3652:), which is a highly extended Pascal compatible with original Pascal according to ISO 7185. It features modules with namespace control, including parallel tasking modules with semaphores, objects, dynamic arrays of any dimensions that are allocated at runtime, overloads, overrides, and many other extensions. IP Pascal has a built-in portability library that is custom tailored to the Pascal language. For example, a standard text output application from 1970's original Pascal can be recompiled to work in a window and even have graphical constructs added.
4193:, outlined his most notable criticisms of Pascal as early as 1981 in his article "Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language". The most serious problem Kernighan described was that array sizes and string lengths were part of the type, so it was not possible to write a function that would accept variable-length arrays or even strings as parameters. This made it unfeasible to write, for example, a sorting library. Kernighan also criticized the unpredictable order of evaluation of Boolean expressions, poor library support, and lack of
3900:
4217:. As Kernighan predicted in his article, most of the extensions to fix these issues were incompatible from compiler to compiler. Since the early 1990s, however, most of the varieties seem condensed into two categories: ISO and Borland-like. Extended Pascal addresses many of these early criticisms. It supports variable-length strings, variable initialization, separate compilation, short-circuit Boolean operators, and default (
8882:
8550:
6219:
8908:
4262:
726:
status. This was done with several compilers, but one notable exception was UCSD Pascal, which was based on Pascal-P2. It kept the subset status of the language based on the idea that this would run better on the new (then) microprocessors with limited memory. UCSD also converted the Pascal-P2 interpreter into a "byte machine", again, because it would be a better fit for byte oriented microprocessors.
8854:
4197:, and raised a number of smaller issues. Also, he stated that the language did not provide any simple constructs to "escape" (knowingly and forcibly ignore) restrictions and limitations. More general complaints from other sources noted that the scope of declarations was not clearly defined in the original language definition, which sometimes had serious consequences when using
3957:, was based on the Pascal-P2 kit, and consequently shared several of the Pascal-P language restrictions. UCSD Pascal was later adopted as Apple Pascal, and continued through several versions there. Although UCSD Pascal actually expanded the subset Pascal in the Pascal-P kit by adding back standard Pascal constructs, it was still not a complete standard installation of Pascal.
3598:, it runs on many platforms and operating systems. It supports the ANSI/ISO standard languages and has partial Turbo Pascal dialect support. One of the more notable omissions is the absence of a fully Turbo Pascal-compatible (short)string type. Support for Borland Delphi and other language variants is quite limited. There is some support for Mac-pascal, however.
3991:, was written in assembly language independent of UCSD and the ZĂĽrich compilers. However, it adopted much of the same subset and extensions as the UCSD compiler. This is probably because the UCSD system was the most common Pascal system suitable for developing applications on the resource-limited microprocessor systems available at that time.
3865:, which had originally been written in FORTRAN, and found that it was not possible to do so without an extension that would allow array parameters of varying size. Similar considerations motivated the inclusion in ISO 7185 of the facility to specify the parameter types of procedural and functional parameters.
3946:
in two basic forms: the CDC 6000 compiler source, and a porting kit called Pascal-P system. The Pascal-P compiler left out several features of the full language that were not required to bootstrap the compiler. For example, procedures and functions used as parameters, undiscriminated variant records,
2807:
Unlike many languages that feature pointers, Pascal only allows pointers to reference dynamically created variables that are anonymous, and does not allow them to reference standard static or local variables. Pointers also must have an associated type, and a pointer to one type is not compatible with
2451:
is predefined as file of char. While the buffer variable could be used for inspecting the next character to be used (check for a digit before reading an integer), this leads to serious problems with interactive programs in early implementations, but was solved later with the "lazy I/O" concept, which
725:
Wirth's example compiler meant to propagate the language, the Pascal-P system, used a subset of the language designed to be the minimal subset of the language that could compile itself. The idea was that this could allow bootstrapping the compiler, which would then be extended to full Pascal language
1240:
system named Sol. It was standard Pascal level-1 (with parameterized array bounds) but the definition allowed alternative keywords and predefined identifiers in French and the language included a few extensions to ease system programming (e.g. an equivalent to lseek). The Sol team later on moved to
940:
system. The P-system compilers were named Pascal-P1, Pascal-P2, Pascal-P3, and Pascal-P4. Pascal-P1 was the first version, and Pascal-P4 was the last to come from ZĂĽrich. The version termed Pascal-P1 was coined after the fact for the many different sources for Pascal-P that existed. The compiler was
884:
A completely new compiler was completed by Welsh et al. at QUB in 1977. It offered a source-language diagnostic feature (incorporating profiling, tracing and type-aware formatted postmortem dumps) that was implemented by
Findlay and Watt at Glasgow University. This implementation was ported in 1980
3852:
In 1983, the language was standardized in the international standard IEC/ISO 7185 and several local country-specific standards, including the
American ANSI/IEEE770X3.97-1983, and ISO 7185:1983. These two standards differed only in that the ISO standard included a "level 1" extension for conformant
733:
The ISO standard for Pascal, ISO 7185, was published in 1983 and was widely implemented and used on mainframes, minicomputers and IBM-PCs and compatibles from 16 bits to 32 bits. The two dialects of Pascal most in use towards the end of the 20th century and up until today are the ISO 7185 standard
3604:
was created by Vitaly
Miryanov in 1995 as a native OS/2 compiler compatible with Borland Pascal syntax. Then, it had been commercially developed by fPrint, adding Win32 support, and in 2000 it became freeware. Today it can compile for Win32, OS/2, and Linux, and is mostly compatible with Borland
4347:
and built a working prototype of bound method references in order to understand their interaction with the Java programming language and its APIs ... Our conclusion was that bound method references are unnecessary and detrimental to the language. This decision was made in consultation with
3856:
The ISO 7185 was stated to be a clarification of Wirth's 1974 language as detailed by the User Manual and Report , but was also notable for adding "Conformant Array
Parameters" as a level 1 to the standard, level 0 being Pascal without conformant arrays. This addition was made at the request of
841:
in 1969 was unsuccessful due to FORTRAN 66's inadequacy to express complex data structures. The second attempt was implemented in a C-like language (Scallop by Max Engeli) and then translated by hand (by R. Schild) to Pascal itself for boot-strapping. It was operational by mid-1970. Many Pascal
729:
UCSD Pascal formed the basis of many systems, including Apple Pascal. Borland Pascal was not based on the UCSD codebase, but arrived during the popular period of UCSD and matched many of its features. This started the line that ended with Delphi Pascal and the compatible Open Source compiler
1079:
also implemented the Object Pascal compiler. Turbo Pascal 5.5 had a large influence on the Pascal community, which began concentrating mainly on the IBM PC in the late 1980s. Many PC hobbyists in search of a structured replacement for BASIC used this product. It also began to be adopted by
3853:
arrays (an array where the boundaries of the array are not known until run time), where ANSI did not allow for this extension to the original (Wirth version) language. In 1989, ISO 7185 was revised (ISO 7185:1990) to correct various errors and ambiguities found in the original document.
3886:
The IBM PC versions of the language began to differ with the advent of UCSD Pascal, an interpreted implementation that featured several extensions to the language, along with several omissions and changes. Many UCSD language features survive today, including in
Borland's dialect.
3637:
was the dominant Pascal compiler for PCs during the 1980s and early 1990s, popular both because of its powerful extensions and extremely short compilation times. Turbo Pascal was compactly written and could compile, run, and debug all from memory without accessing disk. Slow
3883:, they were not. On IBM PCs, the Borland standards Turbo Pascal and Delphi have the greatest number of users. Thus, it is typically important to understand whether a particular implementation corresponds to the original Pascal language, or a Borland dialect of it.
4241:
in 1978, Wirth explained why he named the language after Blaise Pascal: "Actually, I am neither capable of fully understanding his philosophy nor of appreciating his religious exaltations. Pascal, however, was (perhaps one of) the first to invent and construct
1850:
A set is a fundamental concept for modern mathematics, and they may be used in many algorithms. Such a feature is useful and may be faster than an equivalent construct in a language that does not support sets. For example, for many Pascal compilers:
1492:
A Type
Declaration in Pascal is used to define a range of values which a variable of that type is capable of storing. It also defines a set of operations that are permissible to be performed on variables of that type. The predefined types are:
3968:). Several constructs were added to use Pascal-FC as a teaching tool for Concurrent Programming (such as semaphores, monitors, channels, remote-invocation and resources). To be able to demonstrate concurrency, the compiler output (a kind of
3364:
Each procedure or function can have its own declarations of goto labels, constants, types, variables, and other procedures and functions, which must all be in that order. This ordering requirement was originally intended to allow efficient
457:(procedures and functions). A program is thus syntactically similar to a single procedure or function. This is similar to the block structure of ALGOL 60, but restricted from arbitrary block statements to just procedures and functions.
