335:
662:. Here, trains bound for Dempster-Skokie would raise their pantographs, while those bound for Howard would lower theirs, doing so at speed in both instances. In 2005, due to the cost and unique maintenance needs for what only represented a very small portion of the system, the overhead system was removed and replaced with the same third rail power that was used throughout the rest of the system, which allowed all of Chicago's railcars to operate on the line. All the pantographs were removed from the Skokie equipped cars.
38:
361:
284:
751:) of vehicles are raised by air pressure and the graphite contact "carbons" create an air gallery in the pantograph head which release the air if a graphite strip is lost, activating the automatic drop device and lowering the pantograph to prevent damage. Newer electric traction units may use more sophisticated methods which detect the disturbances caused by arcing at the point of contact when the graphite strips are damaged. There are not always two pantographs on an
58:
682:
705:
781:. The automatic dropping device is obligatory for trains with operational speeds of 160 km/h and higher. Otherwise, the train operators are free to install these devices. The damage that causes the pantograph to fall can include the strip head, the pantograph head and other parts. The ADD mostly uses a pneumatic system to detect a damage. For example, a broken contact strip will cause a pressure drop in the air tube inside.
893:
253:
658:'s high-speed Skokie Valley Route, and was the only line on the entire Chicago subway system to utilize pantograph collection for any length. As such, the line required railcars that featured pantographs as well as third rail shoes, and since the overhead was a very small portion of the system, only a few cars would be so equipped. The changeover occurred at the grade crossing at East Prairie, the former site of the
387:
407:
350:
379:, the most widely used pantographs are those with a double arm ("made of two rhombs"), but, since the late 1990s, there have been some single-arm pantographs on Russian railways. Some streetcars use double-arm pantographs, among them the Russian KTM-5, KTM-8, LVS-86 and many other Russian-made trams, as well as some Euro-PCC trams in Belgium. American streetcars use either
128:
696:, locomotives and power cars have two pantographs with the third-phase circuit provided by the running rails. In 1901 an experimental high-speed installation, another design from Walter Reichel at Siemens & Halske, used three vertically mounted overhead wires with the collectors mounted on horizontally extending pantographs.
476:, which only applies power to segments of track that are completely covered by the tram. This system was originally designed to be used in the historic centre of Bordeaux because an overhead wire system would cause a visual intrusion. Similar systems that avoid overhead lines have been developed by
317:
Pantographs are typically operated by compressed air from the vehicle's braking system, either to raise the unit and hold it against the conductor or, when springs are used to effect the extension, to lower it. As a precaution against loss of pressure in the second case, the arm is held in the down
762:. The rear pantograph in relation to the direction of travel is often used as to avoid damaging both pantographs in case of entanglements: if the front pantograph was used, debris from an entanglement could cause damage to the rear pantograph, rendering both pantographs and the vehicle inoperable.
1577:
1505:
1490:
732:. As graphite is brittle, pieces can break off during operation. Bad pantographs can seize the overhead wire and tear it down, so there is a two-way influence whereby bad wires can damage the pantograph and bad pantographs can damage the wires. To prevent this, a
307:, which have frequent turns sharp enough to require additional freedom of movement in their current collection to ensure unbroken contact. However, many of these networks, including Toronto's, are undergoing upgrades to accommodate pantograph operation.
272:) from which is suspended a contact wire. The pantograph is spring-loaded and pushes a contact shoe up against the underside of the contact wire to draw the current needed to run the train. The steel rails of the tracks act as the
425:, but some use pantographs, particularly ones that involve extensive above-ground running. Most hybrid metro-tram or 'pre-metro' lines whose routes include tracks on city streets or in other publicly accessible areas, such as
196:, which prevailed up to that time, primarily because the pantograph allows an electric-rail vehicle to travel at much higher speeds without losing contact with the overhead lines, e.g. due to dewirement of the trolley pole.
1572:
189:. They appear in photographs of the first day of service, 26 October 1903. For many decades thereafter, the same diamond shape was used by electric-rail systems around the world and remains in use by some today.
215:
The most common type of pantograph today is the so-called half-pantograph (sometimes Z-shaped), which evolved to provide a more compact and responsive single-arm design at high speeds as trains got faster.
