Pastoral - Knowledge (XXG)

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talks about pastoral lyrics and love poems in particular. He says "a lyric allows its speaker to slip in and out of pastoral guise and reveal directly the sophistication which prompted him to assume it in the first place″. In other words, he claims pastorals lyrics have both pastoral and not pastoral characteristics, perhaps like in the comparisons between urban and rural, but they always give importance to and enhance on the pastoral. Alpers talks about love poems and how they can be turned into pastoral poems simply by changing words like lover to shepherd. And he mentions Shakespeare as one of the authors who did this in his works. Furthermore, Alpers says the pastoral is not only about praise for the rural and the country side. For instance, Sidney dispraises the country life in

2125: 2102: 891:" was written when Marvell was working as a tutor for Lord Fairfax's daughter Mary, in 1651. The poem is very rich with metaphors that relate to religion, politics and history. Similar to Jonson's "To Penshurst", Marvell's poem is describing a pastoral estate. It moves through the house itself, its history, the gardens, the meadows and other grounds, the woods, the river, his Pupil Mary, and the future. Marvell used nature as a thread to weave together a poem centered around man. We once again see nature fully providing for man. Marvell also continuously compares nature to art and seems to point out that art can never accomplish on purpose what nature can achieve accidentally or spontaneously. 364: 2396:

representations of the past. As a result, when society evolves and looks back to these representations, it considers its own present as the decline of the simple life of the past. He then discusses how the city's relationship with the country affected the economic and social aspects of the countryside. As the economy became a bigger part of society, many country newcomers quickly realized the potential and monetary value that lay in the untouched land. Furthermore, this new system encouraged a social stratification in the countryside. With the implementation of paper money came a hierarchy in the working system, as well as the "inheritance of titles and making of family names".

353: 1434: 895: 2455:, describes the recurring plot of pastoral literature as the lives of shepherds. With William Empson's notion of placing the complex into the simple, Alpers thus critically defines pastoral as a means of allegory. Alpers also classifies pastoral as a mode of literature, as opposed to a genre, and he defines the attitude of pastoral works maintaining a humble relationship with nature. Alpers also defines pastoral convention as the act of bringing together, and authors use this to discuss loss. He says the speakers in pastoral works are simple herdsmen dramatized in pastoral encounters. 539:"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" exhibits the concept of Gifford's second definition of 'pastoral'. The speaker of the poem, who is the titled shepherd, draws on the idealization of urban material pleasures to win over his love rather than resorting to the simplified pleasures of pastoral ideology. This can be seen in the listed items: "lined slippers", "purest gold", "silver dishes", and "ivory table" (lines 13, 15, 16, 21, 23). The speaker takes on a voyeuristic point of view with his love, and they are not directly interacting with the other true shepherds and nature. 2424:

describing it as "one of the fundamental laws of literary history" because it "gives literary history a meaning in terms of itself, and provides the channels of literary tradition". Kermode goes on to explain about the works of Virgil and Theocritus as progenitors of the pastoral. Later poets would draw on these earlier forms of pastoral, elaborating on them to fit their own social context. As the pastoral was becoming more modern, it shifted into the form of Pastourelle. This is the first time that the pastoral really deals with the subject of love.

258: 1569: 600: 981:. During this time period Ambrose Philips, who is often overlooked because of Pope, modeled his poetry after the native English form of Pastoral, employing it as a medium to express the true nature and longing of Man. He strove to write in this fashion to conform to what he thought was the original intent of Pastoral literature. As such, he centered his themes around the simplistic life of the Shepherd, and, personified the relationship that humans once had with nature. 1005:, in which he employs the pastoral mode to accentuate the charm, lushness, and splendor of the poem's (super)natural world. Spenser alludes to the pastoral continuously throughout the work and also uses it to create allegory in his poem, with the characters as well as with the environment, both of which are meant to have symbolic meaning in the real world. It is of six 'books' only, though Spenser intended to write twelve. He wrote the poem primarily to honor 2163: 675:. Virgil introduces two very important uses of pastoral, the contrast between urban and rural lifestyles and political allegory most notably in Eclogues 1 and 4 respectively. In doing so, Virgil presents a more idealized portrayal of the lives of shepherds while still employing the traditional pastoral conventions of Theocritus. He was the first to set his poems in Arcadia, an idealized location to which much later pastoral literature will refer. 2052: 400: 2483:

nature around them becomes endangered. Another argument presented in the book is that our current environmental crisis clearly has its roots in the Renaissance. To do this we are shown examples in Renaissance pastoral poetry that show a keen awareness of the urban sprawl of London contrasted to the countryside and historical records showing that many at the time were aware of the issue of urban growth and attempted to stop it.

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variations of the understanding of Virgil's Eclogues. Patterson explains that Servius' Commentary is essential to understanding the reception of Virgil's Eclogues. The commentary discusses how poets used analogy in their writings to indirectly express the corruption within the church and government to the public. When speaking of post-Romanticism, it is imperative to take into consideration the influence and effect of

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examples depending on the reader. Also, the pastoral novel differs from Theocritus and Virgil's works. He says there are pastoral novels of the country life, of the longing for the simple, and with nature as the protagonist. And says the literary category of pastoral novels is realistic and post-realistic fiction with a rural theme or subject based on traditional pastoral.

