324:
651:. Here, trains bound for Dempster-Skokie would raise their pantographs, while those bound for Howard would lower theirs, doing so at speed in both instances. In 2005, due to the cost and unique maintenance needs for what only represented a very small portion of the system, the overhead system was removed and replaced with the same third rail power that was used throughout the rest of the system, which allowed all of Chicago's railcars to operate on the line. All the pantographs were removed from the Skokie equipped cars.
27:
350:
273:
740:) of vehicles are raised by air pressure and the graphite contact "carbons" create an air gallery in the pantograph head which release the air if a graphite strip is lost, activating the automatic drop device and lowering the pantograph to prevent damage. Newer electric traction units may use more sophisticated methods which detect the disturbances caused by arcing at the point of contact when the graphite strips are damaged. There are not always two pantographs on an
47:
671:
694:
770:. The automatic dropping device is obligatory for trains with operational speeds of 160 km/h and higher. Otherwise, the train operators are free to install these devices. The damage that causes the pantograph to fall can include the strip head, the pantograph head and other parts. The ADD mostly uses a pneumatic system to detect a damage. For example, a broken contact strip will cause a pressure drop in the air tube inside.
882:
242:
647:'s high-speed Skokie Valley Route, and was the only line on the entire Chicago subway system to utilize pantograph collection for any length. As such, the line required railcars that featured pantographs as well as third rail shoes, and since the overhead was a very small portion of the system, only a few cars would be so equipped. The changeover occurred at the grade crossing at East Prairie, the former site of the
376:
396:
339:
368:, the most widely used pantographs are those with a double arm ("made of two rhombs"), but, since the late 1990s, there have been some single-arm pantographs on Russian railways. Some streetcars use double-arm pantographs, among them the Russian KTM-5, KTM-8, LVS-86 and many other Russian-made trams, as well as some Euro-PCC trams in Belgium. American streetcars use either
117:
685:, locomotives and power cars have two pantographs with the third-phase circuit provided by the running rails. In 1901 an experimental high-speed installation, another design from Walter Reichel at Siemens & Halske, used three vertically mounted overhead wires with the collectors mounted on horizontally extending pantographs.
465:, which only applies power to segments of track that are completely covered by the tram. This system was originally designed to be used in the historic centre of Bordeaux because an overhead wire system would cause a visual intrusion. Similar systems that avoid overhead lines have been developed by
306:
Pantographs are typically operated by compressed air from the vehicle's braking system, either to raise the unit and hold it against the conductor or, when springs are used to effect the extension, to lower it. As a precaution against loss of pressure in the second case, the arm is held in the down
751:. The rear pantograph in relation to the direction of travel is often used as to avoid damaging both pantographs in case of entanglements: if the front pantograph was used, debris from an entanglement could cause damage to the rear pantograph, rendering both pantographs and the vehicle inoperable.
1566:
1494:
1479:
721:. As graphite is brittle, pieces can break off during operation. Bad pantographs can seize the overhead wire and tear it down, so there is a two-way influence whereby bad wires can damage the pantograph and bad pantographs can damage the wires. To prevent this, a
296:, which have frequent turns sharp enough to require additional freedom of movement in their current collection to ensure unbroken contact. However, many of these networks, including Toronto's, are undergoing upgrades to accommodate pantograph operation.
261:) from which is suspended a contact wire. The pantograph is spring-loaded and pushes a contact shoe up against the underside of the contact wire to draw the current needed to run the train. The steel rails of the tracks act as the
414:, but some use pantographs, particularly ones that involve extensive above-ground running. Most hybrid metro-tram or 'pre-metro' lines whose routes include tracks on city streets or in other publicly accessible areas, such as
185:, which prevailed up to that time, primarily because the pantograph allows an electric-rail vehicle to travel at much higher speeds without losing contact with the overhead lines, e.g. due to dewirement of the trolley pole.
1561:
178:. They appear in photographs of the first day of service, 26 October 1903. For many decades thereafter, the same diamond shape was used by electric-rail systems around the world and remains in use by some today.
204:
The most common type of pantograph today is the so-called half-pantograph (sometimes Z-shaped), which evolved to provide a more compact and responsive single-arm design at high speeds as trains got faster.
488:
uses pantograph power for the entire section of its route that runs on the surface, while switching to third rail power before entering the underground portion of its route. The entire metro systems of
658:
line 1 changed from third rail to overhead line power at Frøen station. Due to the many level crossings, it was deemed difficult to install a third rail on the rest of the older line's
323:
598:
361:
Pantographs may have either a single or a double arm. Double-arm pantographs are usually heavier, requiring more power to raise and lower, but may also be more fault-tolerant.
