3273:
C.E. ... I propose that the (mainly) Babylonian stories about Jesus and his family are deliberate and highly sophisticated counternarratives to the stories about Jesus' life and death in the
Gospels – narratives that presuppose a detailed knowledge of the New Testament in particular the Gospel of John, presumably through the Diatessaron and/or the Peshitta, the New Testament of the Syrian Church. More precisely, I will argue – following indeed some of the older research – that they are polemical counternarratives that parody the New Testament stories, most notably the story of Jesus' birth and death. They ridicule Jesus' birth from a virgin, as maintained by the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, and they contest fervently the claim that Jesus is the Messiah and the Son of God. Most remarkably, they counter the New Testament Passion story with its message of the Jews' guilt and shame as Christ killers. Instead, they reverse it completely: yes, they maintain, we accept responsibility for it, but there is no reason to feel ashamed because we rightfully executed a blasphemer and idolater. Jesus deserved death, and he got what he deserved. Accordingly, they subvert the Christian idea of Jesus' resurrection by having him punished forever in hell and by making clear that this fate awaits his followers as well, who believe in this impostor. There is no resurrection, they insist, not for him and not for his followers; in other words, there is no justification whatsoever for this Christian sect that impudently claims to be the new covenant and that is on its way to establish itself as a new religion (not least as a "Church" with political power). This, I will posit, is the historical message of the (late) Talmudic evidence of Jesus. A proud and self-confident message that runs counter to all that we know from Christian and later Jewish sources. I will demonstrate that this message was possible only under the specific historical circumstances in Sasanian Babylonia, with a Jewish community that lived in relative freedom, at least with regard to Christians – quite different from conditions in Roman and Byzantine Palestine".
2657:"... came from a Jewish village and from a poor country woman who earned her living by spinning. He says that she was driven out by her husband, who was a carpenter by trade, as she was convicted of adultery. Then he says that after she had been driven out by her husband and while she was wandering about in a disgraceful way she secretly gave birth to Jesus. He states that because he was poor he hired himself out as a workman in Egypt, and there tried his hand at certain magical powers on which the Egyptians pride themselves; he returned full of conceit, because of these powers, and on account of them gave himself the title of God ... the mother of Jesus is described as having been turned out by the carpenter who was betrothed to her, as she had been convicted of adultery and had a child by a certain soldier named Panthera."
2165:
different interpretations of the law. Rabbinic
Judaism domesticated and internalized conflicts over the law, while vigorously condemning any sectarianism. In other words, rabbis are encouraged to disagree and argue with one another, but these activities must be carefully contained, or else they could lead to a schism. Although this story may not present a historically accurate account of Jesus' life, it does use a fiction about Jesus to communicate an important truth about the Rabbis. Moreover, Rubenstein sees this story as a rebuke to overly harsh Rabbis. Boyarin suggests that the Rabbis were well aware of Christian views of the Pharisees and that this story acknowledges the Christian belief that Jesus was forgiving and the Pharisees were not (see Mark 2:1–2), while emphasizing forgiveness as a necessary Rabbinic value.
2024:(second half of the 2nd century BCE), and he (Jesus) was sent away for misinterpreting a word that in context should have been understood as referring to the Inn; he instead understood it to mean the innkeeper's wife (the same word can mean "inn" and "hostess"). His teacher said "Here is a nice inn", to which he replied "Her eyes are crooked", to which his teacher responded "Evil one! Is this what you are occupied in?" (Gazing at married women was considered sinful.) After several returns for forgiveness he mistook Perachiah's signal to wait a moment as a signal of final rejection, and so he turned to idolatry. Some passages that have been identified by scholars as mentioning Jesus, as the messiah of Christianity, in this context include:
2288:(The Mishna asserts) a crier goes out before (a man condemned to execution). Before him (i.e. when he is being led to execution), yes; but from the outset (i.e. before his conviction), no. But isn't it taught that on Passover Eve, they hanged Yeshu (after he was killed by stoning)? And a crier went out before him (for) forty days, (proclaiming): "Yeshu is to be stoned because he practiced sorcery, incited (idolatry), and lead the Jewish people astray. Anyone who knows (a reason to) acquit him should come (forward) and reveal it on his behalf!" And they did not find (a reason) to acquit him, and they hanged him on Passover Eve.
1255:. Maier discounts accounts with no mention of the name Jesus, and further discounts those that do mention Jesus by name, such as Sanh. 43a and 107b, as later medieval changes. Arguments against the current form of Talmudic references to Jesus being evidence of a historical individual include contextual evidence, such as chronological inconsistencies, for example the original contexts of accounts in the Tosefta and Talmud take place in different historical periods. Maier also views that the tradition first seen in the writings of
31:
1206:, and separately Mark Allan Powell, state that the Talmud references are quite late (hundreds of years) and give no historically reliable information about the teachings or actions of Jesus during his life. Ehrman clarifies that the name "Son of Panthera" (Roman who allegedly was the seducer of Mary) was a tradition, as scholars have long recognized, that represented an attack on the Christian view that he was the son of a virgin. In Greek, the term for virgin is
568:
subject has been described as a range from "minimalists" who see few passages with reference to Jesus, to "maximalists" who see many passages having reference to Jesus. These terms "minimalist" and "maximalist" are not unique to discussion of the Talmud text; they are also used in discussion of academic debate on other aspects of Jewish vs. Christian and
Christian vs. Jewish contact and polemic in the early centuries of Christianity, such as the
3285:, 1995, p. 992 ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley "And in Jn. 8:41 Jesus' opponents insist, "We were not born of fornication." Here "we" (Gk. hemeis) is emphatic, perhaps by way of contrast: "not we, but you?" Thus Jn. 8:41 may reflect early suspicions about Jesus' parentage, which Jewish polemics later made explicit. ... Origen, too, had to contend with the taunt of Celsus that the Virgin Birth was invented to cover up Mary's adultery with ..."
819:, as simply one of many sects of Judaism. Some sects wrote polemics advocating their position, and occasionally disparaging rival sects. Some scholars view the depictions of Jesus in the Talmud as a manifestation of those inter-sect rivalries – thus the depictions can be read as polemics by the rabbinic authors of the Talmud which indirectly criticized the rival sect (Christianity), which was growing and becoming more dominant.
5698:
2329:
476:
2139:, (Yeshu) came before him. He intended to welcome him (this time), so he signaled (Yeshu) with his hands (to wait). (Yeshu) thought he was rejecting him. (Yeshu) went and erected brickwork, and worshipped it (as an idol). (Joshua) said to him "Return thyself!" (Yeshu) said to him "This I learned from you: Anyone who sins and causes the masses to sin is not given the opportunity to repent!"
1709:'s sister, who was bitten by a snake. Jacob, a man of Sekhanya village, came to heal him, but Rabbi Ishmael did not let him. And (ben Dama) said to him, "Rabbi Ishmael, my brother, let him go, and I will be healed by him. I will cite a verse from the Torah (to prove) that this is permitted." But (ben Dama) did not manage to complete the statement before his soul departed, and he died.
57:
2907:
sincerity of the multiple Jesus theory, R. Yehiel found a way to neutralize some dangerous rabbinic statements, and yet the essential
Ashkenazic evaluation of Jesus remains even in the text of this disputation.…In the fourteenth century, Moses ha-Kohen de Tordesillas made much stronger use of the theory of two Jesuses in defending Judaism and the Talmud against renewed attack.
488:
3582:
3325:. Thus, Jesus was the product of adultery between his engaged mother and a man not her husband, not a result of miraculous birth. … God does not have a Son…. One can add to these arguments the Jewish accusations against Christianity and Jesus in the New Testament itself, for instance that if Jesus could not save himself, how could he save others (Matt 27:42)."
2629:). Some scholars conclude that the work is merely an expansion and elaboration on anti-Christian themes in the Talmud. Stephen Gero suggests that an early version of the Toledot Yeshu narrative preceded the Talmud, and that the Talmud drew upon the Toledot Yeshu, but Rubenstein and Schäfer discount that possibility, because they date the origin of the
605:. Catholic authorities accused the Talmud of blasphemous references to Jesus and Mary. Jewish scholars refuted these claims, stating that there were no references to Jesus in the Talmud and that names like Joshua were common and unrelated to Jesus. These disputations led to the removal of many references from subsequent editions of the Talmud.
3311:, 1999, p. 346 "Other interpreters understand the author's anti-Jewish polemic as an expression of his conviction that believers in Christ are the true Jews, ... Thus in connection with the "synagogue of Satan" and based on linguistic usage in Revelation, the catchword blasphemia should be understood first of all as a blaspheming of God"
618:
3180:
learn nothing about the historical Jesus from rabbinic accounts; at most one can learn form them something about rabbinic attitudes towards Jesus. In sum, the Talmud does make reference to the
Christian Jesus but has nothing to offer the searcher for the historical Jesus. Such a position seems eminently reasonable ..."
564:, with chronological discrepancies sometimes amounting to as much as a century before or after the accepted dates of Jesus' birth and death. This apparent multiplicity of "Yeshu"s within the text has been used to defend the Talmud against Christian accusations of blaspheming Jesus since at least the 13th century.
904:
According to them the account also reveals that there was greater contact between
Christians and Jews in the 2nd century than commonly believed. They view the account of the teaching of Yeshu as an attempt to mock Christianity. According to Rubenstein, the structure of this teaching, in which a biblical
4553:
Frankfurter judaistische Beiträge 35 Gesellschaft zur
Feorderung Judaistischer Studien in Frankfurt am Main - 2009 S. 49 zitiert bAZ 6a: "The day of the Notzri according to Rabbi Ishmael is forbidden for ever", ohne auf die Textprobleme hinzuweisen; ed. Wilna liest ____ was als Ergebnis der Zensur
3179:
Lasker writes that
Herford "argues that the Talmudic Yeshus do indeed, refer to Jesus of Nazareth, but the citations concerning him reflect non-historical oral traditions which circulated among Jews and are not based on the written Gospels or other more authentic records of the life of Jesus. One can
835:
period. He asserts that the references in the
Babylonian Talmud were "polemical counter-narratives that parody the New Testament stories, most notably the story of Jesus' birth and death" and that the rabbinical authors were familiar with the Gospels (particularly the Gospel of John) in their form as
758:) which concluded that "the evidence in the Talmud is scanty and does not contribute much to our knowledge of the historical Jesus; much of it is legendary and reflects the Jewish attempt to counter Christian claims and reproaches" but he did conclude some material was historically reliable. In 1950
608:
Some editions of the Talmud, particularly those from the 13th century onward, are missing these references, removed either by
Christian censors, by Jews themselves out of fear of reprisals, or possibly lost through negligence or accident. However, most editions of the Talmud published since the early
1810:
His son's son was choking. A person came and whispered to him in the name of Yeshu (ben) Pandera, and he could breathe. As he left, (Joshua) asked him, "What did you whisper to him?" (The person answered:) "So-and-so words." (Joshua) said to him, "It would have been better that he died and not heard
965:
in the Talmud was not a reference to the Christian Jesus, though at the same time Yechiel also conceded that another reference to Yeshu was. This has been described as the "theory of two Jesuses" though Berger (1998) notes that Yechiel in fact argues for three Jesuses. This defence featured again in
3272:
Peter Schäfer, p 9: "I agree that much of our Jesus material is relatively late; in fact, I will argue that the most explicit Jesus passages (those passages that deal with him as a person) appear only in the Babylonian Talmud and can be dated, at the earliest, to the late third-early fourth century
1048:
Starting in the 13th century, manuscripts of the Talmud were sometimes altered in response to the criticisms made during the disputations, and in response to orders from the Christian church. Existing manuscripts were sometimes altered (for example, by erasure) and new manuscripts often omitted the
2471:
The Babylonian talmud contains narratives that discuss an anonymous person who brought witchcraft out of Egypt, and the person is identified as "son of Pandera" or "son of Stada". The Talmud discusses whether the individual (the name Jesus is not present in these passages) is the son of Stada, or
2372:
The texts include several spellings for the father's name (Pandera, Panthera, Pandira, Pantiri, or Pantera) and some scholars conclude that these are all references to the same individual, but other scholars suggest that they may be unrelated references. In some of the texts, the father produced a
1735:
A story of Ribbi Eleazer ben Dama, who was bitten by a snake. Jacob, a man of the village Sama, came to heal him in the name of Yeshu (ben) Pandera, but Ribbi Ishmael did not let him. (Eleazer) told (Ishmael), "I shall bring proof that he can heal me." But, he could not bring proof before he died.