748: 1110:, constructing him as a character the audience can easily identify with and perhaps even like. Milton creates Satan as character meant to destabilize the audience’s understanding of themselves and the world around them. Through this mode, Milton is able to create a working dialogue between the text and his audience about the ‘truths’ they hold for themselves. 883:, was also a country house poem. Philips focuses on the joys of the countryside and looks upon the lifestyle that accompanies it as being "the first and happiest life, when man enjoyed himself." She writes about maintaining this lifestyle by living detached from material things, and by not over-concerning herself with the world around her. 1644:

tradition. Gifford states that the post-pastoral is "best used to describe works that successfully suggest a collapse of the human/nature divide whilst being aware of the problematics involved", noting that it is "more about connection than the disconnections essential to the pastoral". He gives examples of post-pastoral works, including

1102:, one of the few Pastoral epics ever written. A notable part of Paradise Lost is book IV where he chronicles Satan's trespass into paradise. Milton's iconic descriptions of the garden are shadowed by the fact that we see it from Satan's perspective and are thus led to commiserate with him. Milton elegantly works through a presentation of 3174: 2470:

Alpers says that pastoral narration contradicts “normal” narrative motives and that there is a double aspect of pastoral narration: heroic poetry and worldly realities with narrative motives and conventions. And in respect to pastoral novels, Alpers says pastoral novels have different definitions and

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Kermode elaborates on this and says, "the cultivated, in their artificial way, reflect upon and describe, for their own ends, the natural life". Kermode wants us to understand that the recreation or reproduction of the natural is in itself artificial. Kermode elaborates on this in terms of imitation,

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discusses the pastoral within the historical context of the English Renaissance. His first condition of pastoral poetry is that it is an urban product. Kermode establishes that the pastoral is derived as an opposition between two modes of living, in the country and in the city. London was becoming a

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Pastoral science fiction stories typically show a reverence for the land, its life-giving food harvests, the cycle of the seasons, and the role of the community. While fertile agrarian environments on Earth or Earth-like planets are common settings, some works may be set in ocean or desert planets or

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spoke of the ideal of Pastoral as being embedded in varying degrees of ambivalence, and yet, for all the apparent dichotomies, and contradicting elements found within it, he felt there was a unified harmony within it. He refers to the pastoral process as 'putting the complex into the simple.' Empson

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Roman camei. 1. Bacchanalian group, reclining upon a lion's hide, spread under the shade of a fig-tree. A youthful Faun is sounding the double pipes; a Nymph, holding a goblet in her left hand, pours out a libation to the god from a patera; a drowsy Cupid in the background expresses the protraction

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than critics like Paul Alpers and Annabel Patterson give it credit for. He explains that even though there is a general lack of lavish description in Renaissance pastoral, this is because they were beginning to use gestural strategies, and artists begin to develop an environmental consciousness as

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However, authors like Herrick changed the herdsmen to nymphs, maidens, and flowers. Thus, achieving a mode of simplicity but also giving objects voice. This is done by personifying objects like flowers. Moreover, authors that do this in their works are giving importance to the unimportant. Alpers

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proposed the concept of a "post-pastoral" subgenre. By appending the prefix "post-", Gifford does not intend this to refer to “after” but rather to the sense of “reaching beyond” the contraints of the pastoral genre, but while continuing the core conceptual elements that have defined the pastoral

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metaphorically depict the importance of the coexistence of realism and idealism, or urban and rural life. While Orlando is absorbed in the ideal, Rosalind serves as a mediator, bringing Orlando back down to reality and embracing the simplicity of pastoral love. She is the only character throughout

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can be seen as a place of pastoral idealization, where life is simpler and purer, and its inhabitants live more closely to each other, nature and God than their urban counterparts. However, Shakespeare plays with the bounds of pastoral idealization. Throughout the play, Shakespeare employs various

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emphasizes many important ideas in her work, Pastoral and Ideology. One of these is that the pastoral mode, especially in the later 18th century, was interpreted in vastly different ways by different groups of people. As a result, distinctive illustrations emerged from these groups which were all

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argues that the foundation of the pastoral lies in the idea that the city is a highly urban, industrialized center that has removed us from the peaceful life we once had in the countryside. However, he states that this is really a "myth functioning as a memory" that literature has created in its

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was also written in the 17th century. In this pastoral work, he paints the reader a colorful picture of the benefits reaped from hard work. This is an atypical interpretation of the pastoral, given that there is a celebration of labor involved as opposed to central figures living in leisure and

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a poem in which he addresses the estate owned by the Sidney family and tells of its beauty. The basis of the poem is a harmonious and joyous elation of the memories that Jonson had at the manor. It is beautifully written with iambic pentameter, a style that Jonson eloquently uses to describe the

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was concerned with how death reconciled itself with the pastoral, and thus came up with a loose categorization of death in the pastoral as 'funeral elegy', the most important tropes of which he cites as religion (embodied by Pan); friendship; allegory;and poetic and musical calling. He concedes

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by embracing and explaining the true course of nature and its incompatibility with the love that the Shepherd yearns for with the nymph. Terry Gifford defined the anti-pastoral in his 2012 essay "Pastoral, Anti-Pastoral and Post-Pastoral as Reading Strategies" as an often explicit correction of

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of literature in which the author employs various techniques to place the complex life into a simple one. Paul Alpers distinguishes pastoral as a mode rather than a genre, and he bases this distinction on the recurring attitude of power; that is to say that pastoral literature holds a humble

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was one of the first Pastoral theorists. He did not see the form as merely a recording of a prior rustic way of life but a guise for political discourse, which other forms had previously neglected. The Pastoral, he writes, has a didactic duty to “contain and enforme morall discipline for the

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Gifford states that British eco-critics such as Greg Garrard have used the "post-pastoral" concept, as well as two other variants: "gay pastoral", the seemingly contradictory "urban pastoral" and "radical pastoral". Gifford lists further examples of pastoral variants, which he calls

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argues that "... good proletarian art is usually Covert Pastoral", and uses Soviet Russia's propaganda about the working class as evidence. Empson also emphasizes the importance of the double plot as a tool for writers to discuss a controversial topic without repercussions.

