidence of the term being a name; however, the standard text of the Jerusalem Talmud refers to one of the numerous Rabbi
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has challenged the view that the term refers to Jesus at all and argues that Jewish tradition knew of no historical Jesus. Similar views have been expressed by skeptical science writer Frank R. Zindler in his polemical work
135:
However, a probable answer is that rabbinic literature is often not literal but allegorical, thus stories can be made up to conjure a deeper meaning or a secret message that requires insider knowledge to fully understand.
814:, Pandaros betrays the Greeks and breaks a truce confirmed by solemn oath. He argues that the name came to be used as a generic term for a betrayer and was borrowed by Hebrew. The name is indeed found in
178:
There are some modern scholars who understand these passages to be references to Christianity and the Christian figure of Jesus, and others who see references to Jesus only in later rabbinic literature.
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as spurious explanations of the Hebrew Pandera as they do not match phonetically. He noted that Hebrew would have represented the sounds correctly if any of these were the origin. The interpolated form
1831:, 2008, p. 20. "Similarly controversial is the Babylonian Talmud's account of Jesus' death (to the extant that some Rabbinic experts do not think the reference is to the Jesus of the New Testament!)".
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are often of a Midrashic nature, sometimes incorporating subtle humour and should not always be taken at face value. The purpose of the passage is to arrive at a Midrashic meaning for the term Stada.
538:'s text) "on behalf of Yeshu ben Pandera". (A variant text of the Tosefta considered by Herford reads "Yeshua" instead of "Yeshu". This together with anomalous spellings of Pandera were found by
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passages were removed from subsequently published editions of the Talmud and Tosefta. Nevertheless, several church writers would refer to the passages as evidence of Jesus outside the Gospels.
2077:. p. 124. "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua, "Joshua""
1784:, Leipzig, 1922), 89, rightly supposed, the often quoted passage b. Sanh. 43a (Bar.): 'on the day of preparation Jeshu was hanged' does not refer to Jesus but to a namesake, a disciple of R.
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6 February:'The religious public in Israel is in many cases aware of the traditional interpretation of the term “Yeshu”: an acronym in Hebrew for “may his name and memory be blotted out.” .'
1462:, who argues that most of these stories were not originally about Jesus, but were incorporated into the Talmud in the belief that they were, as a response to Christian missionary activity.
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to him and that it had pleased him. Rabbi Eliezer recalls that this was indeed the case, he had met Jacob of the town of Sakhnin in the streets of Sepphoris who spoke to him a word of
406:
became a silent letter it is never dropped from written forms nor is its effect on the preceding vowel lost (the change of the "u" to the diphthong "ua") as would have had to occur if
4281:
1104:
107b recognizes the kinship between Christians and Jews, since Jesus is presented as a disciple of a prominent rabbi. But it also reflects and speaks to an anxiety fundamental to
1426:
Recently, some scholars have argued that Yeshu is a literary device, and that the Yeshu stories provide a more complex view of early Rabbinic-Christian interactions. Whereas the
1353:
translates "Yeshu" as "Jesus" in his translation of the Talmud. Elsewhere he has pointed out that Talmudic passages referring to Jesus had been deleted by the Christian censor.
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in 1931, and catalogued by L. Y. Rahmani in 1994. Although Sukenik considered this the same as the term in the Talmud, he also entertained the possibility that the final letter
915:
showing that regardless of what meaning had been intended in the Talmudic occurrences of this term, Maimonides understood it as an equivalent of Nazarene. Late additions to the
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of the Hebrew University in 1931 (but purchased by the Palestine Archaeological Museum in 1926), is twice inscribed – once simply Yeshu (Jesus) and then Yeshua bar Yehosef."
1694:(1937). As with Bauckham's observation of medieval sources, the name Yeshu is still never applied to any of the other Joshuas in modern Hebrew, and lexicographers such as
366:.) The term "Yeshu" is not undisputedly attested prior to the Talmud and Tosefta, let alone as a Hebrew original for "Jesus". (In the case of the Jesus of Christianity,
1385:. These views reflect the theosophical stance and criticism of tradition popular at the time but was rejected by later scholars. It has been revived in recent times by
1906:
1635:
A similar legend was reported by a Spanish monk when he visited Safed in 1555, with the difference in that the place was not where he was buried but where he hid.
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whether Yeshu is a genuine Hebrew equivalent for the name Jesus, a pun on the name Jesus or unrelated to the name Jesus (e.g. Klausner vs Eisenmenger vs McKinsey)
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Modern critical scholars debate whether Yeshu does or does not refer to the historical Jesus, a view seen in several 20th-century encyclopedia articles including
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from the root meaning "to save". Eisenmenger's book against Judaism was denounced by the Jews as malicious libel, and was the subject of a number of refutations.
474:
500 CE). The anecdotes appear in the Babylonian Talmud during the course of broader discussions on various religious or legal topics. The Venice edition of the
3421:
Frank R. Zindler, The Jesus the Jews Never Knew: Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and the Quest of the Historical Jesus in Jewish Sources, American Atheist Press, 2003
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era teaching that Yeshu practised black magic, deceived and led Israel astray. This quote is seen by some as an explanation in general for the designation
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3817:
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The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist according to Flavius Josephus' recently rediscovered 'Capture of Jerusalem' and other Jewish and Christian sources
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whether the core material is derivative of Christian accounts of Jesus, a forerunner of such accounts or unrelated (e.g. Herford vs Ibn Daud vs McKinsey)
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is sent to call for witnesses in his favour for forty days before his execution. No one comes forth and in the end he is stoned and hanged on the eve of
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The meaning and etymology of this name are uncertain. Besides the form Pandera, variations have been found in different Tosefta manuscripts for example
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narratives contain elements resembling the story of Pandareus in Greek mythology, namely stealing from a temple and the presence of a bronze animal.
