151:, a Yaqui veteran, Anselmo Valencia, returned to Pascua vowing to improve life for his people. He came home determined to fight for his people's rights as American citizens and indigenous Americans. He became head of the religious caballeros society. In 1955, Valencia established the San Ignacio Club to work for community betterment at Pascua. Around this time a University of Arizona anthropology student, Muriel Thayer Painter, began to study the Pascua Yaquis, vowing to aid the struggling group. Residents of Pascua increasingly had lost their lots to tax foreclosures and other economic issues. A study found that most homes had no running water, indoor plumbing, or electricity. Valencia, Spicer, and Painter established the Committee for Pascua Community Housing in the early 1960s to improve housing conditions in the neighborhood. In 1962 while collecting wild herbs in the desert southwest of Tucson, Valencia had a vision that his people would one day relocate there. To accomplish this, Valencia, Spicer, and Geronimo Estrella spearheaded the creation of the Pascua Yaqui Land Development Project, with membership that included Yaquis Felipa Suarez, Gloria Suarez, Joaquina Garcia, and Raul Silvas. The group contacted Congressman Mo Udall for federal help in 1962.
193:. Its programs required community participation, and Valencia and Spicer led the federally-funded effort to establish a tribal base at New Pascua. With federal moneys that totaled over $ 400,000, Pascua Yaquis built roads (named for historic Yaqui communities in Mexico and cultural heroes), installed utilities, and built tribal community buildings. In 1965, about 370 Yaquis still lived in Barrio Pascua, now being called "Old Pascua." In the early 1970s, a younger Yaqui, M. Raymond Ybarra, a protege of Anselmo Valencia, increasingly took leadership roles at New Pascua. In 1975 they asked Congressman Udall to introduce a bill to federally recognize the Pascua Yaquis as a tribe. Opposition over their Mexican origins and from other Arizona Yaqui communities stymied this effort. In early 1977, Raymond Ybarra and Anselmo Valencia, representing the Pascua Yaqui Association, met with US Senator
465:, physician of Family Medicine, 5th generation Arizonan and student mentor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine. Assistant Dean of Curricular Affairs, Associate Professor of Family and Community Medicine (Clinical Scholar Track), Director of Rural Health Professions Program. He is the Director/Creator of the Commitment to Underserved People Program (1996), a medical student-run clinic at UACOM-Tucson which helps address clinical needs to local underserved and resource-poor populations. He also founded the annual Native American blessing tradition at UACOM-Tucson, a ceremony in which he performs a prayer to the "Seven Sacred Directions" to cleanse and honor medical students as well as the individuals who donated their bodies for the students' education.
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197:(D-AZ) to urge him to introduce legislation to provide complete federal recognition of the Yaqui people living on the property conveyed to the Pascua Yaqui Association by the United States through the Act of October 8, 1964. (78 Stat. 1197). Senator DeConcini introduced S.1633 on June 7, 1977. After extensive hearings and consideration, it was passed by the Senate on April 5, 1978. It was accepted by the Conference Committee with the House of Representatives and the Conference Report was passed by the Senate. It became public law, PL 95-375, on September 18, 1978. The law provides for all federal services and benefits including those provided by the
144:. Spicer, whose work on the Pascua Yaquis would establish him as one of the nation's leading anthropologists, and the others contacted the Bureau of Indian Affairs to aid the group. Issues of their Mexican origins clouded this effort. As this was during the landmark Indian New Deal when Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier was attempting to aid indigenous groups that for decades had faced federal assaults on their lands and cultures, at one point he offered a solution: the Yaquis could relocate to the Colorado River Reservation in far western Arizona. Ultimately this plan failed because of finances and nationality questions.
111:. The Yaqui peoples homelands consisted of several towns in the Yaqui River delta near the Sea of Cortez in Sonora, Mexico. The Jesuits established missions here among the Yaqui by the 19th century. A syncretic Catholic-Native religion developed where Yaquis incorporated Catholic rituals, saints, and teachings into their existing indigenous worldview. After contact with non-Natives after the Spanish arrival in the 1500s, the Yaquis came into an almost constant conflict with Spanish colonists and the later Mexican republic, a period known as the
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Mo Udall to prepare legislation to transfer federal land for the new Yaqui community
Valencia had envisioned on the outskirts of Tucson. Because so many members of Congress were opposed to establishing a new tribal-federal relationship with the Yaquis during the "Termination Era" that lasted until the 1960s, language was inserted in the land transfer bill that prohibited the Pascua Yaqui from being eligible for Bureau of Indian Affair's services or benefits that flowed from tribal acknowledgment.
