31:
62:
881:... determine which voice is to be used. The habitual use of the active voice, however, makes for forcible writing. This is true not only in narrative concerned principally with action, but in writing of any kind. Many a tame sentence of description or exposition can be made lively and emphatic by substituting a transitive in the active voice for some such perfunctory expression as
673:
instance, "There were mistakes" and "Mistakes occurred" are both in the active voice. Occasionally, authors express recommendations about use of the passive unclearly or misapply the term "passive voice" to include sentences of this type. An example of this incorrect usage can be found in the following extract from an article from
1218:
Despite criticism that the passive can be used to hide responsibility by omitting the agent, the passive can also be used to emphasize the agent. Writers have preferred placing the agent at the end of a clause or sentence to give it greater emphasis, as in the examples given in the previous section:
572:
The
English passive voice is used less often than the active voice, but frequency varies according to the writer's style and the given field of writing. Contemporary style guides discourage excessive use of the passive voice but generally consider it to be acceptable in certain situations, such as
672:
be used for the purpose of concealing the agent, this is not a valid way of identifying the passive, and many other grammatical constructions can be used to accomplish this. Not every expression that serves to take focus away from the performer of an action is an instance of passive voice. For
2821:
do not have objects, they don't assign Case. If the verb can't assign Case, then Case cannot be obtained by the passive; so they can't be passivized. This view claims that in German and Dutch, the verbs are structural case assigners which is why they are able to passivized in those languages.
2825:
Another Case-related argument varies slightly, still agreeing that no passive can be formed since the verb has no object, meaning no case can be assigned. However, the difference in this argument is in the analysis of how the impersonal passive works in Dutch and German. In this Case-related
2485:
of the sentence. In passive constructions, the external argument does not need to be in subject position, as seen in active constructions. It is often found in an adjunct position instead. The passive voice also doesn't have to use the agent role. The passive allows for a variety of
3148:
as given above). The grammaticality of the progressive passive, called by some the "imperfect passive," was controversial among grammarians in the 19th century, but is accepted without question today. It has been suggested that the passive progressive appeared just to the east of
1827:
The first sentence is an example of the canonical
English passive as described above. However the second case is distinct; such sentences are not passive voice, because the participle is being used adjectivally; Such constructs are sometimes called "false passives" or
2582:
Above, IMP is the reference to PRO because the books didn't sell themselves to make money, someone, who the interpreter of the sentence knows exists implicitly, sold them. In the passive, PRO is still able to be controlled even without having an explicit argument.
851:, and its participles getting into the light of your adjectives, which should be few. For, as a rough law, by his use of the straight verb and by his economy of adjectives you can tell a man's style, if it be masculine or neuter, writing or 'composition'.
2444:
to a noun to show how it functions in the sentence; for example, if a noun needs to be in first or second person due to the form of the verb. So, if a noun phrase in the passive needs to get Case from the participle verb, it must undergo
2526:
phrase is missing in the passive, the external argument of the verb can become an implicit argument. Implicit here refers to the fact that these arguments can be implied and are not required to be explicit when used in a passive construction.
2224:
calls it "clumsy and incorrect", suggesting that it springs from false analogy with the former (acceptable) type of double passive, though conceding its usefulness in some legal and quasi-legal language. Other verbs mentioned (besides
2411:
The sections below discuss some generalizations that linguists have attempted to identify regarding the syntactical distinctions between the passive voice, active past tense, the passive middle voice, and other past tense formations.
2759:
In the passive the external argument is suppressed, but in unaccusative verbs, there is no external argument to be suppressed. Instead their subject argument generally acts as the object and then moves to the subject position to get
2939:
passive version, there is some implied amount of accountability for being arrested, as if Mary did something to cause her being arrested, making it more closely related to the event of being arrested, compared to the stative
824:
Many language critics and language-usage manuals discourage use of the passive voice. This advice is not usually found in older guides, emerging only in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1916, the
British writer
1143:, who has written several books on style, states with greater clarity that the passive is often the better choice. According to Williams, the choice between active and passive depends on the answers to three questions:
1803:
A type of clause that is similar or identical in form to the passive clauses described above has the past participle used to denote not an action, but a state being the result of an action. For example, the sentence
1136:, encourage use of the active voice, they also state that the passive is often useful and sometimes preferable, even necessary, the choice of active or passive depending, for instance, on the topic of the sentence.
2830:, argued to be an inherent Case (this is from Chomsky's generative grammar and means that specific verbs assign specific arguments and theta-roles) on their verbs, meaning these verbs can be put in the passive.
2460:
is also used to express the progressive aspect and the past participle can be found in multiple constructions that are not passive voice constructions. In these instances Wanner refers to, the auxiliary
1685:
before the indirect object), whereas promotion of the direct object in such cases takes place from a construction in which the indirect object follows the direct object (this time being accompanied by
1677:
It is normally only the first-appearing object that can be promoted; promotion of the indirect object takes place from a construction in which it precedes the direct object (i.e. where there is no
1194:
recommends the passive voice when identifying the object (receiver) of the action is more important than the subject (agent), and when the agent is unknown, unimportant, or not worth mentioning:
731:
The passive voice can be used without referring to the agent of an action; it may therefore be used when the agent is unknown or unimportant, or the speaker does not wish to mention the agent.
1769:
It is not usually possible to promote a prepositional object if the verb also has a direct object; any passive rendering of the sentence must instead promote the direct object. For example:
974:
The principal criticism against the passive voice is its potential for evasion of responsibility. This is because a passive clause may be used to omit the agent even where it is important:
4585:
2109:, where the expected subject of the second verb is raised to the position of object of the first verb), then the passive voice may be used independently for either or both of the verbs:
2543:
purpose clause using thematic control. PRO can also be controlled by an internal or external argument. Specifically, explicit and implicit arguments can control PRO in purpose clauses:
1992:
It is possible to convert this to a passive by promoting the content clause to subject; in this case, however, the clause typically does not change its position in the sentence, and an
745:
The last sentence illustrates a frequently criticized use of the passive, as the evasion of responsibility by failure to mention the agent (which may even be the speaker themselves).
3071:
is sometimes used to refer to verbs used without a passive construction, but in a meaning where the grammatical subject is understood as undergoing the action. The meaning may be
573:
when the patient is the topic of the sentence, when the agent is unimportant and therefore omitted, or when the agent is placed near the end of a sentence as a means of emphasis.
1472:
of the action (that which would be denoted by the direct object of the verb in an active clause) is denoted instead by the subject of the clause. For example, the active clause:
1976:
Some passive constructions are not derived exactly from a corresponding active construction in the ways described above. This is particularly the case with sentences containing
1190:
398:
2007:
Another way of forming passives in such cases involves promoting the subject of the content clause to the subject of the main clause, and converting the content clause into a
1875:.) If a distinct adjective exists for the purpose of expressing the state, then the past participle is less likely to be used for that purpose; this is the case with the verb
1215:
writes that "The passive is not an undesirable feature limited to bad writing, it's a useful construction often needed for clear expression, and every good writer uses it."
2276:
consisting of a subject together with a verb phrase based on a past participle with the passive construction). These can be used in such contexts as newspaper headlines:
4459:
Thompson, D., Ferreira, F., & Scheepers, C. (n.d.). One Step at a Time: Representational
Overlap Between Active Voice, Be-passive, and Get-passive Forms in English.
968:
1751:
The prepositional passive is common, especially in informal
English. However some potential uses are much less acceptable than others; compare the following examples:
723:
in the active voice. Although the speaker may be using words in a manner that diverts responsibility from him, this is not being accomplished by use of passive voice.