4189:
See also Talmud passage Erubin 21b (Soncino edition): “R. Papa son of R. Aha b. Adda stated in the name of R. Aha b. Ulla: This teaches that he who scoffs at the words of the Sages will be condemned to boiling excrements. Raba demurred: Is it written: ‘scoffing’? The expression is ‘study’! Rather
2548:
says: "(Perhaps his mother's) husband was Stada, (but his mother's) lover was Pandera. (The Gemara challenges this, saying the) husband was Pappos ben Yehudah. Therefore, his mother was Stada. (The Gemara challenges this too, saying) his mother was Miriam, who braided women's hair. As they say in
2164:
107b recognizes the kinship between Christians and Jews, since Jesus is presented as a disciple of a prominent Rabbi. But it also reflects and speaks to an anxiety fundamental to Rabbinic Judaism. Prior to the destruction of the Temple in 70, Jews were divided into different sects, each promoting
1964:
Alternatively, the phrase "no evil shall befall you" means that you will be frightened neither by bad dreams nor by evil thoughts. "Nor shall any plague come near your tent", that you will not have a child or student who overcooks his food in public, i.e., sins in public and causes others to sin,
794:
in which he tried to find a middle ground between "anti-Jewish Christian" and "apologetic Jewish" interpretations. He concluded that the references to Jesus (as the messiah of Christianity) were included in the early (3rd and 4th century) versions of the Talmud, and that they were parodies of New
1222:
His mother's true name was Miriam, and "Stada" is an epithet which derives from the Hebrew/Aramaic root sat.ah/sete' ("to deviate from the right path, to go astray, to be unfaithful"). In other words, his mother Miriam was also called "Stada" because she was a sotah, a woman suspected, or rather
1036:
and banned. In 1564 under the Tridentine Index an expunged version of the Talmud was allowed. In 1592 the pope ordered all copies of the Talmud and other heretical writing destroyed whether they were expunged or not. The total prohibition would stay in place until 1775. Even then the censorship
567:
In the modern era, there has been a variance of views among scholars of the possible references to Jesus in the Talmud, depending partly on presuppositions as to the extent to which the ancient rabbis were preoccupied with Jesus and Christianity. This range of views among modern scholars on the
903:
approach to domination, which he contrasts to the strategy of many early Christians, who proclaim their beliefs in spite of the consequences (i.e. martyrdom). Although Rabbi Eliezer was referring to God, the Governor interpreted him to be referring to the Governor himself, and freed the rabbi.
2112:
was hidden by his sister (and) Rabbi Joshua ben Perachiah went (and) fled to Alexandria of Egypt. When peace was made, Simeon ben Shetach sent him (the following letter): "From me, Jerusalem the holy city, to you, Alexandria of Egypt, my sister. My husband dwells amongst you, and I am sitting
864:
In contrast to Peter Schäfer, Daniel J. Lasker suggests that the Talmudic stories about Jesus are not deliberate, provocative polemics, but instead demonstrate "embryonic" Jewish objections to Christianity which would later "blossom into a full-scale Jewish polemical attack on Christianity ".
3528:. "Scholars debate whether there may be obscure references to Jesus in some of the collections of ancient Jewish writings, such as the Talmud, the Tosefta, the targums, and the midrashim... 'On the eve of Passover, they hanged Yeshu and the herald went before him 40 days... (Sanhedrin 43a)."
2906:
It is well known that when R. Yehiel of Paris was confronted in 1240 with the argument that the Talmud should be banned partly because of blasphemies against Jesus, he maintained that the Jesus of the Talmud and the Jesus of the Christians are two different people.…Whatever one thinks of the
3320:
Lasker, p xxiv: "What does emerge from the material presented by Herford is that even if Christianity was not a fundamental worry of emerging Rabbinic Judaism, basic Jewish objections to this religion, which hundreds of years later would blossom into a full-scale Jewish polemical attack on
3548:, 2005, p. 294. "... the rest of the baraita, which states he was first stoned, and that his execution was delayed for forty days while a herald went out inviting anyone to say a word in his favour, suggest that it may refer to a different Yeshu altogether." footnote citing Jeremias 1966.
786:(Jesus of Nazareth in the Talmudic tradition) in which he concludes that there is virtually no evidence of the historical Jesus in the Talmud, and that the references to Jesus were "legendary" and probably added late in the Talmudic era "as a reaction to Christian provocations". In 2007,
1454:
in Hebrew), and this criticism has been repeated by many Christian sources. The texts cited by critics include Sanhedrin 67a, Sanhedrin 106a, and Shabbath 104b. However, the references to Mary are not specific, and some assert that they do not refer to Jesus' mother, or perhaps refer to
4704:, 1711. English translations: 1732–34 by J.P. Stekelin "The Traditions of the Jews, with the Expositions and Doctrines of the Rabbins,"; English translation re-published in 2006 as "The traditions of the Jews", by Independent History & Research. German edition online here
2369:, but not in the Babylonian Talmud. The connections said to be found in the Jerusalem Talmud are debated because the name "Jesus" ("Yeshu") is found only in a marginal gloss in some manuscripts, but other scholars see it as being in the original versions of the Jerusalem Talmud.
844:, the New Testament of the Syrian Church. Schäfer argues that the message conveyed in the Talmud was a "bold and self-confident" assertion of correctness of Judaism, maintaining that "there is no reason to feel ashamed because we rightfully executed a blasphemer and idolater."
2937:
ed. Burkett p. 220 2010 "Accordingly, scholars' analyses range widely from minimalists (e.g., Lauterbach 1951) – who recognize only relatively few passages that actually have Jesus in mind – to moderates (e.g., Herford 2006), to maximalists (Klausner 1943 ... especially
2619:) is a Jewish anti-Christian polemic that purports to be a biography of Jesus. The work is an early account of Jesus, based on contemporary Jewish views, in which Jesus is described as being the son of Joseph, the son of Pandera (see a translation of the Yemenite text:
4226:
Donin said: "The passage says that someone ... was hanged in Lydda on the eve of Passover. His mother's name was Miriam, 'the hairdresser'; ... her lover's name was Pandira. So Mary is called an adulteress by the Talmud". – Cohn-Sherbok, p 48, citing Maccoby, p
912:, is common to both the rabbis and early Christians. The vulgar content, however, may have been used to parody Christian values. Boyarin considers the text to be an acknowledgment that rabbis often interacted with Christians, despite their doctrinal antipathy.
1416:
Sanhedrin 107 tells of a Jesus ("Yeshu") who "offended his teacher by paying too much attention to the inn-keeper's wife. Jesus wished to be forgiven, but was too slow to forgive him, and Jesus in despair went away and put up a brick and worshipped it."
1282:. Some of these researchers contend that the Talmud's importance and credibility as an early source lies in the fact that it gives the "opposition view" to Jesus, and they have used the Talmud to draw the conclusions about the historical Jesus, such as:
899:("heresy") as an arrest by the Romans for practising Christianity. When the Governor (the text uses the word for chief judge) interrogated him, the rabbi answered that he "trusted the judge." Boyarin has suggested that this was the Jewish version of the
851:
itself also documents conflict with rabbinical Judaism, for example in the John 8:41 charge "We are not born of fornication." and "Are we not right in saying that you are a Samaritan and have a demon?" and in return in the description in Revelation of a
1512:. His five disciples, named Matai, Nekai, Netzer, Buni, and Todah are then tried. Word play is made on each of their names, and they are executed. It is mentioned that leniency could not be applied because of Jesus' influence with the royal government (
2373:
son with a woman named Mary. Several of the texts indicate that the mother was not married to Pandera, and was committing adultery and – by implication – Jesus was a bastard child. Some of the texts indicate that Mary's husband's name was Stada.
3091:
2951:. p. 398 "These scholars represent a school of thought, which can be described as minimalist, as it argues that there was minimal ... including Horbury, who accepts some aspects of the minimalist argument and does not dismiss Harnack outright."
2967:. p. 279. "44 Herford 1903, 63. 45 Even Herford, who takes a maximalist view of this material, agrees with this conclusion. "If the summary of the Jesus-Tradition, given above be examined, it will be found to contain little, if anything".
2922:. p. 220. "That is to say, varying presuppositions as to the extent to which the ancient rabbis were preoccupied with Jesus and Christianity can easily predetermine which texts might be identified and interpreted as having him in mind."
4543:
2007 Page 48 - "The only clear mention is as follows: The rabbis said: the people of the watch used to pray for their brothers' offering to be acceptable, and the people of the course used to assemble in the synagogue and sit there
3723:
Theissen p 75: " have no independent historical value. In contrast to this, other authors, e.g. Klausner, believe that they can discover at least some old and historically reliable traditions in the Talmud". Theissen cites Klausner,
1992:
emerged. “And no outcry”; that our faction should not be like the faction of Elisha, from which Gehazi emerged. "In our open places", that we should not have a child or student who overcooks his food in public, as Yeshu (did).
1037:
system would remain in force. As a result of these disputations many manuscript editions had references to Jesus removed or changed, and subsequent manuscripts sometimes omitted the passages entirely. Few copies would survive.
738:, which became the standard work on the topic in the Christian world, and he concluded that a large number of references referred to Jesus, not as a historical individual, but instead as the messiah of Christianity. In 1910,
3110:
1023:
Numerous times between 1239 and 1775, copies of the Talmud were destroyed. In 1280 following the Disputation of Barcelona the Talmud was censored. Following the invention of the printing press, the Talmud was banned by the
2431:
However, some editions of the Jerusalem Talmud do not contain the name Jesus in these passages, so the association in this case is disputed. The parallel passages in the Babylonian Talmud do not contain the name Jesus.
1712:
Rabbi Ishmael recited with regard to him: "Fortunate are you, ben Dama, as your body is pure and your soul departed in purity, and you did not transgress the statement of your colleagues, who would state the verse:
956:
During these disputations the representatives of the Jewish communities offered various defences to the charges of the Christian disputants. Notably influential on later Jewish responses was the defence of
1227:
Peter Schäfer states that there can be no doubt that the narrative of the execution of Jesus in the Talmud refers to Jesus of Nazareth, but states that the rabbinic literature in question are from a later
4296:"The rabbis in the Paris disputation responded that this could not be Mary because Jesus is not mentioned by name in the passage, and because it takes place in Lydda, not Jerusalem." – Cohn-Sherbok, p 48
2653:. Scholars have remarked on the parallels (adultery, father's name "Panthera", return from Egypt, magical powers) between Celsus' account and the Talmudic narratives. In Celsus' account, the Jew says:
3298:, 2002, p. 57 "The last part of the verse from the Gospel of John, "For Jews have no dealings with Samaritans" (verse 9b), ... "Are we not right in saying that you are a Samaritan and have a demon?". "
3451:, 2008, p. 20. "Similarly controversial is the Babylonian Talmud's account of Jesus' death (to the extant that some Rabbinic experts do not think the reference is to the Jesus of the New Testament!)"
2357:
The Talmud, and other talmudic texts, contain several references to the "son of Pandera". A few of the references name Jesus ("Yeshu") as the "son of Pandera": these connections are found in the
2116:
When he came, (they) arrived at an inn. (The innkeeper) stood before him with exemplary honor, and accorded him great honors. (Joshua) sat and was praising them, (saying): "How beautiful this
3503:, Leipzig, 1922), 89, rightly supposed, the often quoted passage b. Sanh. 43a (Bar.): 'on the day of preparation Jeshu was hanged' does not refer to Jesus but to a namesake, a disciple of R.
926:
Between 1239 and 1775 the Catholic Church at various times either forced the censoring of parts of the Talmud that were theologically problematic or the destruction of copies of the Talmud.