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with the description of ages (golden, silver, bronze, iron, and human) but with more ages to discuss and less emphasis on the gods and their punishments. In this artificially constructed world, nature acts as the main punisher. Another example of this perfect relationship between

2280:, representatives of luxurious urban élites. Thus New Testament imagery of shepherds and their sheep builds on established cultural and economic distinctions familiar, directly or indirectly, to the Jewish world at the time of the origins of Christianity in the first century CE. 1106:’s pastorally idyllic, eternally fertile living conditions and focuses upon their stewardship of the garden. He gives much focus to the fruit bearing trees and Adam and Eve's care of them, sculpting an image of pastoral harmony. However, Milton in turn continually comes back to 3535: 2439:

is a critique of war and also a suggestion that pastoral, as a literary mode, should not place emphasis on social and political issues, but should rather, as Patterson says, "turn in upon itself, and replace reformist instincts with personal growth and regeneration".

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Italian writers invented a new genre, the pastoral romance, which mixed pastoral poems with a fictional narrative in prose. Although there was no classical precedent for the form, it drew some inspiration from ancient Greek novels set in the countryside, such as

3171: 2287:, often called simply a pastoral, is an open letter addressed by a bishop to the clergy or laity of a diocese or to both, containing general admonition, instruction or consolation, or directions for behavior in particular circumstances. In most 395:

with the phrase "No shepherd, no pastoral." The second type of the pastoral is literature that "describes the country with an implicit or explicit contrast to the urban". The third type of pastoral depicts the country life with derogative

1897:, avoiding his usual musical dynamism in favour of relatively slow rhythms. More concerned with psychology than description, he labelled the work "more the expression of feeling than painting". The pastoral also appeared as a feature of 566:

by the poets. The tasks of their employment with sheep and other rustic chores is held in the fantasy to be almost wholly undemanding and is left in the background, leaving the shepherdesses and their swains in a state of almost perfect

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McNamara, K., & Gray, T. (2014). Some Versions of Urban Pastoral. In K. McNamara (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the City in Literature (Cambridge Companions to Literature, pp. 245–260). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

815:'s “The Twenty-Third Psalm” and “The Nightingale”, focus on the world in a very anti-pastoral view. In “The Twenty-Third Psalm,” Nature is portrayed as something we need to be protected from, and in “The Nightingale,” the woe of 2124: 840:

pastoral, emphasizing "realism" over romance, highlighting problematic elements (showing tensions, disorder and inequalities), challenging literary constructs as false distortions and demythologizing mythical locations such as

687:, ii Country Joys has "the dreaming man" Alfius, who dreams of escaping his busy urban life for the peaceful country. But as "the dreaming man" indicates, this is just a dream for Alfius. He is too consumed in his career as a 1560:

the play who embraces and appreciates both the real and idealized life and manages to make the two ideas coexist. Therefore, Shakespeare explores city and country life as being appreciated through the coexistence of the two.

940:" (1637), written on the death of Edward King, a fellow student at Cambridge University. Milton used the form both to explore his vocation as a writer and to attack what he saw as the abuses of the Church. Also included is 435:, ancient Greeks had sentiments of an ideal pastoral life that they had already lost. This is the first example of literature that has pastoral sentiments and may have begun the pastoral tradition. Ovid's 794:

and a discussion of the role of poetry in contemporary England. Spenser and his friends appear under various pseudonyms (Spenser himself is "Colin Clout"). Spenser's example was imitated by such poets as

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Idealised pastoral landscapes appear in Hellenistic and Roman wall paintings. Interest in the pastoral as a subject for art revived in Renaissance Italy, partly inspired by the descriptions of pictures

1964:, as they encompass many of the same melodic phrases. The pastorale on the zampogna can be played by a solo zampogna player, or in some regions can be accompanied by the piffero (also commonly called a 391:. The first way emphasizes the historical literary perspective of the pastoral in which authors recognize and discuss life in the country and in particular the life of a shepherd. This is summed up by 550:

or Philomela, reflecting the origin of the pastoral genre. Pastoral poems are set in beautiful rural landscapes, the literary term for which is "locus amoenus" (Latin for "beautiful place"), such as

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describes a man who splits his time between a gritty Brooklyn apartment, where the night is filled with the sounds of pigeons, starlings, and youth gangs shouting, and driving to rural Quebec to

1901:, most particularly in Meyerbeer's operas: often composers would develop a pastoral-themed "oasis", usually in the centre of their work. Notable examples include the shepherd's "alte Weise" from 872:

culture of Penshurst. It includes Pan and Bacchus as notable company of the manor. Pan, Greek god of the Pastoral world, half man and half goat, was connected with both hunting and shepherds;

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was the god of wine, intoxication and ritual madness. This reference to Pan and Bacchus in a pastoral view demonstrates how prestigious Penshurst was, to be worthy in the company with gods.

2221:), which is used as a noun as in "shepherd", and as a verb as in "to tend a flock." It occurs 173 times in 144 Old Testament verses and relates to the literal feeding of sheep, as in 2961:

Gifford, T. and Slovic, S. (Ed.) (2012) “Pastoral, Anti-Pastoral and Post-Pastoral as Reading Strategies”, Critical Insights: Nature and Environment, pp. 42–61, Ipswich: Salam Press.

