761:. The ancient papal florin was equal to 2 scudi and 11 baiocchi (1 baiocco = 0.01 scudi); one ducat was equal to one scudo and 9 baiocchi. The scudo also underwent fluctuations, in the market and in its weight: the so-called scudo delle stampe (1595) was worth 184·2 baiocchi, that is, a little less than 2 scudi. Benedict XIII re-established the good quality of the alloy, but under Pius VI it again deteriorated. In 1835 Gregory XVI regulated the monetary system of the Pontifical States, establishing the scudo as the unit, and dividing it into 100 baiocchi, while the baiocco was divided into 5 quattrini (the quattrino, until 1591, had been equal to ¼ of a baiocco). The scudo was coined both in gold and in silver; there were pieces of 10 scudi, called Gregorine; and pieces of 5 scudi, and of 2½ scudi were also coined. The scudo of the eighteenth century was equal to l·65 scudi of Pius VII, which last was adopted by Gregory XVI; the zecchino was worth 2·2 scudi. The scudo is equal to 5·3 lire in the monetary system of the Latin Union. The fractional silver coins were the half scudo, and the giulio, called also paolo, which was equal to 0·1 seudi. Julius II created the latter coin to put the carlini of Charles of Anjou out of circulation, those coins being of bad alloy. There were pieces of 2 giulii that were called papetti, at Rome, and lire at Bologna, a name that was later given to them officially. A grosso, introduced in 1736, was equal to half a giulio (25 baiocchi); there were also the mezzogrosso, and the testone = 30 giulii. The copper coins were the baiocco or soldo (which was called bolognino, at Bologna) and the 2 baiocchi piece. The name baiocco is derived from that of the city of Bayeux.
720:. The city very often placed the image of its patron saint on its coins. The date came to be stamped on coins that were struck during the vacancies of the Holy See, occasionally at first, and later as a rule; it rarely appears on other coins before 1550; the practice became general in the seventeenth century, the year of the Christian era or that of the pontificate being used; and Gregory XVI established it by law, as also the requirement that each coin should bear upon it an expression of its value. At Bologna as early as the seventeenth century, the value of gold or silver coins was usually indicated with the figures 20, 40, 80, etc., i.e. so many bolognini or baiocchi; at Rome, in the eighteenth century, nearly all the copper coins bore an indication of their value. The rim of papal coins rarely bore an inscription; at most, the monogram of the city in which the coin was struck was stamped upon it. From the sixteenth century, the engravers, also, put their
1106:, a 200-Lire coin in aluminum-bronze, and ringed, bimetallic 500- and 1000-Lire pieces for circulation and in the annual sets. Additionally, commemorative 500- and 1000-Lire pieces were struck in silver, as were 10,000-Lire pieces struck since 1995 for the upcoming Holy Year. Series of two gold coin issues, in the values of 50,000 Lire (.917 Gold, 0.2211 AGW/6.87g, 7.5g total weight) and 100,000 Lire (.917 Gold, 0.4422 AGW/13.74g, 15g total weight), were also struck in connection with Holy Year 2000. These were minted from 1996 to 2000.
83:
179:(715-731). These pieces, two of which are of silver, are believed to be true coins, and not medals like those distributed as "presbyterium" at the coronation of the popes since the time of Valentine (827). Their stamp resembles the Byzantine and Merovingian coins of the seventh and eighth centuries, and their square shape is also found in Byzantine pieces. Those that bear the inscription GREII PAPE — SCI PTR (Gregorii Papæ — Sancti Petri) cannot be attributed to
1250:
22:
1182:
694:. From the time of Clement X the coins struck at Rome bear a minute representation of the coat of arms of the prelate in charge of the mint, a custom that obtained until 1817. The only instance of a Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church stamping his coat of arms on the coins during the lifetime of the pope is that of Cardinal
753:, which maintained the old weight, and the florin di Camera, the two being in the ratio of 69 papal florins = 100 florins di Camera = 1 gold pound = 10 carlini. The ducat was coined in the papal mint from the year 1432; it was a coin of Venetian origin that circulated with the florin, which in 1531 was succeeded by the
877:(590-604), acted on numerous occasions as the paymaster for the Emperor's troops. So it is not too surprising that at some point the Pope might have had to issue the Emperor's coins himself. A number of silver issues from the Rome mint came to light in the early 1980s and these have been demonstrated as showing the
1095:, new denominations in progressively higher values were introduced, with the lower values dropping off. All the centesimi denominations ceased to be issued after 1946, the gold 100-Lire after 1959, and the by-now tiny aluminum 1- and 2-Lire issues ended after 1977, with the 5-Lire disappearing a year later.