549:
English allows a number of additional passive constructions that are not possible in many other languages with analogous passive formations to the above. A sentence's
1009:
Passive writing is not necessarily slack and indirect. Many famously vigorous passages use the passive voice, as in these examples with the passive verbs italicized:
2626:
Some suggest that the ability to control is due to implicit arguments controlling through a thematic control, rather than an argument control like full arguments.
1544:
as an alternative (possibly with slightly different meaning); for example, the active sentence "The ball hit Bob" may be recast in either of the following forms:
4060:
1670:
its direct object. In the passive forms, the indirect object has been promoted and the direct object has been left in place. (In this respect, English resembles
1250:
A statistical study of a variety of periodicals found a maximum incidence of 13 percent passive constructions. Despite Orwell's advice to avoid the passive, his
1259:
2737:-phrases. This is because movement only takes place when a NP depends on the verb to get Case. There are instances of the passive that do not use movement.
3176:
3607:
1944:
anyway, the distinctions between uses of the past participle become less clear, since the canonical passive already has a stative meaning. (For example:
873:... This rule does not, of course, mean that the writer should entirely discard the passive voice, which is frequently convenient and sometimes necessary
608:
but this is optional. It can be used in a number of different grammatical contexts; for instance, in declarative, interrogative, and imperative clauses:
2481:. An external argument is specifically referring to the theta role that is assigned to the subject of the sentence. Often, the external argument is the
3979:
This rule does not, of course, mean that the writer should entirely discard the passive voice, which is frequently convenient and sometimes necessary.
1062:
437:
2513:. They don't have to be put into argument positions in order to be specific. The external argument in the passive will be represented even without a
788:). There is a tendency for sentences to be formulated so as to place the focus at the end, which can motivate the choice of active or passive voice:
2833:
The reasons certain verbs cannot be passivized is not just based on syntax; there are semantic reasons behind their inability to passivize as well.
3951:
35:
691:
shortly, and I would be able to extricate myself, and my clients, from the scheme." As he read this, he betrayed no sense of how absurd it was
4609:
4322:
4214:
4104:
4043:
4012:
3972:
3889:
3765:
3661:
3455:
3361:
3314:
3275:
3245:
30:
4660:
4238:
3231:
2602:
T is no longer in an Agree relationship with the implicit subject, which means that the implicit subject can no longer control PRO either.
2221:
895:
2710:, moves from the direct object of the verb into the subject position in the passive for two reasons. The first reason is to satisfy the
393:
4489:
3551:
2309:
Other constructions are mentioned in which a passive past participle clause is used, even though it is not introduced by the auxiliary
2814:
verb functions differently, so that the agent is always present. Therefore, in Dutch, the passive doesn't require a patient argument.
264:
4178:(1997). "A Typology of Argument-Determined Constructions. pp 72 of Bybee, Joan, John Haiman, & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.)(1997).
3852:
3718:
2213:
with both verbs changed simultaneously to the passive voice, even though the first verb takes no object – it is not possible to say
1431:
In academic prose, passives make up roughly 25% of all finite clauses, 15% in news, less in fiction, and even less in conversation.
1844:), since they represent a state or result. By contrast the canonical passives, representing an action or event, may then be called
3117:
involves a wider class of verbs, and was used in
English until the nineteenth century. Sentences having this construction feature
2567:
In the passive, arguments can even control a PRO subject without having an explicit external argument, because it is still there
1162:
811:
In some situations, the passive may be used so that the most dramatic word or the punchline appears at the end of the sentence.
342:
2864:. Today this is a topic of discussion among linguists who have noted that there are key differences between the behavior of a
922:
recommended the active voice as an elementary principle of composition: "Never use the passive where you can use the active."
982:
Krista
Ratcliffe, a professor at Marquette University, notes the use of passives as an example of the role of grammar as "...
3144:
This passival construction was displaced during the late 18th and early 19th century by the progressive passive (the form
2711:
1762:
The second sentence appears much less acceptable because sleeping above a bunk does not change its state; the verb phrase
837:, that strike their object; and use them in the active voice, eschewing the stationary passive, with its little auxiliary
430:
330:
194:
2653:
that would normally be assigned elsewhere in the sentence, specifically it takes the theta role of the active subject.
4655:
4281:
4256:
4067:
407:
155:
2817:
Another view is that it has to do with Case. Specifically, the inability of intransitive verbs to assign Case. Since
2197:
rather than raising-to-object – that is, when there is no object before the infinitive complement. For example, with
1910:), and the participles used in the above-mentioned "stative" constructions are often considered to be adjectival (in
4586:"The House is Building"? Why you never learned the passival tense, even though it used to be proper English grammar"
2810:
that would form an impersonal passive do not have a patient argument, so the passive can't be formed. In Dutch, the
1061:
by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. (
959:
Use of the passive is more prevalent in scientific writing, but publishers of some scientific publications, such as
2892:, a construction where the unstated subject is forced to refer back to the subject of the main clause by the verb.
1226:
The breakthrough was achieved by
Burlingame and Evans, two researchers in the university's genetic engineering lab.
1166:, stresses the advantages of the active voice, but gives the following examples of where the passive is preferred:
807:
The breakthrough was achieved by
Burlingame and Evans, two researchers in the university's genetic engineering lab.
298:
2066:, meaning "compel". When this verb is used in the active voice it takes the bare infinitive (without the particle
1247:
The passive voice is used more frequently in scientific writing than in other prose, where it is relatively rare.
581:
The passive voice is a specific grammatical construction. The essential components, in English, are a form of the
4541:
3915:
371:
4340:
ALEXIADOU, A., & DORON, E. (2012). The syntactic construction of two non-active Voices: Passive and middle.
3735:
1758:
Someone has slept above this bottom bunk. → ??This bottom bunk has been slept above. (much less acceptable)
1030:
4650:
2788:
2437:
1733:
423:
71:
3053:
This is something that usually isn't seen with true adjectival passives. These notions put the idea that the
947:
flabbier, more indirect, and wordier. If you want your words to seem impersonal, indirect, and noncommittal,
799:
Similarly, the passive may be used because the noun phrase denoting the agent is a long one (containing many
3653:
2420:
In English, the passive requires the use of the past participle of a verb, generally with an auxiliary verb
2265:
Certain other constructions are sometimes classed as passives. The following types are mentioned by Pullum.
2220:
This latter double passive construction is criticized as questionable both grammatically and stylistically.
350:
282:
236:
2768:
moved from the object position to the subject. This is demonstrated in the trace below, where the trace (t
2478:
1239:, where the agent may be irrelevant, although at least one publisher considers this a "fading practice":
1100:
748:
Nonetheless, the passive voice can be complemented by an element that identifies the agent, usually via a
302:
3881:
Anglo-American feminist challenges to the rhetorical traditions: Virginia Woolf, Mary Daly, Adrienne Rich
4413:
2889:
2595:
2400:
1745:
1132:
1092:
857:
324:
215:
169:
161:
2452:
Wanner argues that identification of the passive voice construction can't solely rely on the auxiliary
2062:
Another situation in which the passive uses a different construction than the active involves the verb
1984:-clauses). Given a sentence in which the role of direct object is played by such a clause, for example
2614:
In the passive, the thematic object can be the controller because it is still connected in agreement.
61:
4175:
2441:
2257:
declares this construction unacceptable. It nonetheless occurs in practice in a variety of contexts.
1671:
1588:
1150:"Would the active or passive verb help your readers move more smoothly from one sentence to the next?
1006:, said that the passive voice does have its uses, and that "all good writers use the passive voice."
826:
601:
562:
558:
334:
189:
138:
4408:
3678:... The conversion of an active-verb sentence into a passive-verb one of the same meaning - e.g. of
738:
A new cancer drug has been discovered (the identity of the agent may be unimportant in the context).