578:
submitted a conservative set of modifications to add strings and clean up some of the syntax. These were considered too minor to be worth using as the new standard ALGOL, so Wirth wrote a compiler for the language, which became named
4522:
1074:
In 1986, Anders ported Turbo Pascal to the
Macintosh and incorporated Apple's Object Pascal extensions into Turbo Pascal. These extensions were then added back into the PC version of Turbo Pascal for version 5.5. At the same time
1062:
became hugely popular, thanks to an aggressive pricing strategy, having one of the first full-screen IDEs, and very fast turnaround time (just seconds to compile, link, and run). It was written and highly optimized entirely in
3488:. The .NET support that existed from D8 through D2005, D2006, and D2007 has been terminated, and replaced by a new language (Prism, which is rebranded Oxygene, see below) that is not fully backward compatible. In recent years
7876:
1705:
value. Pascal does not contain language elements that allow the basic storage types to be defined more granularly. This capability was included in a number of Pascal extensions and follow-on languages, while others, like
2808:
a pointer to another type (e.g. a pointer to a char is not compatible with a pointer to an integer). This helps eliminate the type security issues inherent with other pointer implementations, particularly those used for
1197:) compilers, aimed at programming numerical computations. Development for Pascal-SC started in 1978 supporting ISO 7185 Pascal level 0, but level 2 support was added at a later stage. Pascal-SC originally targeted the
4212:
Despite initial criticisms, Pascal continued to evolve, and most of
Kernighan's points do not apply to versions of the language which were enhanced to be suitable for commercial product development, such as Borland's
4819:
Bamberger, Lothar; Davenport, James H.; Fischer, Hans-Christoph; Kok, Jan; Schumacher, GĂĽnter; Ullrich, Christian; Wallis, Peter J. L.; Winter, Dik T.; Wolff von
Gudenberg, JĂĽrgen (1990). Wallis, Peter J. L. (ed.).
1586:
a sequence or "string" of characters is declared as a "packed array of char" with a starting index of 1. These can be assigned string constants and individual characters can be accessed as elements of the array.
4006:
and non-Borland near-compatibles became popular with programmers including shareware authors, and so the SWAG library of Pascal code features a large amount of code written with such versions as Delphi in mind.
4184:
While very popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, implementations of Pascal that closely followed Wirth's initial definition of the language were widely criticized as being unsuitable for use outside teaching.
873:
minicomputer. The Multum port was developed – with a view to using Pascal as a systems programming language – by
Findlay, Cupples, Cavouras and Davis, working at the Department of Computing Science in
4714:
3642:
were common for programmers at the time, further magnifying Turbo Pascal's speed advantage. Currently, older versions of Turbo Pascal (up to 5.5) are available for free download from Borland's site.
5570:
3440:
problem (where the inner if does not have an else, but the outer if does) by putatively terminating the nested if with a semicolon – this instead terminates both if clauses. Instead, an explicit
3770:
Stony Brook Pascal+ was a 16-bit (later 32-bit) optimizing compiler for DOS and OS/2, marketed as a direct replacement for Turbo Pascal, but producing code that executed at least twice as fast.
4519:
590:. The complexity of this language led to considerable difficulty producing high-performance compilers, and it was not widely used in the industry. This left an opening for newer languages.
952:
The Pascal-P4 compiler–interpreter can still be run and compiled on systems compatible with original Pascal (as can Pascal-P2). However, it only accepts a subset of the Pascal language.
846:, that is, the compiler is itself written in Pascal, and the compiler is usually capable of recompiling itself when new features are added to the language, or when the compiler is to be
1616:
The programmer has the freedom to define other commonly used data types (e.g. byte, string, etc.) in terms of the predefined types using Pascal's type declaration facility, for example
1229:) operating systems. It operates by generating intermediate C source code which is then compiled to a native executable. Some of the Pascal-SC language extensions have been adopted by
4141:
tool for OS/2 and eCS that was originally based on Speedsoft's WDsybl Sibyl Portable Component Classes (SPCC) and Sibyl Visual Development Tool (SVDE) sources, but now its core is
418:. This was not accepted, and the ALGOL X process bogged down. In 1968, Wirth decided to abandon the ALGOL X process and further improve ALGOL W, releasing this as Pascal in 1970.
3930:
In 1990, an extended Pascal standard was created as ISO/IEC 10206, which is identical in technical content to IEEE/ANSI 770X3.160-1989 As of 2019, Support of Extended Pascal in
3972:) could then be executed on a virtual machine. This virtual machine not only simulated a normal – fair – environment, but could also simulate extreme conditions (unfair mode).
559:. Euler was based on ALGOL's syntax and many concepts but was not a derivative. Its primary goal was to add dynamic lists and types, allowing it to be used in roles similar to
8958:
7388:
3514:). It is aimed at providing a convenient and powerful compiler, both able to compile legacy applications and to be the means to develop new ones. It is distributed under the
3759:. VSI Pascal for OpenVMS is compatible with ISO/IEC 7185:1990 Pascal as well some of ISO/IEC 10206:1990 Extended Pascal, and also includes its own extensions. The compiler
7383:
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3424:
and later changes to the language in ISO 7185:1983 now allow for optional semicolons in most of these cases. A semicolon is still not permitted immediately before the
4458:
445:
on all objects, which means that one type of data cannot be converted to or interpreted as another without explicit conversions. Unlike C (and most languages in the
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905:
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6888:
6266:
4161:
3173:
Pascal structures programs into procedures and functions. Generally, a procedure is used for its side effects, whereas a function is used for its return value.
1593:
The range of values allowed for the basic types (except Boolean) is implementation defined. Functions are provided for some data conversions. For conversion of
3751:
VSI Pascal for OpenVMS (formerly HP Pascal for OpenVMS, Compaq Pascal, DEC Pascal, VAX Pascal and originally VAX-11 Pascal) is a Pascal compiler that runs on
476:-level programming courses in the 1980s, and also used in production settings for writing commercial software during the same period. It was displaced by the
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For these examples, which involve sets over small domains, the improved performance is usually achieved by the compiler representing set variables as
1717:
keyword tells the compiler to use the most efficient method of storage for the structured data types: sets, arrays and records, rather than using one
1033:, in consultation with Niklaus Wirth, defined Object Pascal and these extensions were incorporated in both the Lisa Pascal and Mac Pascal compilers.
7903:
4116:– VP2/1 is a fully Borland Pascal– and Borland Delphi–compatible 32-bit Pascal compiler for OS/2 and Windows 32 (with a Linux version "on the way").
6064:
8933:
8875:
6257:
3868:
Niklaus Wirth himself referred to the 1974 language as "the Standard", for example, to differentiate it from the machine specific features of the
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6223:
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computer systems. It was an implementation of, or largely based on, UCSD Pascal. Pascal-P1 through Pascal-P4 were not, but rather based on the
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4857:
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Australian Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment, Lucas Heights, Nuclear Science and Technology Branch Report, Divisional Research
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and Glasgow University. The Standard Pascal Model Implementation was also based on this compiler, having been adapted, by Welsh and Hay at
3689:
MIDletPascal – A Pascal compiler and IDE that generates small and fast Java bytecode specifically designed to create software for mobiles.
1168:
5056:
4955:
4749:
1287:. It is the only such implementation that is also compatible with the original Pascal implementation, which is standardized as ISO 7185.
8606:
8579:
8150:
7480:
7277:
4980:
1010:
148:
4130:, a commercial Borland Pascal compatible environment released by a company named Speedsoft that was later developed into a Delphi-like
4106:– similar to Kylix in function, is a free cross-platform visual IDE for RAD using the Free Pascal compiler, which supports dialects of
602:
and for the development of system software. A generation of students used Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses.
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3584:
operating system and an improved object library. It is no longer supported. Compiler and IDE are available now for non-commercial use.
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in 1984, to check rigorously for conformity to the BSI 6192/ISO 7185 Standard and to generate code for a portable abstract machine.
4574:
4970:"Pascal-S: A Subset and Its Implementation", N. Wirth in Pascal – The Language and Its Implementation, by D.W. Barron, Wiley 1979.
3472:(RAD) product. It uses the Object Pascal language (termed 'Delphi' by Borland), descended from Pascal, to create applications for
1271:
and Linux implementations. In 2008, the system was brought up to a new level and the resulting language termed "Pascaline" (after
936:
stack machine, i.e., code that lends itself to reasonably efficient interpretation, along with an interpreter for that code – the
8616:
8241:
7413:
7257:
4076:
compiler (FPC) – Free Pascal adopted the standard dialect of Borland Pascal programmers, Borland Turbo Pascal and, later, Delphi.
858:
4887:
3530:, Delphi, and Mac Pascal, it has its own procedural and object-oriented syntax modes with support for extended features such as
958:
Pascal-P6 is a follow on to Pascal-P5 that along with other features, aims to be a compiler for specific CPUs, including AMD64.