1607:
1293:
1499:
604:
Numerous railway lines use both third rail and overhead power collection along different portions of their routes, generally for historical reasons. They include the
725:
can be used. At sustained high speeds, above 300 km/h (190 mph), friction can cause the contact strip to become red hot, which in turn can cause excessive
1096:
971:"Railway applications - Current collection systems - Technical criteria for the interaction between pantograph and overhead contactline (to achieve free access)"
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1539:
1576:
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474:
193:
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280:
with its pantograph raised. Note the trolley pole in the rear, which provides compatibility with sections not yet upgraded for pantograph operation.
1602:
484:
Overhead pantographs are sometimes used as alternatives to third rails because third rails can ice over in certain winter weather conditions. The
299:
Pantographs with overhead wires are now the dominant form of current collection for modern electric trains because, although more fragile than a
1529:
1286:
269:
in the wires which break the contact and degrade current collection. This means that on some systems adjacent pantographs are not permitted.
1474:
970:
1524:
648:
277:
1571:
1546:
1534:
1489:
1119:
1027:
292:, whose freedom of movement and need for a two-wire circuit makes pantographs impractical, and some streetcar networks, such as the
167:
213:) to low-speed urban tram systems. The design operates with equal efficiency in either direction of motion, as demonstrated by the
209:
invented this type of pantograph in 1955. The half-pantograph can be seen in use on everything from very fast trains (such as the
1509:
1279:
674:
1504:
1192:
795:
578:
662:. After 2010 third rails were used in spite of level crossings. The third rails have gaps, but there are two contact shoes.
438:, use overhead wire, as a standard third rail would obstruct street traffic and present too great a risk of electrocution.
140:" to minimise lateral stress on the contact wire, first appeared in the late 19th century. Early versions include the
1422:
1251:"IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Details for IEV number 811-32-22: "pantograph dropping device""
229:, operate with them set in the opposite direction. In Europe the geometry and shape of the pantographs are specified by
188:
Notwithstanding this, trolley pole current collection was used successfully at up to 140 km/h (90 mph) on the
821:
1638:
149:
1160:
Krzysztof, Zintel (January 2005). "Wąskotorowe lokomotywy elektryczne na tor 900 mm w kopalniach węgla brunatnego".
744:
but, in cases where there are, the other one can be used if one is damaged; an example of this situation would be a
1377:
1135:
682:
601:, bought out the company and replaced all overhead wiring with the standard third rail system used on other lines.
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35:
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522:
145:
121:
1432:
1082:
617:
477:, and others. These may consist of physical ground-level infrastructure, or use energy stored in
222:
206:
349:
375:
154:
The familiar diamond-shaped roller pantograph was devised and patented by John Q. Brown of the
46:
1331:
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position by a catch. For high-voltage systems, the same air supply is used to "blow out" the
733:
609:
594:
485:
442:
431:
328:
705:
may be offset to allow this; the pantographs are then mounted at an angle to the vertical.
693:
625:
558:
550:
498:
419:
400:
312:
96:; typically, a single or double wire is used, with the return current running through the
39:
1052:
713:
Contact between a pantograph and an overhead line is usually assured through a block of
1078:
737:
632:
586:
546:
506:
446:
241:
545:
use overhead wiring and pantographs (as well as certain lines of the metro systems in
1622:
1389:
1352:
1316:
780:
702:
534:
526:
510:
450:
407:
288:, which were widely used on early streetcar systems. Trolley poles are still used by
266:
254:
141:
101:
82:
1326:
1112:
Electric traction – motive power and energy supply: basics and practical experience
800:
790:
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395:
369:
308:
285:
226:
189:
182:
105:
97:
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31:
766:
to prevent accidents in case of obstructions or emergencies. It is also known as
697:
Tilted pantograph used with offset overhead line to allow loading of open wagons
562:
554:
542:
502:
354:
214:
338:
116:
1357:
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175:
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86:
20:
1209:
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1402:
1211:
Non-invasive dynamic condition assessment techniques for railway pantographs
856:
Italian Patent 35389/285, 18 December 1893; US patent 547031, 1 October 1895
718:
597:
rapid transit lines in Paris until the other operating company of the time,
265:. As the train moves, the contact shoe slides along the wire and can set up
159:
1037:
441:
Among the various exceptions are several tram systems, such as the ones in
1271:
1004:
840:"A Century of Traction. Electrical Inspections, page 7, by Basil Silcove"
714:
384:
258:
133:
245:
The (asymmetrical) Z-shaped pantograph of the electrical pickup on the
230:
85:. The term stems from the resemblance of some styles to the mechanical
762:(ADD) is a safety device that automatically lowers the pantograph on
458:
218:
128:
section bar, so both lateral and vertical flexibility was necessary.
