352:
conquer; about this time also
Cyrenaica had had a political settlement and an embassy had been received from India. He argues therefore that the poet evidently had these countries in mind when he wrote the Panegyric, and was hinting that Messalla would be a suitable commander for the conquest of Britain, which Augustus was proposing to invade in 27 or 26; Schoonhoven thus proposes a date for the poem of late 27 or early 26 BC. He views the poem as written for the occasion of Messalla's triumph in September 27 BC rather than his inauguration on January 1, 31 BC. Another consideration pointed out by Schoonhaven is that lines 117–134 appear to echo and invert Virgil's
22:
318:
poem on
Messala, which opens the 4th book, is so bad that, although a successful elegiac poet may have failed when he attempted epic verse, it cannot well be ascribed to a writer of the exquisite taste of Tibullus". Funaioli (1952) also argues strongly that the work cannot be by Tibullus. He sees an "abyss" between the terseness and expressive eloquence of Tibullus and the clumsy, obscure, over-allusive style of the Panegyricus.
361:
his estate has been much reduced from its former size: this is reminiscent of similar complaints in
Tibullus 1.1.19–22 and Propertius 4.1.127–30, but less appropriate to Ovid, whose family are not known to have lost any property in the confiscations after the civil war. The author of the Panegyricus also claims to have taken part in the Illyrian campaign, for which Ovid, born in 43 BC, would have been far too young.
934:
517:, is matched in the second passage by line 165 which describes how the fertile zone is located between the cold north and torrid south. There are also more subtle connections between the two. For example, Bright suggests that the blinding of Polyphemus in 57 may be picked up by the 'dense shadow' of the polar regions mentioned in line 154, and that the phrase
467:
Overall, as Bright (1984) shows, the poem has a symmetrical composition, with the day of inauguration and
Jupiter's epiphany in the centre. In the first half the poet sings of Messalla's achievements in the past, and in the second half he makes predictions about Messalla's achievements in the future.
360:
Radford (1923), who believed that both the
Panegyricus and the poems of "Lygdamus" which precedes it are the work of the youthful Ovid, also placed the Panegyricus a few years after 31. An evident problem with ascribing the poem to Ovid, however, is the section (177–189) where the poet complains that
554:
The
Panegyricus has been described by Radford as "brilliant, though excessively rhetorical". Another scholar, Ceri Davies (1973), calls it "a turgid piece, full of rhetorical embellishment and strained mythological reference". Maltby (2021), however, sees it as entertaining and humorous, parodic in
450:
Summing up, Maltby writes: "Early critics saw it as the work of a young
Tibullus and took its purported date as genuine, but since the time of Heyne a date in the late first century AD, possibly by a poet masquerading as Tibullus, has been broadly accepted." Maltby suggests that the poem might have
317:
Although the poem is included with the works of
Tibullus, and addressed to Tibullus's patron Messalla, and the complaint about his family's poverty is reminiscent of Tibullus's similar complaint in 1.1.19–22, most scholars do not think it is by Tibullus. William Smith (1851) writes: "The hexameter
494:
Bright points out that these two digressions, the account of the wanderings of
Ulysses in lines 52–81 and the corresponding account of the five climatic zones of the world in lines 149–176, although on completely different themes, are parallel in construction. In both passages the 3rd line starts
681:
The author displays his extensive knowledge of literature, mythology, geography, and warfare. In a long passage (82–105) he lists all the skills needed by a general, from choosing a suitable camp site to training troops and cavalrymen and drawing up an army for battle. In lines 106–107 the poet
364:
From a metrical point of view, Bright (1984) points out that there are six lines in the poem in which the beginning of the fifth foot does not coincide with a stressed syllable, which suggests an early date for the poem, since from the time of Virgil onwards such lines were very rare. Duckworth
351:
Schoonhoven (1983), while supporting an early date, argues for a date a few years after 31 BC. He points out that between 30 and 26 BC triumphs were celebrated in Rome over six of the areas mentioned in the poem as being suitable (or, in
Schoonhaven's interpretation, unsuitable) for Messalla to
541:
have different meanings but similar sounds. At the end of the first digression (79–80) the poet raises the question of whether Ulysses' adventures took place in the known world or a new one, corresponding to the possibility in the second (176) that Messalla will become famous for conquering an
819:). It is thought that it is deliberately placed 7th in the 3rd book of Tibullus, just as Tibullus's own poem celebrating Messalla's triumph of 27 BC is the 7th poem in the 1st book. According to Ceri Davies, "Its true significance is that it represents a genre of Roman poetry going back to
280:
Scholars have expressed differing views on the date and authorship of the Panegyricus. Some believe it to date from 31 BC or shortly after, while others, especially some more recent critics, believe it is a work written in the persona of Tibullus, but from a much later period.