1762:
Scholars also identify a separate account, featured exclusively in the Jerusalem Talmud, which contains an additional account of healing performed in the name of "Yeshu (ben) Pandera":
5737:
1630:
Scholars have identified passages in the Talmud and associated Talmudic texts that involve invoking Jesus' name, as the messiah of Christianity, in order to perform magical healing:
3787:
1377:"Jesus the Nazarene is going forth to be stoned because he practiced sorcery and instigated and seduced Israel to idolatry. Whoever knows anything in defense may come and state it."
5752:
1381:"Do you suppose that Jesus the Nazarene was one for whom a defense could be made? He was a mesit (someone who instigated Israel to idolatry), concerning whom the Merciful says:
889:
account reveals that at least some Jews believed Christians were true healers, but that the rabbis saw this belief as a major threat. Concerning the Babylonian Talmud account in
1391:
There are still noticeable challenges to the identification of Yeshu as Jesus, as elsewhere in the Talmud his stepfather, Pappos ben Yehuda, is mentioned as being martyred with
1923:
talk about a Yeshu ha-Nosri (Jesus of Nazareth) who "burns his food in public", possibly a reference to pagan sacrifices or a metaphor for apostasy. The account is discussing
3909:
3630:
2185:, intent on converting to Judaism, summons up the spirits of Yeshu the Nazarene and others to help make up his mind. Each describes his punishment in the afterlife.
1702:(The Gemara) raises an objection: A person may not engage in dealings with heretics, and one may not be treated by them even in (cases of) life (-or-death matters).
560:
Most Talmudic stories which figure around an individual named "Yeshu" are framed in time periods which do not synchronize with one other, nor do they align with the
2344:
in Hebrew), and some scholars see it as referencing the messiah of Christianity. Medieval Hebrew midrashic literature contain the "Episode of Jesus" (known also as
2861:
5742:
5283:
83:
2120:
is!" Yeshu said to him, "My master, her eyes are narrow." (Joshua) said to him "Wicked one, is this how you conduct yourself?!" He brought out four hundred
1523:
The Rabbis taught, Yeshu had five disciples: Mattai, Nakai, Buni, and Todah. They brought Mattai in, he said, "Shall Mattai be executed? Isn't it written, ‘
2153:
era teaching that Yeshu practised black magic, deceived and led Israel astray. This quote is seen by some as an explanation in general for the designation
988:
notes that even today some rabbinical experts do not consider that the Talmud's account of Jesus' death is a reference to the Jesus of the New Testament.
5278:
5273:
1508:
is sent to call for witnesses in his favour for forty days before his execution. No one comes forth and in the end he is stoned and hanged on the Eve of
265:
258:
103:
2020:) that some scholars conclude is a reference to Jesus, regarded as the messiah of Christianity. In these passages, Jesus is described as a student of
5383:
2208:
Their welfare you shall seek, their misfortune you shall not seek, for anyone who touches them is regarded as if he were touching the apple of his eye
1736:
Ribbi Ishmael said, "Blessed are you, ben Dama, that you left this world in peace and did not tear down the fences of the Sages, as it is written, ‘
746:(Jesus, the heretics and the Christians according to the oldest Jewish data), which found no evidence of a historical Jesus in the Talmud. In 1922
699:), which included descriptions of Jesus in the Talmud, and which would become the basis of much anti-Semitic literature in later centuries such as
5732:
591:
1435:, but rather an acrostic for the Hebrew phrase "may his name and memory be blotted out" created by taking the first letter of the Hebrew words.
4954:
220:
1887:, and I found a man of the students of Yeshu, and his name was Jacob, of the village Sekhanya. He said to me, "It is written in your Torah, ‘
582:(1903) (who concluded that most of the references related to Jesus, but were non-historical oral traditions which circulated among Jews), and
5331:
3596:
2883:
2797:
1891:’ What is (the halakha), (is it permitted) to make, from (the fee of a prostitute) a bathroom for a High Priest?" And I said nothing to him.
331:
3848:
5311:
5055:
2410:
Both of the above passages describe situations where Jesus' name is invoked to perform magical healing. In addition, some editions of the
326:
2270:– "Do you suppose Jesus the Nazarene was one for whom a defense could be made?" (Editions or MSs: Herzog 1, Firenze II.1.8–9, Karlsruhe 2)
3967:
5727:
5636:
4780:
2697:
1504:
relates the trial and execution of Jesus and his five disciples. Here, Jesus is a sorcerer who has enticed other Jews to apostasy. A
3365:
2424:
Jerusalem Abodah Zarah 2:2/12 "Jacob ... came to heal him. He said to him: we will speak to you in the name of Jesus son of Pandera"
2294:
said, "And (how can) you understand? (Was) Yeshu worthy of a search to acquit him? He was an inciter, and the Merciful One states, ‘
1931:
21). It is part of a larger discussion about three kings and four commoners excluded from paradise. These are also discussed in the
4822:
1661:– "Jacob ... came to heal him. He said to him: we will speak to you in the name of Jesus son of Pandera" (Editions or MS: Venice)
1424:
summons up the spirit of “Yeshu the Nazarene”, who had “sought to harm Israel”. Yeshu describes his punishment in the afterlife as
235:
1049:
passages entirely. Peter Schäfer compared several editions and documented some alterations as illustrated in the following table:
712:
Starting in the 20th century the topic of Jesus in Judaic literature became subject to more unbiased, scholarly research, such as
4832:
1214:, implying that "son of panthera" is a pun on "son of a virgin". The name "ben Stada", used for the same figure, is explained by
1935:
where the son who burns his food is explicitly stated to be Manasseh. The passages identified by scholars in this context are:
5512:
5470:
5411:
4804:
3699:
2875:
1244:
779:
518:
371:
1946:– "that you will not have a son or disciple ... like Jesus the Nazarene" (Editions or MSs: Firenze II.1.8–9, Barco, Munich 95)
5757:
5483:
5306:
5147:
3738:
3682:
3659:
3639:
338:
314:
3422:
Berger D. "On the Uses of History in Medieval Jewish Polemic against Christianity: The Search for the Historical Jesus." In
675:) which discussed Jesus in the Talmud. The first book devoted solely to the topic of Jesus in the Talmud was the Latin work
2202:(Onkelos) went (and) he conjured Yeshu the Nazarene (from the grave). (Onkelos) said (to Yeshu), "Whom is of importance in
673:
Flaming Arrows of Satan, that is, the secret and horrible books of the Jews against Christ, God, and the Christian religion
5572:
5189:
5050:
2333:
2213:(Onkelos) said to (Yeshu), "What is the punishment of that man (who seeks their misfortune)?" (Yeshu) said (to Onkelos), "
1680:– "Jacob ... came to heal him in the name of Jesus son of Pandera" (Editions or MSs: Vatican 291, Oxford 164, Pesaro 1519)
4821:, Turnhout, 2014; «Témoignages juifs et païens sur Jésus et sur le premier christianisme: la tradition rabbinique», dans
1826:
Scholars have identified passages that mention Jesus, as the messiah of Christianity, in the context of a Torah teacher:
5678:
5440:
4979:
1641:– "Jacob ... came to heal him in the name of Jesus son of Pantera" - this section exists in variant spellings of Jesus:
358:
275:
3355:
2755:
Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I: Palestine 330 BCE–200 CE (Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 91)
2101:(away) with both hands, and not like Joshua ben Perachiah who pushed Yeshu, (one of) his students, with both hands...
1040:
In the 20th century, new editions began restoring the censored material, such as in the 1935 English Soncino edition.
1033:
230:
680:
2206:?" (Yeshu) said (to him), "Israel." (Onkelos further queried) "Should I attach (myself) to them?" He (Yeshu) said; "
578:(1951) ("who recognize only relatively few passages that actually have Jesus in mind"), while "maximalists" include
5423:
5326:
5256:
5017:
4947:
2692:
1020:
shows that it "was not invented by the rabbis as a way of avoiding pronouncing the real name of Jesus of Nazareth"
688:
664:
425:
170:
35:
2045:– "not as Yehoshua b. Perahya who pushed Jesus the Nazarene away" (Editions or MSs: Vatican 110, Vilna, Munich 95)
597:
The first Christian censorship of the Talmud occurred in the year 521. More extensive censorship began during the
5722:
5455:
5358:
3545:
1866:– "He told me a word in the name of Jesus son of Pandera" (Editions or MSs: Oxford 164, Vatican 291, Pesaro 1519)
185:
1896:
Since she gathered her gifts from the wages of prostitutes, as the wages of prostitutes they will again be used.
5505:
5378:
5179:
5117:
2857:
2849:
2687:
1375:
On the eve of Passover, Jesus the Nazarene was hanged and a herald went forth before him forty days heralding,
971:
938:
638:
398:
4927:
669:
Tela Ignea Satanæ, sive Arcani et Horribiles Judæorum Adversus Christum, Deum, et Christianam Religionem Libri
19:
For the related article discussing the Hebrew name Yeshu, as found in Talmud and other Jewish literature, see
2620:
2349:
2260:– "Jesus the Nazarene is going forth to be stoned" (Editions or MSs: Herzog 1, Firenze II.1.8–9, Karlsruhe 2)
1837:– "One of the disciples of Jesus the Nazarene found me" (Editions or MSs: Munich 95, Paris 1377, New York 15)
1328:. The following are among those considered the most controversial, contested, and possibly the most notable.
653:
claimed the Talmud contained insulting references to Jesus. An early work describing Jesus in the Talmud was
5433:
5072:
4794:
2854:"On the Uses of History in Medieval Jewish Polemic against Christianity: The Quest for the Historical Jesus"
2672:
2455:
However, the parallel accounts in the Babylonian Talmud mention Jesus but do not mention the father's name:
921:
575:
544:
2597:
17:4. And then "The day of the Notzri according to Rabbi Ishmael is forbidden for ever" in some texts of B.
815:) each claiming to be the correct faith. Some scholars treat Christianity, during that era, referred to as
621:
Woodcut carved by Johann von Armssheim (1483). Portrays a disputation between Christian and Jewish scholars
5747:
5673:
5600:
5266:
5035:
2871:
1447:
979:
942:
642:
353:
284:
180:
2487:
67a "Was he the son of Stara (and not) the son of Pandera?" (Editions or MSs: Herzog 1, Karlsruhe 2, ...)
1395:
and is himself mentioned as being among the Pharisees returning to Israel following their persecution by
590:
incorporated into the Talmud in the 3rd and 4th centuries that illustrate the inter-sect rivalry between
5555:
5488:
5393:
5373:
5368:
5208:
5122:
5012:
4940:
3706:. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). p. 74-76. *See also Jeffrey Rubenstein,
3587:
3521:
3116:
2650:
1399:, which would place Yeshu's lifetime anywhere between 130 after and 70 years before the birth of Jesus.
684:
450:
445:
383:
160:
145:
108:
66:
2280:– "With Jesus the Nazarene it was different" (Editions or MSs: Herzog 1, Firenze II.1.8–9, Karlsruhe 2)
2224::) Come see the difference between the sinners of Israel and the prophets of the nations of the world.
2217:". As the Master said: Anyone who mocks the words of the Sages will be sentenced to boiling excrement.
1379:
But since they did not find anything in his defense they hanged him on the eve of Passover. Ulla said:
2853:
2594:
2522:
104b "his mother Miriam who let grow (her) women's hair" (Editions or MSs: Vilna, Oxford 23, Soncino)
5522:
5517:
5293:
5184:
5045:
4909:
4644:
4388:
4191:
3504:
3106:
2960:
2839:
L. Patterson, "Origin of the Name Panthera", JTS 19 (1917–18), p. 79–80, cited in Meier, p. 107 n. 48
2682:
2093:
It should always be (the) left (hand) to push (away), and (the) right (to) bring closeward. Not like
2021:
1876:
1439:
934:
893:, Boyarin views Jacob of Sechania as a Christian preacher and understands Rabbi Eliezer's arrest for
667:
translated and published a collection of anti-Christian polemics from Jewish sources, with the title
634:
405:
321:
297:
150:
4814:
4144:
by Robert E. Van Voorst, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, page 110. Also discusses the likening of
2440:
Other Talmudic narratives describe Jesus as the son of a Pantiri or Pandera, in a teaching context:
1740:.’" But did a snake not bite him (before such a dilemma even occurred)? It will not bite him in the
1232:
period and may have drawn on the Christian gospels, and may have been written as responses to them.