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conceded that one of the Yeshu stories in the Talmud referred to Jesus of Nazareth, but that the other passages referred to other people. In 1372,
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Johann Maier, Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Uberlieferung (Ertrage der Forschung 82; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1978)
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he is mentioned as an example of someone caught by hidden observers and subsequently stoned. This information is paralleled in the Tosefta in
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A medieval account of Jesus, in which Jesus is described as being the son of Joseph, the son of Pandera (see translation of the 15th-century
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721:. Saul Lieberman's investigation of Tosefta variations revealed Pandera to be the original form. (Some authors such as Herford spell it
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825:(literally "voice of Pandaros" denoting false promises of a betrayer) used as a derogatory placeholder name for a judge of Sodom. The
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1409:(Israel). R. Travers Herford based his work on the understanding that the term refers to Jesus, and it was also the understanding of
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relates the trial and execution of Yeshu and his five disciples. Here, Yeshu is a sorcerer who has enticed other Jews to apostasy. A
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30:
This article is about an individual or individuals found in Jewish literature. For the similar-sounding Hebrew or Aramaic name, see
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Onkelos then went and raised Jesus the Nazarene from the grave through necromancy. Onkelos said to him: Who is most important in
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Sefer Toledot Yeshu: or The Book of the rising and origin of Jesus from the Wagenseiliana edition: Transcription and Explanation
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378:(19th century), aware of the problem but believing the term to be a reference to Jesus, argued that it was a shortened form of
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1155:(a 2nd-century figure elsewhere remembered as having locked up his unfaithful wife and visiting Rabbi Akiva in jail after the
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whether the core material in the accounts regardless of the name was originally about Jesus or not (e.g. Herford vs Klausner)
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do not form part of Orthodox Jewish interpretation. The only classical Jewish commentator to equate Yeshu with Jesus was the
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808:. He also argued that it may not have been a real name but instead as a generic name for a betrayer. He notes that in the
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has numerous problems, as most of the individuals are said to have lived in time periods far detached from that of Jesus;
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The Universal Jewish encyclopedia: an authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times
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writes that due to this, Neusner treats the name as a gloss and omitted it from his translation of the Jerusalem Talmud.
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are not part of rabbinic literature and are considered neither canonical nor normative. There is no one authoritative
955:, who was a prophet, wished Israel harm, whereas Jesus the Nazarene, who was a Jewish sinner, sought their well-being.
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was left out due to lack of space between the decorations between which it was inscribed. The fully spelled out name
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talk about a Yeshu who burns his food in public, possibly a reference to pagan sacrifices. The account is discussing
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claimed that the Greek form itself was his original name and that it was not a transliteration of a Hebrew form.)
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Ada Yardeni Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean documentary texts 2000 "(Rahmani 9) Yeshua son of Yehosef"
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147:, referred to Yeshu narratives to support his accusation that the Jewish community had attacked the virginity of
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the husband of Mary on account of his father, Jacob, being called Panther. An alternative claim was made in the
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argued that the Yeshu narratives referred to different people and could not have referred to Jesus of Nazareth.
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A critical Edition with a Translation and Notes of the Book of Tradition (Sefer haKabbalah) by Abraham Ibn Daud
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56b, 57a it is used for one of three foreign enemies of Israel, the other two being from past and present with
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who compared early manuscripts, to be erroneous attempts at correction by a copyist unfamiliar with the terms.)
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Allegorical Interpretations of Biblical Narratives in Rabbinic Literature, Philo and Origen: Some Case Studies
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Sefer Toledot Yeshu: sive Liber de ortu et origine Jesu ex editione wagenseiliana transcriptus et explicatus
1899:"On the Uses of History in Medieval Jewish Polemic against Christianity: The Quest for the Historical Jesus"
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summons up the spirit of a Yeshu who sought to harm Israel. He describes his punishment in the afterlife as
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The Jesus the Jews Never Knew: Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and the Quest of the Historical Jesus in Jewish Sources
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The Jesus the Jews Never Knew: Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and the Quest of the Historical Jesus in Jewish Sources
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and Wheeler considered that the name "Yeshu" was simply a shortened form of the name "Yehoshua" or Joshua.
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designation of the central character. The stories typically understand the name "Yeshu" to be the acronym
878:), however the etymology of "Nazarene" is itself uncertain and one possibility is that it is derived from
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2304:. Ninth North American Coordinating Committee Meeting of the Lausanne Consultation on Jewish Evangelism.
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and others translated it as "the Nazarene". The term does not appear consistently in the manuscripts and
677:, Dr. Boyarin views Jacob of Sechania as a Christian preacher and understands Rabbi Eliezer's arrest for
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265:, a punctuation mark used to indicate acronyms or abbreviations, however, this only occurs in a single
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Klausner noted objections by other scholars on grammatical and phonetic grounds to the translation of
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relates that a ben-Stada was caught by hidden observers and hanged in the town of Lod on the eve of
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shortly before the rabbi's execution, an event which occurred in c. 134 AD. During the Middle Ages,
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is the modern Hebrew equivalent for "Jesus the Nazarene" although in Christian texts the spellings
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in the name of Yeshu ben Pandera, which had pleased him. (A variant reading used by Herford has
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authorities were forced to interpret these passages in relation to the Christian beliefs about
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in Greek. This name is not known from any graves or inscriptions, but the surname Pantera (a
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3644:
3639:
3604:
3584:
3518:
3235:
3171:
2454:
2319:
1765:
1755:
1676:
1583:
1575:
1447:
argue that it was through the Yeshu narratives that rabbis confronted this blurry boundary.
1419:
1274:
1254:
1105:
1082:
870:
830:
658:
475:
395:
172:
160:
1594:
s of the Talmud and moreover the fragment has the latter name at other points in the text.
390:
argued in a similar fashion that it was the northern pronunciation resulting from a silent
4190:
4153:
3740:
3718:
3573:
3470:
3134:
2880:
2676:
2178:
1820:
1672:
1470:
1410:
1365:
as a proto-Jesus first seen in Abraham ibn Daud's work would be revisited by Egyptologist
1350:
1334:
1294:
854:
454:
The earliest undisputed occurrences of the term Yeshu are found in five anecdotes in the
230:
Another explanation given is that the name "Yeshu" is actually an acronym for the formula
144:
45:
1534:, but justify its usage by claiming that it is wordplay on his real name, Yehoshua (i.e.
770:
being a lustful animal and thus have the meaning of "whore", additionally being a pun on
683:
1223:
107b uses it for a Hasmonean era individual who in an earlier account (Jerusalem Talmud
4245:
4185:
4044:
3945:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3269:
3231:
2951:
2305:
2246:
1695:
1680:
1656:
1648:
1444:
1278:
1045:
1017:
939:
858:
539:
535:
375:
140:
115:
2124:
1439:
important site for distinguishing between legitimate debate and heresy. Scholars like
4260:
4004:
3989:
3767:
3745:
3713:
3538:
3441:
3265:
3243:
2888:
2876:
1998:
1835:
1773:
1747:
1715:
1628:
1559:
1535:
1512:
1374:
1366:
1245:
1140:
1070:
891:
816:
801:
730:
696:
620:
531:
516:
271:
31:
1772:, 1935, 3rd German Ed. 1960, English 1966 p. 19, footnote 7. "On the other hand, as
1301:, began the accusation echoed in numerous subsequent anti-Jewish pamphlets that the
4127:
4105:
4078:
3950:
3907:
3546:
3375:
A Rivalry of Genius: Jewish and Christian Biblical Interpretation in Late Antiquity
3091:
2611:
2279:
1912:
1459:
1415:
1341:'s writings also show an understanding that the Yeshu of the Talmud was not Jesus.