5942:
5860:
4285:
862:
4209:, the language did not allow procedures or functions passed as parameters to predefine the expected type of their parameters.
3566:
platforms. It was created and is sold by RemObjects Software, and sold for a while by Embarcadero as the backend compiler of
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8690:
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8331:
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2832:) means that the risk of dangling pointers has not been eliminated as it has in languages such as Java and C#, which provide
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1385:
1347:
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1025:
Apple Computer created its own Lisa Pascal for the Lisa Workshop in 1982, and ported the compiler to the Apple Macintosh and
337:
290:
158:
5436:
3620:
Pascal-P6 compiler is an extended version of Pascal adaption of Pascal-P5 according to the Pascaline language specification.
1428:
4334:
763:, introduced in 1983. As the Lisa program faded and was replaced by the Macintosh, a further version was created and named
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8130:
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3861:, and with the approval of Niklaus Wirth. The precipitating cause was that Hoare wanted to create a Pascal version of the
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520:
323:
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On the large machines (mainframes and minicomputers) Pascal originated on, the standards were generally followed. On the
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follows a single statement, not a statement sequence. In the case of nested ifs, a semicolon cannot be used to avoid the
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8705:
5974:
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version and the Delphi/Turbo Pascal versions (of which the two Borland versions are mostly compatible with each other).
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compiler, the basis for many subsequent Pascal-implemented-in-Pascal compilers. It implements a subset of full Pascal.
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language, including the use of a semicolon as a statement separator. This is in contrast to other languages, such as
560:
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422:
305:
4647:
4166:
Information processing systems – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System (GKS) language bindings – Part 2: Pascal
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languages. However, it does not provide a nested module concept or qualified import and export of specific symbols.
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8135:
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Pascal-P5, created outside the ZĂĽrich group, accepts the full Pascal language and includes ISO 7185 compatibility.
438:
280:
857:
The first successful port of the CDC Pascal compiler to another mainframe was completed by Welsh and Quinn at the
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began corresponding with Wirth on the idea of adding object-oriented extensions to the language, to make Pascal a
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Procedures and functions can be nested to any depth, and the 'program' construct is the logical outermost block.
1581:
1571:
1517:
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999:
567:
430:
300:
4205:, or when an identifier may or may not have been used in an enumeration list. Another difficulty was that, like
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4717:[Cadmus now comes with Kulisch arithmetic - University Karlsruhe delivers Pascal compiler to Munich].
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By default, parameters are passed by value. If 'var' precedes a parameter's name, it is passed by reference.
4847:
Michel Gien, "The SOL Operating System", in Usenix Summer '83 Conference, Toronto, ON, (July 1983), pp. 75–78
8003:
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31:
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The presence of an extra semicolon was not permitted in early versions of Pascal. However, the addition of
869:. This compiler, in turn, was the parent of the Pascal compiler for the Information Computer Systems (ICS)
737:
The source for much of the early history on Pascal can be found in the Pascal User's Group newsletters at:
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Pascal generated a wide variety of responses in the computing community, both critical and complimentary.
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1961:
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Shortly after its introduction, in 1962 Wirth began working on his dissertation with Helmut Weber on the
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6626:
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6337:
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C. A. R. Hoare: "Notes on data structuring". In O.-J. Dahl, E. W. Dijkstra and C. A. R. Hoare, editors,
3880:
3697:
1930:
Sets of non-contiguous values can be particularly useful, in terms of both performance and readability:
1721:
for each element. Packing may slow access on machines that do not offer easy access to parts of a word.
1537:
973:
894:
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544:
language. ALGOL was developed during the 1950s with the explicit goal of being able to clearly describe
434:
4558:
945:, and issued as Pascal-P2. This code was later enhanced to become Pascal-P3, with an intermediate code
877:. It is thought that Multum Pascal, which was completed in the summer of 1973, may have been the first
429:, Pascal enables defining complex datatypes and building dynamic and recursive data structures such as
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8500:
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definitions to any level of depth, and also allows most kinds of definitions and declarations inside
384:
218:
43:
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By this time, a number of problems in ALGOL had been identified, notably the lack of a standardized
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Pascal was influenced by the ALGOL W efforts, with the explicit goals of teaching programming in a
1283:, and many other extensions, and generally features the same functionality and type protection as
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8221:
6561:
5842:
5809:
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4797:
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3594:(GCC). The compiler is written in C, the runtime library mostly in Pascal. Distributed under the
1097:
1006:
874:
830:
342:
4767:
4134:(RAD) environment named Sybil and then open sourced under the GPL when that company closed down;
1474:
adding one adds a "null statement" to the program, which is ignored by the compiler.}
976:. UCSD Pascal used an intermediate code based on byte values, and thus was one of the earliest
781:
with the release of version 5.5 in 1989. Over the years, Object Pascal became the basis of the
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4913:
4828:
4753:
4499:
4450:
4280:
4123:
4093:
4067:
4003:
3947:
packing, dispose, interprocedural gotos and other features of the full compiler were omitted.
3818:
3678:
and MC68xxx processors with some of its own extensions to assist interfacing with the Palm OS
3639:
3577:
3534:. It supports many platforms and operating systems. Current versions also feature an ISO mode.
3473:
3465:
3370:
2817:
1730:
1089:
1064:
909:
786:
782:
641:
537:
512:
508:
426:
228:
168:
4484:"The Development of Procedural Programming Languages Personal Contributions and Perspectives"
2452:
waits until the file buffer variable is actually accessed before performing file operations.
972:
UCSD p-System. It was one of three operating systems available at the launch of the original
706:
used Pascal as the systems programming language for its operating systems beginning in 1980.
7849:
7590:
6918:
6027:
6010:
5908:
5747:
5706:
5225:
5149:
4695:
4491:
4391:
The project went ahead under the name "green" and the language was based on an old model of
4085:
3988:
3573:
1142:
1101:
1068:
1037:
878:
610:
450:
295:
1335:
statements block. Pascal also has data structuring constructs not included in the original
8459:
8180:
8085:
7839:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7242:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
5361:
4959:
4935:
J. Welsh, W. J. Sneeringer, and C. A. R. Hoare, "Ambiguities and Insecurities in Pascal",
4891:
4622:
4578:
4545:
4526:
4348:
Borland International, who had previous experience with bound method references in Delphi
4194:
4186:
3726:
3563:
1702:
1561:
1389:
1351:
1105:
866:
827:
714:
703:
687:
679:
362:
173:
77:
4571:
3682:. It resembles Delphi and Lazarus with a visual form designer, an object inspector and a
2431:(for writing) move the buffer variable to the next element. Read is introduced such that
3393:, which use the semicolon as a statement terminator. No semicolon is needed before the
2189:
Variant records allow several fields of the record to overlap each other to save space.
1788:
In contrast with other programming languages from its time, Pascal supports a set type:
7747:
7495:
7307:
7170:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
6494:
6484:
6139:
6054:
5928:
5727:
5390:
4715:"Cadmus jetzt mit Kulisch-Arithmetik - Uni Karlsruhe gibt Pascal-Compiler nach MĂĽnchen"
4637:, "An Interview with John Brackett and Doug Ross", p15, Charles Babbage Institute, 2004
4483:
4113:
4049:
3995:
3969:
3954:
3858:
3719:
3601:
3559:
2860:
1375:
1206:
1149:
1003:
965:
929:
638:
634:
630:
396:
193:
5519:
4686:
Rall, L. B. (1987). "An introduction to the scientific computing language Pascal-SC".
3899:
1080:
professional developers. Around the same time a number of concepts were imported from
391:
as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using
8922:
8770:
8535:
8510:
8495:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8256:
8201:
8170:
8160:
8023:
8013:
7983:
7978:
7928:
7908:
7886:
7871:
7824:
7789:
7732:
7727:
7717:
7595:
7540:
7515:
7510:
7490:
7363:
6903:
6479:
6342:
6312:
6014:
5998:
5951:
5834:
5737:
5691:
5606:
5601:
5548:
4906:
4884:
4719:
4699:
4433:
4349:
4344:
4305:
4107:
4103:
4079:
4057:
4045:
3999:
3943:
3788:
3738:
CDC 6000 Pascal compiler is the source code for the first (CDC 6000) Pascal compiler.
3716:
3507:
3437:
2416:
1367:
1280:
834:
802:
790:
764:
699:
492:
472:
as the field emerged in the late 1970s. It was widely used as a teaching language in
469:
400:
388:
332:
115:
82:
69:
1048:
was marketed under the names Compas Pascal and PolyPascal before it was acquired by
8822:
8661:
8396:
8366:
8226:
7570:
7565:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7337:
7282:
7232:
7165:
7120:
7095:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
6963:
6928:
6838:
6833:
6661:
6469:
6235:
6187:
6171:
5819:
5742:
5732:
4214:
4097:
4061:
4053:
4039:
4026:
4022:
3984:
3964:
and Geoff Davies developed Pascal-FC, an extension to Pl/0 (from the Niklaus' book
3634:
3567:
3545:
3527:
2607:
1710:, expanded the built-in set to cover most machine data types like 16-bit integers.