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established Yaqui barrios at Pacua and Barrio Libre in Tucson, at Marana, and at
Guadalupe and Scottsdale near Phoenix. By the 1940s there were approximately 2,500 Yaquis in Arizona. Most worked as migrant farm laborers. This seasonal work melded well with the off-season when Yaquis would plan and carry out complex religious ceremonials that took months to complete. In Arizona, the Yaqui communities re-established traditional ceremonies, most importantly, the
444:, physician of Psychiatry & Neurology, public health advocate, medical research scholar, first tribal member from the Pascua Yaqui Reservation to graduate from an Ivy League University, and the first Doctor of Medicine from the Yaqui's reservation community. Recipient of the national Morris K. and Stewart L. Udall Foundation award for research in medicine and public health work with under-served communities.
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325:: Peter Yucupicio, Chairman; Robert Valencia, Vice-Chairman; Mary Jane Buenamea, Secretary; Raymundo Baltazar, Treasurer; Antonia Campoy, Council Member; Francisco Munoz, Council Member; Francisco Valencia Council Member; Herminia Frias, Council Member; David Ramirez, Council Member; Rosa Soto Alvarez, Council Member; Cruzita Armenta, Council Member
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towards a Native
American. This was motivated by the high percentage of Native American women being assaulted by non-Indian men, feeling immune by the lack of jurisdiction of Tribal Courts upon them. This new law generally takes effect on March 7, 2015, but also authorizes a voluntary "Pilot Project"
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At the urging of Ned Spicer, in 1962 the Yaquis formed the Pascua Yaqui
Association (PYA) as a non-profit corporation to receive funds and to deal with federal officials. The PYA evolved into the modern Pascua Yaqui tribal government. The PYA was a quasi-tribal government that worked with Congressman
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The Tribal government is the largest employer on the reservation. In addition to a smoke shop and artisan shop, the Tribe operates the Casino of the Sun gaming facility, which includes slot machines, bingo, restaurants, games and employs more than 600 staff. Casino Del Sol, the Tribe's second gaming
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Complexities occur for the preservation of Yaqui religious tradition considering that the Yaqui people are divided by an international boundary. The majority, if not all, of the Yaqui ceremonial leaders are located in Mexico and must cross the border between the United States and Mexico in order for
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Though many members of the tribe adhere to
Christian teachings, predominantly Catholicism, the culture of the Pascua Yaqui has preserved a rich legacy of native cultural elements that have survived the influence of missionaries. The Tribe has accepted political integration into American society but
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of the 1930s, there was an effort to deport the foreign-national Yaquis back to Mexico. This effort failed largely because the State
Department determined their safety could not be ensured. To protect the Yaquis, Thamar Richey in 1935 established a civic-minded committee that included University of
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The Pascua Yaqui Tribe operates a
Judicial Department with both trial courts and an appellate court. Criminal cases are prosecuted by a Prosecutor's Office. Representation for indigent individuals is available through the Public Defender's Office. The Tribe is represented by the Attorney General's
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in
Spanish. The various Yaqui communities established modest Catholic churches. At Pascua the church was named San Ignacio de Loyola. The Easter ceremonies featured the Yaqui deer dancer, the most enduring symbol of the Yaquis in America. The Pascua Yaquis maintained other aspects of the syncretic
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The Pascua Yaquis and other Yaquis in
Arizona descend from refugees who fled Mexico between 1887 and 1910. During these years the Mexican government attempted to destroy the Yaqui Nation, via warfare, occupation, and forced deportation of Yaquis to virtual slavery in the Yucatan. Yaqui refugees
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Peter
Yucupicio Chairman, Catalina Alvarez Vice Chairwoman, Francisco Munoz Treasurer, John Escalante Council Member, Marcelino Flores Council Member, Robert Valencia Council Member, Raymond Buelna Council Member, David Ramirez Council Member, Mary Jane Buenamea Council
107:, where they gathered wild desert foods, hunted game, and cultivated corn, beans, and squash. Yaquis traded local foods, furs, shells, salt, and other goods with many indigenous groups. Yaquis traveled extensively in pre-Columbian times and sometimes settled among other Native groups like the
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Elementary education west of the longitude 111° 5'18.74"W is served by Vesey Elementary School with the rest of the reservation served by Harriet Johnson Primary School and Anna E. Lawrence Intermediate School. The entire reservation is served by Valencia Middle School and
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The Pascua Yaquis have a status similar to other Native American tribes of the United States. This status makes the Yaqui eligible for specific services due to trust responsibility that the United States offers Native American peoples who have suffered land loss.