1266:
755:
276:
2167:
1875:
literature, they are most probably reactions to Christian claims, oral or written.
1610:
219:
was intended to distinguish Jesus from rabbis bearing the biblical name "Joshua",
3454:
One version of the Toledot Yeshu commonly dated to approximately the 6th century.
3436:
2568:
2240:
778:
meaning father-in-law, however he dismissed all of these forms including Celsus'
547:
The account is also mentioned in corresponding passages of the Jerusalem Talmud (
4111:
3972:
3962:
3696:
2006:
1598:
1478:, deliberately published outside the realm of Christian and Jewish scholarship.
1338:
1316:
and other Jewish texts deemed offensive and blasphemous to Christians. Thus the
1270:
705:), gives a contemporary view of Jesus and where he is portrayed as an impostor.
175:
also asserted that the Yeshu of the Talmud is unrelated to the Christian Jesus.
152:
111:
27:
Individual(s) mentioned in rabbinic literature in reference to Jesus of Nazareth
2422:
787:
appearing in the Rodkinson translation of the Talmud suffers the same problem.
4132:
3632:
3418:
Dennis McKinsey, Biblical Errancy, A Reference Guide, Prometheus Books, (2000)
3079:
2299:
1915:
preview). The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry. Vol. 29.
1571:
1486:
Writers have thus differed on several distinct but closely related questions:
1309:
886:
463:
317:
3209:
3100:. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 28–29.
2717:
A critical and exegetical commentary on the gospel according to Saint Matthew
2353:
1869:
1807:
Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee
636:
40 in the Jerusalem Talmud, but there ben Pandera is not mentioned. The word
4197:
3293:
3146:
2991:
2492:
2036:
1946:
1601:'s "Book of the Reincarnations", chapter 37. Within the long list of Jewish
1490:
whether Yeshu was intended to mean Jesus or not (e.g. Herford vs Nahmanides)
1427:
1329:
1074:
791:
688:
261:
103:
2384:
The History of Jewish Christianity, From the First to the Twentieth Century
1908:
Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi
3431:
3154:
2600:
3368:
The Nations Know Ye Not: Ancient Jewish Attitudes towards Other Religions
3275:
1499:
whether Yeshu is a real name or an acronym (e.g. Flusser vs Kjaer-Hansen)
1277:
explicitly repudiated the equation of the Yeshu of the Talmud and Jesus.
1262:
1250:
1148:
989:
978:
916:
805:
767:
321:
266:
3446:
3405:(The Classics of Western Spirituality) New York: The Paulist Press, 2002
4138:
4022:
2155:
2049:
1587:
1551:
1435:
1431:
1200:
1196:
1013:
997:
615:
455:
444:
184:
17:
3336:
2864:
Jesus – One Hundred Years Before Christ: A Study In Creative Mythology
1048:
where the son who burns his food is explicitly stated to be Manasseh.
604:, 16b-17a in the Babylonian Talmud essentially repeats the account of
215:
in relation to Jesus, but that it may still be that rabbinical use of
4202:
4158:
3775:
2574:
2301:
An Introduction to the Names Yehoshua/Joshua, Yeshua, Jesus and Yeshu
2130:
2053:
1725:
1602:
1337:
held that Yeshu the student of Yehoshua ben Perachiah was not Jesus.
1313:
1117:
1090:
974:
952:
747:
678:
570:
359:
205:
75:
is also used in other sources before and after the completion of the
68:
3415:
Peter Schäfer, Jesus in the Talmud, Princeton University Press, 2007
2517:. The Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: The Paulist Press.
1235:
representing a third not identified with any past or present event.
938:) as a character who was sentenced by God to spend his afterlife in
628:
is described as being of ben Pandera. The source of this account is
3361:
Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism
3018:
Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism
2957:
Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism
2954:(1999). "1. The Close Call; Or, Could a Pharisee Be a Christian?".
1170:
he is mentioned as having learnt by cutting marks in his flesh. In
3507:
3201:
2484:
1624:
1069:
are occupied in?" (This happened during their period of refuge in
900:
810:
739:
448:
431:
358:
in the Septuagint in one of the three places where it referred to
80:
61:
3174:(2008). "The Names on the Ossuaries". In Quarles, Charles (ed.).
2592:
1430:
were one sect among several others in the Second Temple era, the
1203:
who recorded the accounts in the Talmud and Tosefta use the term
530:
2:22-23 tells how Rabbi Eleazar ben Damma was bitten by a snake.
269:. The earliest known example of this theory comes from medieval
199:
is found on one ossuary, Rahmani 9, which supports that the name
86:
The identification of Jesus with any number of individuals named
2983:
2702:
2268:
2028:
1938:
1861:
1842:. A marginal Jew: rethinking the historical Jesus. Vol. 1.
275:
narratives. This has led to the accusation, first voiced by the
3480:
259:
instances in the Talmud where the name "Yeshu" is written with
762:(634 CE) where Panther is said to be the grandfather of Mary.
99:
3447:
Did Jesus of Nazareth Exist? (The Talmud) by Dennis McKinsey
2153:'How Israeli Jews' Fear of Christianity Turned Into Hatred,'
903:
in a passage later censored by the Church. He uses the name
414:
in such a manner. Kutscher noted moreover that the guttural
332:
is the standard Greek translation of the common Hebrew name
3473:
by Eric J. Greenberg, The Jewish Week, USA, October 3, 2003
2827:, Star Publishing Company, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1886
1538:, a Hebrew equivalent of "Jesus"). The story is set in the
829:
at the end of the form Pandera can be understood to be the
482:
has a name deleted, and "Yeshu" added in a marginal gloss.
255:), meaning "may his name and memory be obliterated". There
203:
was not invented as a way of avoiding pronouncing the name
56:) is the name of an individual or individuals mentioned in
3442:
The (alleged) Jesus Narrative In The Talmud by Gil Student
3432:
The Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and its Links to the Gospel Jesus
3389:
Jésus dans le Talmud et la littérature rabbinique ancienne
3176:
Buried Hope or Risen Savior: The Search for the Jesus Tomb
992:
manuscript of the Talmud (1177 CE) an addition is made to
2126:
The Jewish Life of Christ: Being the Sepher Toldoth Jeshu
1647:
was used in Hebrew texts in the Middle Ages then through
1550:
The name Yeshu has also been found on the 1st-century CE
308:, pp. 37–38) and Klausner assume that references to
34:. For references to Jesus of Nazareth in the Talmud, see
3476:
2775:, The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia inc., 1941, article
1631:, passing a carob tree, Yeshu Ha-Notzri is buried there.
1582:
The name Yeshu has also been found in a fragment of the
1166:
Ben-Stada is also mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud. In
320:
and Greek language Jewish texts such as the writings of
2926:
Encyclopaedia Judaica CD-ROM Edition 1.0 1997, article
3437:(Refutations about) Jesus in the Talmud by Gil Student
1788:(c. 100 BC), cf. b.Sanh. 107b ( Bar.) par. b.Sot 47a."