3643:
3639:
2563:
are the ones who did it to make the profit. In this case, the explicit argument of the sentence is
2289:
1911:
1724:
It is also possible, in some cases, to promote the object of a preposition. This may be called the
1123:
903:
recommended against transforming active voice forms into passive voice forms, because doing so "...
900:
862:
765:
597:
362:
286:
253:
150:
4191:
3396:
2586:
Control abilities can also be limited with implicit arguments in the passive. An implicit subject
1871:
cannot have a stative meaning. (For ways in which some other languages make this distinction, see
4523:
4494:
4442:
3911:
3834:
3181:
3171:
3118:
2673:
2599:
2446:
2343:
2019:
1701:
John gave Mary a book. → Mary was given a book. (and not normally: ??A book was given Mary.)
1580:
1572:
1236:
1212:
1140:
1046:
800:
539:
535:
259:
209:
185:
173:
119:
3237:
785:
3782:
3132:
A rare example of the passival form being used in modern English is with the following phrase:
2918:
passive patient seems to take on more responsibility in relation to the event of the sentence.
2910:
passive is often seen as being to blame for the event or action occurring, more so than in the
1788:
I feel people have taken advantage of me. → I feel I have been taken advantage of. (acceptable)
1755:
Someone has slept in this bottom bunk. → This bottom bunk has been slept in. (fully acceptable)
978:
We had hoped to report on this problem, but the data were inadvertently deleted from our files.
4605:
4599:
4515:
4434:
4318:
4306:
4210:
4100:
4039:
4008:
3968:
3925:
3885:
3826:
3809:
3761:
3714:
3657:
3559:
3451:
3445:
3357:
3345:
3310:
3271:
3241:
2818:
2795:
2748:
2646:
2591:
2540:
2536:
2503:
2491:
2487:
2273:
2008:
1564:
1469:
1083:
Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America
1077:
964:
491:
479:
459:
272:
39:
3265:
3121:
and resemble the active voice, but with meaning like the passive. Examples of this would be:
4507:
4426:
4204:
4154:
3920:
3818:
2285:
2194:
2105:
If the first verb takes a direct object ahead of the infinitive complement (this applies to
1716:
Similar restrictions apply to the prepositional passive, as noted in the following section.
1026:
960:
245:
240:
205:
200:
142:
134:
3686:- is a familiar process. But it sometimes leads to bad grammar, false idiom, or clumsiness.
2968:
passive is actually an adjectival passive, making it not a true passive and different from
2598:. This is related to passive movement. Due to the raising done to get nominative case, the
2272:
is similar to a typical passive clause, but without the passive auxiliary verb (so it is a
1153:"Would the active or passive give readers a more consistent and appropriate point of view?"
939:
permits subjects to have something done to them (by someone or something). Some argue that
683:(bolding and italics added; bold text indicates the verbs misidentified as passive voice):
4310:
4031:
3349:
2949:
2807:
2727:
2482:
2388:
form) can also be used in a complex construction; Huddleston gives the following example:
2022:
to correspond to the aspect (or past tense) expressed in the content clause. For example:
1934:. In other sentences that same participle may be used to form the true (dynamic) passive:
1773:
Someone has put a child in this bunk. → *This bunk has been put a child in. (unacceptable)
1694:
1643:
1568:
1513:
1461:
1457:
1157:
1115:
834:
593:
550:
487:
467:
403:
268:
249:
123:
76:
53:
4091:
Biber, Douglas; Johansson, Stig; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan; Finegan, Edward (1999).
3301:
Biber, Douglas; Johansson, Stig; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan; Finegan, Edward (1999).
1780:
Exceptions occur with certain idiomatic combinations of verb+object+preposition, such as
1118:
quotation of Luke 12:48 in his address to the Massachusetts legislature, 9 January 1961.)
741:
Mistakes have been made on this project (the speaker may not wish to identify the agent).
1732:(although the latter term can also have other meanings, such as being equivalent to the
4171:
3400:
3186:
3154:
3072:
2707:
2684:
In Chomsky's generative grammar, the following example of a passive with the auxiliary
2641:
phrase. The by phrase is where the external argument can be explicitly expressed. This
2429:
1977:
1776:
Someone has put a child in this bunk. → A child has been put in this bunk. (acceptable)
1453:
764:
In more technical terms, such uses can be expected in sentences where the agent is the
695:
in regard to his scheme, as if it were a spell of bad weather that had descended on him
680:
675:
110:
85:
4644:
4527:
4446:
4257:"§ 24. Double passive. 1. Grammar. The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996"
3838:
3710:
3698:
3166:
2948:
passives there is a belief that the surface subject can be identified as a secondary
1993:
1872:
1798:
1465:
1096:
990:...: passive voice mystifies accountability by erasing who or what performs an action
919:
720:
451:
231:
219:
177:
146:
96:
4376:
van Urk, C. (2013). Visser's Generalization: The Syntax of Control and the Passive.
3495:
2944:
passive which doesn't connect back to the event, but is stative. This is because in
2032:
They report that she came back / has come back. → She is reported to have come back.
3603:
3067:
2106:
2043:
Some verbs are used almost exclusively in the passive voice. This is the case with
1941:
1860:
582:
511:
463:
367:
294:
3822:
3879:
3702:
3647:
2776:
moves to the front of the sentence into subject position where it receives case.
2469:
is present directly in front of a past participle, it is a passive construction.
795:
My mother was hit by a taxi (the mother is the topic, and the taxi is the focus).
4635:
4563:
4143:"Preposition stranding, passivisation, and extraction from adjuncts in Germanic"
3414:
3377:
2827:
1127:
687:
Two sentences later, Madoff said, "When I began the Ponzi scheme, I believed it
346:
181:
165:
128:
3983:... The need of making a particular word the subject of the sentence will often
3532:
2733:
Movement does not always take place in the passive though we see it often with
2051:
He was rumored to be a war veteran. / It was rumored that he was a war veteran.
735:
Three stores were robbed last night (the identity of the agent may be unknown).
4422:
2650:
2490:
in the external argument. For example, the subject could have a theta role of
2217:, which is the sentence from which the double passive would appear to derive.
2012:
1891:) more likely refers to the action than to the state since one can simply say
998:
Advice by style guides and grammarians on appropriate use of the passive voice
455:
338:
4519:
4438:
4142:
3929:
3830:
1642:
Unlike some other languages, English also allows passive clauses in which an
877:... The need to make a particular word the subject of the sentence will often
17:
4503:
3020: *Food should never get served only
2761:
2715:
2433:
1899:
4260:
3587:
1444:
In the most commonly considered type of passive clause, a form of the verb
792:
My taxi hit an old lady (the taxi is the topic, and the lady is the focus).
703:, but felt the hand of a lawyer: "To the best of my recollection, my fraud
4430:
3627:
Fowler, the recognized modern authority on the use of the English language
2791:, even though this can be found in other languages, like Dutch or German.
4511:
4158:
3739:
3206:
2456:
and the past participle as distinguishing features because the auxiliary
4317:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1206, 1200.
3012: *The food (finally) got served
1930:
is an ordinary adjective, though it derives from the past participle of
1918:(although they are not normally considered true passives). For example:
1646:, rather than a direct object, is promoted to the subject. For example:
4096:
3652:. Oxford World's Classics Hardbacks Series (reissue ed.). Oxford:
3356:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1427–1447.