1112:("will not detain you") should be interpreted as meaning that these countries will be easy for Messalla to conquer (so Funaioli 1952 and Maltby 2021), or that there will be no need for him to conquer them (so Cartault 1909 and Schoonhoven 1983); see Funaioli (1952), p. 102.
330:. Coletta also finds a close stylistic similarity between elegy 1.7.9–12 and Panegyricus 106–112, where in both places in similar language the writer claims to have taken part in Messalla's campaigns. According to Coletta's chronology, Tibullus, as befitted a young man of
356:
3.491–555, which was not published until 29 BC. Other scholars, however, have not accepted the idea that the poem commemorates Messalla's triumph. Among other reasons, the unusually calm and sunny weather described seems more appropriate to January than to September.
140:
Like most of the 20 poems in the 3rd book of Tibullus, its date and authorship are disputed, with scholars disagreeing whether it was written by Tibullus or another member of Messalla's circle around 31 BC, or whether (as many scholars think) it is a piece of
321:
However, Luigi Coletta (1984) disagrees and argues that the work is indeed by Tibullus. According to Coletta, the difference in style between this and the elegiac poems of books 1 and 2 is due to the fact that the poems are of completely different
342:
due to illness), and finally to Aquitania in 28 BC, celebrating Messalla's triumph in 27 BC in elegy 1.7. Coletta sees no contradiction in the chronology or in the poet's attitude towards Messalla that rules out Tibullus as author.
230:
He predicts that Messalla will achieve even greater things; he calls to witness the unusually sunny and calm weather on the day of Messalla's inauguration, when Jupiter himself appeared on his chariot to hear Messalla's prayers.
271:
for him if only Messalla will notice him. Even after his death, whether his life is short or long, or whether he is metamorphosed into a horse, a bull, or a bird, he will never stop singing Messalla's praises.
211:
Messalla's prowess in warfare is as strong as his eloquence. The poet enumerates in detail all the different tasks which Messalla has had to perform as general. The poet says he speaks from experience, as the
289:
The ostensible date of the poem is usually taken to be 31 BC. The poet apparently describes the day of Messalla's consular inauguration on January 1 of that year and his earlier campaigns of 35–33 BC in
190:
Let others make poetry about the construction of the universe. He will sing of how Messalla will outdo even the achievements of his illustrious ancestors. The poet hopes to beat all competition in this.
205:
were as skilled in speaking. – The poet now lists all the adventures of Ulysses up to his landing on Phaeacia and says that though Ulysses' travails were greater, Messalla's eloquence is greater.
555:
quality: "The often overblown style, inappropriate digressions and irrelevant mythological examples ... all have a role to play in the creation of humour within such a rhetorical context."
403:
are lines 18–23 ("let another poet write a work describing the formation of the world from the four elements") and the end (204–211), which seems to refer to the doctrine of the
1167:
1326:
Maltby (2021) similarly writes: "The poem displays a clear ring-structure, with a recapitulation at the end of themes from the beginning" (The Praises of Messalla: headnote).
380:
Maltby and other recent scholars, such as Holzberg (1998), Peirano (2012), and Fielding (2015), take the view that the Panegyricus, as well as other works in volume 3 of the
390:, written by an anonymous author or authors many years after the time of Messalla. Fielding (2015), for example, argues that because the author apparently refers to Ovid's
377:
Maltby (2021), however, disagreeing with Bright and Duckworth, and believes that on metrical and stylistic grounds the poem could not date from the time of Tibullus.
245:, Central Asia, India, Thrace, and the Cimmerian Bosporus will not detain Messalla, but Britain and the southern hemisphere are waiting for Messalla to conquer them.