1655:(1869) who identified Jesus with the character of the
1285:
attached to Yeshu in many instances was a late gloss.
750:(c. 248 CE) responded to Celsus' claim by saying that
742:
rendering) is known from the 1st-century tombstone of
350: which originated in the Second Temple period.
907:
for Jesus (an attested equivalent of the name unlike
874:
as "Nazarene" meaning a person from Nazareth (Hebrew
1528:
841:
In the surviving pre-censorship Talmud manuscripts,
236:
4168:
4087:
4013:
3936:
3893:
3836:
3766:
3532:
2651:
Mediaeval Jewish Chronicles and Chronological Notes
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1671:are preferred, as per the Hebrew New Testaments of
942:for having “mocked the words” of the Jewish sages:
664:Jeffrey Rubenstein has argued that the accounts in
3166:
3164:
2662:Robert Eisler, Alexander Haggerty Krappe, trans.,
774:meaning virgin. Herford also considered the Greek
653:as in the Tosefta passage but others instead read
3074:
3072:
2213:) (in Hebrew and Latin). C. A. Leffler. p. 8
1762:, 1935, 3rd German ed. 1960, English 1966, p. 19.
861:(1249 – c. 1310) in his commentary on the Talmud
2719:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1997
2681:Jesus of Nazareth: His life, times, and teaching
1450:According to Jeffrey Rubenstein, the account in
106:who returned to Israel from Egypt in 74 BC, and
2840:, Theosophical Publishing Society, London, 1903
1607:
1312:ordered the removal of all references from the
996:saying that Yeshu was hanged on the eve of the
944:
418:was still pronounced in most parts of Galilee.
128:
4282:Christianity and Judaism related controversies
3828:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
3242:. p.59. "One of these, published by Professor
766:(1840) suggested that the name may refer to a
316:in the Talmud relate to Jesus. Indeed, in the
3492:
2534:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141–.
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
1796:Calendar and Chronology, Jewish and Christian
624:10:5 where a healer of the grandson of Rabbi
8:
3143:Jewish Graves of Jerusalem at Christ's Birth
3139:Jüdische Gräber Jerusalems um Christi Geburt
1305:passages were derogatory accounts of Jesus.
1139:relates that a ben Stada brought magic from
1100:According to Dr. Rubenstein, the account in
79:. It is also the modern Israeli spelling of
2003:The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide
645:also relates the account of Rabbi Eliezer (
3823:New Testament places associated with Jesus
3818:Historical background of the New Testament
3499:
3485:
3477:
3377:trans. Baya Stein. Albany: SUNY PRess 1996
3321:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3020:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2791:, ed. Leṿin-Epshṭein ṿe-M. Ḳalinberg, 1867
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
1905:; Efron, John M.; Myers, David N. (eds.).
1754:, London and New York, 1922, 89, cited in
1028:Yeshu the son who burns his food in public
509:2:22-24 there are two anecdotes about the
3458:Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.? By G. R. S. Mead
3363:Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999
3035:. Littman Library of Jewish Civilisation.
2293:
2291:
2289:
1052:Yeshu the student of Joshua ben Perachiah
882:and did not mean a person from Nazareth.
4150:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)
3460:, a classic work dedicated to this topic
3370:New York: New York University Press 1998
2825:The Historical Jesus and Mythical Christ
2107:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1639:Use in modern Hebrew as a name for Jesus
1381:. The same view was reiterated by Rabbi
1371:The historical Jesus and Mythical Christ
1297:, in his anti-Jewish polemical treatise
1081:. The incident is also mentioned in the
343:sound, as well as of the shortened form
339: (Joshua), Greek having lost the
110:'s stepfather is noted as speaking with
3274:. English translation by John Glucker.
2938:
2732:, The Bialik Institute, Jerusalem, 1978
2715:William David Davies, Dale C. Allison,
1840:The Roots of the Problem and the Person
1736:
1116:Another title found in the Tosefta and
930:Among other passages, the Talmud names
804:considered the name to be derived from
649:1:24) in this case some copies mention
483:
399:
305:
91:
3314:
2367:Jewish Controversy and the Pugio Fidei
107:
98:which lost legal authority in 63 BCE,
3396:Judaism in the Matrix of Christianity
3309:Yerushalmi Fragments from the Genizah
2086:
1482:Points on which writers have differed
1324:Later Jewish commentators (Acharonim)
1064:a Yeshu is mentioned as a student of
865:regarded it as a late interpolation.
845:is sometimes followed by the epithet
7:
3271:Jewish sources in early Christianity
2653:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887–1895
1686:is used for Jesus of Nazareth as in
1239:Early Jewish commentators (Rishonim)
187:nor the two Talmuds refer to Jesus.
3048:Biblical Errancy, A Reference Guide
2802:The Talmud: The Steinsaltz Edition.
2298:Kjær-Hansen, Kai (March 23, 1992).
2168:Hebrew punctuation guidelines, § 31
1780:, London and New York, 1922 (ET of
1627:toward the North to the village of
790:Neubauer understand the name to be
661:equivalent to English "so-and-so".
568:was once arrested and charged with
304:Early-20th-century writers such as
94:is noted for being executed by the
4141:(traditional maternal grandfather)
4135:(traditional maternal grandmother)
3410:Christianity in Talmud and Midrash
2730:The Josippon (Josephus Gorionides)
2570:Christianity in Talmud and Midrash
25:
3398:Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1986
2237:"Shem-Tob and the Tol'doth Yeshu"
1243:These accounts of Celsus and the
551:2:2 IV.I) and Babylonian Talmud (
478:contains the name Yeshu, but the
195:Bauckham notes that the spelling
4241:
4240:
3464:Jesus' Death Now Debated by Jews
2399:, Gütersloh, 1973, vol. I, p. 13
2133:: Progressive Publishing Company
1617:, דרך אילן אחד של חרוב, שם קבור
1458:An intermediate view is that of
709:Meaning and etymology of Pandera
382:resulting from the final letter
4292:Religious perspectives on Jesus
4147:(paternal grandfather per Luke)
2771:Simon Cohen, Isaac Landman ed.
2354:Origin of the Name Jesus Christ
2067:Jesus outside the New Testament
1825:The Historical Jesus in Context
1574:are also found on the ossuary.
1265:, namely Rabbi Jacob ben Meir (
534:came to heal him (according to
490:The Talmudic accounts in detail
3851:Quest for the historical Jesus
2172:Academy of the Hebrew Language
2123:; Wheeler, J.M., eds. (1885).