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for "shall feed them"), "And I will set up shepherds over them which shall feed them: and they shall fear no more, nor be dismayed, neither shall they be lacking, saith the LORD." (

1838:. At the same time, Italian and German composers developed a genre of vocal and instrumental pastorals, distinguished by certain stylistic features, associated with Christmas Eve. 2403:

though that such a categorization is open to much misinterpretation. As well, Poggioli focused on the idea that Pastoral was a nostalgic and childish way of seeing the world. In

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left the people with a sense of nostalgia for their country way of living. His next argument focuses on the artificiality of poetry, drawing upon fellow theorist, Puttenham.

758:" depicts the pastoral scene of a shepherd watching his flock with a shepherd's crook. This image represents copy B, printed and painted in 1789 and currently held by the 477:

and depicted in a highly unrealistic manner. The pastoral life is usually characterized as being closer to the golden age than the rest of human life. The setting is a

192: 3196:""THE LITERARY STUDY OF THE BIBLE AN ACCOUNT OF THE LEADING FORMS OF LITERATURE REPRESENTED IN THE SACRED WRITINGS INTENDED FOR ENGLISH READERS" By RICHARD G. MOULTON" 1420: 373:

of the festivities. 2. The same subject as the first; but here the Faun is singing, the Nymph beats time with her hands, whilst Pan supplies the music with his syrinx.

2972: 1927: 1750:, Italian poets and composers became increasingly drawn to the pastoral. Musical settings of pastoral poetry became increasingly common in first polyphonic and then 1690:

feminist pastoral, black pastoral, ghetto pastoral, frontier pastoral, militarized pastoral, domestic pastoral and, most recently, a specifically ‘Irish pastoral'".

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perspective toward nature. Thus, pastoral as a mode occurs in many types of literature (poetry, drama, etc.) as well as genres (most notably the pastoral elegy).

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and suspicious of change. The simple, peaceful rural life is often contrasted with the negative aspects of noisy, dirty, fast-paced cities. Some works take a

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planet or moon. Unlike most genres of science fiction, pastoral science fiction works downplay the role of futuristic technologies. In the 1950s and 1960s,

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where the poet lived) and involve dialogues between herdsmen. Theocritus may have drawn on authentic folk traditions of Sicilian shepherds. He wrote in the

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The formal English pastoral continued to flourish during the 18th century, eventually dying out at the end. One notable example of an 18th-century work is

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In this work Pope sets standards for pastoral literature and critiques many popular poets, one of whom is Spenser, along with his contemporary opponent

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habitable moons. The rural dwellers, such as farmers and small-townspeople, are depicted sympathetically, albeit with the tendency to portray them as

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fantasies. The shepherds spend their time chasing pretty girls – or, at least in the Greek and Roman versions, pretty boys as well. The eroticism of

925:. This acknowledgment of Herrick's work is appropriate, as both Williams and Herrick accentuate the importance of labor in the pastoral lifestyle. 2051: 1084: 786:, first published in 1579. Spenser's work consists of twelve eclogues, one for each month of the year, and is written in dialect. It contains 2982: 2941: 2384:

linked the Pastoral to childhood and a childlike simplicity. For Schiller, we perceive in nature an “image of our infancy irrevocably past”.

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The pastoral, and parodies of the pastoral, continued to play an important role in musical history throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.

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in 1611, in which a woman is described in terms of her relationship to her estate and how it mourns for her when she leaves it. In 1616,

826: 654:. This blend of simplicity and sophistication would play a major part in later pastoral verse. Theocritus was imitated by the Greek poets 352: 835: 510: 3146: 1735:

were performed as sung mime in the 1st century, and there is evidence of the pastoral song as a legitimate genre of classical times.

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Pastoral drama also emerged in Renaissance Italy. Again, there was little Classical precedent, with the possible exception of Greek

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because they are addressed to individuals with pastoral oversight of churches and discuss issues of Christian living, doctrine and

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settings, like other forms of pastoral literature. Since it is a subgenre of science fiction, authors may set stories either on

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Another subgenre is the Edenic Pastoral, which alludes to the perfect relationship between God, man, and nature in the

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is perhaps the most famous painting in this style. Later, French artists were also attracted to the pastoral, notably

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In the past four hundred years, a range of writers have worked on theorizing the nature of pastoral. These include

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Traditionally, pastoral refers to the lives of herdsmen in a romanticized, exaggerated, but representative way. In

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published in 1805, was an excellent example of what a dream of a new golden age might materialize as or look like.

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church bodies, clerics are often required to read out pastoral letters of superior bishops to their congregations.

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is a subgenre that uses pastoral elements to lament a death or loss. The most famous pastoral elegy in English is

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A pastoral economic system had great cultural significance for the Jewish people from earliest recorded times:

1830: 1580: 1556: 1142: 782: 699: 551: 257: 3062:. Vol. 35, No. 3, Green Romanticism (Fall, 1996), pp. 449–465 (17 pages). The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1807: 1921:. The 20th-century continued to bring new pastoral interpretations, particularly in ballet, such as Ravel's 713:

Italian poets revived the pastoral from the 14th century onwards, first in Latin (examples include works by

2252:, a pastoral lifestyle in the harsh hinterland of the Levant related to the ideal of a society obedient to 3575: 3136: 1608: 1568: 1441: 1222: 1199: 130: 1156: 1076:

personified, who is the child of love and revelry. It was originally composed to be a companion poem to,

3570: 2907: 1937: 1665: 1660: 1021:(1782). Pastoral nevertheless survived as a mood rather than a genre, as can be seen from such works as 909: 804: 2409:, he claims that the shepherd was looked up to was because they were “an ideal kind of leisure class." 1847: 504:

which also contains the conflicted emotions often present in the genre. A more tranquil mood is set by

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can be read as a Pastoral poet for his nostalgic portrayals of rural Scotland and simple farm life in