729:
In his tour of countries of the known world (lines 137–150) he often refers to the different regions by means of erudite allusion rather than naming them directly:
1084:
Cassius Dio (49.38.3) states that the campaigns were carried out by Octavian, but it is likely that Messalla was also involved: Schoonhoven (1983), p. 1685.
1174:, 55(1), 204–216, however, argues that the campaign in Aquitania took place earlier than Messalla's trip to the east to take up the governorship of Syria.
261:
will praise Messalla better than he can. He complains that he, the author, was once wealthy and had leisure but that his fortune is now much reduced.
824:
542:
entirely new world. Thus Messalla's achievements in civic life and warfare, which the poet has already compared to weights in the two scales of a
334:
family, from the age of about 20 accompanied Messalla on various campaigns: to Illyria in 35–33 BC (as described in the Panegyricus), possibly to
251:
The poet describes in detail the five climatic zones of the earth, and says that Messalla alone will be famous in both hemispheres of the world.
411:
begins with a description of the creation of the world, and much of the last book (15.66–478) is taken up with a long speech of the philosopher
1437:
267:
Nonetheless, he will devote himself to Messalla and would be willing to cross the stormy seas, stand in battle, or even throw himself into
43:
176:
The poet expresses how impossible it is to praise Messalla sufficiently, and how inadequate he is for the task. He gives the examples of
1432:
452:
197:
Messalla's achievements in warfare and in the forum are equally balanced. He can quieten a crowd and win over a hostile judge. Not even
148:
The poem has received different critical reactions. According to one scholar, it is "by common consent the least successful work in the
314:, a poet who was of the same age and social class as Messalla and a member of his circle (he was to become suffect consul in 12 BC).
122:
65:
942:
1397:
When a favourite horse was drowned, Cyrus punished the river by dividing it into 360 channels, according to Herodotus 1.189ff.
514:
897:
36:
30:
920:"Four Poets and a Poetess or a Portrait of the Poet as a Young Man? Thoughts on Book 3 of the Corpus Tibullianum"
47:
986:
Band 30/3 Sprache und Literatur (Literatur der augusteischen Zeit: Allgemeines, einzelne Autoren, Fortsetzung
1427:
1289:
1031:
468:
The two "panels" of Ulysses' travels and the five zones balance each other on either side of the centre:
977:
788:
1249:
However, as Maltby points out in his commentary, the same theme also occurs in earlier poets such as
815:
669:
605:
Another characteristic of the poem is its fondness for suggesting alternatives, often introduced by
1388:. The King of the Persians, according to Herodotus 1.188, drank water from this river at all times.
134:
326:, with the Panegyricus closely imitating the style and wording of Greek hymns such as the Homeric
396:, it could not have been written earlier than c. AD 8, and perhaps not until the 2nd century AD.
198:
163:
102:
956:"Tibullus and Ovid: The Authorship of the Sulpicia and Cornutus Elegies in the Tibullan Corpus"
1422:
682:
claims to have learnt about these things from his own experience. The passage begins (82–85):
298:
in September 31 BC, in which Messalla led a squadron, or of Messalla's subsequent campaign in
1094:
335:
299:
295:
98:
798:
303:
221:
167:
1292:
was the first to suggest that the Panegyricus might not be by Tibullus in his 1777 work
513:(159) in the second. Line 70, describing how Ulysses sailed between the twin dangers of
543:
404:
387:
142:
658:
whether they can achieve the same as you, or whether (what I do not expect) beyond it,
1416:
1372:
1072:
1035:
392:
327:
311:
258:
931:
Book Three of the Corpus Tibullianum: Introduction, Text, Translation and Commentary
415:
discussing the transmigration of souls. There are also verbal correspondences, e.g.
794:
125:
in 31 BC. The poem is numbered 3.7 in the Tibullus collection. It follows the six
993:
A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, mythology, and geography
224:(peoples in the region of Croatia whom Messalla has conquered) can bear witness.
941:, 72(2), 523–525; and by J. Fabre-Serris (2022) (Cambridge Scholars Publishing)
558:
An example of its exaggerated rhetorical praise is the following (lines 29–32):
338:
in 31 BC, to the East in 29 BC (when Tibullus was left behind on the island of
806:
412:
268:
78:
Latin hexameter poem in praise of Messalla included with the works of Tibullus
805:
According to Maltby, the Panegyricus would fit into the category or genre of
601:
yourself a greater glory to your descendants than your ancestors are to you."