30:
5164:
5083:
5079:
4989:
3322:
2708:
1956:– "that we will not have a son or disciple ... like Jesus the Nazarene" (Editions or MS: Oxford 23)
1467:
Scholars have identified the following references in the Talmud that some conclude refer to Jesus:
771:
701:
511:
480:
304:
245:
128:
2529:
67a "his mother Miriam who let grow (her) women's hair" (Editions or MSs: Karlsruhe 2, Munich 95)
2480:
104b "Was he the son of Stara (and not) the son of Pandera?" (Editions or MSs: Oxford 23, Soncino)
2250:– "on the eve of Passover they hanged Jesus the Nazarene" (Editions or MSs: Herzog 1, Karlsruhe 2)
2075:– "The master said: Jesus the Nazarene practiced magic (Editions or MSs: Firenze II.1.8–9, Barco )
5683:
5668:
5663:
5550:
5529:
5350:
5340:
5213:
5157:
5137:
4788:
4720:
4697:
3066:
2977:
2702:
2649:, writing circa 150 to 200 CE, wrote a narrative describing a Jew who discounts the story of the
2526:
2512:
2498:
2484:
2384:
in Hebrew), and some scholars conclude that these are references to the messiah of Christianity.
2275:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2203:
2109:
2105:
2070:
2050:
2035:– "not as Yehoshua b. Perahya who pushed Jesus the Nazarene away" (Editions or MSs: Barco, Vilna)
2030:
1941:
1299:
1271:
1029:
853:
816:
731:
706:
579:
455:
438:
410:
348:
343:
279:
165:
4154:
by Robert Chazan, Behrman House, Inc, 1979, page 227-230 (transcript of 1240 Paris disputation).
2585:"Christians," are only clearly mentioned once in the Babylonian Talmud, (where it is amended to
885:("Idolatry") reveal an ambivalent relationship between rabbis and Christianity. In his view the
3525:
2418:
Jerusalem Abodah Zarah 2:2/7 "someone ... whispered to him in the name of Jesus son of Pandera"
1008:
considers Yeshu a legitimate, if rare, form of the name in use at the time, and writes that an
5631:
5578:
5450:
5316:
5236:
5127:
5112:
5107:
5067:
5022:
5007:
3678:
3655:
3635:
3592:
3574:
3537:
3361:
3021:"Pope Gregory IX Orders the Seizure and Burning of Jewish Books : History of Information"
2897:
2889:
2879:
2793:
2085:– "The master said: Jesus the Nazarene because he practiced magic" (Editions or MS: Munich 95)
1951:
1924:
1773:– "someone ... whispered to him in the name of Jesus son of Pandera" (Editions or MS: Venice)
1589:
1581:
1004:(2005) were also favourable to the view the Yeshu references in the Talmud were not to Jesus.
1001:
997:
660:
415:
270:
175:
140:
135:
123:
113:
1783:– "someone ... whispered to him in the name of Jesus son of Pandera" (Editions or MS: Venice)
1413:
in Hebrew) and his five disciples. The sorcerer is stoned and hanged on the Eve of Passover.
586:(2007) (who concluded that the passages were parodies of parallel stories about Jesus in the
5321:
5301:
5142:
5132:
5100:
5095:
5060:
5040:
4974:
4872:
4776:
4710:
4677:
4392:
4122:
by David Klinghoffer, Random House, Inc., 2006, page 154 (identifies source of criticism as
3557:
3484:
3468:
3058:
2667:
2519:
2505:
2491:
2477:
2421:
Jerusalem Shabboth 14:4/8 "someone ... whispered to him in the name of Jesus son of Pandera"
2411:
2366:
2291:
1989:
1778:
1666:
1279:
1236:
1215:
1005:
993:
958:
950:
787:
759:
646:
583:
570:
561:
420:
309:
118:
4247:, Editors Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight, I. Howard Marshall, InterVarsity Press, 1992, p 366
2376:
Some Talmudic sources include passages which identify a "son of Stada" or "son of Stara" (
1927:
the king of Judah infamous for having turned to idolatry and having persecuted the Jews (2
5646:
5609:
5196:
5174:
5029:
4737:
4171:
3444:
3020:
2392:
Two talmudic-era texts that explicitly associate Jesus as the son of Pantera/Pandera are:
2065:– "Jesus the Nazarene said to him: Rabbi, her eyes are narrow" (Editions or MS: Oxford 20)
1796:
1792:
1737:
1714:
1267:
985:
747:
630:
602:
215:
155:
3702:(1978), and Thoma (1990) in favour of this conclusion.* Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz.
2581:
for heretics. Aside from mentions of the five disciples of "Yeshu ha Notzri," the plural
1901:
And I derived pleasure from the statement, and due to this, I was arrested for heresy...
1474:
Healing in the name of Jesus (Hul 2:22f; AZ 2:22/12; y Shab 124:4/13; QohR 1:8; b AZ 27b)
900:
5701:
5641:
5500:
5401:
5261:
5251:
5246:
5241:
4889:
4660:
4538:
4270:
4161:
4055:
2768:
2731:
2403:
2362:
2214:
2113:
lonely". (Joshua ben Perachiah) said "I learn from (the letter) that there is peace!"
2080:
2060:
2040:
1932:
1861:
1800:
1749:
1675:
1483:
As a frivolous disciple who practiced magic and turned to idolatry (Sanh 107b; Sot 47a)
1443:
1425:
946:
767:
739:
650:
504:
393:
203:
98:
73:
47:
4258:
4148:
with Jesus/Yeshua b. Sanhedrin 106b in relation to the age that Balaam died, page 111.
4025:
2239:
Scholars have identified passages that mention Jesus in the context of his execution:
5716:
5460:
5445:
5223:
5201:
5169:
4994:
4899:
4848:
4838:
4755:
4687:
4417:
4380:
4282:
4123:
3950:
3892:
3831:
3757:
3695:
3492:
3460:
2819:
2726:
2715:
2611:
2348:), in which Jesus is described as being the son of Joseph, the son of Pandera (see:
2182:
2135:
2127:
1741:
1706:
1456:
1432:
1396:
1275:
1252:
1248:
989:
975:
848:
831:
period (1st and 2nd centuries) but rather from the 3rd and 4th centuries, during the
722:
717:
587:
225:
210:
190:
88:
3491:, 1935, 3rd German Ed. 1960, English 1966 p. 19, footnote 7. "On the other hand, as
2494:
104b "husband Stada, lover Pandera" (Editions or MSs: Vatican 108, Munich 95, Vilna)
2427:
Jerusalem Shabboth 14:4/13 "Jacob ... came in the name of Jesus Pandera to heal him"
1847:– "Thus I was taught by Jesus the Nazarene" (Editions or MSs: Munich 95, Paris 1337)
1671:– "Jacob ... came in the name of Jesus Pandera to heal him" (Editions or MS: Venice)
945:(1413–14) – and during those disputations, Jewish converts to Christianity, such as
5583:
5561:
5534:
5406:
5363:
5002:
4732:
A Rivalry of Genius: Jewish and Christian Biblical Interpretation in Late Antiquity
3578:
2867:
2598:
1894:
He said to me, "Yeshu taught me that (it is indeed permitted, for it is written): ‘
1842:
1832:
1768:
1745:
1685:
1656:
909:
881:
492:
4102:
by Peter Schäfer, Princeton University Press, 2007, p 13, 85–92, 98–100, 113, 174.
2544:(The Gemara asks: Why is he called) ben "Stada" (when) he was the son of Pandera?
2195:
the son of Callinicus, son of the sister of Titus, desired to convert himself (to
2130:
him. Every day, (Yeshu) would come before him, but (Joshua) did not accept him.
1984:
emerged. "And no going forth", that our faction should not be like the faction of
4705:
4299:
2787:
2459:
Babylonian Abodah Zarah 17a "One of the disciples of Jesus the Nazarene found me"
1898:’ (The coins) came from a place of filth, let them go towards a place of filth."
933:
a series of debates on Judaism were held by Catholic authorities – including the
5567:
5428:
5418:
5152:
4884:
Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation
4088:
4084:
3402:
Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation
2949:
Papers presented at the Thirteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies
2328:
2207:
1880:
1392:
1294:
The New Testament, An Introduction: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History
1203:
967:
930:
837:
655:
626:
598:
378:
78:
1807:
on the Sabbath, put them in aged wine, and drink it to avoid being endangered.
1561:
They brought Netzer in, he said, "Shall Netzer be executed? Isn't it written, ‘
1431:
Some scholars claim that the Hebrew name Yeshu is not a short form of the name
1385:. With Jesus the Nazarene it was different. For he was close to the government.
5588:
5088:
4132:
by Graham Stanton, Guy G. Stroumsa, Cambridge University Press, 1998, page 247
2870:
preview). The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry. Vol. 29.
2590:
2545:
1888:
720:, which was the first scholarly analysis of the Judaic anti-Christian polemic
4184:
From rebel to rabbi: reclaiming Jesus and the making of modern Jewish culture
3652:
Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee
3518:
Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee
2451:
Qohelet Rabbah 1:8(3) "He told me a word in the name of Jesus son of Pandera"
2055:– "Jesus said to him: Rabbi, her eyes are narrow" (Editions or MSs: Herzog 1)
1599:
They brought Todah in, he said, "Shall Todah be executed? Isn't it written, ‘
1542:
They brought Nakai in, he said, "Shall Nakai be executed? Isn't it written, ‘
1332:
Our rabbis taught Jesus the Nazarene had five disciples, and these are they:
5653:
4828:
4692:
Jesus Christ in the Talmud, Midrash, Zohar, and the Liturgy of the Synagogue
4384:
2901:
2642:
2550:
1981:
1884:
1600:
1570:
1562:
1543:
905:
828:
812:
804:
475:
4239:
Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research
4114:
Jewish history and Jewish memory: essays in honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi
3424:
Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi
3413:
Cohn-Sherbok, Dan, Judaism and other faiths, Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, p 48
2863:
Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi
2472:
Pandera, and a suggestion is made that the mother Mary committed adultery.
1690:– "Jacob ... came to heal him" (Editions or MSs: New York 15, Pearo, Vilna)
1580:
They brought Buni in, he said, "Shall Buni be executed? Isn't it written, ‘
1365:
No, his mother was Miriam, who let her hair grow long and was called Stada.
953:(in Barcelona) claimed the Talmud contained insulting references to Jesus.
4331:
4329:
4327:
2340:
Some Talmudic sources include passages which identify a "son of Pandera" (
1569:’?" They said to him, ‘Yes, Netzer shall be executed, for it is written, ‘
645:– and during those disputations, Jewish converts to Christianity, such as
4894:
Jesus, die Haretiker und die Christen nach den altesten judischen Angaben
4801:, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1951 (reprinted by Ktav, 1973).
3591:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 146.
2775:. Clarksville, Maryland: Jewish New Testament Publications. pp. 4–5.
2750:
2677:
2448:
2:24 "He told me of a word of heresy in the name of Jesus son of Pantiri"
2309:
2295:
1976:"There is no breach", that our faction should not be like the faction of
1608:
1607:’?" They said to him, "Yes, Todah shall be executed, for it is written, ‘
1551:
1550:’?" They said to him, ‘Yes, Nakai shall be executed, for it is written, ‘
1532:
1531:’" They said to him, "Yes, Mattai shall be executed, for it is written, ‘
1524:
1509:
1407:
Sanhedrin 43a relates the trial and execution of a sorcerer named Jesus (
1028:. All printed editions of the Talmud, including the Basel Talmud and the
841:
803:
In the first few centuries CE, there were many sects of Judaism (such as
744:
Jesus, die Häretiker und die Christen nach den ältesten jüdischen Angaben
4232:
Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence
4142:
Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence
4138:, by Israel Jacob Yuval, University of California Press, 2008, page 132.
