125:
143:
111:
1191:
Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; CarĂže, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,
492:
indicate that it was larger than the modern lion and was among the largest known cats ever, with the largest specimens suggested to have a body length of 2.5â2.9 metres (8.2â9.5 ft), shoulder height of 1.4â1.5 metres (4.6â4.9 ft) and body mass of 400â500 kilograms (880â1,100 lb).
480:. Recent nuclear genomic evidence suggest that interbreeding between modern lions and all Eurasian fossil lions took place up until 500,000 years ago, but by 470,000 years ago, no subsequent interbreeding between the two lineages occurred.
1198:
1529:"Co-occurrence of a sabertoothed cat (Homotherium sp.) with a large lion-like cat (Panthera sp.) in the Middle Pleistocene karst infill from nuova «Cava Zanola» (Paitone, Brescia, Lombardy, Northern Italy)"
1256:
Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion
464:
about 1.2â1.7 million years ago. This cat entered
Eurasia about 780,000â700,000 years ago and gave rise to several lion-like forms. The first fossils that can be definitively classified as
378:
tends to be considerably larger, up to 400â500 kilograms (880â1,100 lb), considerably exceeding modern lions in size, and making them among the largest cats to have ever lived.
1063:
Marciszak, Adrian; Lipecki, Grzegorz; PawĆowska, Kamilla; Jakubowski, Gwidon; Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Urszula; Zarzecka-SzubiĆska, Katarzyna; Nadachowski, Adam (20 December 2021).
1412:
Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016).
837:
Marciszak, Adrian; Ivanoff, Dmitry V.; Semenov, Yuriy A.; Talamo, Sahra; Ridush, Bogdan; Stupak, Alina; Yanish, Yevheniia; Kovalchuk, Oleksandr (March 2023).
1658:
1663:
1648:
1307:"Panthera fossilis (Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za HĂĄjovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987-2007"
1262:
1480:
1192:
T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; OâBrien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).
278:
1653:
1643:
934:"First fossil record of cave lion (Panthera (Leo) spelaea intermedia) from alluvial deposits of the Po River in northern Italy"
1385:. Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments. 339â340: 245â257.
887:
1603:"The hunted hunter: the capture of a lion (Panthera leo fossilis) at the Gran Dolina site, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain"
883:"Early occurrence of lion (Panthera spelaea) at the Middle Pleistocene Acheulean site of Notarchirico (MIS 16, Italy)"
787:"Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy"
1564:"Middle Pleistocene largeâmammal faunas from North Iberia: palaeobiogeographical and palaeoecological implications"
748:
976:"From giant to dwarf: A trend of decreasing size in Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) and its likely implications"
881:
Iannucci, A.; Mecozzi, B.; Pineda, A.; Raffaele, S.; Carpentieri, M.; Rabinovich, R.; Moncel, M.-H. (2024-06-24).
142:
1601:
Blasco, Ruth; Rosell, Jordi; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; BermĂșdez de Castro, JosĂ© M.; Carbonell, Eudald (August 2010).
1069:
1028:
711:
657:
414:
have been found at various sites dating to between 750,000 to 240,000 years ago. Bone fragments excavated near
387:
1007:
Reichenau, W. V. (1906). "BeitrÀge zur nÀheren
Kenntnis der Carnivoren aus den Sanden von Mauer und Mosbach".
786:
761:
754:
706:
653:
1377:
Marciszak, A.; Schouwenburg, C.; Darga, R. (2014). "Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion
639:
258:
649:
1386:
1271:
1207:
1074:
1037:
945:
896:
728:
608:
1026:
Lewis, M.; Pacher, M.; Turner, A. (2010). "The larger
Carnivora of the West Runton Freshwater Bed".
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1614:
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1498:"Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) from Poland in the scope of the species evolution"
1443:
1433:
1394:
1359:
1318:
1279:
1225:
1215:
1165:
1123:
1114:(v. Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae) de Iserna la Pineta (Pléistocene moyen inférieur d'Italie)".
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lineage, with most differences between the two species explainable by size differences.
1472:
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514:
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427:
407:
1127:
1632:
1413:
1339:
1156:(Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia".