1250:
828:
810:
238:
162:
The poem has 212 lines. It is the only poem in the Tibullan corpus to be in
114:
154:". But it has also been called "brilliant, though excessively rhetorical".
1097:", a period of unusual calm which is said to occur sometimes in midwinter.
833:
456:
436:
307:
217:
202:
181:
130:
110:
908:
864:
853:
675:
par poterunt ... certeque canent ...hoc tibi nec tanto ... careat charta
661:
or whether less (and certainly they will sing less!), we will devote all
1294:
Albii Tibulli carmina, libri tres cum libro quarto Sulpiciae et Aliorum
919:
886:
444:
440:
365:(1966) compares the metrical style of the Panegyricus to the anonymous
331:
291:
242:
213:
177:
126:
117:
or praise-poem apparently written to celebrate the installation to the
1375:
was founded by colonists from Thera, according to Herodotus 4.150–158.
966:
1075:
edition of 1569 followed a manuscript which omitted a line after 112.
971:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
955:
891:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
875:
618:
118:
546:, are shown in fact to be equal, in an interesting and learned way.
310:), who was the other consul in 31 BC. There is, however, praise of
777:
366:
339:
323:
435:
1.12). Maltby also finds echoes of 1st century AD poets such as
399:
The parts of the Panegyricus which seem particularly to echo the
1385:
1071:
The lines are numbered up to 211. The confusion arose since the
949:
The rhetoric of the Roman fake: Latin pseudepigrapha in context.
933:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Reviewed by A. Gramps, (2022).
784:
106:
1024:, and the latter is also preferred by Maltby (2021). The title
725:
or what place it is best to close off by building a rampart..."
451:
been composed to honour one of Messalla's descendants, such as
15:
529:'the water freezes into ice' in lines 155–6, where the verbs
809:
rhetoric (one of the three branches of rhetoric outlined in
716:"For no one else has a surer mastery of the arts of warfare:
770:"Gaul, confronting you with nearby war will not detain you,
592:"Your glory is not content with the fame of your ancestors,
1093:
The poet here appears to be describing the phenomenon of "
664:
this to you, and may my paper not lack such a great name."
306:. There is also no mention of Octavian (the later emperor
598:
but you strive to outdo the former honours of the family,
133:" and is followed by the five elegiac poems known as the
1034:
to have been used in a now lost manuscript belonging to
722:
in what way to plant forked stakes against the enemy,
595:
nor do you ask what the label says under each image,
854:"The Role of Odysseus in the Panegyricus Messallae"
831:(189 BC), and celebrated the campaign in the poem
634:seu tibi par poterunt seu, quod spes abnuit, ultra
184:, who deigned to be entertained by humble people.
1308:Maltby (2021), The Praises of Messalla: headnote.
523:'irrigates with cold water' in 60 corresponds to
145:written by an anonymous author many years later.
967:"The Ovidian Authorship of the Lygdamus Elegies"
641:sive minus (certeque canent minus), omne vovemus
484:Places to be conquered by Messalla in the future
1018:is more commonly used, the main manuscript has
709:quemve locum ducto melius sit claudere vallo...
571:nec quaeris quid quaque index sub imagine dicat
490:The poet questions whether he is up to the task
472:The poet questions whether he is up to the task
455:, consul in AD 73, a counsellor of the emperor
1304:
1302:
1106:Scholars are divided as to whether the phrase
763:profluit aut rapidus, Cyri dementia, Gyndes...
719:where one should draw a safe ditch for a camp,
648:hoc tibi, nec tanto careat mihi nomine charta.
655:"But, whatever my Muses will be able to dare,
578:sed generis priscos contendis vincere honores
8:
1209:
1207:
481:Messalla's inauguration: epiphany of Jupiter
369:, which he places in the republican period.