3306:
3150:
2193:
Similar constructions sometimes occur, however, when the first verb is
803:) since it is convenient to place such phrases at the end of a clause:
115:
3039:
passives allow the use of the by-phrase in the same conditions as the
2664:
In the passive, the theta role of agent is being given to Toni in the
3572:
2852:
passive in English. It was assumed to function the exact same as the
2354:
form) appears rather than the past participle. This can appear after
2347:
1960:) However it is sometimes possible to impart a dynamic meaning using
1859:
is used in English both as the passive auxiliary and as the ordinary
869:
The active voice is usually more direct and vigorous than the passive
379:
319:
314:
91:
80:
4180:
Essays on Language Function and Language Type: Dedicated to T. GivĂłn
490:. Above, the agent is omitted entirely, but it may also be included
3046: The criminal got arrested
3031:
passive that is allowed in the types of constructions above, and a
2898:
Above, PRO has to refer to Elle, making it a subject control verb.
2668:
phrase, the same as it previously had in the active subject. These
2465:
is not found next to or with the past participle. If the auxiliary
1500:
becomes the subject (it is "promoted" to the subject position) and
4192:
Language Log: How to defend yourself from bad advice about writing
1492:
as its direct object. If we recast the verb in the passive voice (
908:
375:
29:
3125:
The house is building. (modern English: The house is being built)
1633:, he left the stage. (passive present participle, perfect aspect)
1254:
employs passive voice for about 20 percent of its constructions.
1179:"When you need to put the punch word at the end of the sentence."
3857:
1766:
does not express a "relevantly important property" of the bunk.
1575:
for more information. Notice that this includes use of the verb
1182:"When the focus of the sentence is on the thing being acted on."
411:
278:
4490:"On the Event-Structural Properties of the English Get-Passive"
3649:
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: The Classic First Edition
1616:
if I had stayed in my place. (conditional perfect passive with
3916:"Active resistance: What we get wrong about the passive voice"
1740:
They talked about the problem. → The problem was talked about.
843:
752:-phrase that is intended to emphasize the agent. For example:
3128:
The meal is eating. (modern English: The meal is being eaten)
3027:
However, there are instances where the above examples have a
2718:, since in its participle form, the verb cannot give Case to
2449:
to the head of the sentence CP to receive nominative Case.ii
2047:, for example. The following passive sentences are possible:
1972:
Passive constructions without an exactly corresponding active
699:... In most of the rest of the statement, one not only heard
3003: *The ship got sunk
2993: *The book got torn
1571:
form (infinitive, participle or gerund). See the article on
1540:) to make the passive. It is often possible to use the verb
2979:
passive as an adjectival passive comes from examples where
2502:
In the passive, external arguments can be made explicit in
478:
The recipient of a sentence's action is referred to as the
3378:"Language Log » "Passive Voice" — 1397-2009 — R.I.P."
2826:
argument, Roberts (1985) claims that German and Dutch use
2714:(extended projection principle) and then second is to get
1223:
Don't you see? The patient was murdered by his own doctor!
971:, explicitly encourage their authors to use active voice.
776:), while the patient (the undergoer of the action) is the
482:. In sentences using the active voice, the subject is the
2983:
passives are not allowed to appear and do not behave as
2692:
phrase, gives the same reading as in an active sentence.
1898:
Past participles of transitive verbs can also be used as
1650:
John gave Mary a book. → Mary was given a book (by John).
1263:
gives the following rough frequencies per million words:
1147:"Must the reader know who is responsible for the action?"
2706:
which acted as the direct object in the active form, as
1855:
The ambiguity in such sentences arises because the verb
1808:
may have two different meanings and might be ambiguous:
2559:
is the controller for PRO, and PRO is referencing that
2373:(An idiomatic expression with the same construction is
2205:. A double passive formed from that sentence would be:
2029:
They think that I am dying. → I am thought to be dying.
3552:"How long have we been avoiding the passive, and why?"
2366:
Your car needs washing. (meaning "needs to be washed")
2334:
This software comes pre-installed by the manufacturer.
2055:
but it is not possible to use the active counterpart *
1816:
Someone or something broke the window. (action, event)
1516:) can optionally be re-inserted using the preposition
1053:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men
3057:
passive may be an adjectival passive under question.
2764:. In the example above, you can see that the subject
2059:(This was once possible, but has fallen out of use.)
955:
is almost invariably likely to prove more effective.
518:
Our troops defeated the enemy. Brutus stabbed Caesar.
2473:
External argument, implicit argument and theta roles
1940:
When the verb being put into the passive voice is a
1867:
is used to form the passive, there is no ambiguity:
1736:, particularly in descriptions of other languages).
3952:
Address to Massachusetts legislature (Jan. 9, 1961)
865:warned against excessive use of the passive voice:
600:(the doer of the action) may be specified using a
4003:Williams, Joseph M. (2015). Bizup, Joseph (ed.).
3736:"The Columbia Guide to Standard American English"
3415:"Language Log » The aggrieved passive voice"
2132:to complete the project. (passive voice used for
1914:use). Such constructions may then also be called
1091:by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. (
1080:addressing the House of Commons, 20 August 1940.)
855:Two years later, in the original 1918 edition of
3997:
3995:
3756:Fowler, H.W. (2015). Butterfield, Jeremy (ed.).
2806:, the passive needs to have a patient argument.
2802:functions in the passive. ii With the auxiliary
1873:Passive voice § Stative and dynamic passive
1799:Passive voice § Stative and dynamic passive
3751:
3749:
3332:"Get Passive": On Some Constructions with "get"
2848:passive was viewed as another variation of the
2660:The last piece of baklava was eaten . (passive)
2637:Another feature of the passive is the optional
2432:. The participle verb is also unable to assign
2401:English clause syntax § Non-finite clauses
2229:) with which the construction is found include
2102:-infinitive as the complement of another verb.
2026:They say that he cheats. → He is said to cheat.
930:
926:The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
867:
831:
685:
516:
496:
472:
4206:The Get-Passives as an Emotive Language Device
4119:In US English, the general past participle of
4059:International Studies Review (10 March 2010).
3113:Another construction sometimes referred to as
2952:, but this is not an available reading in the
2928: Mary
2921: Mary
2428:in order to get tense because participles are
2395:You need your hair cutting by a professional.
1744:In the passive form here, the preposition is "
4601:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
4315:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
4093:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
4038:. Oxford University Press. pp. 676–677.
3967:(3rd ed.). Allyn and Bacon. p. 18.
3447:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
3354:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
3303:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
1748:"; that is, it is not followed by an object.
1260:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
1191:Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage
1176:"When you want to hide the actor's identity."
986:...a link between words and magical conjuring
553:may be promoted to the subject position—e.g.
431:
34:A sign using the passive voice to indicate a
8:
3787:Authors & referees: Writing for a Nature
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
2745:Not all verbs in English can be passivized.
2657:Toni ate the last piece of baklava. (active)
1823:The window was not intact. (resultant state)
935:makes subjects do something (to something);
4557:
4555:
4488:Biggs, Alison; Embick, David (2022-04-28).
4019:But the passive is often the better choice.
3758:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage
3483:The American Heritage Book of English Usage
3450:. Merriam-Webster. 1994. pp. 720–721.
3177:List of common English usage misconceptions
2392:Your hair needs cutting by a professional.
2369:That rash needs looking at by a specialist.
2255:The American Heritage Book of English Usage
2182:, etc., leading to such double passives as
1712:Mary. (and not: *Mary was given a book to.)
474:The enemy was defeated. Caesar was stabbed.
4242:, Second Revised Edition, 1965. Entry for
2904:passive does not allow for subject control
2895:
2730:from the finite INFL, the head of the CP.
2209:The project was attempted to be completed.
2201:, the active voice construction is simply
2166:Other verbs which can behave similarly to
1863:for linking to predicate adjectives. When
861:, Cornell University Professor of English
438:
424:
44:
3963:Strunk, William Jr.; White, E.B. (1979).