1690:
Often-used types like byte and string are already defined in many implementations.
1553:
1527:
1131:
1059:
1030:
984:
778:
752:
660:
618:
461:
410:
language. Wirth was involved in the process to improve the language as part of the
233:
5007:
4042:– A professional version of Turbo Pascal line which targeted both DOS and Windows.
2419:
are sequences of components. Every file has a buffer variable which is denoted by
5762:
5353:
5119:
8907:
8371:
8068:
8063:
8058:
7642:
7559:
6531:
6096:
5752:
5681:
5631:
5229:
5035:
4392:
4338:
4315:
4261:
4088:
is a compiler and IDE formerly sold by Borland, but later discontinued. It is a
4073:
3950:
3802:
3735:
PP Compiler, a compiler for Palm OS that runs directly on the handheld computer.
3732:
WDSibyl – Visual Development Environment and Pascal compiler for Win32 and OS/2.
3499:
2837:
2793:
1421:
1358:
and procedure pointers. Such constructs were in part inherited or inspired from
1339:
961:
794:
709:
Variants of Pascal have also been used for everything from research projects to
652:
645:
606:
454:
352:
238:
203:
125:
107:
5539:
5372:
O. Lecarme, P. Desjardins, "More Comments on the Programming Language Pascal",
4376:
4119:
Sybil is an open source Delphi-like IDE and compiler; implementations include:
1134:
adds non-numeric labels, a return statement and expressions as names of types.
8730:
8361:
8266:
7973:
7948:
7712:
7667:
7403:
7060:
6873:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6716:
6691:
6566:
6322:
6161:
6133:
5794:
5757:
5696:
5253:
4310:
4257:
3931:
3780:
3628:
3587:
3541:
2583:, an exception to the rule that things must be declared before they are used.
1957:
1268:
1230:
851:
626:
575:
500:
473:
208:
198:
5331:
5275:
5153:
4454:
4407:
8827:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8490:
8480:
8441:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8261:
8251:
8236:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8155:
8100:
8095:
8075:
8053:
8033:
7988:
7968:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7881:
7844:
7834:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7794:
7779:
7774:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7672:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7637:
7632:
7580:
7575:
7555:
7525:
7500:
7485:
7455:
7408:
7398:
7378:
7373:
7358:
7353:
7267:
6988:
6983:
6878:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
5676:
4634:
3645:
3614:
3608:
3373:) the strict ordering requirement of declaration sections has been relaxed.
1413:
1405:
1276:
1252:
1237:
1076:
988:
545:
5199:
4595:
1701:
type may be stored in a machine integer - 32 bits perhaps - rather than an
823:
4794:"Universitaet Wuppertal: Wissenschaftliches Rechnen / Softwaretechnologie"
4082:– a new generation Pascal programming language including compiler and IDE.
2820:, but the ability to dynamically deallocate referenced space by using the
740:
8165:
7943:
7647:
7475:
7312:
7302:
7287:
7262:
7247:
7222:
7217:
7100:
7075:
7070:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7035:
7000:
6995:
6978:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6923:
6908:
6898:
6893:
6883:
6868:
6863:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6793:
6778:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6711:
6706:
6686:
6681:
6671:
6666:
6656:
6651:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6606:
6596:
6489:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6006:
5994:
5902:
5896:
5878:
5641:
4295:
4206:
4033:
4011:
3869:
3760:
3461:
Several Pascal compilers and interpreters are available for general use:
1707:
1392:
as parameters (not required in Turbo Pascal etc.); then follows the main
1363:
1336:
1242:
992:
978:
901:
886:
819:
614:
587:
541:
516:
465:
446:
407:
327:
318:
314:
178:
163:
8564:
4025:– "TURBO.EXE" up to version 7, and Turbo Pascal for Windows ("TPW") and
3838:
WOL Library for creating GUI applications with the Free Pascal Compiler.
1964:
can then be implemented efficiently as bitwise machine code operations.
998:
A compiler based on the Pascal-P4 compiler, which created native binary
928:
was created in ZĂĽrich that included a compiler that generated so called
586:
The ALGOL X efforts would go on to choose a much more complex language,
17:
8720:
8710:
8454:
8246:
8231:
8028:
8018:
8008:
7784:
7600:
7550:
7445:
7433:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6499:
6454:
6449:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6192:
5982:
5701:
5616:
5057:"Compaq Pascal Version 5.8 for Tru64 UNIX Software Product Description"
4676:
M. I. Trofimov, The End of Pascal?, BYTE, March, 1990, p. 36.
4495:
4146:
3980:
3810:
3752:
3675:
3656:
3537:
3489:
2855:
language, meaning that the flow of control is structured into standard
1371:
1260:
1226:
1218:
1138:
1049:
847:
838:
760:
710:
580:
571:
504:
415:
411:
256:
460:
Pascal became very successful in the 1970s, notably on the burgeoning
8787:
8755:
8639:
8316:
8301:
8296:
8291:
7963:
7938:
7866:
7722:
7707:
7687:
7682:
7627:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7505:
7470:
7317:
6968:
6783:
6347:
5990:
4032:
Pure Pascal and HiSPeed Pascal 2 Pascal language Environment for the
3704:
3664:
2579:, a record. Pointers can be used before they are declared. This is a
1359:
1145:
1045:
1041:
913:
870:
797:
is an open source, cross-platform alternative with its own graphical
774:, and became Apple's main development language into the early 1990s.
768:
675:
574:
process to identify improvements, calling for submissions. Wirth and
570:
system. The group tasked with maintaining the language had begun the
310:
261:
188:
183:
4490:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1897. pp. 1–10.
2804:
can be created by including a pointer type field (c) in the record.
1236:
Pascal Sol was designed around 1983 by a French team to implement a
613:
that could be ported to different platforms. A key platform was the
605:
One of the early successes for the language was the introduction of
399:. It is named after French mathematician, philosopher and physicist
8685:
7804:
3998:
Turbo Pascal version 3 and later incarnations, including Borland's
1471:{No ";" is required after the last statement of a block -
789:, which is still used for developing Windows applications, and can
485:
8695:
8656:
8634:
8351:
8326:
8048:
7933:
7585:
7450:
7322:
7297:
7292:
7272:
6646:
6616:
6611:
6332:
6317:
6307:
6302:
5978:
5872:
4667:
Jon Udell, Crash of the Object-Oriented Pascals, BYTE, July, 1989.
4539:
https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/adobe-photoshop-source-code/
4089:
3814:
3806:
3764:
3756:
3745:
3708:
3668:
3624:
3581:
3477:
3417:
3382:
1300:
1264:
1214:
1210:
1157:
949:
with Pascal-P2, and Pascal-P4, which was not backward compatible.
691:
484:-based systems became popular, and especially with the release of
347:
3729:
entirely written in Object Pascal (both server and browser side).
515:
platform. Extensions to the Pascal concepts led to the languages
8777:
7998:
7861:
7854:
7520:
7465:
7065:
6676:
5920:
4127:
3712:
3693:
3386:
2809:
2786:
statement, a and b refer to the subfields of the record pointer
1566:
a countable group of any of the preceding data types or records
1153:
481:
357:
285:
8568:
6239:
5924:
5552:
5222:
IEEE/ANSI Standard for the Programming Language Extended Pascal
4060:, the inventor of Pascal; its features were added to Borland's
2197:
Types can be defined from other types using type declarations:
1427:
Here is an example of the source code in use for a very simple
8812:
8782:
8485:
8175:
7227:
5776:
4931:
4929:
3894:
3701:
3481:
1255:
is an implementation of the Pascal programming language using
1209:. Pascal-XSC has at various times been ported to Unix (Linux,
1202:
1198:
664:
656:
3605:
Pascal and Delphi. Development was canceled on April 4, 2005.
2238:
Further, complex types can be constructed from simple types:
4201:
to define pointer types, or when record declarations led to
4048:– an extension of the Pascal language that was developed at
3942:
Niklaus Wirth's ZĂĽrich version of Pascal was issued outside
3617:
compiler is an ISO 7185 (full Pascal) adaption of Pascal-P4.
2843:
Some of these restrictions can be lifted in newer dialects.
3876:, the second part of the "Pascal users manual and report".
5480:. 23–30 ACM SIGPLAN Notices Volume 10, Issue 6, June 1975.
5429:
An Axiomatic Definition of the Programming Language Pascal
5298:
3791:
and which supports Free Pascal and GNU Pascal as backends.