1107:
1039:
1025:
1019:
1013:
838:
761:
756:nec qua vel Nilus vel regia lympha Choaspes
754:
747:
740:
733:
707:
700:
695:qua deceat tutam castris praeducere fossam,
693:
686:
673:
646:
639:
632:
627:at, quodcumque meae poterunt audere camenae
625:
621:effect, as in the following lines (24–27):
612:
606:
583:
576:
569:
562:
536:
530:
524:
518:
508:
502:
496:
426:
416:
381:
149:
90:
82:
935:"The Corpus Tibullianum and its Author(s)"
688:nam te non alius belli tenet aptius artes:
585:quam tibi maiores maius decus ipse futuris
121:of Tibullus's patron the Roman aristocrat
1296:, ed. IV, Leipzig (cited by Maltby 2021).
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
564:non tua maiorum contenta est gloria fama
478:Places conquered by Messalla in the past
29:This article includes a list of general
1201:In 31 BC, Ovid would have been only 13.
1005:
749:nec fera Theraeo tellus obsessa colono,
742:Gallia nec latis audax Hispania terris;
702:qualiter adversos hosti defigere cervos
501:'for'. In the first passage, the words
418:nam circumfuso consistit in aëre tellus
97:("Praises of Messalla"), is a 212-line
1384:This is the Karkheh, which flows past
1168:"Milestones in the Career of Tibullus"
1139:Smith (1851), s.v. "Tibullus, Albius".
982:: Date and Relation with Catalepton 9"
904:(Paper presented at Oxford University)
837:and in his epic on Roman history, the
773:nor daring Spain with her broad lands;
428:nec circumfuso perdebat in aëre tellus
858:Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica
735:non te vicino remorabitur obvia marte
487: Five climatic zones
7:
973:, Vol. 57, (1926), pp. 149–180.
876:"Poetry in the ‘Circle’ of Messalla"
475: Travels of Ulysses
257:The poet says that the wealthy poet
887:"Studies in Latin Hexameter Poetry"
453:Lucius Valerius Catullus Messalinus
776:nor the wild land occupied by the
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
960:The American Journal of Philology
793:pours forth, or the fast-flowing
407:(reincarnation) of souls. Ovid's
294:, but there is no mention of the
123:Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus
962:, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 1–26.
105:included in the 3rd book of the
20:
865:"Note al Panegyricus Messallae"
1130:See Maltby (2021) on line 180.
898:"The poetic afterlives of the
617:"either ... or", sometimes to
510:seu propior terris ... seu ...
1:
1438:Works of uncertain authorship
823:, who accompanied his patron
526:unda ... riget ... in glaciem
1192:Schoonhaven (1983), p. 1695.
1183:Schoonhaven (1983), p. 1690.
1121:Schoonhoven (1983), p. 1687.
909:"Sul Panegirico di Messalla"
827:on his campaign against the
668:Noticeable here is also the
504:seu supra terras ... seu ...
113:'s collected works. It is a
1317:Maltby (2021), §1.1, 2.2.2.
951:Cambridge University Press.
893:(Vol. 97, pp. 67–113).
1454:
1433:Classical Latin literature
611:"whether ... or..." or by
1344:Bright (1984), pp. 146–7.
1262:Fielding (2015), pp. 4–5.
885:Duckworth, G. E. (1966).
550:Characteristics and style
1271:Funaioli (1952), p. 106.
1231:Duckworth (1966), p. 95.
1148:Funaioli (1952), p. 104.
463:Symmetrical construction
1290:Christian Gottlob Heyne
1280:Maltby (2021), § 2.2.2.
1172:The Classical Quarterly
1157:Coletta (1984), p. 234.
1062:Radford (1926), p. 151.
976:Schoonhoven, H. (1983).
954:Radford, R. S. (1923).
825:Marcus Fulvius Nobilior
520:gelida ... irrigat unda
50:more precise citations.
1335:Bright (1984), p. 148.
1240:Maltby (2021), §2.2.2.
1222:Bright (1984), p. 144.
1213:Fielding (2015), p. 3.
1108:
1053:Bright (1984), p. 143.
1044:(Maltby 2021, §2.2.2).
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965:Radford R. S. (1926).
852:Bright, D. F. (1984).
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1406:Davies (1973), p. 29.
1041:Fragmentum Cuiacianum
1027:Panegyricus Messallae
1015:Panegyricus Messallae
980:Panegyricus Messallae
924:The Classical Journal
918:Holzberg, N. (1998).