843:
692:
669:
394:
374:
353:
First-generation
Faiveley single-arm pantograph on a British Rail
348:
343:
337:
322:
271:
240:
148:
in
Germany, and a flat slide-pantograph first used in 1895 by the
115:
70:
45:
25:
380:
365:
357:
locomotive, used on early AC electric locomotives from the 1960s
74:
1275:
643:. In this last case, the overhead portion was a remnant of the
257:
systems consists of an upper, weight-carrying wire (known as a
233:, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization.
210:
910:, Harre Demoro, v.1, pp.16-17, publ. Interurban Press (1985)
995:
Hammond, Rolt (1968). "Development of electric traction".
1018:
Ransome-Wallis, Patrick (1959). "Electric motive power".
30:
The diamond-shaped, electric-rod pantograph of the Swiss
717:. This material conducts electricity while working as a
481:
to travel over short distances without overhead wiring.
221:
railways whose newest high-performance locomotives, the
144:, invented in 1889 by Walter Reichel, chief engineer at
16:
Power collection apparatus used by trains and light rail
457:
that use a proprietary underground system developed by
937:
The Key System: San
Francisco and the Eastshore Empire
701:
On lines where open wagons are loaded from above, the
124:
electric locomotive. The brass contact ran inside the
69:") is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric
1020:
1185:
The politics of high speed rail in France, 1944-1983
1085:
from the original on 2021-11-17 – via YouTube.
1595:
1467:
1441:
1388:
1340:
1309:
1079:"Oslo Metro in transition III: Frognerseteren line"
599:Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris
132:The pantograph, with a low-friction, replaceable
181:The pantograph was an improvement on the simple
100:. Other types of current collectors include the
1114:. Munich: Oldenbourg Industrieverl. p. 4.
303:system, they allow the use of higher voltages.
1287:
399:Symmetrical, diamond-shaped pantographs on a
8:
1226:"IEC 60494-1:2013 - IEC-Normen - VDE VERLAG"
999:. London: Frederick Muller. pp. 71–73.
935:Walter Rice and Emiliano Echeverria (2007).
284:Pantographs are the successor technology to
253:The electric transmission system for modern
1095:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
949:Louis Faiveley, Current Collecting Device,
249:. This pantograph uses a single-arm design.
89:used for copying handwriting and drawings.
1294:
1280:
1272:
645:Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad
194:Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad
976:. National Standards Authority of Ireland
81:to collect power through contact with an
1187:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 84.
866:"A ninety-six ton electric locomotive".
813:
1088:
939:. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 13, 16.
342:Diagram of parts of a pantograph from
196:, also known as the North Shore Line.
593:). Pantographs were also used on the
7:
1110:Steimel, Andreas (1 December 2007).
897:, Vol.24, No.3, July 16, 1904, p.116
791:Pantographs and underbody collectors
19:For the duplication instrument, see
1022:. London: Hutchinson. p. 173.
997:Modern Methods of Railway Operation
92:The pantograph is a common type of
120:Early (1895) flat pantograph on a
14:
624:, three of the five lines in the
675:Experimental three-phase railcar
391:Metro systems and overhead lines
1603:Railway electrification systems
924:. Signature Press. p. 369.
796:Railway electrification system
1:
1077:exsuhmsgate2 (5 March 2010).
723:pantograph monitoring station
649:Crawford-East Prairie station
319:Single and double pantographs
122:Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
1608:Tram electrification systems
1423:Electro-diesel multiple unit
732:In the UK, the pantographs (
1214:. University of Birmingham.
1208:Xin, Tingyu (1 July 2019).
872:. New York. 10 August 1895.
372:or single-arm pantographs.
150:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
1662:
1378:Conduit current collection
895:The Street Railway Journal
768:pantograph dropping device
364:On railways of the former
50:Cross-arm pantograph of a
18:
1418:Electro-diesel locomotive
1398:Railway electric traction
1368:Ground-level power supply
760:Automatic dropping device
755:Automatic dropping device
637:Chicago Transit Authority
410:systems are powered by a
162:trains which ran between
920:Sappers, Vernon (2007).
683:three phase power supply
432:Frankfurt am Main U-Bahn
294:Toronto streetcar system
1348:Railway electrification
1303:Railway electrification
1183:Meunier, Jacob (2001).
379:A Pantograph of a CAF
36:Schynige Platte railway
1449:Traction power network
1413:Electric multiple unit
960:, granted May 3, 1960.
742:electric multiple unit
729:and eventual failure.
698:
681:On some systems using
678:
630:Metro-North Railroad's
434:, and San Francisco's
403:
387:
358:
346:
335:
333:British Rail Class 333
281:
250:
172:San Francisco Bay Area
129:
54:
43:
1459:Traction powerstation
922:Key System Streetcars
883:US Patent No. 764,224
696:
673:
398:
378:
352:
341:
326:
275:
244:
119:
49:
29:
1255:www.electropedia.org
1164:(in Polish): 14–21.