1690:'s novel "On the narrow path"
1345:Contemporary Orthodox scholars
1012:a story is mentioned in which
60:, thought by some to refer to
1:
3122:Jesus in the Jewish Tradition
2895:. In Gotthard Deutsch (ed.).
2412:, Ramat-Gan, 1976 pp. ??
2324:"Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas"
1357:Theosophists and esotericists
744:Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera
297:) himself, they left out the
293:) or that he had even saved (
169:Moses ha-Kohen de Tordesillas
102:is described being among the
4228:Sexuality and marital status
3354:Understanding Jewish History
2513:Rubenstein, Jeffrey (2002).
2356:in The Catholic Encyclopedia
1124:(son of Stada). However, in
386:no longer being pronounced.
4287:Judaism and other religions
2628:, Feltrinelli, Milano, 1966
2410:Studies in Galilean Aramaic
2397:Neutestamentliche Theologie
1597:Yeshu is also mentioned in
1529:
1143:in incisions in his flesh.
1073:during the persecutions of
394:. This view was shared by
354:was also used for the name
237:
108:Yeshu ben Pandera/ben Stada
4313:
3801:Five Discourses of Matthew
3391:, Turnhout (Brepols), 2014
3307:Ginzberg, L., ed. (1909).
2577:: Williams & Norgate.
2467:Princeton University Press
2423:"Remote linking forbidden"
2209:] (Original copy from
1829:Princeton University Press
1770:Eucharistic Words of Jesus
1760:Eucharistic Words of Jesus
1510:
1327:
1281:observed that the epithet
498:
425:
281:Johann Andreas Eisenmenger
29:
4267:Criticism of Christianity
4236:
3514:
3065:. American Atheist Press.
3061:Frank R. Zindler (2003).
2966:Stanford University Press
2531:Judaism and Enlightenment
2177:October 15, 2007, at the
1921:Brandeis University Press
1800:Brill Academic Publishers
1112:Ben Pandera and ben Stada
1004:Yeshu summoned by Onkelos
347:
336:
231:
49:
4028:In comparative mythology
3046:Dennis McKinsey (2000).
3016:Boyarin, Daniel (1999).
2851:Zeramim VeKitot Bayahdut
2838:Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.?
2685:Bloch Publishing Company
2639:According to the Hebrews
2637:Hugh Joseph Schonfield,
2528:Sutcliffe, Adam (2005).
2242:Hebrew Gospel of Matthew
2001:; Merz, Annette (1998).
1379:Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.?
764:Friedrich August Nitzsch
728:Celsus in his discourse
574:. When the chief judge (
523:(Yeshu son of Pandera).
183:argued that neither the
4181:Interactions with women
2565:Herford, Robert Travers
2386:London, Duckworth, 1936
2251:Mercer University Press
2211:Harvard Divinity School
1530:Y'mach Sh'mo V'Zichrono
1399:The Jewish Encyclopedia
919:also refer to Jesus as
899:11:4 briefly discusses
4191:Mary, sister of Martha
3811:Oral gospel traditions
2666:, The Dial Press, 1931
2065:Robert E. Van Voorst.
1633:
1405:(1972, 1997). and the
1361:The interpretation of
1227:2:2) is anonymous. In
963:
911:) and follows it with
754:was the patronymic of
451:
372:St. Cyril of Jerusalem
143:, with the support of
133:
4272:Hebrew-language names
3918:Life of Christ Museum
3913:Life of Christ in art
3135:Sukenik, Eleazar Lipa
3097:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2463:Princeton, New Jersey
2373:, no. 7, 1888, p. 24)
1811:Westminster John Knox
1659:narratives. Likewise
1613:לצד צפון ללכת אל כפר
1407:Encyclopedia Hebraica
1403:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1215:17b in place of King
1077:88–76 BCE ordered by
582:had spoken a word of
435:
368:Clement of Alexandria
3734:Sayings on the cross
3692:Entry into Jerusalem
3408:R. Travers Herford,
3384:(Beacon Books), 1964
3180:Nashville, Tennessee
3031:Hyam Maccoby (ed.).
2962:Stanford, California
2382:Hugh J. Schonfield,
2253:. pp. 206–211.
1667:(i.e. "Joshua") and
1401:, Joseph Dan in the
1393:Critical scholarship
1253:(early commentator)
1207:as a designation in
1066:Joshua ben Perachiah
1018:boiling in excrement
286:Entdecktes Judenthum
157:Disputation of Paris
96:Hasmonean government
4223:Race and appearance
4161:(traditional uncle)
4067:Jesus the Splendour
3709:Agony in the Garden
3624:Sermon on the Mount
3401:Jeffrey Rubenstein
3366:Robert Goldenberg,
3337:"אגודת אהלי צדיקים"
3145:] (in German).
3050:. Prometheus Books.
2903:Funk & Wagnalls
2898:Jewish Encyclopedia
2893:"Jesus of Nazareth"
2459:Jesus in the Talmud
2334:Funk & Wagnalls
2329:Jewish Encyclopedia
1903:Carlebach, Elishiva
1844:Anchor Bible Series
1805:Mark Allan Powell,
1721:Jesus in the Talmud
1688:Aaron Abraham Kabak
1556:Yeshua bar Yehoseph
1191:Tannaim and Amoraim
428:Jesus in the Talmud
326:Philo of Alexandria
58:rabbinic literature
36:Jesus in the Talmud
4208:Rejection of Jesus
3885:Christ myth theory
3702:Farewell Discourse
3469:2016-03-04 at the
3120:Morris Goldstein,
3088:Berenbaum, Michael
2804:Random House, 1989
2800:Steinsaltz, Adin.
2624:Marcello Craveri,
2199:Edman, L. (1857).
2151:David M. Neuhaus,
2013:. pp. 74–76.
1692:Ba-Mishcol Ha-Tsar
1441:Jeffrey Rubenstein
966:Yeshu the sorcerer
936:Jesus the Nazarene
851:R. Travers Herford
833:definite article.
821:in the expression
734:gives the name as
519:naming his mentor
452:
422:Talmud and Tosefta
410:were derived from
388:Hugh J. Schonfield
165:John of Valladolid
92:Yeshu the sorcerer
4254:
4253:
4176:Language of Jesus
4123:Brothers of Jesus
3995:Session of Christ
3871:Mara bar Serapion
3672:Great Commandment
3567:Flight into Egypt
3382:Jesus of Nazareth
3380:Joseph Klausner,
3193:978-0-8054-4717-0
3172:Bauckham, Richard
3124:, Macmillan, 1950
3107:978-0-02-866097-4
2975:978-0-8047-3704-3
2941:, pp. 37–38.