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property, opened October 2001 and has provided an additional 550+ jobs on the reservation and in the Tucson Community. The expansion of Casino Del Sol opened November 11, 2011. An additional 700 jobs were provided to the community with the expansion.
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introduced a bill in Congress for the transfer to the Tribe of 202 acres (0.82 km) southwest of Tucson. The bill was approved in August 1964 and the Pascua Yaqui Association received the deed for the 220 acres (89 ha) of
282:. The community is governed by a chairman, a vice chairman and nine tribal council members. Police protection is provided by the Tribal Police Department, and fire protection is provided by full-time firefighters and reserves.
135:, successfully lobbied Tucson to establish a public school for Yaqui children. A realtor donated land for a new subdivision named Barrio Pascua near downtown. This community became a center of Yaqui life in Arizona. During the
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land. To build a new community at the desert site, Spicer suggested establishing a Community Action Program under the new Office of Economic Opportunity, established as part of President Lyndon Johnson's
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to allow certain tribes to begin exercising special jurisdiction sooner. On February 6, 2014, three tribes were selected for this Pilot Project: the Pascua Yaqui Tribe (Arizona), the
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for membership in the Pascua Yaqui Tribe is at least one quarter Yaqui blood. The Pascua Yaqui legal system gives no allowance in quantum for other tribal blood.
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After fleeing to Arizona, most Yaquis lived in dire poverty, squatting on open lands most often near railroad lines. In 1923, a retired teacher and humanitarian,
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The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona received designation as a historical tribe in 1994. In 1988 the Tribe's first constitution was approved. The
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Office. All of these functions and a tribal police department are located in a modern Multi-Purpose Justice Center, which was opened in 2012.
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A tribal council is made up of eleven elected officials, dedicated to the well being and advancement of their tribe as a whole.
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Miller, Mark Edwin. "Bypassing the Bureau: The Pascua Yaquis' Quest for Legislative Tribal Recognition," in Mark Edwin Miller,
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ceremonies that reenact the passion and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Pascua community is named after "Pascua,"
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Herminia Frias, youngest person and first female tribal member to become Chair of the Pascua Yaqui Indian Tribe.
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and southern Arizona, the Pascua Yaqui Tribe sought refuge from the United States government in mass during the
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continues to retain much of their former religious and cultural ways of life.
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Member, Rosa Soto Alvarez Council Member, Cruzita Armenta Council Member.
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561:"Tribes whose lands are cut in two by US borders push for easier crossings"
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Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians the Federal Acknowledgment Process.
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were forbidden to try a non-Indian, unless specifically authorized by the
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authorized the tribal courts to try a non-Indian who is charged with
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resident population of 3,315 persons, over 90 percent of whom are
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Pascua Yaqui Tribe Trust Land Act: Report (to accompany H.R. 507)
791:"Arizona tribe set to prosecute first non-Indian under a new law"
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Yaqui ceremonies to be held in accordance with annual calendars.
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This image shows the location of the Pascua Yaqui Reservation in
456:, Tempe Union Governing Board President (former Vice-President).
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612:"Casino Del Sol - Tucson's Premiere Luxury Resort & Casino"
270:. It has a land area of 4.832 km² (1.8657 sq mi, or 1,194
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Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (VAWA 2013)
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Jesuit-Yaqui religious traditions and offices as well.