3341:(The Classics of Western Spirituality) New York: The Paulist Press, 2002
1588:’?" They said to him, "Yes, Buni shall be executed, for it is written, ‘
1287:
Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence
1132:
on Sabbath even and the eve of Passover they hanged Jesus the Nazarene
617:
5594:
5478:
3227:
Boyarin, pp 1–3; Boyarin cites the Talmud as saying there were 24 sects
3070:
3046:
2508:
104b "husband Pappos, mother Stada" (Editions or MSs: Vilna, Munich 95)
2406:
1:8(3) "Jacob ... came to heal him in the name of Jesus son of Pandera"
2358:
2317:
2196:
2192:
2178:
1895:
1811:
such things. It happened to him like an erroneous order from a ruler."
1421:
1229:
1009:
886:
875:
832:
808:
460:
4853:
The Talmud: what it is and what it says about Jesus and the Christians
3957:, publisher? 1887 (reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007. p 117-120)
2515:
67a "husband Pappos, mother Stada" (Editions or MSs: Vilna, Munich 95)
2400:
2:22f "Jacob ... came to heal him in the name of Jesus son of Pantera"
1857:– "He told me of a word of heresy in the name of Jesus son of Pantiri"
1342:
Jesus the Nazarene practiced magic and deceived and led Israel astray.
5658:
5614:
5231:
4727:, London: Williams & Norgate, 1903 (reprint New York, KTAV, 1975)
4498:
References are Shabbat 104b and Sanhedrin 67a in the Babylonin Talmud
4190:
this is the exposition: He who studies them feels the taste of meat.”
4160:
by Paul Johnson, HarperCollins, 1988, page 217 (identifies critic as
4145:
2646:
2577:
2501:
67a "husband Stara, lover Pandera" (Editions or MSs: Herzog 1, Barco)
2462:
Babylonian Abodah Zarah 17a "Thus I was taught by Jesus the Nazarene"
2445:
2397:
2221:
2150:
2122:
2098:
2094:
1852:
1636:
1505:
1324:
There are several Talmudic passages that are said to be referring to
1256:
895:
553:
548:
532:
93:
24:
4450:
4448:
3062:
2336:, a soldier who has been claimed to be the "Pantera" named by Talmud
1360:"But was not the husband Pappos son of Yehuda and the mother Stada?"
827:
Peter Schäfer concluded that the references were not from the early
609:
20th century have seen the restoration of most of these references.
4641:
The Talmud: What It Is and What It Knows of Jesus and His Followers
4422:
The Talmud: What It Is and What It Knows of Jesus and His Followers
4346:
tudies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity: Text and Context
4186:, by Matthew B. Hoffman, Stanford University Press, 2007, pages 4–5
4004:
The Talmud: What It Is and What It Knows of Jesus and His Followers
3955:
The Talmud: What It Is and What It Knows of Jesus and His Followers
3897:
The Talmud: What It Is and What It Knows of Jesus and His Followers
3866:
3864:
3836:
The Talmud: What It Is and What It Knows of Jesus and His Followers
3764:, publisher? 1887 (reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007. p v–ix)
3762:
The Talmud: What It Is and What It Knows of Jesus and His Followers
3712:
Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism
1883:, you have reminded me; once I was walking in the upper markets of
4963:
4424:, publisher? 1887 (reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007. p 115)
3899:, publisher? 1887 (reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007. p 114)
3838:, 1887 publisher? (reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007. p 116)
2721:
2298:’ But, Yeshu was different, as he was close with the government."
2017:
1977:
1409:
1325:
1260:
966:
later Jewish defences during the medieval period, such as that of
962:
616:
540:
536:
240:
56:
29:
20:
4120:
Why the Jews Rejected Jesus: The Turning Point in Western History
1480:
As a son or disciple that turned out badly (Sanh 103a/b; Ber 17b)
1446:
presented the allegation that the Talmud was blasphemous towards
4180:
by Anthony Paul Bale, Cambridge University Press, 2006, page 33.
2893:
2575:
Typically both Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds use the generic
1985:
1247:(1978) and those broadly sympathetic to his conclusions such as
1025:
4936:
4168:
Rabbi Moses ha-Kohen of Tordesillas and his book Ezer ha-emunah
2984:, London: Williams & Norgate (reprint New York, KTAV, 1975)
3985:
3983:
2538:
2004:
As a sinful student who practiced magic and turned to idolatry
1259:
can not be regarded as a reliable reference to the historical
4672:
Constantine's sword: the church and the Jews : a history
4178:
The Jew in the medieval book: English antisemitism, 1350–1500
1278:(1887), who believed that the Talmud gives some insight into
1239:. Van Voorst (2000) describes this as a spectrum of opinion:
4773:), 1893. English translation published 2010 by General Books
4136:
Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians
1235:
Scholars debate whether the Talmud provides any evidence of
4471:
4469:
4130:
Tolerance and intolerance in early Judaism and Christianity
3449:
The Historical Jesus in Context, Princeton University Press
2792:. Yedioth Books (in Hebrew). Yedioth Ahronoth. p. 12.
716:(The Life of Jesus From Jewish Sources) written in 1902 by
4869:(cited as "Rubenstein"), New York: The Paulist Press, 2002
4819:
Jésus dans le Talmud et la littérature rabbinique ancienne
3562:
Buried Hope Or Risen Savior: The Search for the Jesus Tomb
2312:
manuscript of the Talmud (1177 CE) an addition is made to
1571:
But you are cast out of your tomb like a rejected branch (
3309:
The Jesus Movement: A Social History of its First Century
3047:"The Condemnation of the Talmud Reconsidered (1239-1248)"
1383:
Show him no compassion and do not shield him (Deut. 13:9)
4932:
4399:
but there the person in question is not given any name.)
4321:
For a discussion of this passage, see Theissen, pp 74–76
4170:, by Yehuda Shamir, BRILL, 1975, page 31-32 (identifies
3710:
New York: The Paulist Press, 2002 & Daniel Boyarin,
3321:
Christianity , are already present in embryonic form in
2181:, a nephew of the Roman emperor Titus who destroyed the
535:
which are believed by some scholars to be references to
4744:(Hebrew), Shtible, 1922. Translated and reprinted as
4208:, Mercer University Press, 1998. Howard cites Krauss,
4006:, 1887 (reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007. p 115)
3805:
3803:
3708:
Rabbinic Stories (The Classics of Western Spirituality)
3389:
Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews: A History
3051:
Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research
2296:
Neither shall you spare, neither shall you conceal him.
2188:
The complete passage from the 1935 Soncino edition is:
1715:
And who breaks through a fence, a snake shall bite him.
659:("Dagger of Faith") (c. 1280) by the Catalan Dominican
4541:: Jews and Christians in conflict in the ancient world
1738:
And who breaks through a fence, a snake shall bite him
1145:
on the eve of Passover they hanged Jesus the Nazarene
1082:
on the eve of Passover they hanged Jesus the Nazarene
1032:, were censored. In 1559 the Talmud was placed on the
4783:, Israel ""Introduction to 2006 Reprint Edition", of
3694:
Van Voorst 2000 - see also Thiessen and Merz mention
3560:, "The Names on the Ossuaries", in Quarles, Charles.
3507:(c. 100 BC), cf. b.Sanh. 107b (Bar.) par. b.Sot 47a."
4809:
Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Uberlieferung
4554:
gesehen werden kann; MS Paris 1337 und JTS lesen ...
2947:
Maurice Wiles, Edward Yarnold, P. M. Parvis (1997).
784:
Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Überlieferung
5624:
5543:
5469:
5392:
5349:
5292:
5222:
4988:
3620:
English translations from Peter Schäfer, pp 133–140
2965:
Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity
1055:
873:Jeffrey Rubenstein has argued that the accounts in
4748:, Beacon Books, 1964; translated and reprinted as
2976:Lasker, p. xxi, summarizes Herford's conclusions;
1355:"The husband was Stada and the lover was Pandera."
1218:as a reference to his mother's supposed adultery:
629:a series of debates on Judaism were staged by the
4896:, Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1910
3475:, 1935, 3rd German ed. 1960, English 1966, p. 19.
3296:Early Jewish exegesis and theological controversy
2820:"The Jesus Narrative In The Talmud - Gil Student"
2414:explicitly identify Jesus as the son of Pandera:
1477:As a Torah teacher (b AZ 17a; Hul 2:24; QohR 1:8)
1471:Jesus as a sorcerer with disciples (b Sanh 43a–b)
4379:(This happened during their period of refuge in
3631:Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium
1420:In Gittin 56b and 57a, a story is told in which
961:(1240) that a passage about an individual named
4928:Search for "Jesus" in the Talmud at Sefaria.org
4116:by Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, UPNE, 1998, page 33.
3154:
3152:
3150:
3140:
3138:
2535:
2316:saying that Yeshu was hanged on the eve of the
2286:
2190:
2091:
1974:
1962:
1873:
1789:
1733:
1700:
1521:
1486:Jesus' punishment in afterlife (b Git 56b, 57a)
1373:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1220:
5738:Christianity and Judaism related controversies
5284:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
4192:The Soncino Babylonian Talmud: ERUVIN – 2a-26b
3354:Jonathon Green; Nicholas J. Karolides (2009).
2757:. Tübingen, Germany: J.C.B. Mohr. p. 129.
2436:Son of Pantiri / Pandera in a teaching context
2354:). The account portrays Jesus as an impostor.
1889:You shall not bring the fee of a prostitute...
1492:Jesus as the son of Mary (Shab 104b, Sanh 67a)
1313:, Cambridge University Press, 1976. pp 303–305
1289:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. pp 111–120
4948:
4855:, 1887 (reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007)
3542:Calendar and Chronology, Jewish and Christian
3333:
3331:
3283:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
3093:Who Do You Say I Am?: Jesus Called the Christ
2537:And (the court) did the same to ben Stada of
2388:Son of Pantera / Pandera in a healing context
1349:"Jesus son of Stada is Jesus son of Pandira?"
1296:, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982. pp 407–408
1186:he went and brought up the sinners of Israel
512:
8:
5753:Cultural depictions of Mary, mother of Jesus
4862:(cited as "Rubenstein SBT"), JHU Press, 2010
3670:
3668:
3008:The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue
2633:in the early Middle Ages or Late Antiquity.
2160:According to Dr. Rubenstein, the account in
1552:In the hiding places he kills the innocent (
663:, a Jewish convert to Christianity. In 1681
547:vocalization (although not spelling) of the
4904:The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide
4630:, Princeton University Press, 2007. p 18–19
4234:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. p 113
3993:, Princeton University Press, 2007. p 64–65
3941:, Princeton University Press, 2007. p 18-19
3704:The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide
3349:
3347:
2930:
2928:
1306:, KTAV Publishing House Inc, 2007. pp 35–96
799:In the context of Christian-Judaic polemics
5279:New Testament places associated with Jesus
5274:Historical background of the New Testament
4955:
4941:
4933:
4734:trans. Baya Stein. Albany: SUNY Press 1996
3467:, London and New York, 1922, 89, cited in
2860:; Efron, John M.; Myers, David N. (eds.).
1097:he went and brought up Jesus the Nazarene
519:
505:
55:
42:
16:Possible references to Jesus in the Talmud
4152:Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages
3777:, Mercer University Press, 1999. pp 28–29
3404:, University of Chicago Press, 2006 p 137
3112:Jewish expressions on Jesus: an anthology
1334:Matthai, Naqqai, Netzer, Buni, and Todah.
1311:Historical Tradition in the Fourth Gospel
1266:On the other side stand scholars such as
1044:Text-criticism, versions, and alterations
5606:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)
4391:. The incident is also mentioned in the
4361:, 1961, pp 24 (English language edition)
3883:, Princeton University Press, 2007. p 35
3822:, Princeton University Press, 2007. p 75
3564:, B&H Publishing Group, 2008, p. 81.