820:
601:
461:
391:
61:
1363:
1009:
Abhandlungen der GroĂherzoglichen
Hessischen Geologischen Landesanstalt zu Darmstadt
839:"The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in Panthera spelaea"
422:
are estimated at between 600,000 and 620,000 years old. The first Asian record of a
370:(commonly known as the cave lion or steppe lion). In comparison to Late Pleistocene
665:
506:
1513:
1464:
1398:
1086:
1049:
992:
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110:
36:
1065:"The Pleistocene lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Poland â A review"
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476:. are known from the late Early Pleistocene (over 780,000 years ago) of
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450:
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343:
329:
214:
91:
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is currently either considered to be ancestral to or a subspecies of
184:
164:
1152:
Sotnikova, M.V. & Foronova, I.V. (2014). "First Asian record of
623:
were distinct enough from the modern lion to be considered separate
1438:
803:
661:
419:
410:, which are estimated at 680,000 years old. In Poland, remains of
357:
Although often historically considered a subspecies of the living
333:
739:, who are suggested to have butchered the animal for its flesh.
692:
537:
358:
562:) or treat it as a distinct species. Some employ a subgenus of
785:
Sabo, Martin; TomaĆĄovĂœch, Adam; GullĂĄr, Juraj (August 2022).
1352:
Neues
Jahrbuch fĂŒr Geologie und PalĂ€ontologie - Abhandlungen
1311:
Acta Musei
Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis
1496:
Marciszak, Adrian; Lipecki, Grzegorz (September 2022).
472:
660,000â612,000 years ago. Possibly earlier records of
1194:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"
974:
Marciszak, Adrian; Gornig, Wiktoria (September 2024).
497:
populations in
Siberia measure larger than those in
1418:(Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the
876:
874:
1533:Bollettino della SocietĂ Paleontologica Italiana
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
517:, less specialized lower teeth, reduced lower
552:. Some authors considered it a subspecies of
8:
1348:Goldfuss, 1810 from the BĂsnik Cave, Poland"
1340:"Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene
731:9 (~300,000 years ago), where a specimen of
723:The only evidence of human interaction with
570:", to contain several lion-like members of
735:displays cut marks thought to be produced
638:that coexisted with the lion included the
123:
109:
20:
1447:
1437:
1322:
1251:
1249:
1229:
1219:
991:
908:
854:
802:
1414:"Mitogenomics of the extinct Cave Lion,
1381:(Goldfuss, 1810) evolution â A review".
774:
1344:Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene
1105:
1103:
727:is from Gran Dolina, Spain, dating to
1338:Marciszak, A.; Stefaniak, K. (2010).
1263:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
536:was historically considered an early
453:about 600,000 years ago from a large
7:
1562:ĂlvarezâLao, Diego J. (April 2016).
1096:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
969:
967:
832:
830:
780:
778:
386:It was first described from remains
14:
1607:Journal of Archaeological Science
449:is estimated to have evolved in
362:(Panthera leo) Panthera fossilis
141:
1659:Pleistocene species extinctions
505:had a slightly wider skull and
980:Earth History and Biodiversity
843:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
592:. A 2022 study concluded that
1:
1664:Fossil taxa described in 1906
1649:Pleistocene mammals of Europe
1128:10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80051-3
932:Persico, Davide (June 2021).
501:. Compared to a modern lion,
1514:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.07.002
1399:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.008
1087:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.018
1050:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.06.022
993:10.1016/j.hisbio.2024.100007
958:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.02.029
709:, and the "European jaguar"
642:, rhinoceroses of the genus
342:known from remains found in
328:), is an extinct species of
1527:Sardella, Raffaele (2014).
1364:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117
1284:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020
611:sequences derived from two
457:cat that originated in the
1682:
856:10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3
791:Palaeontologia Electronica
749:History of lions in Europe
1619:10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.010
1342:Panthera spelaea fossilis
560:Panthera spelaea fossilis
402:were also excavated near
325:Panthera spelaea fossilis
302:Panthera spelaea fossilis
293:
286:
264:
257:
138:Scientific classification
136:
131:
122:
117:
108:
23:
1502:Quaternary International
1383:Quaternary International
1346:Panthera spelaea spelaea
1070:Quaternary International
1029:Quaternary International
938:Quaternary International
719:Relationship with humans
712:Panthera gombaszoegensis
658:straight-tusked elephant
1654:Pleistocene carnivorans
1644:Prehistoric pantherines
1221:10.1073/pnas.1919423117
1170:10.1111/1749-4877.12082
1154:Panthera (Leo) fossilis
762:Panthera pardus spelaea
755:Panthera leo sinhaleyus
654:narrow-nosed rhinoceros
118:Skull from Azé, France
434:and dates to the late
426:lion was found in the
350:and possibly into the
1324:10.14446/AMNP.2014.59
1112:Panthera leo fossilis
619:indicate that it and
550:Panthera leo fossilis
319:Panthera leo fossilis
297:Panthera leo fossilis
1541:10.4435/BSPI.2014.08
1463:Jackson, D. (2010).