2787:Jehiel Heilprin,
2694:978-0-8197-0590-7
2641:, Duckworth, 1937
2584:978-0-576-80168-3
2541:978-0-521-67232-0
2476:978-0-691-12926-6
2320:Deutsch, Gotthard
2189:Sanhedrin 107b:12
2075:978-0-8028-4368-5
2020:978-0-8006-3122-2
2011:Augsburg Fortress
1930:978-0-87451-871-9
1853:978-0-385-26425-9
1792:Roger T. Beckwith
1786:Joshua b. Peraiah
1653:Elias Soloweyczyk
1623:On your way from
1546:Other occurrences
1507:The Toledot Yeshu
1466:Skeptical writers
1157:Bar-Kokhba revolt
1153:Pappos ben Yehuda
1079:Alexander Jannæus
940:boiling excrement
760:Teaching of Jacob
651:Yeshu ben Pandera
626:Yehoshua ben Levi
521:Yeshu ben Pandera
501:Jacob the heretic
495:Yeshu ben Pandera
480:Leiden manuscript
468:Babylonian Talmud
232:ימח שמו וזכרו(נו)
153:divinity of Jesus
120:Jesus of Nazareth
100:Yeshu the student
77:Babylonian Talmud
16:(Redirected from
4304:
4244:
4243:
4119:(alleged father)
3973:Person of Christ
3846:Historical Jesus
3677:Olivet Discourse
3605:Great Commission
3501:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3403:Rabbinic Stories
3387:Thierry Murcia,
3359:Daniel Boyarin,
3341:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3240:Brother of Jesus
3236:Ben Witherington
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3184:B&H Academic
3168:
3159:
3158:
3149:: Azriel Press.
3131:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3033:Judaism on Trial
3028:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2885:Richard Gottheil
2873:
2867:
2862:Alvar Ellegård,
2860:
2854:
2853:, Tel Aviv, 1927
2849:Avraham Korman,
2847:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2743:"Gittin 57a:3-4"
2739:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2677:Klausner, Joseph
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2561:
2546:
2545:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2515:Rabbinic Stories
2510:
2497:
2496:
2461:(3rd ed.).
2451:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2295:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2121:Foote, George W.
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2047:
2041:
2040:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1891:
1880:
1877:
1766:Joachim Jeremias
1756:Joachim Jeremias
1741:
1677:Isaac Salkinsohn
1675:(BFBS 1875) and
1669:Yeshua Ha-Notzri
1584:Jerusalem Talmud
1576:Richard Bauckham
1532:
1423:
1420:David C. Kraemer
1275:Yechiel of Paris
1255:Abraham Ibn Daud
1172:Sanhedrin 7:12 I
1168:Shabbat 12:4 III
1106:Rabbinic Judaism
1083:Jerusalem Talmud
961:
897:Hilchos Melachim
659:placeholder name
515:(heretic) named
505:In the Tosefta,
476:Jerusalem Talmud
396:Joachim Jeremias
349:
338:
253:
233:
173:Asher ben Jehiel
161:Yechiel of Paris
116:Ashkenazi Jewish
51:
21:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4232:
4164:
4083:
4015:In other faiths
4009:
3932:
3928:Transfiguration
3889:
3832:
3762:
3662:Transfiguration
3536:
3528:
3510:
3505:
3471:Wayback Machine
3428:
3394:Jacob Neusner,
3373:Mark Hirshman,
3349:
3347:Further reading
3344:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3286:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3194:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3084:"Toledot Yeshu"
3078:
3077:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2996:
2994:
2976:
2952:Boyarin, Daniel
2950:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2907:
2905:
2881:Kaufmann Kohler
2875:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2844:
2836:G. R. S. Mead,
2835:
2831:
2823:Gerald Massey,
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2747:www.sefaria.org
2741:
2740:
2736:
2728:David Flusser,
2727:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2695:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2626:La vita di Gesù
2623:
2619:
2605:
2603:
2585:
2563:
2562:
2549:
2542:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2477:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2408:E.Y. Kutscher,
2407:
2403:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2273:
2271:
2261:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:Wayback Machine
2166:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2108:Bauckham (2008)
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2064:
2060:
2048:
2044:
2021:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1965:Kister, Menahem
1963:
1962:
1958:
1931:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1854:
1834:
1821:Amy-Jill Levine
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1712:
1702:("Joshua") and
1679:(TBS 1886). In
1673:Franz Delitzsch
1661:Yeshu Ha-Notzri
1641:
1605:it is written:
1586:from the Cairo
1558:, published by
1548:
1515:
1509:
1484:
1471:Dennis McKinsey
1468:
1414:
1411:Joseph Klausner
1395:
1359:
1351:Adin Steinsaltz
1347:
1335:Jehiel Heilprin
1332:
1326:
1295:Raymond Martini
1291:
1241:
1193:
1188:
1180:Sanhedrin 10:11
1114:
1054:
1030:
1010:Gittin 56b, 57a
1006:
968:
962:
959:
921:Yeshua HaNotzri
863:Beit HaBechirah
855:Joseph Klausner
839:
837:Yeshu Ha-Notzri
711:
564:2:24 tells how
503:
497:
492:
430:
424:
314:Yeshu ha Notzri
193:
145:Pope Gregory IX
122:. As historian
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Names of Jesus
4274:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4186:Mary Magdalene
4178:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4109:
4108:(legal father)
4103:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3806:Gospel harmony
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3524:List of topics
3521:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3426:External links
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3352:Steven Bayme,
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3339:. 10 May 2020.
3328:
3299:
3284:
3266:Flusser, David
3257:
3248:
3232:Hershel Shanks
3224:
3215:
3192:
3186:. p. 81.
3160:
3126:
3113:
3106:
3068:
3053:
3038:
3023:
3008:
2974:
2968:. p. 26.
2943:
2939:Herford (1903)
2931:
2919:
2868:
2866:, London, 1999
2855:
2842:
2829:
2816:
2806:
2793:
2789:Seder ha-dorot
2780:
2764:
2752:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2693:
2668:
2655:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2583:
2547:
2540:
2520:
2498:
2475:
2455:Schäfer, Peter
2437:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2358:
2346:
2311:
2306:Jews for Jesus
2285:
2259:
2247:Macon, Georgia
2233:Howard, George
2224:
2191:
2182:
2160:
2144:
2112:
2100:
2091:
2079:
2058:
2050:Tosafot HaRosh
2042:
2019:
1999:Theissen, Gerd
1983:
1956:
1929:
1923:. p. 33.
1881:
1879:
1878:
1852:
1846:. p. 98.
1836:Meier, John P.
1832:
1818:
1803:
1789:
1763:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1696:Reuben Alcalay
1681:Israeli Hebrew
1657:Toledoth Yeshu
1649:Rahabi Ezekiel
1640:
1637:
1547:
1544:
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1467:
1464:
1445:Daniel Boyarin
1394:
1391:
1387:Alvar Ellegård
1383:Avraham Korman
1358:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1325:
1322:
1290:
1287:
1279:Menachem Meiri
1240:
1237:
1219:'s real name.