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also comments on the anti-pastoral as the nymph responds realistically to the idealizing shepherd of

755: 730: 112: 2405: 1133:(1504). The vogue for the pastoral romance spread throughout Europe producing such notable works as 2519: 2330: 1867: 1820: 1338: 1333: 1235: 1138: 1052: 888: 759: 707: 547: 505: 2181: 387:

Terry Gifford, a prominent literary theorist, defines pastoral in three ways in his critical book

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artist, illustrator and poet William Blake's hand painted print illustrating his pastoral poem "

2849: 2817: 2162: 2045:, and the second of these paintings (shown on the right) depicts the perfect pastoral setting. 3476: 3142: 3007: 2978: 2937: 2876: 2837: 2782: 2699: 2678: 2654: 2650: 2498: 2427: 2295: 1894: 1624: 1470: 1366: 1323: 1313: 1148: 1134: 1121: 1006: 1001: 880: 812: 773: 500: 411: 380: 2936:, Cambridge Companions to Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–30, 3305: 3073: 3042: 2829: 2774: 2642: 2492: 2392: 2374: 2366: 2354: 2318: 2314: 2226: 2093: 2066: 1995: 1986: 1318: 1308: 1240: 1126: 953: 918: 841: 737: 726: 470: 399: 331: 276:

genre of literature, art, or music depicts an idealised form of the shepherd's lifestyle –

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were highly popular: the texts of over 500 madrigals were taken from this one play alone.

1655: 1645: 1584: 1511: 978: 898: 796: 683: 615: 496: 432: 3448: 3521: 3503: 2778: 2479: 2358: 2299: 2012: 1774: 1765:, in which pastoral themes remained on a consistent basis. Partial musical settings of 1604: 1521: 1460: 1063: 1022: 1010: 986: 958: 948: 929: 884: 777: 741: 655: 563: 543: 486: 447: 423: 316: 3494: 3245: 776:, which were heavily influenced by Mantuan. A landmark in English pastoral poetry was 137: 3554: 2904:"Songs of Innocence, copy B, object 4 (Bentley 5, Erdman 5, Keynes 5) 'The Shepherd'" 2802: 2643: 2571: 2545: 2514: 2412: 2362: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2302: 1877: 1731:, or pan flute, which is considered a quintessentially pastoral instrument. Virgil's 1640: 1272: 1098: 990: 856: 698:

poets who wrote pastoral poetry, modeled principally upon Virgil's Eclogues, include

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is evident in the encounter of a shepherd and a goatherd who meet in the pastures in

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modern metropolis before the eyes of its citizens. The result of this large-scale

1068: 3543:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Helen Cooper, Laurence Lerner & Julie Sanders ( 3077: 3046: 2272:, a righteous shepherd-boy associated with the arid hill-country, contrasts with 1678:

vision of the pastoral needing to find new forms in the face of new conditions".

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presents a 'golden age' when people lived together in harmony with nature. This

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are set in the countryside (probably reflecting the landscape of the island of

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Pastoral imagery and symbolism feature heavily in Christianity and the Bible.

1965: 1961: 1932: 1872: 1801: 1796: 1747: 1683: 1588: 1502: 1448: 1056: 864: 845: 703: 631: 588: 462: 451: 428: 3011: 2880: 2841: 2786: 1572:

A gouache painting depicting an imaginary scene on a watery moon of a ringed

3540: 2057: 2004: 1949: 1890: 1825: 1728: 1714: 1702: 1573: 1486: 1452: 747: 587:("The shepherd Corydon burned with passion for pretty Alexis"), is entirely 559: 489:. An example of the use of the genre is the short poem by the 15th-century 407: 305: 281: 2599: 2974:

A Library of the World's Best Literature – Ancient and Modern – Vol. XLIII

2463:. Pastoral can also include the urban, the court, and the social like in 1960:

continues to thrive. They generally sound like a slowed down version of a

2257: 1957: 1862: 1842: 1835: 1762: 1754: 1675: 1650: 1073: 985:, who came a little later was criticized for his poem's artificiality by 982: 917:

nature just taking its course independently. This poem was mentioned in

768: 714: 671: 603: 490: 485:, or a beautiful place in nature, sometimes connected with images of the 466: 392: 2888: 2864: 2794: 2762: 2509: 2273: 2265: 2245: 2024: 2016: 1758: 1751: 1687: 1620: 1284: 937: 873: 718: 659: 580: 572: 568: 289: 2261: 2253: 2192: 2171: 2116: 2071: 2061: 2008: 2000: 1969: 1902: 1886: 1882: 1852: 1785:

developed, the dramatic pastoral came to the fore with such works as

1738:

The pastoral genre was a significant influence in the development of

1465: 1013:

addressed the artificiality of the fast-paced city life in his poems

966: 902: 688: 678: 666: 623: 611: 576: 555: 418: 285: 3529:

La Castità Conquistata: The Function of the Satyr in Pastoral Drama

3401:

What Else is Pastoral?: Renaissance Literature and the Environment.

2260:

encountered in the "fleshpots of Egypt" (Exodus 16:3), in the lush

3362:

The Oaten Flute: Essays on Pastoral Poetry and the Pastoral Ideal.