499:
uses pantograph power for the entire section of its route that runs on the surface, while switching to third rail power before entering the underground portion of its route. The entire metro systems of
669:
line 1 changed from third rail to overhead line power at Frøen station. Due to the many level crossings, it was deemed difficult to install a third rail on the rest of the older line's
334:
609:
372:
Pantographs may have either a single or a double arm. Double-arm pantographs are usually heavier, requiring more power to raise and lower, but may also be more fault-tolerant.
1618:
1304:
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615:
Numerous railway lines use both third rail and overhead power collection along different portions of their routes, generally for historical reasons. They include the
736:
can be used. At sustained high speeds, above 300 km/h (190 mph), friction can cause the contact strip to become red hot, which in turn can cause excessive
1107:
982:"Railway applications - Current collection systems - Technical criteria for the interaction between pantograph and overhead contactline (to achieve free access)"
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with its pantograph raised. Note the trolley pole in the rear, which provides compatibility with sections not yet upgraded for pantograph operation.
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495:
Overhead pantographs are sometimes used as alternatives to third rails because third rails can ice over in certain winter weather conditions. The
310:
Pantographs with overhead wires are now the dominant form of current collection for modern electric trains because, although more fragile than a
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in the wires which break the contact and degrade current collection. This means that on some systems adjacent pantographs are not permitted.
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303:, whose freedom of movement and need for a two-wire circuit makes pantographs impractical, and some streetcar networks, such as the
178:
224:) to low-speed urban tram systems. The design operates with equal efficiency in either direction of motion, as demonstrated by the
220:
invented this type of pantograph in 1955. The half-pantograph can be seen in use on everything from very fast trains (such as the
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1290:
685:
1515:
1203:
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589:
673:. After 2010 third rails were used in spite of level crossings. The third rails have gaps, but there are two contact shoes.
449:, use overhead wire, as a standard third rail would obstruct street traffic and present too great a risk of electrocution.
151:" to minimise lateral stress on the contact wire, first appeared in the late 19th century. Early versions include the
1433:
1262:"IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Details for IEV number 811-32-22: "pantograph dropping device""
240:, operate with them set in the opposite direction. In Europe the geometry and shape of the pantographs are specified by
199:
Notwithstanding this, trolley pole current collection was used successfully at up to 140 km/h (90 mph) on the
832:
1649:
160:
1171:
Krzysztof, Zintel (January 2005). "Wąskotorowe lokomotywy elektryczne na tor 900 mm w kopalniach węgla brunatnego".
755:
but, in cases where there are, the other one can be used if one is damaged; an example of this situation would be a
1388:
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693:
612:, bought out the company and replaced all overhead wiring with the standard third rail system used on other lines.
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488:, and others. These may consist of physical ground-level infrastructure, or use energy stored in
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The familiar diamond-shaped roller pantograph was devised and patented by John Q. Brown of the
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position by a catch. For high-voltage systems, the same air supply is used to "blow out" the
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may be offset to allow this; the pantographs are then mounted at an angle to the vertical.
17:
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323:
107:; typically, a single or double wire is used, with the return current running through the
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Contact between a pantograph and an overhead line is usually assured through a block of
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use overhead wiring and pantographs (as well as certain lines of the metro systems in
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299:, which were widely used on early streetcar systems. Trolley poles are still used by
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Electric traction – motive power and energy supply: basics and practical experience
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to prevent accidents in case of obstructions or emergencies. It is also known as
708:
Tilted pantograph used with offset overhead line to allow loading of open wagons
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Non-invasive dynamic condition assessment techniques for railway pantographs
867:
Italian Patent 35389/285, 18 December 1893; US patent 547031, 1 October 1895
729:
608:
rapid transit lines in Paris until the other operating company of the time,
276:. As the train moves, the contact shoe slides along the wire and can set up
170:
1048:
452:
Among the various exceptions are several tram systems, such as the ones in
1282:
1015:
851:"A Century of Traction. Electrical Inspections, page 7, by Basil Silcove"
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395:
269:
144:
256:
The (asymmetrical) Z-shaped pantograph of the electrical pickup on the
241:
96:. The term stems from the resemblance of some styles to the mechanical
773:(ADD) is a safety device that automatically lowers the pantograph on
469:
229:
139:
section bar, so both lateral and vertical flexibility was necessary.
854:
703:
680:
405:
385:
364:
First-generation
Faiveley single-arm pantograph on a British Rail
359:
354:
348:
333:
282:
251:
159:
in
Germany, and a flat slide-pantograph first used in 1895 by the
126:
81:
56:
36:
391:
376:
368:
locomotive, used on early AC electric locomotives from the 1960s
85:
1286:
654:. In this last case, the overhead portion was a remnant of the
268:
systems consists of an upper, weight-carrying wire (known as a
244:, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization.