3307:Ekkehard Stegemann, Wolfgang Stegemann,
2327:
1912:The son or disciple who turned out badly
4335:English translations from Peter Schäfer
2742:
2541:, and they hanged him on Passover Eve.
4300:Gil Student response to Mary criticism
1150:Jesus the Nazarene had five disciples
1137:Jesus the Nazarene had five disciples
1087:Jesus the Nazarene had five disciples
562:scholarly consensus of Jesus' lifetime
23:. For the Hebrew or Aramaic name, see
5743:Obscenity controversies in literature
4843:Judaism in the Matrix of Christianity
4760:Das Leben Jesu nach judischen Quellen
3775:Jesus Christ in history and Scripture
2789:Pirkei Avot: A New Israeli Commentary
1748:, for the person who obeys them will
714:Das Leben Jesu nach jüdischen Quellen
7:
4536:Yaakov Y. Teppler, Susan Weingarten
3360:. Infobase Publishing. p. 110.
2467:Pandera and alleged adultery by Mary
1369:"She was unfaithful to her husband."
1171:on the eve of Passover they hanged
1158:on the eve of Passover they hanged
1119:on the eve of Passover they hanged
327:Sources for the historicity of Jesus
4886:, University of Chicago Press, 2006
4791:, KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 2007
4273:"played harlot with the carpenters"
4245:Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels
3654:by Mark Allan Powell (Nov 1, 1998)
3499:, London and New York, 1922 (ET of
2997:, Princeton University Press, 2007.
1744:. What could (Eleazar) have said? "
1199:As evidence of the historical Jesus
908:is used to answer a question about
5597:(traditional maternal grandfather)
5591:(traditional maternal grandmother)
4916:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000
4879:, Princeton University Press, 2007
4785:Christianity in Talmud and Midrash
4781:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
4725:Christianity in Talmud and Midrash
4626:Celsus' quote from Peter Schäfer,
4463:Peter Schäfer, pp 138–139, 187–188
4408:English translations from Scheafer
3928:Talmud Shabbat 104b, Sanhedrin 67a
3714:, Stanford University Press, 1999.
2982:Christianity in Talmud and Midrash
2698:Life of Jesus in the New Testament
2133:One day (Joshua) was reciting the
1537:) will he die and his name perish?
1304:Christianity in Talmud and Midrash
1067:Passage on punishment in afterlife
736:Christianity in Talmud and Midrash
539:. The name used in the Talmud is "
531:There are several passages in the
14:
4845:Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1986
4674:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002
4667:, Stanford University Press, 1999
4454:Peter Schäferr, pp 15–24, 133–141
4223:Siedman, p 137 (discussing Donin)
4045:Siedman, p 137; Cohn-Sherbok p 48
3391:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002
2935:The Blackwell Companion to Jesus,
1609:The one who offers thanksgiving (
601:, notably under the directive of
5697:
5696:
4860:Stories of the Babylonian Talmud
4518:Peter Schäfer, pp 52–62, 133–141
3870:Talmud Sanhedrin 107b, Sotah 47a
3677:by Peter Schäfer (Aug 24, 2009)
2920:The Blackwell Companion to Jesus
2533:The full passage is as follows:
1731:, the passage is the following:
1613:) as his sacrifice glorifies Me.
1590:I will kill your firstborn son (
1280:Jesus as a historical individual
1237:Jesus as a historical individual
592:Judaism and nascent Christianity
486:
474:
186:Apparitions and visions of Jesus
5603:(paternal grandfather per Luke)
4914:Jesus outside the New Testament
4694:, Deighton, Bell, and Co., 1893
3209:Theissen, pp 74–75 Shaefer, p 5
2773:Jewish New Testament Commentary
1489:Jesus' execution (b Sanh 43a-b)
860:Early anti-Christian sentiments
266:Background to the New Testament
5733:Early Christianity and Judaism
5307:Quest for the historical Jesus
4608:, cited in Peter Schäfer, p 19
4442:Such as Herford, Peter Schäfer
3090:William L. Merrifield (2010),
982:did not follow this argument.
730:). In 1903, Unitarian scholar
707:Justinas Bonaventure Pranaitis
315:Quest for the historical Jesus
1:
4715:Jesus in the Jewish Tradition
4359:The Jewish-Christian Argument
2637:Related narrative from Celsus
2605:Relation to the Toledot Yeshu
2334:Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera
2177:a story is recorded in which
2149:The story ends by invoking a
1567:) shall grow out of his roots
1529:) can I go and meet with God?
1122:he went and brought up Jesus
1109:he went and brought up Jesus
823:Relationship to New Testament
764:Jesus in the Jewish Tradition
574:genre. "Minimalists" include
3176:Shaefer, p 4; Lasker p xxi:
3025:www.historyofinformation.com
2593:27b with a late parallel in
2589:, people of the watch) in B.
1705:A story of ben Dama, son of
1626:Healing in the name of Jesus
1582:Israel is my firstborn son (
1497:As a sorcerer with disciples
1320:Possible Talmudic references
766:, including sections on the
683:, a student of Wagenseil at
4797:, "Jesus in the Talmud” in
4698:Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas
4383:during the persecutions of
3583:"Barcelona, Disputation of"
3191:Shaefer, p 5 Theissen, p 75
2625:, or what is also known as
2169:Punishment in the afterlife
916:Disputations and censorship
5774:
5257:Five Discourses of Matthew
4833:Bibliothèque de la Pléiade
4771:Jesus Christ in the Talmud
4762:, Berlin: S. Calvary, 1902
4684:, Palgrave Macmillan, 1994
3489:Eucharistic Words of Jesus
3473:Eucharistic Words of Jesus
3357:Encyclopedia of Censorship
2108:was executing the Rabbis,
1651:mi-shem Yeshua ben Pantera
1544:Do not kill the innocent (
1367:Pumbedita says about her:
919:
689:Johann Andreas Eisenmenger
665:Johann Christoph Wagenseil
332:Reliability of the Gospels
18:
5728:Criticism of Christianity
5692:
4970:
4824:Premiers Écrits chrétiens
4811:, Buchgesellschaft, 1978.
4767:Jesus Christus im Thalmud
3546:Brill Academic Publishers
3096:, Tate Publishing. p. 39.
2876:Brandeis University Press
1647:mi-shem Yeshu ben Pandera
1643:mi-shem Yeshu ben Pantera
1601:A psalm of thanksgiving (
1448:Mary, the mother of Jesus
1438:In addition, at the 1240
1071:
1066:
1061:
1058:
847:By way of comparison the
5484:In comparative mythology
4682:Judaism and other faiths
4206:Hebrew Gospel of Matthew
2918:Delbert Burkett (2010).
2786:Shinan, Avigdor (2009).
2688:Judaism and Christianity
2144:Sotah 47a, Sanhedrin 107
2016:refer to an individual (
1746:Keep My decrees and laws
1694:The full passage in the
1223:convicted, of adultery."
1174:he went and brought up
974:, though others such as
972:Disputation of Barcelona
939:Disputation of Barcelona
681:Rudolf Martin Meelführer
639:Disputation of Barcelona
271:Language spoken by Jesus
5637:Interactions with women
4647:, LLC, 2007. p 117–120)
4527:Peter Schäfer, pp 41–51
4509:Peter Schäfer, pp 52–62
4475:Peter Schäfer, pp 15–24
3045:Chazan, Robert (1988).
3006:Reverend James Parkes,
2693:Judaism's view of Jesus
2673:Criticism of the Talmud
1960:The full passages are:
1012:bearing both the names
922:Criticism of the Talmud
869:Ambivalent relationship
576:Jacob Zallel Lauterbach
481:Christianity portal
5647:Mary, sister of Martha
5267:Oral gospel traditions
4906:, Fortress Press, 1998
4590:Rubenstein, SBT, p 272
4577:Rubenstein, SBT, p 272
4357:Hans Joachim Schoeps,
4056:"Sanhedrin 107 online"
2659:
2568:
2337:
2306:
2232:
2147:
2001:
1973:
1909:
1819:
1760:
1725:
1623:
1389:
1372:
1345:
1337:
1285:Robert E. Van Voorst,
1225:
1210:, which is similar to
980:Disputation of Tortosa
943:Disputation of Tortosa
795:Testament narratives.
728:The Biography of Jesus
643:Disputation of Tortosa
622:
285:Mental health of Jesus
40:
5758:Virgin birth of Jesus
5374:Life of Christ Museum
5369:Life of Christ in art
4910:Van Voorst, Robert E.
4865:Rubenstein, Jeffrey,
4858:Rubenstein, Jeffrey,
4604:Celsus' treatise is
4495:Such as Peter Schäfer
4387:88–76 BCE ordered by
4271:Sanhedrin 106a online
4158:A history of the Jews
4026:"Sanhedrin 43 online"
3588:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3522:Westminster John Knox
3167:Rodkinson, pp 104–105
3107:Weiss-Rosmarin, Trude
2655:
2651:Virgin Birth of Jesus
2331:
2284:The full passage is:
2089:The full passage is:
1871:The full passage is:
1787:The full passage is:
1645:(principal edition),
1519:The full passage is:
1059:Edition / Manuscript
679:published in 1699 by
620:
451:Life of Christ Museum
372:Perspectives on Jesus
67:Jesus in Christianity
33:
5190:Sayings on the cross
5148:Entry into Jerusalem
4795:Lauterbach, Jacob Z.
4702:Entdecktes Judenthum
4645:Kessinger Publishing
4433:Peter Schäfer, p 139
4283:Shabbath 104b online
4259:Sanhedrin 67a online
3809:Talmud Sanhedrin 43a
3634:by Bart Ehrman 2001
3611:Peter Schäfer, p 132
3218:Peter Schäfer, p 6ff
2961:James Carleton Paget
2683:Historicity of Jesus
2560:) from her husband.