2269: 2196: 2177: 2161: 1791: 1782: 1739: 1724: 1592: 1567: 1432: 1107: 965:, while utilizing classical names and allusions aligning him with 893: 791: 787: 746: 733:). The fashion for pastoral spread throughout Renaissance Europe. 598: 493: 398: 301: 256: 3238:"pastor | Definition of pastor in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 993:, who attempted to give a true picture of rural life in his poem 2763:"Re-opening the Green Gabinet: Glément Marot and Edmund Spenser" 2649:. The New Critical Idiom. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 2277: 1973: 1697:

had a chapter on the urban pastoral subgenre. Charles Siebert's

1686:

pastoral,...hard pastoral, soft pastoral, Buell’s revolutionary

1082:, which celebrates a life of melancholy and solitude. Milton's, 825:, which is filled with pastoral descriptions of the landscape. " 277: 3447: 1072:, which translates as the happy person. It is a celebration of 999:

In 1590, Edmund Spenser also composed the famous pastoral epic

639: 175: 73: 32: 2564: 2538: 325: 319: 304:. A piece of music in the genre is usually referred to as a 26:"Bucolic" redirects here. For the type of poetic meter, see 2264:

lowlands "flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8), or in

1539:, of which Act 4 Scene 4 is a lengthy pastoral digression. 1493:(1579) brought the Italian-style pastoral play to England. 650:

associated with the most prestigious form of Greek poetry,

2623:(2nd ed.). London: George Bell and Sons. p. 215. 3103:

English Pastoral Music: From Arcadia to Utopia, 1900–1955

3039:

The Cambridge Companion to Literature and the Environment

2934:

The Cambridge Companion to Literature and the Environment

819:

is compared to the speaker's own pain. Sidney also wrote

3336:

English Pastoral Poetry: From the Beginnings to Marvell.

1956:

still played in the regions of Southern Italy where the

669:

adapted pastoral into Latin with his highly influential

2902:

Morris Eaves; Robert N. Essick; Joseph Viscomi (eds.).

2444:

was a highly respected poet in the 1800s and his poem,

2248:

herded flocks. Throughout the biblical accounts of the

1723:

include strophic songs and musical laments, and, as in

1607:

wrote stories about rural people who have contact with

1125:. The most influential Italian example of the form was 200: 3301: 3299: 1889:

was an outstanding exponent of French pastoral opera.

1047:. Burns explicitly addresses the Pastoral form in his 571:. This makes them available for embodying perpetual 2373:, Annabel Patterson, Paul Alpers, and Ken Hiltner. 622:

Pastoral literature continued after Hesiod with the

1705:in an abandoned, tumbledown cabin in rural Quebec. 104:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1851:, but also wrote an entirely sincere libretto for 3531:, by Meredith Kennedy Ray (University of Chicago) 3458:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 896–898. 1911:, or the pastoral ballet occupying the middle of 1695:The Cambridge Companion to the City in Literature 1519:'s plays contain pastoral elements, most notably 1029:(1867), a lament on the death of his fellow poet 1635:Post-pastoral, urban pastoral and other variants 744:, once called the "prince of poets" in his day. 3465:The Potency of Pastoral in the Hispanic Baroque 2928:Gifford, Terry (2013), Westling, Louise (ed.), 879:"A Country Life", another 17th-century work by 516: 16:Genre relating to shepherds and the countryside 3375:Pastoral and ideology : Virgil to Valéry. 1088:(1629) blends Christian and pastoral imagery. 3000:"Clifford D Simak: sci-fi in the countryside" 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 1972:), which is a primitive key-less double reed 1414: 901:, c. 1805. Two-handled cup with cover, so a 189:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 2930:"Pastoral, Anti-Pastoral, and Post-Pastoral" 2733:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature 2212: 2191:Many Christian denominations use the title " 1631:and over-reliance on advanced technologies. 944:'s, "Elegy In a Country Churchyard" (1750). 542:Pastoral shepherds and maidens usually have 1742:. After settings of pastoral poetry in the 478: 288:and the changing availability of water and 67:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 1421: 1407: 1170: 1096:Milton is perhaps best known for his epic 989:and attacked for their lack of realism by 3536:'The Pastoral Concert' at the Louvre site 2698:. Suffolk: Camden House. pp. 81–82. 245:Learn how and when to remove this message 227:Learn how and when to remove this message 164:Learn how and when to remove this message 1881:was set over 30 times, most famously by 766:The first pastorals in English were the 530:And see the shepherds feed their flocks, 3172:From the Louvre Museum Official Website 3120:Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work 2530: 2268:, the "great city" of Israelite exile. 2047: 1173: 1051:. In this he champions his fellow Scot 523:That hills and valleys, dale and field, 292:. The target audience is typically an 2865:"Pierre De Ronsard, 'Prince of Poets'" 2166:Christ depicted as the "Good Shepherd" 1639:In 1994, British literature professor 1137:"Menina e Moça" (1554) in Portuguese, 736:Leading French pastoral poets include 585:Formosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexin 473:and other farm workers that are often 2581:An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon 2317:. They are presented as letters from 2180:calls himself the "Good Shepherd" in 7: 3421:. Translated by William F. Wertz, Jr 3131:General reference for this section: 2256:, in contrast to the corruption and 1623:tone, criticizing mechanization and 691:to leave it behind for the country. 102:adding citations to reliable sources 3058:Garrard, Greg. "Radical Pastoral?" 2213: 1845:may have satirized the pastoral in 1267: 1085:On the Morning of Christ's Nativity 957:(1709). In this work Pope imitates 836:The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 562:, which was portrayed as a sort of 525:And all the craggy mountains yield. 521:And we will all the pleasures prove 511:The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 3185:(meaning "Picnic") in older works. 3049:. Cambridge University Press, 2013 2779:10.1111/j.1475-6757.1986.tb00897.x 2298:are a group of three books of the 740:, a poet of the French court, and 725:) then in the Italian vernacular ( 508:'s well known lines from his 1588 14: 3415:"On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry" 2722:trans. Guy Lee (Penguin Classics) 2039:has a series of paintings titled 1928:Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune 1576:(painting by Dmytro Ivashchenko). 1190:16th-century Renaissance humanism 827:The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd 532:By shallow rivers, to whose falls 519:Come live with me and be my Love, 48:This article has multiple issues. 2718:Introduction (p. 14) to Virgil: 2435:on pastoral ideology. His poem, 2203:in Latin means "shepherd"). The 2123: 2100: 2079: 2050: 1346:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age 1055:as the best Pastoral poet since 899:Chamberlain's factory, Worcester 534:Melodious birds sing madrigals. 528:There will we sit upon the rocks 362: 351: 180: 78: 37: 3291:On Naive and Sentimental Poetry 2971:Warner, Charles Dudley (2008). 2850:10.5699/modelangrevi.110.1.0001 2834:10.5699/modelangrevi.110.1.0001 2731:Article on "Bucolic poetry" in 2451:Paul Alpers, in his 1996 book, 1727:, his shepherds often play the 1611:who hide their alien identity. 1599:or moon, sometimes including a 646:but the metre he chose was the 558:, mythological home of the god 280:livestock around open areas of 89:needs additional citations for 56:or discuss these issues on the 3092:. Crown Publishers, Inc., 1998 2619:King, Charles William (1885). 2378:amendment of mans behaviour”. 2229:23:4, both meanings are used ( 2184:, contrasting his role as the 1925:, Nijinsky's use of Debussy's 973:was published as a preface to 914:The Hock-cart, or Harvest Home 905:cup type, with pastoral scene. 343:Pastoral literature in general 1: 1871:draws on pastoral roots, and 1525:(whose plot was derived from 1350:Folklore of the Low Countries 851:In the 17th century came the 3078:10.1017/CCO9781139235617.020 3047:10.1017/CCO9781139342728.003 2998:Jordison, Sam (2009-03-03). 2977:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 456. 2767:English Literary Renaissance 2233:is used for "shepherds" and 2207:(or Old Testament) uses the 1515:are later examples. Some of 971:Discourse on Pastoral Poetry 861:The Description of Cooke-ham 855:. Included in this genre is 801:Idea, The Shepherd's Garland 410:using stipple technique, by 3217:Christ as the Good Shepherd 3160:The Oxford Companion to Art 3090:Wickerby: An Urban Pastoral 2816:O'Donoghue, Samuel (2015). 2761:Patterson, Annabel (1986). 2675:The Medieval Calendar Year, 2605:Online Etymology Dictionary 1699:Wickerby: An Urban Pastoral 1260:English Renaissance theatre 1044:The Cotter's Saturday Night 431:shows that even before the 311:The genre is also known as 203:, discuss the issue on the 3592: 3323:Some Versions of Pastoral. 3122:, particularly pp. 377 ff. 2822:The Modern Language Review 2751:Retrieved October 14, 2011 2565: 2539: 2333:) and are given the title 2199:metaphor of shepherding. ( 2169: 1712: 1205:16th century in literature 1195:Reformation-era propaganda 326: 320: 25: 18: 3349:The Country and the City. 3242:Oxford Dictionary English 3158:Article on "Pastoral" in 2621:Handbook of Engraved Gems 2311:Second Epistle to Timothy 1781:was also a favourite. As 1767:Giovanni Battista Guarini 1757:: these later led to the 1547:characters to illustrate 706:and the author(s) of the 21:Pastoral (disambiguation) 3377:U of California P, 1987. 3135:and Owen Jander (2001). 