937:, but these are probably forgeries. After the death of Benedict VII in 983, no further issues were undertaken. However, some authors list several later tenth, eleventh, and twelfth century popes as also having issued coins, but these attributions are due mostly to faulty research. The so-called issues of
864:
State, but also much new research has been done on the subject of Papal coins, and with it many new discoveries. Moreover, the whole legal and operational basis for the issue of papal coinage has been twice substantially modified, once by the
Lateran Pacts and once with the introduction of the euro.
677:
as well as that of the pope. After the sixteenth century the coat of arms of the pope alone frequently appears on pontifical coins. There are also found images of the
Saviour, or of saints, symbolical figures of men or of animals, the keys (which appear for the first time on the coins of Benevento)
748:
The
Byzantine monetary system is followed in the papal coinage until the reign of Leo III, after which the system of the Frankish Empire obtains. John XXII adopted the Florentine system, and coined gold forms, but the weight of this coin varied from 22 to 30 carats (4.4 to 6 g), until Gregory XI
668:
All papal coins, with rare exceptions, bear the name of the pope, preceded (until the time of Paul II) by a Greek cross, and nearly all of the more ancient ones bear, either on the obverse or on the reverse, the words S. PETRUS, and some of them, the words S. PAULUS also. From Leo III to the
231:, or mayor. The Senate, meanwhile, continued to coin money, and there is no reference on the coins of that time to the papal authority. In the thirteenth century the Sindaco caused his own name to be stamped upon the coins, and, consequently, coins survive with the names of Brancaleone, of
678:
etc. From the sixteenth century to the eighteenth, Biblical or moral phrases are added, in allusion to the saint or to the symbol that is stamped upon the coin, e.g. MONSTRA TE ESSE MATREM, SPES NOSTRA, SUB TUUM PRÆSIDIUM, TOTA PULCERA, SUPRA FIRMAM PETRAM, DA RECTA SAPERE (during the
457:
Other cities had mints because they were the capitals of principalities subject to the Holy See, or in virtue of a privilege granted them by some prince; and when these feudal states fell to the Holy See, they retained the mints as papal establishments. This was so in the case of
1113:
coinage when Italy did in 2002, even though
Vatican City is not a member state of the European Union. Current issues include 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 cent and 1 and 2 euro denominations, in addition to commemorative coins of 5 and 10 euro in silver, as well as 20 and 50 euro in gold.
682:), UBI THESAURUS IBI COR, CRESCENTEM SEQUITUR CURA PECUNIAM, HILAREM DATOREM DILIGIT DEUS, PRO PRETIO ANIMÆ, FERRO NOCENTIUS AURUM, IN SUDORE VULTUS, CONSERVATÆ PEREUNT, TOLLE ET PROIICE, etc. Sometimes allusion is made to an historical event, as the acquisition of
191:". Under the empire, coins that were struck in the provinces bore the name of some local magistrate; Hartmann argues that the coins of Gregory and of Zacharias are simply imperial Byzantine pieces, bearing the name of the first civil magistrate of the City of Rome.
217:
There is no pontifical money of a date between 984 and 1305; this is explained, in part, by the fact that the Senate of Rome, which sought to replace the papacy in the temporal government of the city, took over the mint in 1143. On the other hand, Prince
881:
of the reigning
Pontiff, even though they also have the devices of the Byzantine emperors of the seventh and early eighth centuries. This fact pushes the known date of the start of Papal coinage back at least as far as the reign of
1080:, in addition to the Holy See. Initially, coins were produced in the denominations of 5 and 10 Centesimi (in bronze), 20 and 50 Centesimi, and 1 and 2 Lire in nickel, 5 and 10 Lire in silver, and 100 Lire in gold. All popes since
868:
While the
Catholic Encyclopedia article states, "There can be no papal coins of earlier date than that of the temporal power of the popes", in fact coinage may well have predated the emancipation of the Papal territories from
1075:
From 1931, the coins of
Vatican City have been struck at the Italian State Mint in Rome (there are also coins dated 1929 and 1930, which were struck in 1931 and backdated accordingly), and are legal tender in both Italy and
773:= 1 baiocco, a copper piece with a silver surface, and therefore smaller than the copper baiocco; there were coins made of the two metals of the values, respectively of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 baiocchi; the copper
222:
had already coined money in his own name. The coins of the Senate of Rome usually bear the inscription "ROMA CAPUT MUNDI", or, S. P. Q. R., or both, with or without emblems. In 1188 the mint was restored to
941:
are later counterfeits. From the last two decades of the twelfth and all the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Roman Senate issued coins under its own name, without reference to the Pope.