2553:: This one strayed (
2215:boiling in excrement
2022:Joshua ben Perachiah
1440:Disputation of Paris
1426:boiling in excrement
1072:Passage on disciples
1062:Passage on execution
935:Disputation of Paris
693:Entdecktes Judenthum
635:Disputation of Paris
5679:Race and appearance
5617:(traditional uncle)
5523:Jesus the Splendour
5165:Agony in the Garden
5080:Sermon on the Mount
4877:Jesus in the Talmud
4721:Herford, R. Travers
4628:Jesus in the Talmud
4617:Peter Schäfer, p 18
4230:Voorst, Robert E.,
4100:Jesus in the Talmud
4075:Cohn-Sherbok, p 48"
4015:Talmud Berakhot 61b
3991:Jesus in the Talmud
3939:Jesus in the Talmud
3881:Jesus in the Talmud
3820:Jesus in the Talmud
3773:Edgar V. McKnight,
3675:Jesus in the Talmud
3516:Mark Allan Powell,
3337:Jeffrey Rubenstein
3323:rabbinic literature
3245:Peter Schäfer p 7–9
2995:Jesus in the Talmud
2858:Carlebach, Elishiva
2709:The Talmud Unmasked
1403:Specific references
1163:had five disciples
1074:(Sanhedrin 43 a–b)
1064:(Sanhedrin 43 a–b)
792:Jesus in the Talmud
776:Jesus in the Talmud
772:Jacob Z. Lauterbach
705:written in 1892 by
702:The Talmud Unmasked
129:Sermon on the Mount
5664:Rejection of Jesus
5341:Christ myth theory
5158:Farewell Discourse
4789:R. Travers Herford
4563:Peter Schäfer, p 2
4285:Committed adultery
4261:Committed adultery
3575:Berenbaum, Michael
3263:Peter Schäfer, p 9
2978:R. Travers Herford
2703:Rejection of Jesus
2338:
2110:Simeon ben Shetach
1803:told him to grind
1300:R. Travers Herford
1272:R. Travers Herford
1270:(1925), following
1243:On one side stand
1030:Vilna Edition Shas
854:synagogue of Satan
817:Early Christianity
732:R. Travers Herford
623:
580:R. Travers Herford
41:
5710:
5709:
5632:Language of Jesus
5579:Brothers of Jesus
5451:Session of Christ
5327:Mara bar Serapion
5128:Great Commandment
5023:Flight into Egypt
4765:Laible, Heinrich,
4750:Jesus of Nazareth
4746:Jesus of Nazareth
4717:, Macmillan, 1950
4711:Goldstein, Morris
4678:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan
4593:Peter Schäfer p 2
4389:Alexander Jannæus
3726:Jesus of Nazareth
3598:978-0-02-866097-4
3558:Bauckham, Richard
3538:Roger T. Beckwith
3505:Joshua b. Peraiah
2885:978-0-87451-871-9
2799:978-965-482-920-5
2324:Mother and father
1906:Avodah Zarah, 17a
1795:had colic. Ribbi
1729:Talmud Yerushalmi
1722:Avodah Zarah, 27b
1340:The master said:
1192:
1191:
1129:Firenze II.1.8–9
1002:Roger T. Beckwith
998:Mark Allen Powell
756:Jesus of Nazareth
529:
528:
344:Jesus myth theory
5765:
5723:Jesus in Judaism
5700:
5699:
5575:(alleged father)
5429:Person of Christ
5302:Historical Jesus
5133:Olivet Discourse
5061:Great Commission
4957:
4950:
4943:
4934:
4902:, Annette Merz,
4882:Seidman, Naomi,
4867:Rabbinic Stories
4777:Daniel J. Lasker
4738:Klausner, Joseph
4730:Hirshman, Mark,
4670:Carroll, James,
4648:
4643:, 1887 (reprint
4637:
4631:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4586:
4580:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4464:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4443:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4425:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4393:Jerusalem Talmud
4377:
4371:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4349:
4348:, p. 56 footnote
4342:
4336:
4333:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4237:Chilton, Bruce,
4219:
4213:
4204:Howard, George,
4202:
4196:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4089:Gittin 57 online
4085:Gittin 56 online
4082:
4076:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
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4000:
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3920:
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3917:
3916:
3906:
3900:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3839:
3829:
3823:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3715:
3692:
3686:
3672:
3663:
3649:
3643:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3571:
3565:
3555:
3549:
3535:
3529:
3514:
3508:
3485:Joachim Jeremias
3482:
3476:
3469:Joachim Jeremias
3458:
3452:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3400:Seidman, Naomi,
3398:
3392:
3387:Carroll, James,
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3351:
3342:
3339:Rabbinic Stories
3335:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3252:
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3207:
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3198:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3145:
3142:
3133:
3131:Judaism on Trial
3127:
3121:
3120:
3103:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3017:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2974:
2968:
2958:
2952:
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2939:
2932:
2923:
2916:
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2846:
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2831:
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2828:
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2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2747:
2668:Benjamin Urrutia
2622:Episode of Jesus
2617:History of Jesus
2595:Masekhet Soferim
2566:
2559:
2412:Jerusalem Talmud
2367:Jerusalem Talmud
2351:Episode of Jesus
2304:
2230:
2220:(As said in the
2145:
1999:
1990:Doeg the Edomite
1971:
1907:
1879:) said to him: "
1817:
1758:
1723:
1621:
1353:Rav Hisda said,
1056:
1018:Yeshua ben Yosef
1006:Richard Bauckham
994:Joachim Jeremias
959:Yechiel of Paris
951:Pablo Christiani
774:wrote the essay
760:Morris Goldstein
697:Judaism Unmasked
677:Jesus in Talmude
647:Pablo Christiani
633:– including the
571:Adversus Iudaeos
521:
514:
507:
493:Islam portal
491:
490:
489:
479:
478:
439:Jesus in culture
310:Historical Jesus
298:Jesus in history
221:Names and titles
176:Heavenly Session
84:Names and titles
59:
43:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5688:
5620:
5539:
5471:In other faiths
5465:
5388:
5384:Transfiguration
5345:
5288:
5218:
5118:Transfiguration
4992:
4984:
4966:
4961:
4924:
4919:
4890:Strack, Hermann
4799:Rabbinic Essays
4742:Yeshu ha-Notzri
4661:Boyarin, Daniel
4656:
4651:
4639:Bernhard Pick,
4638:
4634:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4603:
4599:
4587:
4583:
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4567:
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4289:
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4277:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4220:
4216:
4203:
4199:
4172:Pope Gregory IX
4110:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4002:Bernhard Pick,
4001:
3997:
3989:Peter Schäfer,
3988:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3949:
3945:
3937:Peter Schäfer,
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3891:
3887:
3879:Peter Schäfer,
3878:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3830:
3826:
3818:Peter Schäfer,
3817:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3772:
3768:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3722:
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3693:
3689:
3673:
3666:
3650:
3646:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3581:, eds. (2007).
3573:
3572:
3568:
3556:
3552:
3536:
3532:
3515:
3511:
3483:
3479:
3459:
3455:
3445:Amy-Jill Levine
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3382:
3372:
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3345:
3336:
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3315:
3306:
3302:
3293:
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3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:Schaefer, p 7–9
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:Boyarin, pp 1–3
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3129:Maccoby, Hyam,
3128:
3124:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3063:10.2307/3622675
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3001:
2993:Peter Schäfer,
2992:
2988:
2975:
2971:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2886:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2822:. Angelfire.com
2818:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2664:
2639:
2607:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2557:
2469:
2438:
2390:
2326:
2305:
2302:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2171:
2146:
2143:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1972:
1969:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1870:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1793:Joshua ben Levi
1759:
1756:
1727:Whereas in the
1724:
1721:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1548:) and righteous
1499:
1465:
1405:
1322:
1292:Norman Perrin,
1268:Joseph Klausner
1201:
1073:
1069:(b Gittin 57a)
1068:
1063:
1046:
986:Amy-Jill Levine
949:(in Paris) and
924:
918:
871:
862:
825:
801:
752:Yeshu ha-Notzri
748:Joseph Klausner
631:Catholic Church
615:
603:Pope Gregory IX
525:
487:
485:
473:
466:
465:
441:
431:
430:
374:
364:
363:
300:
290:
289:
261:
251:
250:
206:
196:
195:
69:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5771:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5715:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5642:Mary Magdalene
5634:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5612:
5607:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5565:
5564:(legal father)
5559:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5437:
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5431:
5426:
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5415:
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5409:
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5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
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5337:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5309:
5298:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5262:Gospel harmony
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
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5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
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5103:
5093:
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5058:
5048:
5043:
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5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4980:List of topics
4977:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4923:
4922:External links
4920:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4900:Theissen, Gerd
4897:
4887:
4880:
4873:Schäfer, Peter
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:Pick, Bernhard
4846:
4839:Neusner, Jacob
4836:
4835:, Paris, 2016.
4815:Murcia Thierry
4812:
4802:
4792:
4774:
4763:
4756:Krauss, Samuel
4753:
4735:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4695:
4688:Dalman, Gustav
4685:
4675:
4668:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4632:
4619:
4610:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:Lasker, p xxiv
4565:
4556:
4546:
4539:Birkat haMinim
4529:
4520:
4511:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4486:
4477:
4465:
4456:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4410:
4401:
4372:
4363:
4350:
4337:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4241:, BRILL, p 444
4235:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4210:Das Leben Jesu
4197:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4165:
4162:Nicholas Donin
4155:
4149:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4117:
4104:
4092:
4077:
4068:
4058:. Halakhah.com
4047:
4038:
4028:. Halakhah.com
4017:
4008:
3995:
3979:
3959:
3943:
3930:
3921:
3901:
3885:
3872:
3860:
3840:
3824:
3811:
3799:
3779:
3766:
3750:
3730:
3716:
3687:
3685:pp.9, 17, 141.
3664:
3644:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3597:
3566:
3550:
3530:
3509:
3477:
3453:
3437:
3428:
3415:
3406:
3393:
3380:
3366:
3343:
3327:
3313:
3300:
3287:
3275:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3169:
3160:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3098:
3083:
3037:
3012:
2999:
2986:
2969:
2953:
2940:
2924:
2911:
2884:
2878:. p. 33.
2841:
2832:
2811:
2798:
2778:
2760:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2732:Birkat haMinim
2729:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2638:
2635:
2606:
2603:
2572:
2569:
2562:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2408:
2407:
2404:Qohelet Rabbah
2401:
2389:
2386:
2363:Qohelet Rabbah
2325:
2322:
2300:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2236:
2233:
2226:
2175:Gittin 56b–57a
2170:
2167:
2141:
2128:excommunicated
2087:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2010:Sanhedrin 107b
2005:
2002:
1995:
1970:Sanhedrin 103a
1967:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1933:Shulkhan Arukh
1917:Sanhedrin 103a
1913:
1910:
1903:
1868:
1867:
1862:Qohelet Rabbah
1858:
1848:
1838:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1754:
1719:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1676:Qohelet Rabbah
1672:
1662:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1563:and a branch (
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1464:
1461:
1444:Nicholas Donin
1404:
1401:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1297:
1290:
1264:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1045:
1042:
947:Nicholas Donin
917:
914:
870:
867:
861:
858:
824:
821:
800:
797:
768:Toledoth Yeshu
740:Hermann Strack
651:Nicholas Donin
614:
611:
527:
526:
524:
523:
516:
509:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
483:
468:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
402:
401:
391:
386:
381:
375:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
335:
334:
329:
319:
318:
317:
307:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
282:
273:
268:
262:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
207:
204:Jesus in Islam
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
132:
131:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
99:Gospel harmony
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
36:Head of Christ
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5770:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:Talmud people
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5703:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5674:Mental health
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5494:In the Talmud
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5461:Cosmic Christ
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:Second Coming
5444:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5434:Pre-existence
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5224:New Testament
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5101:Lord's Prayer
5099:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:Unknown years
5034:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:Date of birth
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:, Bloch, 1989
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:Dying for God
4662:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4606:Alethes Logos
4601:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4418:Bernhard Pick
4414:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4370:Boyarin, p 24
4367:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4312:Peter Schäfer
4309:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4174:as a critic).
4173:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4124:King Louis IX
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3969:
3968:"Google Link"
3963:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3951:Bernhard Pick
3947:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3911:
3910:"Google Link"
3905:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:Bernhard Pick
3889:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3850:
3849:"Google Link"
3844:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3832:Bernhard Pick
3828:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3789:
3788:"Google Link"
3783:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3758:Bernhard Pick
3754:
3751:
3740:
3739:"Google Link"
3734:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:Gustaf Dalman
3691:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3579:Skolnik, Fred
3576:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3501:Jesus-Jeschua
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:Gustaf Dalman
3457:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3426:, 1998, p. 33
3425:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3369:
3367:9781438110011
3363:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:Isaac Kalimi
3291:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2850:Berger, David
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Yeshua (name)
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:Toledot Yeshu
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2631:Toledot Yeshu
2628:
2627:Toledot Yeshu
2624:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2612:Toledot Yeshu
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2565:Sanhedrin 67a
2561:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2332:Tombstone of
2330:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:Sanhedrin 43a
2311:
2303:Sanhedrin 43a
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Second Temple
2180:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1994:
1991:
1988:, from which
1987:
1983:
1980:, from which
1979:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:Rabbi Eliezer
1872:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:Torah teacher
1821:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:World to Come
1739:
1732:
1730:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1707:Rabbi Ishmael
1703:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1649:(London MS),
1648:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1620:Sanhedrin 43a
1616:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:Sanhedrin 43a
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1457:Mary Magdalen
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1397:John Hyrcanus
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:Bernhard Pick
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Jacob Neusner
1250:
1249:John P. Meier
1246:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1216:Peter Schäfer
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:Gustaf Dalman
987:
983:
981:
977:
976:Profiat Duran
973:
969:
964:
960:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
923:
915:
913:
911:
907:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
883:
878:
877:
868:
866:
859:
857:
855:
850:
849:New Testament
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
796:
793:
789:
788:Peter Schäfer
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:
723:Toledot Yeshu
719:
718:Samuel Krauss
715:
710:
708:
704:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
612:
610:
606:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
588:New Testament
585:
584:Peter Schäfer
581:
577:
573:
572:
565:
563:
558:
556:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
503:
502:
500:
499:
494:
484:
482:
477:
472:
471:
470:
469:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
435:
434:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
373:
368:
367:
360:
357:
355:
354:Unknown years
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
294:
293:
286:
283:
281:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
255:
254:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
205:
200:
199:
192:
191:Second Coming
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
89:Life of Jesus
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
37:
32:
26:
22:
5584:Holy Kinship
5535:Master Jesus
5513:Baháʼí Faith
5493:
5407:Christianity
5394:Christianity
5364:Christ Child
5359:Bibliography
5209:Resurrection
5123:Homelessness
5032:(apocryphal)
5013:Virgin birth
5003:Annunciation
4995:Jesus's life
4913:
4903:
4893:
4883:
4876:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4842:
4823:
4818:
4808:
4805:Johann Maier
4798:
4784:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4724:
4714:
4701:
4691:
4681:
4671:
4664:
4654:Bibliography
4640:
4635:
4627:
4622:
4613:
4605:
4600:
4584:
4568:
4559:
4549:
4537:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4489:
4480:
4459:
4438:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4404:
4397:Chagigah 2:2
4396:
4375:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4345:
4344:Jaffé Dan, S
4340:
4317:
4308:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4244:
4238:
4231:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4183:
4177:
4167:
4157:
4151:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4080:
4071:
4060:. Retrieved
4050:
4041:
4030:. Retrieved
4020:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3990:
3971:. Retrieved
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3924:
3913:. Retrieved
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3852:. Retrieved
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3791:. Retrieved
3782:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3742:. Retrieved
3733:
3725:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3700:Johann Maier
3690:
3674:
3651:
3647:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3586:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3541:
3533:
3517:
3512:
3500:
3497:Jesus-Jeshua
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3465:Jesus-Jeshua
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3356:
3338:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3200:Shaefer, p 5
3196:
3187:
3172:
3163:
3158:Shaefer, p 4
3144:Shaefer, p 3
3130:
3125:
3119:. p. 3.