3296:
3294:
2798:claims that this is due to how auxiliary
2699:Caesar was idolized by Zenobia. (passive)
2407:Syntactic components of the passive voice
2215:*We attempted the project to be completed
2070:), but in the passive voice it takes the
1606:by next January. (future perfect passive)
1555:The auxiliary verb of the passive voice (
1063:United States Declaration of Independence
907:...sometimes leads to bad grammar, false
27:Grammatical voice in the English language
4579:
4577:
3987:... determine which voice is to be used.
3760:. Oxford University Press. p. 606.
3259:
3257:
2987:passives, which are demonstrated below:
2113:We expect you to complete the project. (
1265:
1185:"When the passive simply sounds better."
943:is more muscular, direct, and succinct,
756:Don't you see? The patient was murdered
3940:All good writers use the passive voice.
3222:
3198:
2899:
2325:I had my car cleaned by a professional.
2098:can arise when one verb appears in the
2057:They rumored that he was a war veteran.
1235:Agentless passives were once common in
1204:Plows should not be kept in the garage.
1025:straight, and the rough places plain. (
52:
4604:. Merriam-Webster. 1994. p. 775.
4282:"Double Your Passive, Double Your Fun"
4005:Style: The Basics of Clarity and Grace
3496:"Grammar Lesson - Passive Voice - ELC"
3334:. Indiana University Linguistics Club.
3236:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2305:, there are also other considerations.
1243:The mixture was heated to 300 °C.
1044:glorious summer by this sun of York. (
526:typically involves forms of the verbs
510:The initial examples rewritten in the
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4372:
4370:
4356:
4354:
4336:
4334:
4007:(5th ed.). Pearson. p. 26.
3478:
3476:
3474:
3397:Nancy Franklin, "The Dolor of Money,"
2362:(with similar meaning). For example:
2331:You ought to get that lump looked at.
1583:, which does not normally occur when
1068:Never in the field of human conflict
596:of the verb denoting the action. The
494:while maintaining the passive voice:
7:
4239:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3233:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
2477:Passives always contain an external
2203:We attempted to complete the project
896:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
4636:Confusion over avoiding the passive
4562:Liberman, Mark (January 13, 2011).
3703:"Politics and the English Language"
3209:to indicate ungrammatical examples.
2672:phrases are attached to the VoiceP
2494:instead, as in the sentence below.
1999:takes the normal subject position:
1695:English grammar § Verb phrases
1563:) may appear in any combination of
829:criticized this grammatical voice:
727:Reasons for using the passive voice
399:AmE and BrE grammatical differences
394:African-American Vernacular English
3267:Deconstructing the English Passive
3035:passive that is not. Furthermore,
2960:Arguments as an adjectival passive
2751:do not form a passive in English.
2328:Jane had her car stolen last week.
2039:She is said to be going to resign.
25:
3807:"Instructions for Contributors".
2990:Agent-Oriented Manner Adverbials
2696:Zenobia idolized Caesar. (active)
2649:to the verb and is assigned
2535:Explicit arguments can control a
2035:They say that she will resign. →
1968:with the meaning "become known".
1922:She was relieved to find her car.
1383:Post modifier in NP (non-finite)
1252:Politics and the English Language
916:Politics and the English Language
707:in the early nineteen-nineties."
557:. Similarly, the complement of a
486:of the action—referred to as the
303:Transitive and intransitive verbs
4362:Syntax A Generative Introduction
3781:Nature Publishing Group (2010).
2888:passive is considered a subject
2606:*Sarah was promised (by Greg
2261:Additional passive constructions
2018:. This infinitive is marked for
1532:The above example uses the verb
1201:The store was robbed last night.
1198:The child was struck by the car.
1170:"When the actor is unimportant."
820:Advice against the passive voice
60:
3817:(3926): xviA–xviB. 1970-03-27.
2794:One argument using the lens of
2772:) is left behind when the word
2514:
2507:
2384:The concealed passive (with an
1599:. (present progressive passive)
1231:Actual use of the passive voice
1040:the winter of our discontent /
577:Identifying the English passive
4203:Knabe, Norman (January 2009).
3106:Such verbs may also be called
2964:Some linguists argue that the
2876:Control and agent behavior in
2424:The passive uses an auxiliary
2358:, and for some speakers after
2188:I was persuaded to be ordained
2184:The man was ordered to be shot
2170:in such constructions include
2078:They made Jane attend classes.
1207:Kennedy was elected president.
1017:, and every mountain and hill
951:is the choice, but otherwise,
1:
4147:Linguistic Variation Yearbook
4036:Garner's Modern English Usage
3853:"Write Clearly and Concisely"
3823:10.1126/science.167.3926.xviA
3550:Zwicky, Arnold (2006-07-22).
3500:ELC - English Language Center
3264:Wanner, Anja (31 July 2009).
2856:passive, just using the verb
2676:and are special to passives.
1638:Promotion of indirect objects
1163:Garner's Modern English Usage
1002:Jan Freeman, a columnist for
4584:Vuolo, Mike (May 29, 2012).
4259:. 2021-07-29. Archived from
4182:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
4061:"Journal house style points"
2506:positions with the use of a
2498:I was sent a letter by them.
2440:that states that Case gives
2299:, we made our way back home.
1173:"When the actor is unknown."
542:—sometimes referred to as a
4661:English usage controversies
4364:(4th ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
4127:. In British English it is
3734:Wilson, Kenneth G. (1992).
3608:"Style in judicial writing"
3404:, 2009 March 23, at 24, 25.
3153:and was popularized by the
2787:English also does not have
2590:control PRO in the case of
2379:doesn't bear thinking about
1793:Stative and adjectival uses
1464:; that verb is missing its
701:the aggrieved passive voice
561:may be promoted, leaving a
4677:
3878:Ratcliffe, Krista (1996).
3140:the drums are being beaten
3061:Middle voice and passival
2143:. (passive voice used for
2117:is raised from subject of
2074:-infinitive. For example:
2003:It is said that he cheats.
1988:They say (that) he cheats.
1796:
1512:The original subject (the
1484:as a transitive verb with
1106:For of those to whom much
1087:suddenly and deliberately
655:by Geoffrey Howe was like
4542:Oxford English Dictionary
4141:Truswell, Robert (2008).
3884:. SIU Press. p. 94.
3713:. Penguin Books Limited.
3098:The clothes are soaking,
2436:. Case is a tool used in
2280:City hall damaged by hail
2139:We expect the project to
1708:Mary. → A book was given
1666:its indirect object, and
1567:, and can also appear in
1047:Shakespeare's Richard III
3533:"The passive in English"
3330:Gee, James Paul (1974).
2438:transformational grammar
2094:The construction called
1964:as the auxiliary, as in
1936:He was relieved of duty.
1889:the package was unopened
1734:impersonal passive voice
1551:Bob got hit by the ball.
1548:Bob was hit by the ball.
1536:(in the past tense form
1285:Short passives (finite)
693:to use the passive voice
3654:Oxford University Press
3136:The drums are beating,
3091:These cakes sell well,
3009:Predication Structures
2755:*It was wilted quickly.
2680:Movement in the passive
2574:The books were sold IMP
2321:with a direct object):
2107:raising-to-object verbs
1819:The window was broken,
1812:The window was broken,
1366:Long passives (finite)
1076:by so many to so few. (
711:The intransitive verbs
498:The enemy was defeated
4564:"A peeve for the ages"
4407:Reed, Lisa A. (2011).
4342:Journal of Linguistics
3783:"How to write a paper"
3593:ch. 3, sec. 11 (1918).
3573:Arthur Quiller-Couch,
3102:is soaking the clothes
2860:in place of auxiliary
2633:phrases in the passive
2416:The passive participle
1631:Having been humiliated
1627:. (passive infinitive)
1565:tense, aspect and mood
1101:Attack on Pearl Harbor
957:
914:In 1946, in the essay
891:
853:
709:
520:
508:
476:
462:that is followed by a
42:
4431:10.1515/tlir.2011.002
4414:The Linguistic Review
3965:The Elements of Style
3742:on November 19, 2008.