812:"Mario Martinez: Contemporary Native Painting - Press"
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Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
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Casino Del Sol and Casino of the Sun Tribal Casinos
328:The list of Council members from 2012 to 2016 was:
922:"Commitment to Underserved People (CUP) Programs"
897:"Pascua Yaqui Tribe chooses first woman as chair"
513:"Native Peoples of the Sonoran Desert: The Yoeme"
2186:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
549:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004).
386:signed into law on March 7, 2013 by President
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36:Flag of the Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona
450:, lawyer and former government official.
339:A U.S. government assisted news letter,
159:Federal recognition and reservation land
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99:were living in family groups along the
27:Yaqui Native American tribe in Arizona
883:"Tempe Union Governing Board Members"
254:, amidst the suburban communities of
63:whose original homelands include the
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493:(87 FR 4636): 4636. January 28, 2022
800:– via www.washingtonpost.com.
517:Tumacácori National Historical Park
323:The Yaqui Tribal Council 2016–2020:
1224:Municipalities and communities of
837:"Marcos Moreno Pascua Yaqui Tribe"
372:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
247:, in the southwestern part of the
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2176:Native American tribes in Arizona
2055:Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation
962:Pascua Yaqui Reservation, Arizona
264:Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation
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858:"Marcos Antonio Moreno, MD, BSc"
789:Horwitz, Sari (April 18, 2014).
715:"Office of the Attorney General"
2060:Pascua Yaqui Indian Reservation
559:Golden, Hallie (May 12, 2023).
975:Pascua Yaqui Tribal Government
418:Tucson Unified School District
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2050:San Xavier Indian Reservation
1185:Indigenous peoples of Arizona
294:The Yaqui people have a rich
268:San Xavier Indian Reservation
42:Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona
943:"Carlos Gonzales, MD, FAAFP"
438:, painter living in New York
397:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
964:United States Census Bureau
587:"Pascua Yaqui Tribe - ITCA"
463:Carlos Gonzales (MD, FAAFP)
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103:(Yoem Vatwe) north to the
46:federally recognized tribe
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816:www.mmartinezpainting.com
766:Tribal Justice and Safety
186:Bureau of Land Management
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210:Pascua Yaqui Reservation
199:Bureau of Indian Affairs
980:Yaqui tribal literature
776:Department of Justice,
764:Department of Justice,
745:www.pascuayaqui-nsn.gov
370:'s majority opinion in
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424:Notable tribal members
231:32.11556°N 110.08000°W
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663:"Prosecutor's Office"
382:. The passage of the
203:Indian Health Service
179:In 1964, Congressman
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2154:United States portal
1227:Pima County, Arizona
741:"Pascua Yaqui Tribe"
236:32.11556; -110.08000
2042:Indian reservations
1033:Indian reservations
721:on November 7, 2014
695:on November 7, 2014
669:on November 7, 2014
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59:Descended from the
2181:Pascua Yaqui Tribe
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689:"Public Defender"
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16:(Redirected from
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1952:Stan Shuatuk
1947:Soldier Camp
1922:Sikul Himatk
1883:San Luis (I)
1849:Quitobaquito
1789:Mexican Town
1739:Komak Wuacho
1684:Gurli Put Vo
1634:Chiuli Shaik
1629:Chico Shunie
1624:Buenos Aires
1539:Three Points
1534:Tanque Verde
1429:Green Valley
1394:Chiawuli Tak
1374:Casas Adobes
1267:South Tucson
1246:
1181:
1156:Tonto Apache
1113:Pascua Yaqui
1112:
948:November 19,
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937:
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925:. Retrieved
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520:. Retrieved
516:
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490:
454:Brian Garcia
448:Pilar Thomas
410:
388:Barack Obama
365:
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353:Court system
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149:World War II
146:
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61:Yaqui people
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41:
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18:Pascua Yaqui
2133:Tres Alamos
2128:Total Wreck
2118:Silver Bell
2070:Ghost towns
2032:Wickchoupai
2022:Viason Chin
1992:Twin Buttes
1977:Tatk Kam Vo
1844:Queens Well
1694:Haivan Vaya
1659:Continental
1654:Chuwut Murk
1649:Chutum Vaya
1614:Ali Ak Chin
1524:Summerhaven
1369:Avra Valley
1344:Ali Chukson
1242:County seat
1073:Fort Mojave
1063:Fort Apache
867:December 3,
497:October 23,
341:Yaqui Times
276:2000 census
245:Pima County
234: /
222:110°04′48″W
169:Pima County
101:Yaqui River
65:Yaqui River
2170:Categories
2123:Silverbell
2113:San Rafael
2002:Vainom Kug
1972:Tatai Toak
1967:Sweetwater
1902:San Xavier
1897:Santa Cruz
1829:Piato Vaya
1774:Las Guijas
1734:Kaihon Kug
1644:Chukut Kuk
1609:Ahan Owuch
1509:Santa Rosa
1504:San Miguel
1484:Pimaco Two
1464:Maish Vaya
1459:Littletown
1349:Ali Molina
1306:Oro Valley
1141:San Xavier
1083:Gila River
565:Yahoo News
470:References
403:(Oregon).