3111:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3054:
3050:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2934:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2868:Google Books
2862:
2844:
2835:
2824:. Retrieved
2814:
2803:. Retrieved
2788:
2781:
2772:
2769:Stern, David
2763:
2754:
2745:
2714:
2707:
2656:
2645:philosopher
2640:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2599:Avodah Zarah
2586:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2554:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2470:
2454:
2439:
2430:
2409:
2391:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2346:Maaseh Yeshu
2345:
2341:
2339:
2313:
2307:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2219:
2212:
2201:
2191:
2187:
2174:
2172:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2134:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2103:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2013:
2009:
2008:Passages in
2007:
1998:Berakhot 17b
1975:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1928:
1921:Berachot 17b
1920:
1916:
1915:
1900:
1893:
1874:
1869:
1860:
1850:
1843:Abodah Zarah
1840:
1833:Abodah Zarah
1830:
1825:
1809:
1804:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1769:Abodah Zarah
1766:
1761:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:Talmud Bavli
1695:
1693:
1686:Abodah Zarah
1683:
1674:
1664:
1657:Abodah Zarah
1654:
1653:(Vienna MS)*
1650:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1500:
1466:
1451:
1437:
1430:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1310:
1309:C. H. Dodd,
1303:
1293:
1286:
1245:Johann Maier
1234:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1142:Karlsruhe 2
1104:Vatican 140
1092:Vatican 130
1047:
1039:
1022:
1017:
1013:
984:
955:
941:(1263), and
937:(1240), the
928:
925:
910:biblical law
901:Br'er Rabbit
894:
890:
882:Avodah Zarah
880:
874:
872:
863:
846:
826:
802:
791:
783:
780:Johann Maier
775:
763:
755:
751:
743:
735:
727:
721:
713:
711:
700:
696:
692:
676:
672:
668:
654:
624:
607:
596:
569:
566:
559:
552:
530:
426:Bar-Serapion
388:
278: /
181:Intercession
161:Resurrection
109:Virgin birth
39:by Rembrandt
34:
5610:Descendants
5568:Holy Family
5551:Genealogies
5518:Manichaeism
5424:Incarnation
5419:Christology
5412:1st century
5294:Historicity
5185:Crucifixion
5153:Last Supper
3373:13 February
2872:Hanover, NH
2643:Platonistic
2525:Babylonian
2518:Babylonian
2511:Babylonian
2504:Babylonian
2497:Babylonian
2490:Babylonian
2483:Babylonian
2476:Babylonian
2342:ben Pandera
2274:Babylonian
2264:Babylonian
2254:Babylonian
2244:Babylonian
2097:who pushed
2079:Babylonian
2069:Babylonian
2059:Babylonian
2049:Babylonian
2039:Babylonian
2029:Babylonian
1950:Babylonian
1940:Babylonian
1841:Babylonian
1831:Babylonian
1752:by them."
1684:Babylonian
1393:Rabbi Akiva
1274:(1901) and
1204:Bart Ehrman
1034:Roman Index
1000:(1998) and
968:Nachmanides
931:Middle Ages
929:During the
891:Avoda Zarah
838:Diatessaron
770:. In 1951,
687:. In 1700,
661:Ramón Martí
656:Pugio Fidei
627:Middle Ages
625:During the
599:Middle Ages
446:Life in art
322:Historicity
276:Jesus' race
146:Humiliation
79:Christology
5717:Categories
5456:Son of God
5351:Depictions
5089:Beatitudes
5046:Temptation
4990:Chronology
4062:2018-04-18
4032:2018-04-18
3973:2018-04-18
3915:2018-04-18
3854:2018-04-18
3793:2018-04-18
3744:2018-04-18
3728:, pp 18–46
3683:0691143188
3660:0664257038
3640:019512474X
3435:Berger p33
2826:2018-04-18
2805:2024-03-25
2738:References
2571:Christians
2546:Rav Chisda
2365:, and the
2229:Gittin 57a
2204:that world
2104:When King
1965:such as .
1816:Shabbat 14
1799:and Ribbi
1777:Jerusalem
1767:Jerusalem
1757:Shabbat 14
1665:Jerusalem
1655:Jerusalem
1116:Munich 95
920:See also:
778:. In 1978
691:published
406:Manichaean
305:Chronology
259:Background
5684:Sexuality
5669:Criticism
5654:Christmas
5530:Mandaeism
5506:Ahmadiyya
5214:Ascension
5138:Anointing
5073:Disciples
5056:Selecting
4829:Gallimard
4385:Pharisees
3493:G. Dalman
3057:: 11–30.
2938:Schafer)"
2751:Ilan, Tal
2555:səṭat dāʾ
2551:Pumbedita
2527:Sanhedrin
2513:Sanhedrin
2499:Sanhedrin
2485:Sanhedrin
2382:ben Stara
2378:ben Stada
2276:Sanhedrin
2266:Sanhedrin
2256:Sanhedrin
2246:Sanhedrin
2235:Execution
2162:Sanhedrin
2118:ʾaḵsanyāʾ
2071:Sanhedrin
2051:Sanhedrin
2031:Sanhedrin
2014:Sotah 47a
1982:Ahitophel
1942:Sanhedrin
1885:Sepphoris
1208:parthenos
1079:Herzog 1
906:prooftext
829:tannaitic
813:Sadducees
805:Pharisees
456:Depiction
379:Christian
349:Criticism
339:Mythology
280:genealogy
246:End times
231:Disciples
171:Obedience
166:Ascension
151:Execution
5702:Category
5573:Panthera
5558:(mother)
5317:Josephus
5170:Betrayal
5113:Miracles
5108:Parables
5068:Ministry
5051:Apostles
5008:Nativity
4779:, 2007,
3698:(1893),
3524:, 1998,
3109:(1977).
3010:, p. 392
2980:(1903),
2963:(2010).
2902:44965639
2894:98-14431
2852:(1998).
2771:(1992).
2753:(2002).
2678:Gamaliel
2662:See also
2587:Netzarim
2583:Notzrim,
2563:—
2444:Tosefta
2396:Tosefta
2310:Florence
2301:—
2227:—
2151:Mishnaic
2142:—
2123:shofarot
1996:—
1968:—
1952:Berakoth
1925:Manasseh
1904:—
1851:Tosefta
1814:—
1805:taḥlusin
1801:Jonathan
1779:Shabboth
1755:—
1720:—
1667:Shabboth
1635:Tosefta
1618:—
1510:Passover
1212:panthera
1168:Soncino
996:(1960),
992:(1922),
842:Peshitta
840:and the
416:Josephus
411:Mandaean
141:Parables
136:Miracles
124:Ministry
114:Nativity
48:a series
46:Part of
5625:Related
5595:Joachim
5489:Judaism
5479:Jesuism
5379:Statues
5332:Gospels
5322:Tacitus
5312:Sources
5237:Matthew
5232:Gospels
5143:Passion
5096:Prayers
5041:Baptism
5030:Infancy
4975:Outline
3662:page 34
3642:page 63
3071:3622675
2591:Ta'anit
2558:
2520:Shabbat
2506:Shabbat
2492:Shabbat
2478:Shabbat
2359:Tosefta
2318:Sabbath
2308:In the
2197:Judaism
2193:Onkelos
2179:Onkelos
1669:14:4/13
1514:malkhut
1463:Summary
1422:Onkelos
1230:Amoraic
1010:ossuary
978:at the
970:at the
887:tosefta
876:Chullin
833:amoraic
809:Essenes
685:Altdorf
613:History
545:Aramaic
543:", the
461:Jesuism
421:Tacitus
394:Islamic
119:Baptism
94:Gospels
5659:Easter
5615:Clopas
5562:Joseph
5544:Family
5441:Relics
5402:Christ
5197:Burial
5175:Arrest
4212:, p 68
4146:Balaam
3681:
3658:
3638:
3595:
3364:
3076:1 June
3069:
3030:1 June
2900:
2892:
2882:
2796:
2647:Celsus
2446:Hullin
2398:Hullin
2361:, the
2222:Gemara
2106:Yannai
2099:Gehazi
2095:Elisha
1864:1:8(3)
1853:Hullin
1797:Hanina
1791:Ribbi
1781:14:4/8
1678:1:8(3)
1659:2:2/12
1637:Hullin
1533:When (
1525:When (
1506:herald
1452:Miriam
1433:Yeshua
1257:Celsus
1181:Vilna
1155:Barco
896:minuth
811:, and
790:wrote
782:wrote
762:wrote
750:wrote
742:wrote
734:wrote
641:, and
637:, the
554:Yeshua
549:Hebrew
533:Talmud
399:Ahmadi
389:Talmud
384:Jewish
359:Relics
216:Gospel
156:Burial
104:Places
74:Christ
25:Yeshua
5501:Islam
5180:Trial
5084:Plain
4964:Jesus
4787:, by
4484:Maier
4381:Egypt
3526:p. 34
3067:JSTOR
2856:. In
2722:Yeshu
2578:minim
2278:43a–b
2268:43a–b
2258:43a–b
2248:43a–b
2210:".
2199:)...
2155:Yeshu
2136:Shema
2081:Sotah
2061:Sotah
2041:Sotah
2018:Yeshu
1978:David
1929:Kings
1881:Akiva
1771:2:2/7
1639:2:22f
1592:bīnḵā
1573:nēṣer
1565:nēṣer
1535:māṯay
1527:māṯay
1410:Yeshu
1326:Jesus
1261:Jesus
1014:Yeshu
963:Yeshu
551:name
541:Yeshu
537:Jesus
241:Mahdi
236:Death
211:Masih
21:Yeshu
5601:Heli
5589:Anne
5556:Mary
5252:John
5247:Luke
5242:Mark
5202:Tomb
3679:ISBN
3656:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3593:ISBN
3375:2014
3362:ISBN
3117:KTAV
3078:2022
3032:2022
2898:OCLC
2890:LCCN
2880:ISBN
2794:ISBN
2641:The
2601:6a.
2292:Ulla
2126:and
2073:107b
2053:107b
2033:107b
2012:and
1986:Saul
1944:103a
1919:and
1855:2:24
1750:live
1717:’"
1698:is:
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1584:bənī
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1251:and
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1016:and
879:and
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4993:of
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4395:in
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2063:47a
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