907:Funaioli, G. (1952).
900:Panegyricus Messallae
896:Fielding, I. (2015).
869:L'Antiquité Classique
85:Panegyricus Messallae
1166:Knox, P. E. (2005).
947:Peirano, I. (2012).
939:The Classical Review
863:Coletta, L. (1984).
515:Scylla and Charybdis
507:(66) are matched by
89:, also known as the
1012:Although the title
929:Maltby, R. (2021).
874:Davies, C. (1973).
797:, which infuriated
787:or the royal water
276:Date and authorship
158:Summary of the poem
135:Garland of Sulpicia
103:dactylic hexameters
1362:Davies (1973, 29).
1109:non te remorabitur
991:Smith, W. (1851).
383:Corpus Tibullianum
302:, commemorated in
151:Corpus Tibullianum
926:, 94(2), 169–191.
915:, 32(1), 101–107.
880:Greece & Rome
860:, 17(2), 143–154.
220:, and long-lived
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1021:Laudes Messallae
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168:elegiac couplets
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1030:is reported by
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882:, 20(1), 25–35.
849:
552:
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425:151) resembles
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349:
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79:
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61:
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52:
42:Please help to
41:
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21:
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5:
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1428:Poems in Latin
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988:). De Gruyter.
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783:nor where the
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405:metempsychosis
388:pseudepigrapha
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328:Hymn to Apollo
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143:pseudepigrapha
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1074:
1073:Plantin Press
1068:
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1042:
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1036:Jacques Cujas
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447:in the poem.
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438:
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429:
424:
419:
414:
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409:Metamorphoses
406:
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401:Metamorphoses
397:
395:
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393:Metamorphoses
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368:
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358:
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346:
344:
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312:Valgius Rufus
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282:
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1371:The city of
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1358:
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1197:
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1117:
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1095:Halcyon days
1089:
1080:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1008:
992:
985:
979:
970:
959:
948:
938:
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868:
857:
832:
820:
814:
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728:
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670:alliteration
667:
604:
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553:
493:
466:
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432:
422:
408:
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376:
363:
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316:
304:Tibullus 1.7
288:
279:
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208:
207:
194:
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166:rather than
161:
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92:
84:
80:
62:
56:January 2024
53:
34:
614:vel ... vel
608:seu ... seu
423:Panegyricus
48:introducing
1417:Categories
871:, 226–235.
847:References
807:epideictic
413:Pythagoras
373:Late date?
332:equestrian
269:Mount Etna
218:Pannonians
164:hexameters
129:poems of "
119:consulship
31:references
1251:Lucretius
829:Aetolians
811:Aristotle
347:27/26 BC?
300:Aquitania
241:, Egypt,
239:Cyrenaica
214:Iapydians
115:panegyric
1423:Rhetoric
1032:Scaliger
913:Aegyptus
834:Ambracia
816:Rhetoric
789:Choaspes
780:colonist
778:Theraean
457:Domitian
437:Manilius
354:Georgics
308:Augustus
182:Hercules
131:Lygdamus
111:Tibullus
101:poem in
840:Annales
619:parodic
544:balance
532:irrigat
445:Juvenal
441:Statius
431:(Ovid,
340:Corcyra
292:Illyria
265:190–211
259:Valgius
255:177–189
249:151–176
243:Parthia
235:135–150
228:120–134
222:Arupini
203:Ulysses
178:Bacchus
127:elegiac
44:improve
1373:Cyrene
821:Ennius
795:Gyndes
443:, and
386:, are
336:Actium
324:genres
285:31 BC?
209:82–117
199:Nestor
33:, but
1000:Notes
978:"The
889:. In
799:Cyrus
538:riget
495:with
367:Ciris
195:39–81
188:18–38
109:poet
107:Roman
99:Latin
1386:Susa
801:..."
785:Nile
535:and
433:Met.
201:and
180:and
174:1–17
81:The
843:."
813:'s
498:nam
1419::
1301:^
1206:^
1170:.
969:.
958:.
937:.
922:.
911:.
878:.
867:.
856:.
678:.
672::
459:.
439:,
216:,
170:.
137:.
1253:.
995:.
944:.
902:"
421:(
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
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