221:
921:, Harre Demoro, v.1, pp.16-17, publ. Interurban Press (1985)
1006:
Hammond, Rolt (1968). "Development of electric traction".
1029:
Ransome-Wallis, Patrick (1959). "Electric motive power".
41:
The diamond-shaped, electric-rod pantograph of the Swiss
728:. This material conducts electricity while working as a
492:
to travel over short distances without overhead wiring.
232:
railways whose newest high-performance locomotives, the
155:, invented in 1889 by Walter Reichel, chief engineer at
27:
Power collection apparatus used by trains and light rail
468:
that use a proprietary underground system developed by
948:
The Key System: San
Francisco and the Eastshore Empire
712:
On lines where open wagons are loaded from above, the
135:
electric locomotive. The brass contact ran inside the
80:") is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric
1031:
1196:
The politics of high speed rail in France, 1944-1983
1096:
from the original on 2021-11-17 – via YouTube.
1606:
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1320:
1090:"Oslo Metro in transition III: Frognerseteren line"
610:Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris
143:The pantograph, with a low-friction, replaceable
192:The pantograph was an improvement on the simple
111:. Other types of current collectors include the
1125:. Munich: Oldenbourg Industrieverl. p. 4.
314:system, they allow the use of higher voltages.
1298:
410:Symmetrical, diamond-shaped pantographs on a
8:
1237:"IEC 60494-1:2013 - IEC-Normen - VDE VERLAG"
1010:. London: Frederick Muller. pp. 71–73.
946:Walter Rice and Emiliano Echeverria (2007).
295:Pantographs are the successor technology to
264:The electric transmission system for modern
1106:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
960:Louis Faiveley, Current Collecting Device,
260:. This pantograph uses a single-arm design.
100:used for copying handwriting and drawings.
1305:
1291:
1283:
656:Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad
205:Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad
987:. National Standards Authority of Ireland
92:to collect power through contact with an
1198:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 84.
877:"A ninety-six ton electric locomotive".
824:
1099:
950:. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 13, 16.
353:Diagram of parts of a pantograph from
207:, also known as the North Shore Line.
604:). Pantographs were also used on the
7:
1121:Steimel, Andreas (1 December 2007).
908:, Vol.24, No.3, July 16, 1904, p.116
802:Pantographs and underbody collectors
30:For the duplication instrument, see
1033:. London: Hutchinson. p. 173.
1008:Modern Methods of Railway Operation
103:The pantograph is a common type of
131:Early (1895) flat pantograph on a
25:
635:, three of the five lines in the
686:Experimental three-phase railcar
402:Metro systems and overhead lines
1614:Railway electrification systems
935:. Signature Press. p. 369.
807:Railway electrification system
1:
1088:exsuhmsgate2 (5 March 2010).
734:pantograph monitoring station
660:Crawford-East Prairie station
330:Single and double pantographs
133:Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
1619:Tram electrification systems
1434:Electro-diesel multiple unit
743:In the UK, the pantographs (
1225:. University of Birmingham.
1219:Xin, Tingyu (1 July 2019).
883:. New York. 10 August 1895.
383:or single-arm pantographs.
161:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
18:Pantograph (transportation)
1671:
1389:Conduit current collection
906:The Street Railway Journal
779:pantograph dropping device
375:On railways of the former
61:Cross-arm pantograph of a
29:
1429:Electro-diesel locomotive
1409:Railway electric traction
1379:Ground-level power supply
771:Automatic dropping device
766:Automatic dropping device
648:Chicago Transit Authority
421:systems are powered by a
173:trains which ran between
931:Sappers, Vernon (2007).
694:three phase power supply
443:Frankfurt am Main U-Bahn
305:Toronto streetcar system
1359:Railway electrification
1314:Railway electrification
1194:Meunier, Jacob (2001).
390:A Pantograph of a CAF
47:Schynige Platte railway
1460:Traction power network
1424:Electric multiple unit
971:, granted May 3, 1960.
753:electric multiple unit
740:and eventual failure.