656:, who, after the fifteenth century at least, had his name and his coat of arms be stamped on the reverse of the coin, the obverse bearing the words "SEDE VACANTE" and the date, surrounding the
445:. The lira, also a Bolognese coin, was worth 20 bolognini. These coins were struck in the name of the commune; it is only from the time when Bologna was recovered by the Holy See, under
813:
was worth a little less than the doblone, that is, 3·21 scudi of the nineteenth
Century; at Bologna there were also coined scudi of 80 baiocchi, and half-scudi of 40 baiocchi; the
1019:
the valuable collection of Scilla, which was enriched later by other acquisitions; in 1809, however, it was taken to Paris, and was never recovered. In the nineteenth century the
1068:
and Rome by Italy in 1870, there were of course no further issues until the establishment of the
Vatican City State in 1929. However, there are pattern 5-Lire pieces of
1117:
All these issues, the regular coinage, and the silver and gold commemoratives, can be obtained through mail order directly from the
Vatican at the following address:
1027:, and this collection became the basis of the Numismatic Cabinet, which is under the direction of the prefect of the Vatican Library and has a special custodian.
421:, who was a feudatory of the emperor rather than of the pope, coined money as long as his temporal power over that city and its territory lasted. The mint of the
333:
was created. According to Lunadori (Relaz. della Corte di Roma, 1646), the establishments for the coining of money were in charge of a congregation of Cardinals.
329:
created the office of treasurer for the mint of Avignon, and its incumbent, little by little, made himself independent of the Camerlengo. Later, the office of
695:
183:(827-44), because of the peculiarity of minting. The existence of these coins, while the popes yet recognized the Byzantine domination, is explained by
1278:
944:
Papal coinage resumed with the issues of Boniface VIII in 1300, from the mint of Sorges in France, but thirty years earlier, during the so-called
317:; direct supervision, however, was exercised by the senate, from the time at least when that body took possession of the mint, until the reign of
956:
between popes. There were no further Sede Vacante issues until 1378, but the practice became more regular after the death of Leo X in 1521.
713:
in 1612 struck coins at Avignon with his own name and arms, omitting the name of the pope, an example that was followed a year later by the
653:
314:
325:
appointed the masters of the mint, while the minting was witnessed by the heads of the guild of goldsmiths and silversmiths. In 1322
126:
104:
64:
1072:, coined in 1878 apparently by French friends of the Papacy. No such honor was bestowed on either Pius X or Benedict XV, however.
740:, Cavaliere Lucenti, Andrea Perpenti etc. Until the time of Pius VI, the dies for the mint remained the property of the engravers.
286:
The popes, and also the Senate when it coined money, appear to have used the imperial mint of Rome, which was on the slope of the
757:, a piece of French origin (écu) that remained the monetary unit of the Pontifical States. At the same time, there appeared the
749:
reduced it to the original 24 carats (4.8 g); but deterioration came again, and then there were two kinds of florins, the papal
1045:
In 1866, following the lead of the newly united Italy (which had occupied 2/3 of the Papal States in 1860), the old baiocco/
429:
in 1194, and nearly all of the coins struck there bear the motto BONONIA DOCET, or BONONIA MATER STUDIORUM. The baiocchi of
367:, concerned that an anti-papal organization would take up residence in the building, privately arranged to buy it from the
809:= 2 old scudi = 3·3 scudi of the nineteenth century; there were dobloni of the relative values of 4, 8, and 16 scudi; the
330:
306:
furnished a very sensitive balance; so that the mint of Rome was technically the most perfect one of those times. In 1845
1293:
1288:
46:
909:
All legitimate pontiffs in the 250-year period from Gregory III to Benedict VII issued coins, with the exceptions of
381:
was established as a separate state in 1929. The Italian mint makes coins for the micro-state, which issues its own
793:
of copper and silver, established by Pius VI as a more easily portable specie with which to pay the workmen of the
710:
657:
1102:
included a 10-Lire piece in aluminum, a 20-Lire piece in an aluminum-bronze alloy, 50-Lire and 100-Lire pieces in
945:
352:, the Italian government took over the operation of the Papal mint in September 1870. The mint was used to make
291:
37:
97:
91:
1283:
701:
The mints outside of Rome stamped the coins with the arms of their respective cities, or with those of the
613:, being obliged to coin a great deal of copper money, gave the minting of it to a great many cities of the
1031:
992:
857:
849:
Much has changed on the subject of the Papal Mint and Papal coinage since the original publication of the
236:
108:
363:
The Italian government announced in 1901 that it was moving its minting operations to a larger facility.
