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When the larvae mature, they pupate in their cell and the workers cap the cell, sealing them in until the adult breaks out of its pupal shell. The open nest is light colored reflecting light and the nest material provides some insulation, even so it can be subjected to elevated temperatures with sun
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In temperate climates, in the fall, reproductive males and females are reared. They fly away and mate. Only the new queens hibernate overwinter in a sheltered location. In the spring each searches for a suitable location and starts and maintains a new nest typically by herself until the first brood
384:(the only eusocial wasps outside the family Vespidae), also constructs nests out of chewed plant fibers, though the nest consistency is quite different from those of true paper wasps, due to the absence of wood fibers, and the use of silk extruded by female wasps to bind the fibers.
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paper wasps will generally only attack if they themselves or their nest are threatened. Their territoriality can lead to attacks on people, and their stings are quite painful and – like all venomous animals – can produce a potentially fatal
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Foundress' nest raided by a rat, beetle or other predator. Nest was previously seen eleven days earlier when there were five eggs. If the foundress survived, she would start a new nest at a different location
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Single paper wasp foundress establishes her nest, adding cells, renewing repellent on the pedicle. She has already laid eggs in several of the incomplete cells and continually checks the nest and cells.
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At a higher level they run round the nest surface and finally with sufficient disturbance, fly around the nest attempting to locate the source, chasing and stinging the threat. They use
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exposure or high ambient temperatures. The wasps can cool their nest by fanning their wings and/or bringing water to place in the nest letting evaporation provide substantial cooling.
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When threatened, the wasps have a variety of responses depending upon the severity. The first level is posturing. They face the perceived threat, stand tall and raise their wings.
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Nests can be found in sheltered areas, such as the eaves of a house, the branches of a tree, on the end of an open pipe, or on an old clothesline. Some species, such as
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each contain over 250 more, so the total number of true paper wasps worldwide is about 1100 species, almost half of which can be found in the neotropics.
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Dapporto L, Cervo R, Sledge MF, Turillazzi S (2004) "Rank integration in dominance hierarchies of host colonies by the paper wasp social parasite
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876:"Nest Architecture of the Australian Paper Wasp Ropalidia Romandi Cabeti, With a Note on its Developmental Process (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)"
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Most wasps are beneficial in their natural habitat and are critically important in natural biocontrol. Paper wasps feed on sugars like
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Paper wasp nests are characterized by open combs with down pointing cells. Some types of paper wasps are occasionally referred to as
992:
Vidal-Cordero, J; Moreno-Rueda, Gregorio; López-Orta, Antonio; Marfil-Daza, Carlos; Ros-Santaella, José L; Ortiz-Sánchez, F (2012).
831:
Matthews, R. W.; Starr, C. K. (1984). "Microstigmus comes Wasps have a Method of Nest
Construction Unique Among Social Insects".
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are more venomous, because they have larger venom glands, and offer a stronger warning signal to organisms threatening the nest.
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Water is also provided for the larva. Wasps may find a puddle or stream or dew that has collected at the base of some leaves.
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The nests of most true paper wasps are characterized by having open combs with cells for brood rearing. The wasps gather
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Once eggs hatch, the legless larvae remain in their cells to be taken care of. The wasps hunt prey, primarily
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repellent chemical which they spread around the base of the petiole or anchor to prevent the loss of eggs or
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502:. The adult cuts up the prey and masticates it (thoroughly chewing it) prior to feeding it to the larvae.
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Felixson, Carol (undated). "Paper wasps work together." Retrieved 2009-04-26 from "L.A. Times" at
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325:', or constricted stalk attaches the nest to a branch or other structure. The wasps secrete an
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406:, and have lost the ability to build their own nests, and are sometimes referred to as "
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795:"Colony Defense against Ants by Polistes fuscatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Wisconsin"
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321:, and use to construct nests that appear made out of gray or brown papery material. A '
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paper wasps have been identified worldwide. The most common paper wasp in Europe is
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Paper wasp on a spider lily leaf – they are considered beneficial by gardeners.
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End of season: Male wasps mature and leave, nest shuts down leaving nest empty.
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and the sugary liquid produced by their larvae. Because they are a known
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reaction in some individuals. A study conducted on
European paper wasps (
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of female workers matures and helps in all activities except egg laying.