3674:PASSIVE DISTURBANCES.
3590:The Elements of Style
3588:William Strunk, Jr.,
3575:On the Art of Writing
3270:. Walter de Gruyter.
2906:. The patient in the
2708:the internal argument
2531:Control and arguments
2442:grammatical relations
2317:(or is introduced by
1895:in the stative case.
1869:The window got broken
1806:The window was broken
1726:prepositional passive
1720:Prepositional passive
1672:secundative languages
1611:would have got/gotten
1435:Passive constructions
1133:The Elements of Style
1093:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1021:low; and the crooked
858:The Elements of Style
604:with the preposition
524:English passive voice
502:. Caesar was stabbed
331:Conditional sentences
33:
4512:10.1162/ling_a_00405
4461:Journal of Cognition
4176:Alexandra Aikhenvald
4159:10.1075/livy.8.05tru
3684:He was killed by you
3531:Geoffrey K. Pullum.
3230:Peters, Pam (2004).
2884:Some claim that the
2741:Non-passivized verbs
2290:nominative absolutes
2151:is raised to object)
1842:resultative passives
1654:In the active form,
1604:will have been built
1587:is used as a simple
1524:The ball was thrown
1508:The ball was thrown.
1476:John threw the ball.
827:Arthur Quiller-Couch
602:prepositional phrase
563:stranded preposition
4360:Carnie, A. (2021).
3087:but is not always:
3083:Fred shaved himself
3017:Reflexive Pronouns
2789:impersonal passives
2270:bare passive clause
1916:adjectival passives
1885:The door was opened
1728:, or sometimes the
1488:as its subject and
901:Henry Watson Fowler
863:William Strunk, Jr.
668:Though the passive
567:Sue was operated on
555:Tom was given a bag
48:Part of a series on
4656:Grammatical voices
4495:Linguistic Inquiry
4378:Linguistic Inquiry
4307:Huddleston, Rodney
3709:. Introduction by
3346:Huddleston, Rodney
3205:This article uses
3182:Mediopassive voice
3172:Existential clause
3119:progressive aspect
3000:Rationale Clauses
2819:intransitive verbs
2749:Unaccusative verbs
2645:phrase acts as an
2539:subject within an
2344:present participle
2284:and as modifiers (
2195:raising-to-subject
2162:. (double passive)
2020:grammatical aspect
1883:, so the sentence
1879:and the adjective
1581:progressive aspect
1573:English verb forms
1456:together with the
1440:Canonical passives
1237:scientific writing
1141:Joseph M. Williams
911:, or clumsiness."
664:Misuse of the term
540:subject complement
536:passive participle
466:complemented by a
43:
4611:978-0-87779-132-4
4423:De Gruyter Mouton
4324:978-0-521-43146-0
4216:978-3-640-25174-2
4106:978-0-582-23725-4
4095:. Harlow, Essex:
4045:978-0-19-049148-2
4014:978-0-321-95330-8
3974:978-0-205-19158-1
3891:978-0-8093-1934-3
3767:978-0-19-966135-0
3663:978-0-19-953534-7
3612:15 J. Pub. L. 214
3457:978-0-87779-132-4
3363:978-0-521-43146-0
3316:978-0-582-23725-4
3305:. Harlow, Essex:
3277:978-3-11-019632-0
3247:978-0-521-62181-6
3095:sell these cakes
2975:Evidence for the
2796:cognitive grammar
2340:concealed passive
2286:adverbial phrases
2274:non-finite clause
2009:non-finite clause
1893:The door was open
1782:take advantage of
1704:John gave a book
1591:. Some examples:
1429:
1428:
1139:Another advisor,
1116:John F. Kennedy's
1078:Winston Churchill
1057:equal, that they
758:by his own doctor
659:by a dead sheep."
448:
447:
40:COVID-19 pandemic
16:(Redirected from
4668:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4581:
4572:
4571:
4559:
4550:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4485:
4468:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4404:
4385:
4374:
4365:
4358:
4349:
4338:
4329:
4328:
4311:Pullum, Geoffrey
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4253:
4247:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4138:
4132:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4066:. Archived from
4065:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4032:Garner, Bryan A.
4028:
4022:
4021:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3960:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3921:The Boston Globe
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3738:. Archived from
3731:
3725:
3724:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3604:Bell, Griffin B.
3600:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3558:. Archived from
3547:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3442:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3350:Pullum, Geoffrey
3342:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3227:
3210:
3203:
2808:Unergative verbs
2551:sold the books .
2378:
1830:stative passives
1764:been slept above
1697:). For example:
1662:is its subject,
1452:) is used as an
1266:
1050:, I.1, ll. 1–2.)
1027:King James Bible
1015:shall be exalted
1004:The Boston Globe
993:
989:
985:
906:
880:
876:
872:
835:transitive verbs
698:
641:by an elephant?"
614:was assassinated
450:In English, the
440:
433:
426:
408:Grammar disputes
404:Double negatives
401:
64:
45:
21:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4651:English grammar
4641:
4640:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4539:
4535:
4487:
4486:
4471:
4458:
4454:
4406:
4405:
4388:
4375:
4368:
4359:
4352:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4244:double passives
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4209:. GRIN Verlag.
4202:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4186:
4172:Dixon, R. M. W.
4170:
4166:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4099:. p. 476.
4090:
4089:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4002:
4000:
3993:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3946:
3934:
3932:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3656:. p. 425.
3638:
3637:
3633:
3621:
3619:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3586:
3582:
3571:
3567:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3530:
3529:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3444:
3443:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3395:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3309:. p. 938.
3300:
3299:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3163:
3063:
2962:
2882:
2844:Originally the
2842:
2771:
2743:
2728:nominative Case
2682:
2635:
2622:was persuaded .
2621:
2609:
2577:
2550:
2533:
2475:
2418:
2409:
2376:
2263:
2092:
2090:Double passives
2085:attend classes.
1978:content clauses
1974:
1832:(rarely called
1801:
1795:
1722:
1644:indirect object
1640:
1597:is being served
1462:transitive verb
1458:past participle
1442:
1437:
1396:Short passives
1233:
1213:Geoffrey Pullum
1158:Bryan A. Garner
1000:
991:
987:
983:
904:
878:
874:
870:
833:Generally, use
822:
817:
729:
696:
666:
594:past participle
579:
551:indirect object
470:. For example:
468:past participle
444:
415:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
396:
391:
383:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
355:
354:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
317:
307:
306:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
283:Irregular verbs
281:
277:
258:
239:
237:Auxiliary verbs
234:
224:
223:
222:
218:
214:
199:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
122:
118:
113:
103:
102:
101:
90:
79:
74:
54:English grammar
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4674:
4672:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4630:External links
4628:
4625:
4624:
4610:
4591:
4573:
4551:
4533:
4469:
4452:
4409:"Get-passives"
4386:
4366:
4350:
4330:
4323:
4298:
4286:Literal-Minded
4273:
4248:
4229:
4215:
4195:
4184:
4164:
4133:
4112:
4105:
4083:
4051:
4044:
4023:
4013:
4001:For instance:
3991:
3973:
3955:
3944:
3914:(2009-03-22).
3903:
3890:
3870:
3844:
3799:
3773:
3766:
3745:
3726:
3719:
3699:Orwell, George
3690:
3680:You killed him
3662:
3644:Crystal, David
3631:
3595:
3580:
3565:
3562:on 2009-04-16.