3674:
PocketStudio is a Pascal subset compiler and RAD tool for
5526:
Software Pioneers: Contributions to Software Engineering.
2969:{no semicolon here as it would detach the next statement}
5082:"VSI's John Reagan Interview on GEM vs. LLVM for X86/64"
3805:, Lazarus is available for numerous platforms including
1502:
Type of values which the variable is capable of storing
767:. This was introduced on the Mac in 1985 as part of the
7393:
6038:
Active Object System (AOS, 2002), Bluebottle (2005), A2
4395:, which makes it possible to generate interpretive code
4070:– Object Pascal is essentially its underlying language.
3911:
854:
compiler is one notable exception, being written in C.
4858:"Overview of the CHORUS Distributed Operating Systems"
4750:"Pascal-XSC: Pascal for Extended Scientific Computing"
3468:
is Embarcadero's (formerly Borland/CodeGear) flagship
3381:
Pascal adopted many language syntax features from the
2790:
and not to the record Node or the pointer type pNode.
1017:
after the abbreviation of the name of the commission.
717:. Newer Pascal compilers exist which are widely used.
8896:
5196:"Language standards: Pascal, Extended Pascal, Fortan"
5001:"VSI Pascal for OpenVMS Software Product Description"
4771:
1303:-like control structures with reserved words such as
5354:"Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language"
3797:
is a free Delphi-like visual cross-platform IDE for
3397:
keyword of a record type declaration, a block, or a
1092:
directly. These extensions included null-terminated
8468:
8194:
7346:
6295:
6180:
6149:
6114:
6095:
6073:
6045:
6026:
5965:
5958:
5833:
5775:
5720:
5649:
5640:
5587:
5032:"Interview with a Pascal Architect - Compaq Pascal"
3526:(GNU LGPL). In addition to compatibility modes for
2836:(but which do not eliminate the related problem of
2448:
1714:
1698:
271:
247:
217:
146:
134:
106:
88:
76:
65:
42:
4905:
5545:ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Volume 28, No 3, March 1993.
3648:implements the language "Pascaline" (named after
1542:a single character from an ordered character set
5478:An assessment of the programming language Pascal
5146:The Programming Language Pascal (Revised Report)
4874:on February 7, 2015 – via cs.berkeley.edu.
4616:Computers and Computing. A Personal Perspective.
1733:(any simple type except real) can also be made:
1576:A collection of any of the preceding data types
1044:-2. A reimplementation of this compiler for the
904:written in North America was constructed at the
837:reports that a first attempt to implement it in
678:Pascal. Successful commercial applications like
5671:
4581:, Programming Community Index for January 2011.
4408:"A Conversation with James Gosling – ACM Queue"
3405:keyword of a repeat statement; and before the
924:To propagate the language rapidly, a compiler
8580:
6251:
5936:
5564:
5541:Recollections about the Development of Pascal
3590:Compiler (GPC) is the Pascal compiler of the
2602:in the record, and to initialise the pointer
1040:wrote the Blue Label Pascal compiler for the
552:that remain common in languages to this day.
540:design during the 1960s can be traced to the
8:
5492:Pascal – The Language and its Implementation
5431:. 335–355, Acta Informatica, Volume 2, 1973.
4246:that we now classify as a digital computer."
4137:Open Sybil, which is an ongoing project, an
2610:("NIL" in Pascal), the statements would be:
2586:To create a new record and assign the value
1416:(i.e., a period) ends the whole program (or
1201:processor, but was later rewritten for DOS (
1160:. It extends the language with function and
37:
4951:Nell Dale and Chip Weems, "Dangling Else",
2824:function (which has the same effect as the
1267:machine types in 1994, and exists today as
777:The Object Pascal extensions were added to
507:in the late 1980s and later developed into
406:Pascal was developed on the pattern of the
8959:Programming languages with an ISO standard
8853:
8587:
8573:
8565:
6258:
6244:
6236:
5962:
5943:
5929:
5921:
5646:
5571:
5557:
5549:
5518:N. Wirth, M. Broy, ed, and E. Denert, ed:
5417:. 35–63, Acta Informatica, Volume 1, 1971.
4995:
4993:
4723:(in German). Munich – Karlsruhe, Germany:
4529:: Macintosh Stories. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
3872:compiler. This language was documented in
3744:AmigaPascal is a free Pascal compiler for
1295:Pascal, in its original form, is a purely
1084:to let Pascal programmers use the C-based
987:was released in 1979 for the Apple II and
621:. This led to Pascal becoming the primary
503:(for the Lisa and Macintosh machines) and
36:
5299:"WDSibyl: Visual Development Environment"
4655:International Atomic Energy Agency (IEAE)
4064:and in 1989 for Turbo Pascal 5.5 for DOS.
3824:Fire (macOS) and Water (Windows) for the
1601:, the following functions are available:
1071:and faster than much of the competition.
480:during the late 1980s and early 1990s as
3725:Morfik Pascal allows the development of
1495:
1263:running on the Z80. It was moved to the
1111:Turbo Pascal and other derivatives with
499:was developed in 1985. This was used by
8903:
6195:Programming Languages Achievement Award
6082:Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs
5508:, Revised Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1980
5462:Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs
4326:
4230:
3966:Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs
3558:) is an Object Pascal compiler for the
2816:. It also removes some risks caused by
2296:{extra semicolon not strictly required}
548:. It included a number of features for
4824:(1st ed.). Bath, United Kingdom:
3518:(GNU GPL), while packages and runtime
2415:As shown in the example above, Pascal
1299:and includes the traditional array of
563:. The language was published in 1965.
8954:Programming languages created in 1970
5440:. Springer-Verlag, 1974, 1985, 1991,
5424:, pages 83–174. Academic Press, 1972.
4592:"Antique Software: Turbo Pascal v5.5"
4096:software development environment and
3755:systems. It was also supported under
3496:were added (D2009, D2010, Delphi XE).
3369:. However, in some dialects (such as
2022:An example of a variant record type:
1697:to store the data. For instance, the
1327:, ranging on a single statement or a
1194:Extensions for Scientific Computation
1104:, an address-of operator, and unsafe
414:efforts and proposed a version named
7:
5254:"Extended Pascal - Free Pascal wiki"
4822:Improving Floating-Point Programming
4436:(1978-12-21). Anderson, Kemp (ed.).
1972:An example of a Pascal record type:
842:compilers since have been similarly
6065:Wirth–Weber precedence relationship
5487:. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1980
5483:N. Wirth, and A. I. Wasserman, ed:
5434:Kathleen Jensen and Niklaus Wirth:
5328:"netlabs.org – Project: Open Sibyl"
5169:Extended Pascal: ISO/IEC 10206:1990
4937:Software: Practice and Experience 7
4343:We looked very carefully at Delphi
3623:Smart Mobile Studio is a Pascal to
3420:-like empty statements in the 1973
1011:Australian Atomic Energy Commission
916:and generated native machine code.
757:Multi-paradigm programming language
3891:ISO/IEC 10206:1990 Extended Pascal
3863:(NAG) Numerical Algorithms Library
3540:is a free Pascal compiler for the
3377:Semicolons as statement separators
2927:{no semicolon allowed before else}
2696:This could also be done using the
861:(QUB) in 1972. The target was the
25:
8944:Educational programming languages
4981:"VAX-11 Pascal V1.0 User's Guide"
4559:"RAD Studio Application Showcase"
4414:from the original on 16 July 2015
3544:family of microcontrollers, with
3524:GNU Lesser General Public License
1086:application programming interface
617:, where it saw widespread use as
609:, a version that ran on a custom
8949:High-level programming languages
8906:
8881:
8880:
8852:
8549:
8548:
6218:
6217:
4260:
3898:
3692:Vector Pascal is a language for
2439:. Write is introduced such that
686:Pascal, while applications like
5861:Comparison of Pascal and Delphi
5437:Pascal – User Manual and Report
5427:C. A. R. Hoare, Niklaus Wirth:
5415:The Programming Language Pascal
5309:from the original on 2020-02-12
4464:from the original on 2024-05-20
4438:"Obeisance to Pascal, inventor"
4373:Java Application Servers Report
4335:"About Microsoft's "Delegates""
4286:Comparison of Pascal and Delphi
4221:) clauses for case statements.
1693:Normally the system will use a
1605:(which rounds to integer using
1381:Pascal programs start with the
863:International Computers Limited
684:Macintosh Programmer's Workshop
8934:Academic programming languages
2575:is a pointer to the data type
1259:DOS, but was moved rapidly to
1221:) and Microsoft/IBM (DOS with
1021:Object Pascal and Turbo Pascal
964:branched off Pascal-P2, where
741:Pascal Users Group Newsletters
1:
8939:Systems programming languages
8929:Pascal (programming language)
5297:Wolfgang (October 15, 2020).