303:
1197:
850:
750:
687:
575:
527:
418:
219:
322:
774:
652:
As far back as 1370 there were coins struck during the vacancies of the Holy See, by authority of the
356:, and due to the presence of Italian soldiers guarding the mint, a tunnel was constructed beneath the
1058:
1034:, the pope has not coined money; each year, however, he strikes the customary medal for the feast of
1024:
934:
518:
There were other cities or regions to which the popes granted a mint for limited periods of time, as
337:
184:
814:
802:
187:, who believes that, in the eighth century, the popes received from the emperors the attributes of "
1000:
691:
148:
1046:
1016:
770:
754:
717:
706:
674:
614:
232:
833:, in the fifteenth century, was worth 12 baiocchi at Bologna, but only 10 baiocchi at Rome; the
714:
188:
1057:. This brought Papal coinage size, weight and composition into alignment with the rest of the
834:
887:
874:
729:
725:
402:
394:
368:
294:; but in the fifteenth century the mint was near the bank of Santo Spirito. Finally, in 1665,
32:
806:
625:, which, together with those already named, continued to strike these coins; among them were
996:
899:
798:
670:
595:
422:
357:
255:
224:
195:
172:
967:, who was pope for four weeks in April 1605. However, a pope with an even shorter reign,
938:
930:
910:
895:
794:
733:
702:
372:
180:
176:
586:(from Julius II to Julius III), Ravenna (from Leo X to Paul III and under Benedict XIV),
984:
891:
838:
786:
679:
406:
349:
244:
206:
was already independent of the Eastern Empire; the first true papal coins are those of
168:
1272:
1186:
883:
758:
737:
642:
626:
591:
535:
531:
364:
353:
318:
295:
211:
203:
1255:
1099:
1092:
1065:
1050:
1012:
949:
903:
861:
610:
499:
378:
271:
266:(1303-4), with the legend COITAT. VENASIN; as, however, this pope never resided in
251:, likewise struck coins, with the inscription: N. TRIBUN. AUGUST.: ROMA CAPU. MU.
1023:
obtained possession of the collection of Belli, begun in the previous century by
690:
from the Turks(1683), or to some concession of the pope to his subjects, or to a
1103:
1085:
1039:
1035:
988:
976:
964:
953:
926:
914:
778:
634:
523:
287:
270:, which had belonged to the Holy See since 1274, the coin should be referred to
263:
199:
1245:
1077:
948:, an issue of silver coins was also struck. These coins are the first of the
922:
918:
769:
Other coins that were used at various times in the Pontifical States were the
543:
491:
446:
1192:
1054:
968:
870:
826:
782:
547:
483:
438:
414:
326:
267:
248:
534:; its coins, which are very rare, bear the inscription AQUILANA LIBERTAS),
1221:
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950
1069:
1020:
980:
972:
878:
646:
630:
587:
567:
551:
507:
467:
459:
207:
1088:, which is represented by a 1000-Lire silver piece struck posthumously.
227:, with the agreement that half of its profits should be assigned to the
1081:
960:
818:
683:
622:
599:
583:
582:(under Julius II), the "Patrimony" (from Benedict XI to Benedict XII),
579:
563:
539:
495:
430:
426:
410:
398:
307:
299:
275:
259:
240:
152:
1011:
No official collection of the papal coins was made before the time of
1109:
Agreements with the European Union allowed the Holy See to switch to
1061:
countries like France, Switzerland, and Spain, in addition to Italy.