709:
692:On some systems using
689:
641:Metro-North Railroad's
445:, and San Francisco's
414:
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369:
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346:
344:British Rail Class 333
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183:San Francisco Bay Area
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1470:Traction powerstation
933:Key System Streetcars
894:US Patent No. 764,224
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1266:www.electropedia.org
1175:(in Polish): 14–21.
700:Inclined pantographs
157:Siemens & Halske
1465:Traction substation
1419:Electric locomotive
1384:Stud contact system
880:Scientific American
839:. 4 September 2016.
338:Close-up view of a
289:Flexity Outlook LRV
1650:Pantographs (rail)
1444:Rubber-tyred metro
1321:Current collectors
1062:Garfield, Graham.
710:
690:
677:Three-phase supply
629:Northern City Line
427:(formerly) line 51
415:
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322:when roof-mounted
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262:
258:Berlin StraĂźenbahn
147:contact strip or "
141:
66:
55:
45:locomotive of the
1627:
1626:
1241:www.vde-verlag.de
797:Current collector
625:London Overground
621:West London lines
617:North London line
439:RTA Rapid Transit
274:electrical return
248:Technical details
105:current collector
16:(Redirected from
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853:. Archived from
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833:"Solaris Urbino"
829:
745:Brecknell Willis
665:Until 2010, the
606:Nord-Sud Company
342:pantograph on a
340:Brecknell Willis
324:circuit breakers
203:vehicles of the
169:shops for their
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688:, Germany, 1901
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637:Rotterdam Metro
435:MBTA Green Line
431:Amsterdam Metro
404:
332:
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181:section of the
125:
53:, built in 1911
51:Schynige Platte
35:
28:
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857:on 2015-04-02.
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644:New Haven Line
633:Great Northern
497:MBTA Blue Line
441:in Cleveland,
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278:standing waves
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218:Louis Faiveley
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1439:Multi-system
1343:Contact shoe
1338:Trolley pole
1332:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
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90:electric bus
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1578:Switzerland
1568:Former USSR
1541:New Zealand
1374:Fourth rail
1173:Ĺšwiat Kolei
1151:siemens.com
652:Yellow Line
602:Mexico City
412:Prague tram
98:pantographs
63:Toshiba EMU
1634:Categories
1479:By country
1369:Third rail
1333:Pantograph
1205:0275973778
1073:January 8,
963:US 2935576
819:References
757:Class 390
720:Weaknesses
667:Oslo Metro
646:, and the
478:Bombardier
447:Muni Metro
423:third rail
326:are used.
312:third rail
211:Modern use
187:California
167:Key System
70:pantograph
32:Pantograph
1531:Lithuania
1486:Australia
1414:Power car
1181:1234-5962
759:Pendolino
730:lubricant
639:network,
590:Singapore
570:Hyderabad
562:Chongqing
522:Hong Kong
510:Barcelona
472:, called
123:Invention
1551:timeline
1536:Malaysia
1271:9 August
1246:3 August
1156:27 March
1102:cite web
1094:Archived
991:27 March
837:Busworld
785:See also
726:graphite
598:Budapest
518:Shanghai
454:Bordeaux
396:Belgrade
366:Class 85
270:catenary
230:Austrian
179:East Bay
177:and the
171:commuter
145:graphite
115:and the
43:cogwheel
1588:Ukraine
1506:Germany
1496:Estonia
1491:Austria
1049:2683266
594:Sapporo
574:Jakarta
558:Beijing
546:Chennai
534:Fukuoka
429:of the
242:CENELEC
1583:Turkey
1573:Sweden
1563:Russia
1558:Poland
1546:Norway
1526:Latvia
1501:France
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550:Mumbai
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538:Sendai
506:Madrid
502:Sydney
470:Alstom
458:Angers
433:, the
238:Taurus
234:Re 460
76:" or "
1607:Lists
1521:Japan
1511:India
985:(PDF)
582:Osaka
578:Tokyo
566:Noida
554:Delhi
526:Seoul
514:Porto
466:Dubai
462:Reims
417:Most
355:ICE S
226:Swiss
109:rails
82:train
78:panto
72:(or "
1516:Iran
1273:2023
1248:2023
1200:ISBN
1177:ISSN
1158:2020
1127:ISBN
1108:link
1075:2011
1045:OCLC
1035:ISBN
1012:OCLC
993:2020
747:and
619:and
552:and
530:Kobe
464:and
392:tram
377:USSR
236:and
228:and
149:shoe
86:tram
650:'s
631:of
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486:CAF
474:APS
394:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