4548:, Adobe Photoshop Source Code
4488:Modular Programming Languages
4301:Oberon (programming language)
4132:rapid application development
4016:Rapid Application Development
3976:Borland-like Pascal compilers
3799:rapid application development
3787:that was designed in Borland
3696:instruction sets such as the
3470:rapid application development
1424:is ignored in Pascal source.
859:Queen's University of Belfast
468:were also available for many
5144:Wirth, Niklaus (July 1973).
5088:. 2019-03-12. Archived from
4700:10.1016/0898-1221(87)90181-7
4364:TechMetrix Research (1999).
2834:automatic garbage collection
1247:distributed operating system
625:used for development in the
5580:Pascal programming language
5485:Programming Language Design
5352:Brian W. Kernighan (1981).
5230:10.1109/IEEESTD.1990.101061
5006:. VSI. 2017. Archived from
4912:. West Publishing Company.
4904:Mandell, Steven L. (1987).
4657:(Report). 1977. p. 22.
4449:. Dan McMillan. p. 6.
4268:Computer programming portal
2939:'Condition not met'
2782:Inside of the scope of the
2460:Pascal supports the use of
523:, both developed by Wirth.
497:object-oriented programming
94:; 54 years ago
8980:
5856:Comparison of Pascal and C
4826:John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
4291:Comparison of Pascal and C
4276:Ada (programming language)
4062:Turbo Pascal for Macintosh
4027:Turbo Pascal for Macintosh
3596:GNU General Public License
3516:GNU General Public License
3457:Compilers and interpreters
2828:library function found in
1552:equivalent to an array of
889:series by a team based at
850:to a new environment. The
637:were hand-translated into
635:Macintosh operating system
557:Euler programming language
29:
8848:
8625:
8602:
8544:
6277:
6213:
5851:
5521:Pascal and its Successors
5272:"Virtual Pascal for OS/2"
4156:List of related standards
4018:(RAD)) in this category:
3828:and the Elements Compiler
3655:Pascal-XT was created by
1532:the values True or False
1141:-compatible compiler for
1137:TMT Pascal was the first
1015:AAEC Pascal 8000 Compiler
751:During work on the Lisa,
276:
252:
224:
154:
5825:Visual Component Library
5515:, Chapman and Hall, 1982
5154:10.3929/ethz-a-000814158
5112:ISO/IEC 7185:1990 Pascal
4908:Pascal Programming Today
3848:ISO/IEC 7185:1990 Pascal
3711:and AMD processors, and
3177:
3169:Procedures and functions
2867:
2702:
2614:
2468:
2333:
2242:
2201:
2026:
1976:
1934:
1881:
1855:
1792:
1737:
1620:
1512:integer (whole) numbers
1435:
1388:with a list of external
1275:). It includes objects,
759:. This led initially to
698:were written in Delphi (
633:. Parts of the original
6200:Computer History Museum
6167:de:Hanspeter Mössenböck
5528:Springer-Verlag, 2002,
5513:Pascal in Work and Play
5465:. Prentice-Hall, 1975,
4725:IDG Business Media GmbH
4482:Wirth, Niklaus (2000).
4143:IBM System Object Model
3592:GNU Compiler Collection
3580:, with support for the
3432:statement, because the
3367:single-pass compilation
2921:'Condition met'
2700:statement, as follows:
1613:(rounds towards zero).
1522:floating-point numbers
1465:'Hello, World!'
1429:"Hello, World!" program
1002:, was released for the
793:code to other systems.
536:Much of the history of
32:Pascal (disambiguation)
5805:Object Windows Library
5422:Structured Programming
4867:. 1991. Archived from
4520:Hungarian folklore.org
4189:, who popularized the
3522:come under a modified
3401:statement; before the
2853:structured programming
2445:f^ := x; put(f);
2437:x := f^; get(f);
1877:executes faster than:
968:used it to create the
941:redesigned to enhance
906:University of Illinois
891:Southampton University
550:structured programming
478:C programming language
393:structured programming
8596:Programming languages
6060:Wirth syntax notation
5506:Programming in Pascal
5376:, pp. 231–243 (1975).
4443:. Readers' comments.
4056:in consultation with
3934:Compiler is planned.
2978:'Iteration: '
974:IBM Personal Computer
895:Manchester University
772:application framework
8913:Computer programming
6205:Marcel Benoist Prize
6128:University of Zurich
5511:Richard S. Forsyth:
5490:D. W. Barron (Ed.):
4939:, pp. 685–696 (1977)
4885:Pascal ISO 7185:1990
4199:forward declarations
3960:In the early 1990s,
3576:was a descendant of
3532:operator overloading
3506:compiler written in
3448:block must be used.
1245:project to design a
1167:The universities of
1162:operator overloading
995:60-bit word length.
696:Macromedia Captivate
669:literate programming
385:programming language
30:For other uses, see
27:Programming language
6122:Stanford University
5494:. John Wiley 1981,
5258:wiki.freepascal.org
4110:to varying degrees.
4036:range of computers.
4010:Software products (
3650:Pascal's calculator
2859:, usually without '
2581:forward declaration
1374:and suggestions by
1297:procedural language
1291:Language constructs
1273:Pascal's calculator
1121:modular programming
1013:; it was named the
947:backward compatible
920:The Pascal-P system
623:high-level language
491:A derivative named
89:First appeared
39:
6271:by standard number
6142:(1976–77, 1984–85)
5843:Pascal MicroEngine
5374:Acta Informatica 4
5360:2009-04-28 at the
5125:on 27 January 2016
4958:2017-03-18 at the
4890:2012-06-17 at the
4800:on 6 November 2015
4774:on 1 November 2015
4621:2017-05-10 at the
4577:2012-03-15 at the
4544:2014-05-07 at the
4525:2015-11-18 at the
4518:Hertzfeld, Andy. "
4496:10.1007/10722581_1
3953:, under Professor
3910:. You can help by
3763:is implemented in
3684:source code editor
3663:operating systems
3640:floppy disk drives
2847:Control structures
2571:Here the variable
2427:(for reading) and
1098:pointer arithmetic
1007:mainframe computer
875:Glasgow University
831:mainframe computer
600:structured fashion
421:On top of ALGOL's
169:Embarcadero Delphi
8894:
8893:
8876:Non-English-based
8562:
8561:
6285:ISO romanizations
6233:
6232:
6091:
6090:
6028:Operating systems
5918:
5917:
5771:
5770:
5622:Concurrent Pascal
5387:"Extended Pascal"
5278:on 30 August 2011
5239:978-0-7381-4247-0
4919:978-0-314-33935-5
4713:PI (1986-08-29).
4505:978-3-540-67958-5
4366:"History of Java"
4281:Concurrent Pascal
4124:Microsoft Windows
4052:by a team led by
3928:
3927:
3874:The Pascal Report
3819:Microsoft Windows
3707:, supporting all
2891:'Waiting'
2818:dangling pointers
2423:. The procedures
2193:Type declarations
1731:ordinal data type
1729:Subranges of any
1607:banker's rounding
1591:
1590:
1396:bracketed by the
1169:Wisconsin–Madison
1102:function pointers
1090:Microsoft Windows
1065:assembly language
1029:in 1985. In 1985
910:Donald B. Gillies
900:The first Pascal
818:The first Pascal
787:Microsoft Windows
671:system, based on
642:assembly language
629:, and later, the
538:computer language
513:Microsoft Windows
449:), Pascal allows
371:
370:
108:Typing discipline
16:(Redirected from
8971:
8911:
8910:
8902:
8884:
8883:
8856:
8855:
8589:
8582:
8575:
8566:
8552:
8551:
6272:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6237:
6221:
6220:
5963:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5922:
5909:Component Pascal
5869:
5748:Microsoft Pascal
5707:Pic Micro Pascal
5647:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5550:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5389:. Archived from
5383:
5377:
5370:
5364:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5330:. Archived from
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5274:. Archived from
5268:
5262:
5261:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5198:. Archived from
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5172:. Archived from
5164:
5158:
5157:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5118:. Archived from
5117:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5059:. Archived from
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5034:. Archived from
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4977:
4971:
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4873:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4796:. Archived from
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4770:. Archived from
4764:
4758:
4757:
4752:. Archived from
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4727:. Archived from
4710:
4704:
4703:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4625:by Niklaus Wirth
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4594:. Archived from
4588:
4582:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4536:
4530:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4479:
4473:
4472:
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4469:
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4442:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4381:
4375:. Archived from
4370:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4337:. Archived from
4331:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4247:
4235:
4220:
4203:mutual recursion
4195:static variables
4040:Borland Pascal 7
3989:Anders Hejlsberg
3923:
3920:
3902:
3895:
3801:(RAD). Based on
3727:Web applications
3554:(formerly named
3447:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3309:{ main program }
3307:
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1390:file descriptors
1384:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1038:Anders Hejlsberg
881:implementation.