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Interpretation
1184:
1182:respectively.
1113:
1110:
1058:Sanhedrin 107b
1053:
1050:
1046:Shulkhan Arukh
1033:Sanhedrin 103a
1029:
1026:
1005:
1002:
967:
964:
960:Gittin 57a:3-4
957:
932:Yeshu HaNotzri
925:Yeshu HaNotzri
859:Menachem Meiri
838:
835:
710:
707:
611:
610:
599:
558:
557:
544:
543:
540:Saul Lieberman
499:Main article:
496:
493:
491:
488:
484:Schäfer (2007)
426:Main article:
423:
420:
376:Adolf Neubauer
192:
189:
141:Nicholas Donin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4309:
4298:
4297:Talmud people
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4247:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:Mental health
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4038:In the Talmud
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4005:Cosmic Christ
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Second Coming
3988:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3978:Pre-existence
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3768:New Testament
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3645:Lord's Prayer
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Unknown years
3578:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Date of birth
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3452:Toldoth Yeshu
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3285:965-05-0466-4
3281:
3278:: MOD Books.
3277:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3244:E. L. Sukenik
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3092:Skolnik, Fred
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3005:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2889:Samuel Krauss
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:Joseph Jacobs
2872:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:J. Jeremias,
2392:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2371:The Expositor
2368:
2365:A. Neubauer,
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2260:0-86554-442-5
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2089:, p. 98.
2088:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:Berger, David
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:Jesus-Jeschua
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:Gustaf Dalman
1746:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Jacob the Min
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1629:Ein al-Zeitun
1626:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:E. L. Sukenik
1557:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:Hasmonean era
1537:
1533:
1531:
1524:
1523:Toledot Yeshu
1520:
1519:Toledot Yeshu
1514:
1513:Toledot Yeshu
1506:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:G. R. S. Mead
1372:
1369:in his essay
1368:
1367:Gerald Massey
1364:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1246:Toledot Yeshu
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:Shabbat 11:15
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Sanhedrin 67a
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:Sanhedrin 67a
1127:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
994:Sanhedrin 43a
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:Sanhedrin 43a
965:
956:
954:
949:
943:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
892:Mishneh Torah
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
818:
817:Genesis Rabba
813:
812:
807:
803:
802:Robert Eisler
799:
797:
796:Toledot Yeshu
793:
788:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
731:The True Word
726:
725:in English.)
724:
720:
716:
708:
706:
704:
703:
702:Toledot Yeshu
698:
693:
690:
685:
680:
676:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:Kohelet Rabba
644:
643:Kohelet Rabba
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
621:Kohelet Rabba
617:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
566:Rabbi Eliezer
563:
560:
559:
554:
550:
546:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:
525:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
502:
494:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:Flusser (1989
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
346:
342:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Herford (1903
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
273:
272:Toledot Yeshu
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
252:
250:
247:
245:
241:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:
208:
207:
202:
198:
190:
188:
186:
182:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
37:
33:
32:Yeshua (name)
19:
4128:Holy Kinship
4079:Master Jesus
4057:Baháʼí Faith
3951:Christianity
3938:Christianity
3908:Christ Child
3903:Bibliography
3753:Resurrection
3667:Homelessness
3576:(apocryphal)
3557:Virgin birth
3547:Annunciation
3539:Jesus's life
3412:(KTAV), 1975
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3356:(KTAV), 1997
3353:
3331:
3308:
3302:
3270:
3260:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3218:
3175:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3095:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3041:
3032:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3002:
2995:. Retrieved
2956:
2946:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2906:. Retrieved
2896:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2680:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2625:
2620:
2612:Google Books
2610:– via
2604:. Retrieved
2569:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2458:
2429:. Retrieved
2417:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2327:
2314:
2300:
2280:Google Books
2278:– via
2272:. Retrieved
2241:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2206:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2163:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2125:
2115:
2103:
2094:
2087:Meier (1991)
2082:
2066:
2061:
2045:
2002:
1974:. Retrieved
1969:
1959:
1950:
1913:Google Books
1907:
1873:
1839:
1824:
1806:
1795:
1781:
1778:Jesus-Jeshua
1777:
1769:
1759:
1752:Jesus-Jeshua
1751:
1739:
1703:
1699:
1698:distinguish
1691:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1622:
1608:
1596:
1591:
1581:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1460:Hyam Maccoby
1457:
1451:
1449:
1425:
1416:Steven Bayme
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1378:
1377:in his work
1370:
1362:
1360:
1348:
1333:
1317:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1282:
1267:Rabbeinu Tam
1260:
1244:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1144:
1137:Shabbat 104b
1136:
1135:
1129:
1126:Shabbat 104b
1125:
1121:
1115:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1087:Chagigah 2:2
1086:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1037:Berachot 17b
1036:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1009:
1007:
993:
987:
982:
970:
969:
945:
931:
929:
924:
920:
912:
908:
904:
896:
890:
884:
879:
875:
869:
867:
862:
846:
842:
840:
826:
822:
815:
809:
800:
795:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
759:
751:
735:
729:
727:
722:
718:
714:
712:
701:
699:manuscript:
694:
684:Br'er Rabbit
674:
670:Avodah Zarah
669:
665:
663:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
634:Avodah Zarah
633:
629:
619:
612:
605:
602:Avodah Zarah
601:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
561:
553:Avodah Zarah
552:
549:Avodah Zarah
548:
527:
520:
510:
506:
504:
471:
459:
453:
440:
436:
415:
411:
407:
403:
391:
383:
379:
355:
351:
344:
340:
333:
329:
313:
309:
303:
298:
294:
290:
284:
277:anti-Judaist
270:
260:
256:
248:
243:
239:
235:
229:
220:
216:
210:
204:
200:
196:
194:
181:Johann Maier
177:
138:
134:
129:
124:David Berger
87:
85:
72:
53:
41:
40:
4154:Descendants
4112:Holy Family
4095:Genealogies
4062:Manichaeism
3968:Incarnation
3963:Christology
3956:1st century
3838:Historicity
3729:Crucifixion
3697:Last Supper
3311:. New York.
3080:Dan, Joseph
2110:, p. .
2007:Minneapolis
1917:Hanover, NH
1706:("Jesus").
1651:(1750) and
1619:יש"ו הנוצרי
1599:Isaac Luria
1339:Jacob Emden
1299:Pugio Fidei
1271:Nachmanides
885:In 1180 CE
692:antipathy.
675:Avoda Zarah
632:14:4-8 and
594:instead of
112:Rabbi Akiva
71:. The name
4261:Categories
4000:Son of God
3895:Depictions
3633:Beatitudes
3590:Temptation
3534:Chronology
3202:2011282833
2997:August 14,
2814:negative."