3542:
3512:
3487:
3470:
3456:
3426:
3406:
3401:The New Yorker
3389:
3369:
3362:
3337:
3322:
3315:
3290:
3276:
3253:
3246:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3187:Reflexive verb
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3155:Romantic poets
3146:is being built
3142:
3141:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3062:
3059:
2961:
2958:
2881:
2874:
2868:passive and a
2841:
2835:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2742:
2739:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2681:
2678:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2532:
2529:
2500:
2499:
2488:thematic roles
2474:
2471:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2282:
2281:
2262:
2259:
2211:
2210:
2164:
2163:
2152:
2137:
2126:
2096:double passive
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:Jane was made
2079:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1989:
1973:
1970:
1924:
1923:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1742:
1741:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1652:
1651:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1625:to be insulted
1623:It isn't nice
1621:
1607:
1600:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1530:
1529:
1510:
1509:
1478:
1477:
1448:(or sometimes
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:Long passives
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:Dynamic verbs
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:Stative verbs
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1120:
1119:
1104:
1099:following the
1081:
1066:
1051:
1034:
999:
996:
980:
979:
887:could be heard
821:
818:
816:
813:
809:
808:
797:
796:
793:
762:
761:
743:
742:
739:
736:
728:
725:
721:ergative verbs
681:Bernard Madoff
676:The New Yorker
665:
662:
661:
660:
653:Being attacked
649:
642:
631:
624:
617:
588:(or sometimes
578:
575:
534:followed by a
485:
446:
445:
443:
442:
435:
428:
420:
417:
416:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
372:Capitalization
366:
361:
360:
357:
356:
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
235:
230:
229:
226:
225:
174:Interrogatives
147:Demonstratives
114:
109:
108:
105:
104:
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
57:
56:
50:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4673:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:(1), 168–178.
4383:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4263:on 2007-10-11
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4236:H.W. Fowler,
4233:
4230:
4218:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4073:on 2011-06-08
4069:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3871:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3800:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3720:9780141919935
3716:
3712:
3711:Bernard Crick
3708:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3640:Fowler, W. W.
3635:
3632:
3628:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3578:ch. 7 (1916).
3577:
3576:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Ergative verb
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3079:Fred shaved,
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2914:passive. The
2913:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:control verbs
2593:
2589:
2584:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:Our work done
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2253:. Similarly,
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:to object of
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1954:His identity
1951:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:pseudopassive
1727:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:is the verb;
1657:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:direct object
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:Other copula
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:Conversation
1270:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:The linguist
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:Infamy Speech
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:shall be made
1020:
1019:shall be made
1016:
1013:Every valley
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:
997:
995:
977:
976:
975:
972:
970:
966:
962:
956:
954:
950:
946:
945:passive voice
942:
938:
937:passive voice
934:
929:
928:states that:
927:
923:
921:
920:George Orwell
917:
912:
910:
902:
898:
897:
890:
888:
884:
866:
864:
860:
859:
852:
850:
846:
845:
840:
836:
830:
828:
819:
814:
812:
806:
805:
804:
802:
794:
791:
790:
789:
787:
786:Topic–comment
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
755:
754:
753:
751:
746:
740:
737:
734:
733:
732:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
708:
706:
702:
694:
690:
684:
682:
678:
677:
671:
663:
658:
657:being savaged
654:
650:
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
629:
625:
622:
618:
615:
611:
610:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
576:
574:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
515:
513:
507:
505:
501:
500:by our troops
495:
493:
489:
483:
481:
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:passive voice
441:
436:
434:
429:
427:
422:
421:
419:
418:
413:
409:
405:
400:
395:
390:Variant usage
387:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Abbreviations
364:
359:
358:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
310:
304:
300:
296:
295:Phrasal verbs
292:
291:Passive voice
288:
284:
280:
275:
274:
270:
266:
261:
256:
255:
251:
247:
242:
238:
233:
228:
227:
221:
217:
216:Subordinators
212:
211:
207:
202:
197:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:Interjections
167:
163:
158:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
112:
107:
106:
99:
98:
97:frequentative
93:
88:
87:
82:
78:
73:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
32:
19:
18:Passive tense
4615:. Retrieved
4600:
4594:
4568:Language Log
4567:
4546:
4545:, entry for
4540:
4536:
4499:
4493:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4418:
4412:
4381:
4377:
4361:
4345:
4341:
4314:
4301:
4290:. Retrieved
4288:. 2005-05-16
4285:
4276:
4265:. Retrieved
4261:the original
4251:
4243:
4237:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4205:
4198:
4187:
4179:
4167:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4092:
4086:
4075:. Retrieved
4068:the original
4054:
4035:
4026:
4018:
4004:
3978:
3964:
3958:
3947:
3939:
3933:. Retrieved
3919:
3912:Freeman, Jan
3906:
3895:. Retrieved
3880:
3873:
3862:. Retrieved
3856:
3847:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3786:
3776:
3757:
3740:the original
3729:
3706:
3693:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3667:. Retrieved
3648:
3634:
3626:
3620:. Retrieved
3615:
3611:
3598:
3589:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3560:the original
3556:Language Log
3555:
3545:
3537:Language Log
3536:
3504:. Retrieved
3502:. 2014-01-19
3499:
3490:
3482:
3461:. Retrieved
3446:
3418:. Retrieved
3409:
3399:
3392:
3372:
3353:
3340:
3331:
3325:
3302:
3281:. Retrieved
3266:
3232:
3225:
3201:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3068:middle voice
3066:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:control verb
2885:
2883:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2786:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2747:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2703:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2613:
2594:and subject
2592:ditransitive
2587:
2585:
2581:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:Above,
2554:
2534:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2476:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2398:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2339:
2337:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2283:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2160:be completed
2159:
2155:
2154:The project
2148:
2144:
2141:be completed
2140:
2133:
2130:are expected
2129:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1950:his identity
1947:
1945:
1942:stative verb
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1861:copular verb
1856:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1743:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1641:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1602:The stadium
1596:
1584:
1576:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1504:disappears:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1430:
1332:Get passive
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1234:
1217:
1210:
1189:
1188:
1161:
1156:
1138:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1107:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1003:
1001:
981:
973:
958:
953:active voice
952:
948:
944:
941:active voice
940:
936:
933:Active voice
932:
931:
925:
924:
915:
913:
894:
893:In 1926, in
892:
886:
882:
868:
856:
854:
848:
842:
838:
832:
823:
815:Style advice
810:
798:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
757:
749:
747:
744:
730:
719:are in fact
716:
712:
710:
704:
700:
692:
688:
686:
674:
669:
667:
656:
652:
645:
638:
634:
627:
626:"The window
620:
613:
605:
589:
585:
583:stative verb
580:
571:
566:
554:
548:
544:passive verb
543:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
512:active voice
509:
503:
499:
497:
492:adjunctively
477:
473:
464:stative verb
449:
351:Zero-marking
323:
290:
263:
244:
204:
193:
190:Prepositions
182:Portmanteaus
154:
139:Coordinators
127:
95:
84:
36:mask mandate
4506:: 211–254.
4222:13 November
4153:: 131–178.
3792:5 September
3283:11 November
3022:for oneself
2828:dative case
2651:theta roles
2569:implicitly.
2156:is expected
2149:the project
2016:-infinitive
1912:predicative
1112:is required
1059:are endowed
1055:are created
1031:Isaiah 40:4
639:been kicked
559:preposition
363:Orthography
347:Periphrasis
287:Modal verbs
254:subjunctive
246:conditional
186:Possessives
166:Intensifier
151:Determiners
38:during the
4645:Categories
4617:27 January
4292:2023-05-27
4267:2023-05-27
4077:2010-08-05
3935:2010-03-01
3924:. Boston.
3897:2010-10-14
3864:2019-11-12
3669:2010-03-02
3622:2010-03-02
3506:2017-11-21
3463:27 January
3420:2023-05-27
3383:2023-05-27
3381:Retrieved
3217:References
2995:on purpose
2932:arrested.