822:was designed in
715:embedded systems
682:were written in
644:from the Pascal
611:operating system
451:nested procedure
397:data structuring
296:Component Pascal
102:
100:
95:
78:Designed by
40:
21:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8969:
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8917:
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6087:
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5954:
5949:
5919:
5914:
5867:
5847:
5829:
5767:
5716:
5636:
5583:
5577:
5504:Peter Grogono:
5476:Niklaus Wirth:
5459:Niklaus Wirth:
5413:Niklaus Wirth:
5410:
5408:Further reading
5405:
5396:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5371:
5367:
5362:Wayback Machine
5351:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5334:on 4 March 2016
5326:
5325:
5321:
5312:
5310:
5296:
5295:
5291:
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5279:
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5016:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4960:Wayback Machine
4947:
4943:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4892:Wayback Machine
4883:
4879:
4871:
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4641:
4633:
4629:
4623:Wayback Machine
4614:
4610:
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4599:
4590:
4589:
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4579:Wayback Machine
4570:
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4557:
4556:
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4546:Wayback Machine
4537:
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4527:Wayback Machine
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4401:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4341:on 2012-06-27.
4333:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4237:In an issue of
4236:
4232:
4227:
4218:
4187:Brian Kernighan
4182:
4180:Early criticism
4174:
4158:
4145:(SOM), WPS and
4092:version of the
3978:
3940:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3908:needs expansion
3893:
3850:
3845:
3835:
3777:
3548: 7 syntax.
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2491:
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2443:is the same as
2435:is the same as
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2018:
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2014:
2011:
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1293:
1129:
1119:structures are
1023:
922:
828:CDC 6000 series
816:
814:Early compilers
811:
809:Implementations
749:
723:
704:Apollo Computer
688:Total Commander
680:Adobe Photoshop
667:, the original
663:was written in
596:
534:
532:Earlier efforts
529:
367:
363:Structured text
267:
243:
213:
149:implementations
130:
98:
96:
93:
61:
35:
28:
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5:
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6410:
6405:
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6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6345:
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6325:
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6305:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6240:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6198:Fellow of the
6196:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6157:JĂĽrg Gutknecht
6153:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6111:
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6093:
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5956:
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5947:
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5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5870:
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5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5728:Virtual Pascal
5724:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5653:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5536:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5457:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5378:
5365:
5345:
5319:
5289:
5263:
5245:
5238:
5213:
5187:
5159:
5148:. ETH ZĂĽrich.
5136:
5102:
5073:
5048:
5023:
4989:
4972:
4963:
4941:
4925:
4918:
4896:
4877:
4865:Chorus systems
4849:
4840:
4833:
4811:
4785:
4768:"XSC Software"
4759:
4756:on 2014-01-05.
4741:
4705:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4639:
4627:
4608:
4583:
4564:
4550:
4531:
4511:
4504:
4474:
4434:Wirth, Niklaus
4425:
4399:
4356:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4135:
4117:
4114:Virtual Pascal
4111:
4101:
4094:Borland Delphi
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4050:Apple Computer
4043:
4037:
4030:
3996:shrink-wrapped
3977:
3974:
3955:Kenneth Bowles
3939:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3889:
3859:C. A. R. Hoare
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3792:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3749:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3723:
3720:Emotion Engine
3690:
3687:
3672:
3653:
3643:
3632:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3602:Virtual Pascal
3599:
3585:
3571:
3549:
3535:
3504:cross-platform
3497:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3428:keyword in an
3422:Revised Report
3409:keyword of an
3378:
3375:
3356:
3355:
3330:PrintAnInteger
3315:PrintAnInteger
3216:PrintAnInteger
3178:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3047:'zero'
2868:
2848:
2845:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2615:
2594:to the fields
2590:and character
2569:
2568:
2469:
2457:
2454:
2413:
2412:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2027:
2020:
2019:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1738:
1726:
1725:Subrange types
1723:
1688:
1687:
1621:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1544:
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1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1436:
1376:C. A. R. Hoare
1292:
1289:
1281:dynamic arrays
1183:developed the
1150:protected mode
1128:
1127:Other variants
1125:
1036:In the 1980s,
1022:
1019:
1004:IBM System/370
966:Kenneth Bowles
921:
918:
815:
812:
810:
807:
748:
745:
722:
719:
639:Motorola 68000
595:
592:
533:
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501:Apple Computer
470:microcomputers
387:, designed by
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8964:1970 software
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8771:Object Pascal
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6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6289:IEC standards
6286:
6282:
6281:ISO standards
6276:
6268:
6261:
6256:
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6179:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:Collaborators
6148:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6108:
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6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6034:Oberon System
6031:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6015:Active Oberon
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5999:Object Pascal
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5952:Niklaus Wirth
5946:
5941:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5927:
5926:
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5907:
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5901:
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5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5835:Microcomputer
5832:
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5803:
5801:
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5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
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5741:
5739:
5738:Borland Kylix
5736:
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5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5692:PascalABC.NET
5690:
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5680:
5678:
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5673:
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5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Pascal Script
5605:
5603:
5602:Object Pascal
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5544:
5542:
5537:
5535:
5534:3-540-43081-4
5531:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5500:0-471-27835-1
5497:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5471:0-13-022418-9
5468:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5455:
5454:3-540-97649-3
5451:
5447:
5446:0-387-97649-3
5443:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5393:on 2015-10-18
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5346:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5290:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5202:on 2014-07-14
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5176:on 2016-03-27
5175:
5171:
5170:
5163:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5137:
5121:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5103:
5092:on 2020-08-12
5091:
5087:
5086:eCube Systems
5083:
5077:
5074:
5063:on 2020-07-25
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5038:on 2021-10-19
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5013:on 2021-04-18
5009:
5002:
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4909:
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4886:
4881:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4836:
4834:0-471-92437-7
4830:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4812:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4731:on 2016-05-30
4730:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4720:Computerwoche
4716:
4709:
4706:
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4693:
4689:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4656:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4598:on 2010-11-24
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4561:. 2021-10-29.
4560:
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4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4382:on 2010-12-29
4378:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4350:Object Pascal
4346:
4345:Object Pascal
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Object Pascal
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
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4269:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4245:
4240:
4234:
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4222:
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4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4108:Object Pascal
4105:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4086:Borland Kylix
4084:
4081:
4080:PascalABC.NET
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4058:Niklaus Wirth
4055:
4051:
4047:
4046:Object Pascal
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4001:
4000:Object Pascal
3997:
3992:
3990:
3987:, written by
3986:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3922:
3919:February 2018
3913:
3909:
3906:This section
3904:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3717:PlayStation 2
3714:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3508:Object Pascal
3505:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3438:dangling else
3431:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3089:'two'
3068:'one'
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2701:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2456:Pointer types
2455:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2025:
2024:
2023:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1487:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Niklaus Wirth
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
948:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
840:
836:
835:Niklaus Wirth
832:
829:
825:
821:
813:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:cross-compile
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
770:
766:
765:Object Pascal
762:
758:
754:
747:Object Pascal
746:
744:
742:
738:
735:
731:
730:FPC/Lazarus.
727:
720:
718:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
700:Object Pascal
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
593:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:designed for
494:
493:Object Pascal
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:strong typing
441:. Pascal has
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
401:Blaise Pascal
398:
394:
390:
389:Niklaus Wirth
386:
383:
379:
375:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:Object Pascal
331:
329:
325:
322:
320:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
275:
270:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:Influenced by
246:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
216:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
109:
105:
91:
87:
84:
83:Niklaus Wirth
81:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
47:
45:
41:
33:
19:
8871:Generational
8861:Alphabetical
8857:
8837:
8765:
8662:Visual Basic
8407:27000 series
6973:
6222:
6188:Turing Award
6172:Larry Tesler
6097:Workstations
6080:
5986:
5820:Turbo Vision
5743:Turbo Pascal
5733:Apple Pascal
5721:Discontinued
5596:
5579:
5540:
5525:
5520:
5512:
5505:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5460:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5395:. Retrieved
5391:the original
5381:
5373:
5368:
5348:
5336:. Retrieved
5332:the original
5322:
5311:. Retrieved
5302:
5292:
5280:. Retrieved
5276:the original
5266:
5257:
5248:
5221:
5216:
5206:16 September
5204:. Retrieved
5200:the original
5190:
5180:16 September
5178:. Retrieved
5174:the original
5168:
5162:
5145:
5139:
5129:16 September
5127:. Retrieved
5120:the original
5111:
5105:
5094:. Retrieved
5090:the original
5085:
5076:
5065:. Retrieved
5061:the original
5051:
5040:. Retrieved
5036:the original
5026:
5015:. Retrieved
5008:the original
4975:
4966:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4907:
4899:
4880:
4869:the original
4864:
4852:
4843:
4821:
4814:
4802:. Retrieved
4798:the original
4788:
4776:. Retrieved
4772:the original
4762:
4754:the original
4744:
4733:. Retrieved
4729:the original
4718:
4708:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4672:
4663:
4654:
4642:
4630:
4611:
4600:. Retrieved
4596:the original
4586:
4567:
4553:
4534:
4514:
4487:
4477:
4466:. Retrieved
4444:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4402:
4390:
4384:. Retrieved
4377:the original
4372:
4359:
4342:
4339:the original
4329:
4233:
4215:Turbo Pascal
4211:
4183:
4175:
4165:
4164:8651-2:1988
4122:WDSibyl for
4054:Larry Tesler
4023:Turbo Pascal
4009:
3993:
3985:Turbo Pascal
3979:
3965:
3959:
3949:
3941:
3929:
3916:
3912:adding to it
3907:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3855:
3851:
3783:is a Pascal
3635:Turbo Pascal
3555:
3546:Turbo Pascal
3528:Turbo Pascal
3512:self-hosting
3492:support and
3460:
3429:
3421:
3415:
3410:
3398:
3380:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3172:
2863:' commands.