822:
810:
721:
618:
571:
519:
479:
475:
471:
442:
1185: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
830:
790:
638:
559:
503:
487:
463:
382:
860:
of the Papacy, lost since 1870, been restored in the form of the
637:(the coins of 1799 showing the burning of this city are famous),
594:(from Julius II to Adrian VI), Spoleto city (under Paul II), the
1110:
979:
also issued coins, but in gold only. Additionally, four of the
555:
156:
144:
401:
the former imperial mint, which was ceded in 996 to Archbishop
649:
suppressed all the mints except those of Rome and of Bologna.
76:
15:
1098:
Before the Lira was replaced by the euro in 2002, issues for
1091:
As the value of the Italian Lira declined in the years since
313:
The administration of the mint was at first entrusted to the
853:
in 1913, from which most of the preceding article is taken.
302:
invented for it a machine to do the work more rapidly, and
175:(731-741) (Ficoroni, "Museo Kircheriano"), and possibly of
1038:, which is given to cardinals and to the employees of the
397:
that had a mint: prior to the year 1000, there existed at
262:, although there exists a single coin that is referred to
1263:
274:. There are coins of all the popes from John XXII to
873:
authority. The pope, going back at least as far as
1084:have had coin issues, including the brief reign of
952:(vacant chair) pieces, which are issued during the
566:(around Ancona; from Boniface IX to Gregory XIII),
724:on the coins; among these engravers may be named
449:, that Bolognese coins may be regarded as papal.
360:to ensure private access to the Vatican gardens.
298:moved it to the rear of the apse of St. Peter's.
243:of Robert of Naples, etc.; so did King Ladislao.
1064:After the confiscation of the remainder of the
837:was a two-baiocco piece that was coined by the
829:was equivalent to 26 bolognini (baiocchi); the
698:, under Adrian VI, in the case of four grossi.
254:Papal coins reappeared with the removal of the
310:equipped it with the most modern appliances.
159:, and elsewhere that used to house the mint.
151:. Papal Mint also refers to the buildings in
8:
963:issued coins, with the notable exception of
526:(1486, when that city rebelled against king
913:(who reigned for only two or three days),
453:Papal mints granted by status or privilege
417:, former residences of Lombard dukes. The
321:. The sindaco and the conservators of the
1163:
1161:
886:(657-672). Similar issues are known for
765:Other coins used in the Pontifical States
696:Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1049:system was scrapped in favor of the new
562:(from Boniface IX, 1390, to Leo X), the
90:This article includes a list of general
42:integrate "recent reassessment" section.
1148:
817:was a Bolognese coin, equivalent to a
801:= 0·4 of a baiocco = 2 quattrini; the
558:(from Innocent VIII to Clement VIII),
348:With the unification of Italy and the
214:(984) the popes coined money at Rome.
805:(Leo XII) = 4·4 Gregorian scudi; the
210:, from whose time until the reign of
7:
1201:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
598:, PROVINCIÆ DUCATUS (under Paul V),
550:(near Avignon; from Boniface VIII),
1228:A Handbook of Papal Coins 1268-1534
654:Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
570:(from Boniface IX to Gregory XIV),
514:Papal mints of limited time periods
315:Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
393:Rome was not the only city of the
167:Coins survive from the tenures of
96:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1212:Krause, Chet and Mishler, Cliff.
1191:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
673:, the coins bear the name of the
1279:Economic history of the Holy See
1264:Ufficio Filatelico e Numesmatico
1248:
1235:Byzantine Coins and Their Values
1180:
1155:Das Königreich Italien, Vol. III
1125:Ufficio Filatelico e Numismatico
959:All popes from Boniface VIII to
933:. Coins are known also for the
744:Monetary system of Papal coinage
602:(under Urban VI and Sixtus IV).
147:institute for the production of
81:
20:
1214:Standard Catalog of World Coins
1003:also issued their own coinage.
574:(under Leo X and Clement VII),
510:(from Julius II to Paul III).
1:
1223:. Cambridge University Press.
781:(Pius VI) = 2½ baiocchi; the
522:(from Sixtus IV to Pius VI),
331:prelate president of the mint
1007:Modern history of Papal coin
777:(Bologna) = 5 baiocchi; the
709:, or of the governor; thus,
660:surmounted by the pavilion.
538:(from Martin V to Pius VI),
336:The Papal States joined the
1216:, Krause Publications, 2007
530:and gave its allegiance to
409:; there were mints also at
40:. The specific problem is:
1310:
946:Long Conclave of 1268-1271
711:Cardinal Scipione Borghese
1219:Pollard, John F. (2005).