2925:arrested.
2430:non finite
1900:adjectives
1852:passives.
1797:See also:
1569:non-finite
1494:was thrown
1468:, and the
847:] and
841: [
646:get killed
628:got broken
619:"Mistakes
592:) and the
339:Do-support
325:in English
299:Verb usage
265:continuous
250:imperative
162:Expletives
120:Adjectives
111:Word types
86:in English
72:Morphology
4528:221462066
4520:0024-3892
4504:MIT Press
4447:263852574
4439:0167-6318
4425:: 41–78.
4348:(1), 1–34
3930:0743-1791
3839:220088428
3831:0036-8075
3646:(2009) .
3207:asterisks
3073:reflexive
3065:The term
3043:passive.
2956:passive.
2872:passive.
2726:receives
2399:See also
2303:That said
2011:with the
1994:expletive
1980:(usually
1966:get known
1887:(but not
1595:The food
1480:contains
1454:auxiliary
1280:Academic
801:modifiers
713:would end
689:would end
637:you ever
621:were made
616:in 1963."
612:"Kennedy
504:by Brutus
484:performer
343:Inversion
195:List here
156:List here
143:Compounds
4588:. Slate.
4547:passival
4467:(1), 35.
4313:(2002).
4034:(2016).
3701:(2000).
3606:(1966).
3352:(2002).
3161:See also
3115:passival
3108:passival
2880:passives
2479:argument
2447:movement
2288:), i.e.
2251:threaten
2180:persuade
2145:complete
2119:complete
1956:is known
1928:relieved
1850:eventive
1746:stranded
1498:the ball
1496:), then
1490:the ball
1416:<250
1399:<250
1369:<250
1361:<250
1358:<250
1355:<250
1352:<250
1344:<250
1341:<250
1338:<250
1335:<250
1274:Fiction
1108:is given
1089:attacked
1072:so much
967:and the
883:there is
269:habitual
201:Pronouns
135:Articles
116:Acronyms
92:Suffixes
81:Prefixes
4097:Longman
3810:Science
3485:(1996).
3307:Longman
3151:Bristol
3048:by Mary
2935:In the
2840:passive
2724:Zenobia
2720:Zenobia
2647:adjunct
2541:adjunct
2522:When a
2518:phrase.
2504:adjunct
2338:In the
2243:propose
2227:attempt
2199:attempt
1946:People
1932:relieve
1902:(as in
1846:dynamic
1614:injured
1526:by John
1470:patient
1327:10,000
965:Science
949:passive
770:comment
644:"Don't
538:as the
514:yield:
480:patient
460:subject
320:Clauses
273:perfect
124:Adverbs
77:Plurals
4608:
4526:
4518:
4445:
4437:
4321:
4213:
4174:&
4125:gotten
4103:
4042:
4011:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3928:
3888:
3837:
3829:
3764:
3717:
3707:Essays
3676:
3660:
3454:
3360:
3313:
3274:
3244:
2704:Caesar
2688:and a
2588:cannot
2511:phrase
2377:
2350:form (
2348:gerund
2342:, the
2235:desire
2222:Fowler
2168:expect
2147:; now
2134:expect
2123:expect
1926:Here,
1906:broken
1838:static
1834:statal
1693:; see
1668:a book
1589:copula
1425:1,000
1422:1,000
1408:3,500
1405:1,500
1402:1,000
1378:1,500
1375:1,500
1324:5,000
1321:2,500
1318:1,000
1310:1,500
1307:1,000
1304:1,000
1301:1,000
1124:Strunk
1122:While
1110:, much
992:
988:
984:
961:Nature
905:
879:
875:
871:
697:
679:about
565:—e.g.
532:to get
456:marked
380:Hyphen
335:Copula
315:Syntax
260:Aspect
210:person
4524:S2CID
4502:(2).
4443:S2CID
4421:(1).
4071:(PDF)
4064:(PDF)
3835:S2CID
3682:into
3618:: 214
3193:Notes
2950:agent
2618:Sarah
2565:they.
2483:agent
2231:begin
2172:order
2045:rumor
1840:, or
1514:agent
1482:threw
1460:of a
1277:News
1160:, in
1130:, in
1128:White
994:..."
909:idiom
849:was's
839:its's
784:(see
782:theme
778:topic
774:rheme
766:focus
717:began
705:began
598:agent
528:to be
488:agent
458:by a
376:Comma
232:Verbs
220:Verbs
178:Nouns
4619:2013
4606:ISBN
4516:ISSN
4435:ISSN
4319:ISBN
4224:2012
4211:ISBN
4101:ISBN
4040:ISBN
4009:ISBN
3969:ISBN
3926:ISSN
3886:ISBN
3858:IEEE
3827:ISSN
3794:2017
3762:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3658:ISBN
3465:2013
3452:ISBN
3358:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3285:2012
3272:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3138:i.e.
3100:i.e.
3093:i.e.
3081:i.e.
2900:The
2783:]]].
2780:]]].
2762:Case
2716:Case
2674:head
2600:head
2561:they
2557:they
2547:They
2492:goal
2434:Case
2386:-ing
2360:want
2356:need
2352:-ing
2249:and
2247:seek
2239:hope
2186:and
2176:tell
2128:You
2064:make
2037:e.g.
1982:that
1948:know
1908:doll
1881:open
1877:open
1821:i.e.
1814:i.e.
1664:Mary
1660:John
1656:gave
1502:John
1486:John
1419:500
1372:500
1257:The
1126:and
1074:owed
1042:Made
1036:Now
969:IEEE
715:and
635:Have
522:The
412:Thou
279:-ing
241:Mood
206:case
129:flat
4508:doi
4427:doi
4155:doi
4129:got
4123:is
4121:get
3819:doi
3815:167
3238:411
3055:get
3037:get
3029:get
2981:get
2977:get
2966:get
2946:get
2937:get
2930:was
2923:got
2916:get
2908:get
2886:get
2878:get
2870:get
2858:get
2846:get
2838:Get
2712:EPP
2537:PRO
2422:be.
2381:.)
2375:...
2346:or
2319:get
2315:get
2313:or
2158:to
2115:you
1962:get
1865:get
1848:or
1691:for
1689:or
1683:for
1681:or
1674:.)
1618:get
1579:in
1561:get
1559:or
1542:get
1538:was
1450:get
1114:. (
1095:'s
1085:was
1070:was
885:or
844:sic
780:or
670:can
606:by,
590:get
530:or
454:is
4647::
4576:^
4566:.
4554:^
4522:.
4514:.
4500:53
4498:.
4492:.
4472:^
4463:,
4441:.
4433:.
4419:28
4417:.
4411:.
4389:^
4382:44
4380:,
4369:^
4353:^
4346:48
4344:,
4333:^
4309:;
4284:.
4149:.
4145:.
4017:.
3994:^
3977:.
3938:.
3918:.
3855:.
3833:.
3825:.
3813:.
3785:.
3748:^
3705:.
3672:.
3642:;
3625:.
3616:15
3614:.
3610:.
3554:.
3535:.
3515:^
3498:.
3473:^
3429:^
3348:;
3293:^
3256:^
3240:.
3157:.
3110:.
3075::
3050:.
3041:be
3033:be
3024:.
3014:.
3006:.
2997:.
2985:be
2972:.
2970:be
2954:be
2942:be
2912:be
2902:be
2866:be
2862:be
2854:be
2850:be
2812:be
2804:be
2800:be
2774:it
2766:it
2735:by
2722:.
2690:by
2686:be
2670:by
2666:by
2643:by
2639:by
2631:By
2610:)
2524:by
2516:by
2509:by
2467:be
2463:be
2458:be
2454:be
2426:be
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