1258:Panthera leo spelaea
1073:. 605â606: 213â240.
729:Marine Isotope Stage
609:mitochondrial genome
493:Skeletal remains of
398:. Bone fragments of
1391:2014QuInt.339..245M
1276:2004MolPE..30..841B
1212:2020PNAS..11710927D
1206:(20): 10927â10934.
1158:Integrative Zoology
1079:2021QuInt.605..213M
1042:2010QuInt.228..116L
950:2021QuInt.586...14P
901:2024JQS....39..683I
1305:Sabol, M. (2014).
1110:Sala, B. (1990). "
888:Quaternary Science
650:Merck's rhinoceros
348:Middle Pleistocene
32:Middle Pleistocene
1580:10.1111/bor.12148
1475:. pp. 1â21.
733:Panthera fossilis
725:Panthera fossilis
707:European leopards
699:, the sabertooth
621:Panthera fossilis
529:Taxonomic history
436:Early Pleistocene
376:Panthera fossilis
352:Early Pleistocene
332:belonging to the
313:Panthera fossilis
309:
308:
271:Panthera fossilis
132:Life restoration
25:Panthera fossilis
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1613:(8): 2051â2060.
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555:Panthera spelaea
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29:Temporal range:
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1574:(2): 191â206.
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1482:978-1861897350
1481:
1473:Reaktion Books
1465:"Introduction"
1455:
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1358:(3): 339â351.
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1317:(1â2): 59â70.
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1270:(3): 841â849.
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666:steppe bison
643:
640:hippopotamus
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574:, including
571:
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507:nasal cavity
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1449:10576/22920
797:(2): 1â27.
702:Homotherium
697:cave hyenas
689:brown bears
678:fallow deer
607:Results of
594:P. fossilis
590:P. fossilis
534:P. fossilis
503:P. fossilis
495:P. fossilis
490:P. fossilis
488:Remains of
474:P. fossilis
466:P. fossilis
447:P. fossilis
430:in western
412:P. fossilis
400:P. fossilis
382:Discoveries
374:specimens,
225:Pantherinae
221:Subfamily:
1633:Categories
1471:. London:
986:: 100007.
769:References
636:Herbivores
598:P. spelaea
580:P. spelaea
546:subspecies
509:, smaller
455:pantherine
205:Feliformia
201:Suborder:
16:Fossil cat
1588:0300-9483
1549:0375-7633
1508:: 36â51.
1015:(2): 125.
944:: 14â23.
919:0267-8179
865:1064-7554
821:251855356
813:1094-8074
687:included
685:predators
682:Sympatric
648:(such as
613:Beringian
519:premolars
459:Tanzanian
442:Evolution
404:Pakefield
388:excavated
279:Reichenau
243:Species:
195:Carnivora
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
1639:Panthera
1420:Panthera
1292:15012963
1240:32366643
1178:24382145
1092:22 March
743:See also
674:roe deer
670:red deer
652:and the
585:P. atrox
572:Panthera
564:Panthera
523:incisors
468:date to
424:fossilis
338:Panthera
288:Synonyms
236:Panthera
211:Family:
185:Mammalia
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
1387:Bibcode
1272:Bibcode
1231:7245068
1208:Bibcode
1116:GĂ©obios
1075:Bibcode
1038:Bibcode
946:Bibcode
897:Bibcode
631:Ecology
625:species
451:Eurasia
432:Siberia
416:Isernia
406:in the
396:Germany
344:Eurasia
281:, 1906)
268:†
247:†
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215:Felidae
191:Order:
181:Class:
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542:P. leo
515:bullae
511:orbits
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817:S2CID
662:moose
470:circa
420:Italy
392:Mauer
390:near
334:genus
1584:ISSN
1545:ISSN
1477:ISBN
1469:Lion
1288:PMID
1236:PMID
1199:PNAS
1174:PMID
1094:2024
915:ISSN
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676:and
596:and
588:and
538:lion
359:lion
37:Preê
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