441:was equivalent to a gold
344:Since Italian unification
292:Arch of Septimius Severus
282:History of the Papal mint
1237:, B.A. Seaby, Ltd., 1987
1230:, John Carlin Ryan, 1989
1131:00120 Città del Vaticano
664:Marks on the Papal coins
389:The various Papal mints
202:, who reigned when the
111:more precise citations.
1030:Since the loss of the
546:(under Clement VIII),
350:altered status of Rome
194:There are no coins of
1198:Catholic Encyclopedia
1167:Pollard, 2005, p. 87.
851:Catholic Encyclopedia
688:deliverance of Vienna
542:(from Clement V on),
528:Ferdinand I of Naples
419:Archbishop of Ravenna
163:History of Papal coin
1059:Latin Monetary Union
1015:, who acquired from
971:, did issue coins.
935:Antipope Christopher
590:(under Nicholas V),
338:Latin Monetary Union
237:Francesco Anguillara
185:Ludo Moritz Hartmann
47:improve this article
36:to meet Knowledge's
1294:Medieval currencies
1226:Ryan, John Carlin.
1209:, Attic Books, 1991
1053:, divided into 100
845:Recent reassessment
425:was established at
369:Giolitti government
304:Francesco Girardini
290:, not far from the
247:, during his brief
1289:History of Avignon
1017:Cardinal Passionei
718:Cardinal Filonardi
675:Holy Roman Emperor
615:Patrimony of Peter
578:(under Sixtus V),
233:Charles I of Anjou
888:Pope Adeodatus II
875:Gregory the Great
856:Not only has the
730:Francesco Francia
726:Benvenuto Cellini
395:Pontifical States
323:Camera Capitolina
137:
136:
129:
75:
74:
67:
38:quality standards
29:This article may
1301:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1202:
1184:
1183:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1153:
671:Ottonian dynasty
596:Duchy of Spoleto
423:Emperor Henry VI
358:Apostolic Palace
256:pontifical Court
225:pope Clement III
196:pope Stephen III
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
107:this article by
98:inline citations
85:
84:
77:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
24:
23:
16:
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1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1269:
1268:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1205:Berman, Allen.
1190:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1025:Luigi Tommasini
1009:
939:Pope Paschal II
847:
795:Pontine Marshes
767:
746:
703:cardinal legate
666:
608:
606:The Papal coins
554:(under Leo X),
516:
455:
391:
373:Ernesto Pacelli
346:
284:
189:Præfectus Urbis
181:Pope Gregory IV
165:
133:
122:
116:
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1040:Roman Curia
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997:Alexander V
989:Clement VII
977:Innocent IX
954:interregnum
915:Boniface VI
900:Gregory III
841:(1798–99).
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771:baiocchella
732:, the four
707:vice-legate
635:Ronciglione
621:and of the
437:; the gold
288:Campidoglio
264:Benedict XI
200:pope Paul I
173:Gregory III
109:introducing
49:if you can.
1273:Categories
1143:References
1078:San Marino
1001:John XXIII
931:Stephen IX
911:Stephen II
896:Gregory II
715:pro-legate
629:, Gubbio,
544:Carpentras
492:Clement XI
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177:Gregory II
141:Papal Mint
92:references
1055:centesimi
983:from the
981:antipopes
969:Urban VII
904:Zacharias
892:Sisinnius
871:Byzantine
835:alberetti
827:gabellone
783:paludella
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705:, of the
686:, or the
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484:Julius II
439:bolognino
435:bolognini
415:Benevento
407:Gregory V
375:in 1904.
340:in 1866.
327:John XXII
268:Venaissin
249:tribunate
149:hard cash
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1021:Holy See
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208:Adrian I
117:May 2009
31:require
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564:Marches
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413:and at
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399:Ravenna
308:Pius IX
300:Bernini
276:Pius IX
260:Avignon
241:viceroy
229:sindaco
220:Alberic
153:Avignon
143:is the
105:improve
33:cleanup
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927:Leo VI
902:, and
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825:; the
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520:Ancona
498:(from
480:Gubbio
476:Pesaro
472:Urbino
462:(from
443:sequin
198:or of
145:pope's
94:, but
1047:scudo
923:Lando
919:Leo V
791:alloy
787:soldo
755:scudo
639:Terni
617:, of
560:Fermo
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488:Leo X
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383:euros
235:, of
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641:and
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371:via
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