399:, and the
366:Since the
315:Government
219:32°06′56″N
113:Yaqui Wars
105:Gila River
79:and south
2017:Vaya Chin
1987:Tortolita
1982:Tatkum Vo
1962:Stotonyak
1957:Stoa Pitk
1942:Skoksonak
1927:Sil Nakya
1892:San Pedro
1854:Redington
1809:Noipa Kam
1799:Nawt Vaya
1779:Lukeville
1764:Kuit Vaya
1719:Hoi Oidak
1699:Hali Murk
1679:Gu Chuapo
1619:Ali Oidak
1594:Populated
1449:Kleindale
1311:Sahuarita
1182:See also:
1148:Gila Bend
1088:Havasupai
1078:Fort Yuma
842:April 17,
821:April 18,
796:April 18,
750:April 18,
621:April 18,
596:April 18,
432:, midwife
407:Education
274:), and a
85:Guadalupe
48:of Yaqui
2108:Quijotoa
2093:Helvetia
1917:Shaotkam
1839:Pitoikam
1814:Oit Ihuk
1804:Newfield
1759:Kui Tatk
1754:Kuakatch
1714:Hoa Murk
1709:Hickiwan
1489:Pisinemo
1434:Gu Oidak
1399:Comobabi
1379:Catalina
1339:Ali Chuk
1098:Hualapai
906:March 5,
725:June 24,
699:June 24,
673:June 24,
647:June 24,
380:Congress
286:Religion
201:and the
2103:Pantano
2007:Vakamok
1997:Uhs Kug
1912:Schuchk
1824:Pia Oik
1819:Pan Tak
1744:Kom Kug
1639:Choulic
1569:Ventana
1494:Rillito
1454:Ko Vaya
1359:Arivaca
1334:Ak Chin
1053:Cocopah
1048:Ak-Chin
1037:Arizona
901:Indianz
571:May 13,
306:Economy
173:Arizona
91:History
77:Nogales
54:Arizona
2012:Vamori
1907:Sasabe
1874:Rowood
1859:Rincon
1834:Pipyak
1749:Kom Vo
1596:places
1544:Topawa
1529:Summit
1469:Nelson
1409:Cowlic
1389:Charco
1354:Anegam
1301:Marana
1272:Tucson
1259:Cities
1249:Tucson
1108:Navajo
1103:Kaibab
374:, the
249:Tucson
147:After
125:Easter
121:Lenten
97:Yaquis
81:Tucson
2078:Allen
1689:Gu Vo
1674:Emika
1514:Sells
1474:Nolic
1293:Towns
272:acres
44:is a
1769:Kupk
1724:Itak
1604:Achi
1559:Vail
1321:CDPs
1171:Zuni
1093:Hopi
950:2021
929:2021
908:2021
869:2022
844:2016
823:2018
798:2018
752:2018
727:2014
701:2014
675:2014
649:2014
623:2018
598:2018
573:2023
524:2022
499:2022
258:and
109:Zuni
40:The
1579:Why
1329:Ajo
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