2777:Censorship
2759:G. Cohen,
2485:2006050392
2431:2023-09-01
1732:References
1572:patronymic
1418:, and Dr.
1328:See also:
1310:papal bull
1308:In 1554 a
1289:The Church
948:that world
887:Maimonides
823:qol Pandar
556:of Jesus".
337:יְהוֹשֻׁעַ
318:Septuagint
126:observed,
4213:Criticism
4198:Christmas
4074:Mandaeism
4050:Ahmadiyya
3758:Ascension
3682:Anointing
3617:Disciples
3600:Selecting
3317:cite book
3210:156832186
3147:Jerusalem
2908:August 2,
2679:(1989) .
2606:August 2,
2593:a17000325
2339:August 2,
2274:August 3,
2217:August 2,
2137:August 3,
1976:August 5,
1870:316164636
1774:G. Dalman
1643:The term
1615:עין זיתון
1452:Sanhedrin
1428:Pharisees
1373:, and by
1330:Acharonim
1283:Ha-Notzri
1221:Sanhedrin
1211:103a and
1209:Sanhedrin
1122:ben Stada
1102:Sanhedrin
1075:Pharisees
1062:Sotah 47a
847:Ha-Notzri
792:Pandareus
776:pentheros
772:parthenos
752:Pantheras
689:prooftext
616:Midrashic
536:Lieberman
262:gershayim
234: (
191:Etymology
155:. In the
139:In 1240,
104:Pharisees
65:when used
4246:Category
4117:Panthera
4102:(mother)
3861:Josephus
3714:Betrayal
3657:Miracles
3652:Parables
3612:Ministry
3595:Apostles
3552:Nativity
3467:Archived
3294:24082669
3276:Tel Aviv
3268:(1989).
3238:(2004).
3137:(1931).
3094:(eds.).
3082:(2007).
2992:41925527
2984:99040509
2891:(1906).
2703:25017357
2567:(1903).
2493:70823336
2457:(2007).
2322:(1906).
2269:95016849
2235:(1995).
2175:Archived
2037:38590348
2029:98016181
1967:(1991).
1947:44965639
1939:98-14431
1897:(1998).
1862:91010538
1838:(1991).
1813:, 1998,
1710:See also
1592:Yehoshua
1570:and the
1263:Rishonim
1225:Chagigah
1217:Manasseh
1213:Berakhot
1161:satat da
1149:Passover
1091:Mishnaic
1041:Manasseh
990:Florence
979:Passover
958:—
923:but not
917:Josippon
913:HaNotzri
806:Pandaros
785:Panthyra
780:Panthera
736:Panthera
697:Yemenite
447:name of
348:יֵשׁוּעַ
334:Yehoshua
322:Josephus
267:tractate
221:Yehoshua
212:Yehoshua
151:and the
52:
4169:Related
4139:Joachim
4033:Judaism
4023:Jesuism
3923:Statues
3876:Gospels
3866:Tacitus
3856:Sources
3781:Matthew
3776:Gospels
3687:Passion
3640:Prayers
3585:Baptism
3574:Infancy
3519:Outline
2156:Haaretz
2069:. 2000
1609:בלכתך מ
1603:Tzadiks
1588:Genizah
1552:ossuary
1436:Tannaim
1432:Amoraim
1201:Amoraim
1197:Tannaim
1014:Onkelos
998:Sabbath
988:In the
983:malkhut
889:in his
876:Natzrat
831:Aramaic
768:panther
723:Pandira
719:Pantera
715:Pantiri
666:Chullin
630:Shabbat
606:Chullin
596:Pandera
592:Pantiri
576:hegemon
562:Chullin
528:Chullin
507:Chullin
456:Tosefta
445:Aramaic
362:son of
295:hoshia`
291:moshia`
283:in his
279:writer
251:'Zichro
185:Mishnah
67:in the
18:Pandera
4203:Easter
4159:Clopas
4106:Joseph
4088:Family
3985:Relics
3946:Christ
3741:Burial
3719:Arrest
3292:
3282:
3208:
3200:
3190:
3155:729079
3153:
3104:
2990:
2982:
2972:
2701:
2691:
2601:620683
2599:
2591:
2581:
2575:London
2538:
2491:
2483:
2473:
2267:
2257:
2131:London
2073:
2035:
2027:
2017:
1945:
1937:
1927:
1868:
1860:
1850:
1726:Yeshua
1700:Yeshua
1665:Yeshua
1568:Yeshua
1536:Joshua
1349:Rabbi
1314:Talmud
1293:Friar
1273:, and
1261:Other
1251:Rishon
1229:Gittin
1118:Talmud
975:herald
953:Balaam
905:Yeshua
880:Notzri
871:Notzri
794:. The
756:Joseph
748:Origen
679:minuth
655:peloni
588:minuth
584:minuth
571:minuth
466:) and
443:, the
412:Yeshua
380:Yeshua
360:Joshua
356:Hoshea
345:Yeshua
242:imach
206:Yeshua
69:Talmud
50:יֵשׁוּ
46:Hebrew
4045:Islam
3724:Trial
3628:Plain
3508:Jesus
3141:[
3086:. In
2928:Jesus
2426:(JPG)
2369:, in
2205:[
2054:Sotah
1901:. In
1815:p. 34
1704:Yeshu
1684:Yeshu
1645:Yeshu
1625:Safed
1554:of a
1363:Yeshu
1318:Yeshu
1303:Yeshu
1233:Yeshu
1205:Yeshu
1141:Egypt
1095:Yeshu
1071:Egypt
1022:Yeshu
909:Yeshu
901:Jesus
843:Yeshu
811:Iliad
740:Latin
638:Yeshu
618:text
580:minim
532:Jacob
517:Jacob
449:Jesus
441:Eesho
408:Yeshu
352:Jesus
330:Jesus
310:Yeshu
225:Foote
217:Yeshu
201:Yeshu
197:Yeshu
88:Yeshu
81:Jesus
73:Yeshu
62:Jesus
42:Yeshu
4145:Heli
4133:Anne
4100:Mary
3796:John
3791:Luke
3786:Mark
3746:Tomb
3323:link
3290:OCLC
3280:ISBN
3206:OCLC
3198:LCCN
3188:ISBN
3151:OCLC
3102:ISBN
2999:2011
2988:OCLC
2980:LCCN
2970:ISBN
2910:2011
2699:LCCN
2689:ISBN
2608:2011
2597:OCLC
2589:LCCN
2579:ISBN
2536:ISBN
2489:OCLC
2481:LCCN
2471:ISBN
2341:2011
2276:2011
2265:LCCN
2255:ISBN
2219:2011
2139:2011
2071:ISBN
2056:47a)
2033:OCLC
2025:LCCN
2015:ISBN
1978:2020
1943:OCLC
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