689:Inclined pantographs
146:Siemens & Halske
1454:Traction substation
1408:Electric locomotive
1373:Stud contact system
869:Scientific American
828:. 4 September 2016.
327:Close-up view of a
278:Flexity Outlook LRV
1639:Pantographs (rail)
1433:Rubber-tyred metro
1310:Current collectors
1051:Garfield, Graham.
699:
679:
666:Three-phase supply
618:Northern City Line
416:(formerly) line 51
404:
388:
359:
347:
336:
311:when roof-mounted
282:
251:
247:Berlin StraĂźenbahn
136:contact strip or "
130:
55:
44:
34:locomotive of the
1616:
1615:
1230:www.vde-verlag.de
786:Current collector
614:London Overground
610:West London lines
606:North London line
428:RTA Rapid Transit
263:electrical return
237:Technical details
94:current collector
1651:
1629:Locomotive parts
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1136:"Walter Reichel"
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848:
847:
842:. Archived from
836:
830:
829:
822:"Solaris Urbino"
818:
734:Brecknell Willis
654:Until 2010, the
595:Nord-Sud Company
331:pantograph on a
329:Brecknell Willis
313:circuit breakers
192:vehicles of the
158:shops for their
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1660:
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1634:Tram technology
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1057:Chicago "L".org
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764:electric trains
757:
711:
691:
677:, Germany, 1901
668:
626:Rotterdam Metro
424:MBTA Green Line
420:Amsterdam Metro
393:
321:
239:
202:
170:section of the
114:
42:, built in 1911
40:Schynige Platte
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1659:
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1644:Electric buses
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1341:Power delivery
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846:on 2015-04-02.
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738:Stone Faiveley
710:
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690:
687:
667:
664:
633:New Haven Line
622:Great Northern
486:MBTA Blue Line
430:in Cleveland,
392:
389:
320:
317:
267:standing waves
238:
235:
207:Louis Faiveley
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1428:Multi-system
1332:Contact shoe
1327:Trolley pole
1321:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
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190:Electroliner
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106:trolley pole
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79:electric bus
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1567:Switzerland
1557:Former USSR
1530:New Zealand
1363:Fourth rail
1162:Ĺšwiat Kolei
1140:siemens.com
641:Yellow Line
591:Mexico City
401:Prague tram
87:pantographs
52:Toshiba EMU
1623:Categories
1468:By country
1358:Third rail
1322:Pantograph
1194:0275973778
1062:January 8,
952:US 2935576
808:References
746:Class 390
709:Weaknesses
656:Oslo Metro
635:, and the
467:Bombardier
436:Muni Metro
412:third rail
315:are used.
301:third rail
200:Modern use
176:California
156:Key System
59:pantograph
21:Pantograph
1520:Lithuania
1475:Australia
1403:Power car
1170:1234-5962
748:Pendolino
719:lubricant
628:network,
579:Singapore
559:Hyderabad
551:Chongqing
511:Hong Kong
499:Barcelona
461:, called
112:Invention
1540:timeline
1525:Malaysia
1260:9 August
1235:3 August
1145:27 March
1091:cite web
1083:Archived
980:27 March
826:Busworld
774:See also
715:graphite
587:Budapest
507:Shanghai
443:Bordeaux
385:Belgrade
355:Class 85
259:catenary
219:Austrian
168:East Bay
166:and the
160:commuter
134:graphite
104:and the
32:cogwheel
1577:Ukraine
1495:Germany
1485:Estonia
1480:Austria
1038:2683266
583:Sapporo
563:Jakarta
547:Beijing
535:Chennai
523:Fukuoka
418:of the
231:CENELEC
1572:Turkey
1562:Sweden
1552:Russia
1547:Poland
1535:Norway
1515:Latvia
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527:Sendai
495:Madrid
491:Sydney
459:Alstom
447:Angers
422:, the
227:Taurus
223:Re 460
65:" or "
1596:Lists
1510:Japan
1500:India
974:(PDF)
571:Osaka
567:Tokyo
555:Noida
543:Delhi
515:Seoul
503:Porto
455:Dubai
451:Reims
406:Most
344:ICE S
215:Swiss
98:rails
71:train
67:panto
61:(or "
1505:Iran
1262:2023
1237:2023
1189:ISBN
1166:ISSN
1147:2020
1116:ISBN
1097:link
1064:2011
1034:OCLC
1024:ISBN
1001:OCLC
982:2020
736:and
608:and
541:and
519:Kobe
453:and
381:tram
366:USSR
225:and
217:and
138:shoe
75:tram
639:'s
620:of
612:of
475:CAF
463:APS
383:in
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