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217:. The term is typically used to refer to members of the vespid subfamily
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126:
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30:
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Queen replacing an egg that was either not viable or laid by a worker
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410:". They rely on the nests of their hosts to raise their brood. A few
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Wasps bring water to place in nest to provide cooling by evaporation
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Masticated caterpillar portion brought to nest and fed to the larvae
221:, though it often colloquially includes members of the subfamilies
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Wasps fanning the nest with their wings to provide breeze/cooling
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Gulf
Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. Excerpt available at:
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368:
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Vespid wasps that gather fibers from dead wood and plant stems
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of the family
Vespidae make nests from paper, but some
783:
Ohio State
University Extension Fact Sheet: Entomology
742:"Distributional checklist of the species of the genus
1059:
National
Geographic News: Wasps Can Recognize Faces.
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Paper wasps disturbed by hits to their nest support.
132:
48:
23:
349:Worker adding additional material to expand nest
746:(Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Polistini)"
244:due to the distinctive design of their nests.
793:Post, David C; Jeanne, Robert L (July 1981).
8:
799:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
730:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006.
538:Water is brought to the nest for the larvae
29:
20:
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933:Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society
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301:on part of a large nest, in California
272:contains another 300 species, and the
237:, which also make nests out of paper.
968:Drees, B.M. and John Jackman (1999).
874:Yamane, Soichi; Ito, Yosiaki (1994).
768:
766:
608:) concluded that wasps with brighter
7:
133:Subfamilies with paper wasp species
772:Lyon, W.F. and G.S. Wegner (1991).
929:"Vespula austriaca (Panzer, 1799)"
14:
593:, which can be very aggressive,
418:are also brood parasites (e.g.,
53:
994:"Brighter-colored paper wasps (
880:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
677:to coordinate their response.
491:, but also other insects like
1:
1080:Biological pest control wasps
970:Field Guide to Texas Insects.
252:Approximately 300 species of
998:) have larger poison glands"
974:Texas Cooperative extension
364:Liostenogaster flavolineata
1106:
910:(Hymenoptera, Vespidae)".
38:A young paper wasp queen (
663:and feed on known garden
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50:Scientific classification
37:
28:
1065:Wasp nests and locations
692:Schmidt sting pain index
188:Paper wasp growth stages
44:) starting a new colony
774:Paper Wasps and Hornets
687:Biological pest control
1015:10.1186/1742-9994-9-20
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1061:Retrieved 2012-12-04.
927:Archer, M.E. (1998).
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1002:Frontiers in Zoology
740:James M. Carpenter.
378:wasps, of the genus
1090:Insect common names
845:1984Biotr..16...55M
371:. A small group of
979:2006-12-05 at the
893:10.1155/1994/92839
779:2001-04-25 at the
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996:Polistes dominula
908:Polistes sulcifer
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610:aposematic colors
605:Polistes dominula
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421:Vespula austriaca
396:Three species of
390:Ropalidia romandi
361:species, such as
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298:Polistes dominula
261:Polistes dominula
203:); concealed comb
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41:Polistes gallicus
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748:. Archived from
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752:on 2009-07-10
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728:"Paper Wasp"
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428:Brood rearing
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839:(1): 55–58.
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750:the original
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489:caterpillars
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381:Microstigmus
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353:Most social
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197:Yellowjacket
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172:Paper wasp (
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816:18 December
709:Ropalidiini
315:plant stems
274:Neotropical
270:Ropalidiini
208:Paper wasps
107:Hymenoptera
24:Paper wasp
1074:Categories
833:Biotropica
805:(3): 599.
756:2009-02-09
715:References
704:Polistinae
661:pollinator
309:from dead
219:Polistinae
178:Polistinae
141:Polistinae
87:Arthropoda
1024:1742-9994
1008:(1): 20.
595:polistine
376:crabronid
278:Epiponini
266:Old World
117:Vespoidea
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1085:Vespidae
1042:22901602
977:Archived
917::217–223
811:25084198
777:Archived
744:Polistes
698:Polistes
681:See also
657:honeydew
581:Behavior
399:Polistes
373:eusocial
255:Polistes
223:Vespinae
201:Vespinae
176:) nest (
151:Vespinae
127:Vespidae
123:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1033:3495029
935:. BWARS
861:2387895
841:Bibcode
591:hornets
585:Unlike
412:hornets
323:petiole
276:tribes
248:Species
227:hornets
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
1040:
1030:
1022:
939:15 Oct
859:
809:
650:nectar
500:larvae
497:beetle
495:, and
367:, use
319:saliva
307:fibers
268:tribe
264:. The
233:) and
212:vespid
199:nest (
857:JSTOR
807:JSTOR
665:pests
654:aphid
493:flies
355:wasps
331:brood
288:Nests
215:wasps
1038:PMID
1020:ISSN
941:2014
818:2021
589:and
414:and
313:and
311:wood
280:and
229:and
1028:PMC
1010:doi
888:doi
884:101
849:doi
424:).
369:mud
327:ant
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225:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