2307:First Epistle to Timothy 2195:", a word rooted in the 1627:and showing the ills of 1581:Pastoral science fiction 1564:Pastoral science fiction 1499:The Faithful Shepherdess 923:The Country and the City 783:The Shepheardes Calender 3498:by Theocritus (English) 3463:Holloway, Anne (2017). 3455:Encyclopædia Britannica 3181:It is often called the 2747:Delights of the Country 2694:Richter, Simon (2008). 2641:Gifford, Terry (1999). 2555:A Greek–English Lexicon 1609:extraterrestrial beings 1440:(watercolour, 1905) by 1155:(1590) in England, and 1049:Poem on Pastoral Poetry 3510:The complete works of 3473:The Pastoral Landscape 3467:. Woodbridge: Támesis. 3419:The Schiller Institute 3310:Arte of English Poesie 3141:. Grove Music Online. 3060:Studies in Romanticism 2476:What Else Is Pastoral? 2167: 1893:also wrote his famous 1595:or another habitable 1577: 1444: 1442:John Reinhard Weguelin 1200:16th century in poetry 906: 763: 619: 537: 479: 415: 269: 3471:John Dixon Hunt (ed), 3444:Gosse, Edmund William 3413:Schiller, Friedrich. 3390:U of Chicago P, 1996. 3248:on September 26, 2016 2908:William Blake Archive 2863:Wells, B. W. (1893). 2572:Liddell, Henry George 2546:Liddell, Henry George 2313:(2 Timothy), and the 2170:Further information: 2165: 1938:Le sacre du printemps 1713:Further information: 1661:The Year of the Flood 1571: 1436: 1163:(1607–27) in France. 897: 809:Britannia's Pastorals 750: 602: 402: 260: 3517:Shepheardes Calendar 3289:Friedrich Schiller, 3116:Cuthbert Girdlestone 2673:Bridget Ann Henish, 2136:The Course of Empire 2042:The Course of Empire 1682:"prefix-pastoral": " 1587:which uses bucolic, 1529:'s pastoral romance 963:Shepheardes Calendar 608:Shepherd with Flocks 554:, a rural region of 209:create a new article 201:improve this article 191:may not represent a 98:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 3541:Pastoral Literature 3512:Christopher Marlowe 3373:Annabel Patterson. 3267:"Genesis 1:1 (KJV)" 2520:Piscatorial eclogue 2331:Epistle to Philemon 1918:The Queen of Spades 1868:Le Devin du village 1795:and, most notably, 1551:. His protagonists 889:Upon Appleton House 760:Library of Congress 708:Einsiedeln Eclogues 634:, several of whose 506:Christopher Marlowe 3566:Visual arts genres 3403:Cornell U P, 2011. 3364:Harvard U P, 1975. 3347:Raymond Williams, 3177:2009-06-28 at the 3088:Seibert, Charles. 2869:The Sewanee Review 2442:William Wordsworth 2386:Sir William Empson 2382:Friedrich Schiller 2351:Friedrich Schiller 2250:Children of Israel 2168: 2090:Arcadian Shepherds 1908:Tristan und Isolde 1848:The Beggar's Opera 1808:pastorale héroïque 1578: 1445: 1250:Metaphysical poets 1031:Arthur Hugh Clough 1019:The Winter Nosegay 969:. In 1717, Pope's 907: 853:Country house poem 831:Sir Walter Raleigh 764: 700:Calpurnius Siculus 648:dactylic hexameter 620: 416: 404:The Young Shepherd 300:is a work of this 270: 266:Pastoral Landscape 28:dactylic hexameter 3388:What is Pastoral? 3360:Renato Poggioli, 3351:Oxford U P, 1973. 3271:Blue Letter Bible 3105:(2017), Chapter 2 2984:978-1-60520-251-8 2943:978-1-107-62896-0 2598:Harper, Douglas. 2499:American Pastoral 2453:What is Pastoral? 2428:Annabel Patterson 2296:pastoral epistles 2112:Et in Arcadia ego 2021:Et in Arcadia ego 1976:type instrument. 1954:Italian folk song 1895:Pastoral Symphony 1625:industrialization 1583:is a subgenre of 1536:The Winter's Tale 1471:Isabella Andreini 1431: 1430: 1149:Sir Philip Sidney 1147:(1559) in Spain, 1135:Bernardim Ribeiro 1122:Daphnis and Chloe 1114:Pastoral romances 1002:The Faerie Queene 881:Katherine Philips 813:Sir Philip Sidney 774:Alexander Barclay 742:Pierre de Ronsard 501:Robene and Makyne 441:is much like the 412:Giulio Campagnola 284:according to the 255: 254: 247: 237: 236: 229: 211:, as appropriate. 174: 173: 166: 148: 71: 3583: 3468: 3459: 3451: 3449:"Pastoral" 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3410: 3404: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3358: 3352: 3345: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3321:William Empson, 3319: 3313: 3306:George Puttenham 3303: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3244:. Archived from 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3186: 3169: 3163: 3162:(ed. H. Osborne) 3156: 3150: 3129: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3037:Gifford, Terry. 3035: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2758: 2752: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2691: 2685: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2648: 2638: 2625: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2595: 2589: 2568: 2567: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2393:Raymond Williams 2375:George Puttenham 2367:Raymond Williams 2355:George Puttenham 2319:Paul the Apostle 2315:Epistle to Titus 2309:(1 Timothy) the 2216: 2215: 2127: 2104: 2094:Chatsworth House 2083: 2067:Pastoral Concert 2054: 1996:Pastoral Concert 1989:included in his 1987:Jacopo Sannazaro 1923:Daphis and Chloe 1858:Acis and Galatea 1831:Venus and Adonis 1824:(not to mention 1507:The Sad Shepherd 1423: 1416: 1409: 1339:Bohorič alphabet 1171: 919:Raymond Williams 484: 396:classifications. 366: 355: 329: 328: 323: 322: 250: 243: 232: 225: 221: 218: 212: 184: 183: 176: 169: 162: 158: 155: 149: 147: 106: 82: 74: 63: 41: 40: 33: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3561:Literary genres 3551: 3550: 3547:, July 6, 2006) 3489: 3462: 3442: 3439: 3437:Further reading 3434: 3424: 3422: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3334:Frank Kermode, 3333: 3329: 3320: 3316: 3304: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3179:Wayback Machine 3170: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3130: 3126: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3096: 3087: 3083: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3036: 3025: 3016: 3014: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2696:Goethe Yearbook 2693: 2692: 2688: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2640: 2639: 2628: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2586:Perseus Project 2560:Perseus Project 2536: 2532: 2528: 2489: 2371:Renato Poggioli 2347: 2345:Pastoral theory 2285:pastoral letter 2174: 2160: 2158:In Christianity 2155: 2153:Religious usage 2148: 2128: 2119: 2108:Nicolas Poussin 2105: 2096: 2087:Nicolas Poussin 2084: 2075: 2055: 1982: 1968:, 'pipita', or 1834:), and Spanish 1717: 1711: 1656:Margaret Atwood 1646:Cormac McCarthy 1637: 1585:science fiction 1566: 1512:The Lady of May 1427: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1361: 1353: 1352: 1343: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1281: 1264: 1255: 1245: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1185: 1177:-era literature 1169: 1116: 1094: 1007:Queen Elizabeth 979:Ambrose Philips 797:Michael Drayton 665:The Roman poet 616:Vatican Library 597: 595:Pastoral poetry 536: 533: 531: 529: 527: 526: 524: 522: 520: 497:Robert Henryson 433:Alexandrian age 377: 376: 375: 374: 369: 368: 367: 358: 357: 356: 345: 340: 251: 240: 239: 238: 233: 222: 216: 213: 198: 185: 181: 170: 159: 153: 150: 107: 105: 95: 83: 42: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3589: 3587: 3579: 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