2851:Pascal is a
2850:
2842:
2838:memory leaks
2825:
2821:
2806:
2794:Linked lists
2792:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2695:
2608:null pointer
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2459:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2237:
2196:
2188:
2021:
1971:
1968:Record types
1955:
1929:
1876:
1849:
1787:
1728:
1712:
1692:
1689:
1615:
1592:
1491:
1426:
1417:
1380:
1352:enumerations
1346:, variants,
1294:
1251:
1235:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1166:
1136:
1132:Super Pascal
1130:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1073:
1067:, making it
1060:Turbo Pascal
1058:
1054:Turbo Pascal
1053:
1052:and renamed
1035:
1031:Larry Tesler
1024:
1014:
1000:object files
997:
985:Apple Pascal
977:
970:interpretive
960:
957:
954:
951:
937:
933:
925:
923:
899:
883:
856:
844:self-hosting
817:
779:Turbo Pascal
776:
753:Larry Tesler
750:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
708:
661:Donald Knuth
650:
619:Apple Pascal
604:
597:
585:
565:
554:
535:
490:
462:minicomputer
459:
420:
405:
373:
372:
326: /
317: /
313: /
234:Turbo Pascal
8866:Categorical
8195:20000–29999
7347:10000–19999
6055:Wirth's law
5967:Programming
5753:UCSD Pascal
5682:Free Pascal
5632:SuperPascal
5303:WDSibyl.org
4635:cbi.umn.edu
4446:Electronics
4393:UCSD Pascal
4316:Standard ML
4239:Electronics
4139:open source
4074:Free Pascal
3951:UCSD Pascal
3803:Free Pascal
3500:Free Pascal
3413:statement.
3152:'?'
2756:'A'
2665:'A'
2441:write(f, x)
1958:bit vectors
1840:'z'
1834:'a'
1773:'z'
1767:'a'
1644:signed_byte
1422:Letter case
1148:compatible
962:UCSD Pascal
943:portability
926:porting kit
867:1900 series
795:Free Pascal
785:system for
653:typesetting
646:source code
607:UCSD Pascal
455:subroutines
353:Standard ML
239:UCSD Pascal
204:Free Pascal
8923:Categories
8731:JavaScript
8607:Comparison
7974:16949 (TS)
7571:11941 (TR)
6269:standards
6162:Tony Hoare
6140:Xerox PARC
6134:ETH Zurich
6115:Workplaces
6047:Formalisms
5868:Related to
5795:FireMonkey
5763:Pascal/MT+
5758:JRT Pascal
5697:GNU Pascal
5672:VSI Pascal
5538:N. Wirth:
5397:2015-10-17
5313:2020-04-20
5096:2022-02-07
5067:2022-05-28
5042:2022-05-28
5017:2022-02-07
4953:p. 160–161
4735:2016-05-30
4602:2018-05-17
4468:2024-08-13
4386:2009-10-16
4322:References
4311:PascalCase
4191:C language
4098:C++Builder
4014:, and IDE/
3962:Alan Burns
3938:Variations
3932:FreePascal
3781:Dev-Pascal
3659:for their
3629:JavaScript
3588:GNU Pascal
3542:Intel 8051
2857:statements
2433:read(f, x)
2062:Dimensions
1960:. The set
1499:Data type
1488:Data types
1441:HelloWorld
1412:, and the
1410:statements
1406:Semicolons
1404:keywords.
1279:controls,
1269:Windows XP
1257:Micropolis
1231:GNU Pascal
1189:Pascal-XSC
852:GNU Pascal
839:FORTRAN 66
627:Apple Lisa
576:Tony Hoare
546:algorithms
474:university
382:procedural
378:imperative
272:Influenced
209:GNU Pascal
199:VSI Pascal
57:structured
52:Imperative
8828:Smalltalk
7929:15926 WIP
7293:9592/9593
7218:9000/9001
7106:8805/8806
6136:(1968–99)
6130:(1963–67)
6124:(1963–67)
6105:(1977) →
6036:(1987) →
6019:Oberon-07
6017:(1998) →
6013:(1995) →
6009:(1991) →
6005:(1987) →
6001:(1986) →
5997:(1978) →
5993:(1975) →
5989:(1970) →
5985:(1966) →
5981:(1966) →
5977:(1965) →
5969:languages
5677:IP Pascal
5642:Compilers
4804:11 August
4778:11 August
4694:: 53–69.
4688:Computers
4572:tiobe.com
4455:0013-5070
4418:11 August
4219:otherwise
4172:Reception
4012:compilers
3843:Standards
3833:Libraries
3661:mainframe
3646:IP Pascal
3615:Pascal-P5
3609:Pascal-P4
3452:Resources
3213:procedure
2447:The type
2328:File type
1962:operators
1784:Set types
1414:full stop
1408:separate
1277:namespace
1253:IP Pascal
1238:Unix-like
1185:Pascal-SC
1181:Wuppertal
1177:Karlsruhe
1106:typecasts
1088:(API) of
1077:Microsoft
989:Apple III
981:compilers
631:Macintosh
466:Compilers
8886:Category
8652:Assembly
8612:Timeline
8554:Category
6279:List of
6224:Category
6007:Oberon-2
5995:Modula-2
5959:Software
5903:Oberon-2
5897:Modula-3
5879:Modula-2
5810:OpenWire
5589:Dialects
5358:Archived
5307:Archived
5224:. 1990.
4956:Archived
4888:Archived
4619:Archived
4575:Archived
4542:Archived
4523:Archived
4459:Archived
4412:Archived
4296:Modula-2
4254:See also
4244:a device
4207:ALGOL 60
4034:Atari ST
3870:CDC 6000
3761:frontend
3748:systems.
3741:Pascal-S
3700:and the
3631:compiler
3510:(and is
3494:generics
3249:function
3183:Printing
2876:<>
2462:pointers
2134:Triangle
2095:Diameter
2053:Triangle
1708:Modula-2
1364:ALGOL 68
1348:pointers
1337:ALGOL 60
1243:ChorusOS
1225:, OS/2,
993:CDC 6600
979:bytecode
938:Pascal-P
912:for the
902:compiler
887:ICL 2900
833:family.
826:for the
820:compiler
721:Dialects
711:PC games
615:Apple II
588:ALGOL 68
542:ALGOL 60
517:Modula-2
464:market.
447:C-family
408:ALGOL 60
343:Power Fx
219:Dialects
179:Pascal-P
174:ICL 1900
164:CDC 6000
44:Paradigm
18:Pascal-P
8839:more...
8818:Scratch
8721:Haskell
8711:Fortran
8667:classic
8617:History
8455:29199-2
8327:23094-2
8322:23094-1
8312:23090-3
8181:19794-5
8176:19775-1
7964:16612-2
7954:16355-1
7643:13406-2
7601:12234-2
7369:10118-3
6193:SIGPLAN
5983:ALGOL W
5702:Turbo51
5686:Lazarus
5667:Oxygene
5661:history
5650:Current
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2128:)
2122::
2116:(
2113::
2107:;
2104:)
2098::
2092:(
2089::
2077::
2065:=
2059:;
2056:)
2050:,
2044:,
2038:(
2035:=
2015:;
2006::
2000:;
1994::
1985:=
1940:i
1917:)
1908:i
1905:(
1899:)
1896:4
1890:i
1887:(
1861:i
1843:;
1825::
1819:;
1810:1
1801::
1776:;
1764::
1761:y
1758:;
1749:1
1746::
1743:x
1683:;
1668:=
1662:;
1650:-
1647:=
1641:;
1632:0
1629:=
1480:.
1468:)
1462:(
1453:;
1450:)
1444:(
1331:-
1191:(
1082:C
101:)
34:.
20:)
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