331:
536:
52:
266:
31:
305:
318:
Polistine wasps found colonies in one of two ways. In some species, nests are founded by a small number of reproductive females, possibly a single one. One of the foundresses eventually acquires dominance over the other and is the sole reproducer. The nest is open (not enclosed by an envelope) and
237:
foragers take off from their nests as if they already know how long their trip is. For short flights, they exit the nest flying horizontally, while for long flights they exit the nest flying straight up into a high altitude before pursuing their direction. Polistine brood cells are arranged in a
191:, containing four tribes. With about 1,100 species total, it is the second-most diverse subfamily within the Vespidae, and while most species are tropical or subtropical, they include some of the most frequently encountered large wasps in temperate regions.
230:
suspends its paper nests from cliff overhangs via a pedicel, whose free fatty acids induce the necrophobic response in ants and causes them to avoid the pedicel rather than cross and prey on the nest's inhabitants.
216:, make their nests out of paper. Despite being called paper wasps, other wasps (including the wasps in the subfamily Vespinae) also build nests out of paper. Additionally, some epiponine wasps (such as
322:
In the other group, called "swarm-founding", the nest is founded by a large number of workers and a few queens. It is usually protected by an envelope, like a vespine nest.
1062:
952:
939:
934:
330:
929:
535:
286:
The queens (reproductive females) are morphologically similar to workers, though sometimes slightly larger or differently colored.
1108:
1010:
647:
51:
512:
1067:
368:
505:
774:
805:
519:
728:
606:
526:
963:
613:
685:
1075:
742:
1036:
873:
678:
767:
444:
375:
295:
The nest is sometimes open (the nests of vespines are always enclosed in several layers of paper).
630:
565:
451:
412:
389:
361:
270:
226:
212:
206:
46:
1080:
623:
1103:
889:
842:
781:
664:
473:
466:
458:
428:
420:
404:
396:
382:
354:
233:
200:
881:
832:
824:
735:
709:
671:
480:
436:
218:
173:
1001:
692:
490:
140:
877:
721:
640:
589:
582:
498:
837:
1097:
599:
259:
250:
180:
1015:
947:
265:
1049:
995:
752:
148:
103:
986:
30:
195:
258:
in the comb, among the few insects other than bees to store honey (also some
760:
550:
339:
239:
162:
144:
136:
83:
63:
893:
846:
304:
1023:
980:
828:
347:
310:
188:
176:
166:
113:
885:
702:
657:
558:
541:
244:
184:
1054:
1028:
575:
93:
73:
957:
534:
303:
255:
1041:
169:
961:
222:) build their nests out of mud despite being Polistinae.
907:
Dew, Heather (1978). "Foraging flights of two species of
860:
Espelie, Karl (1990). "Surface lipids of the social wasp
238:
hexagonal array, similar to the comb structure in a
970:
183:” as they are called in North America) and true
289:The abdomen is spindle-shaped, often petiolate.
948:Ropalidia marginata a primitive eusocial wasp
806:"The nest as fortress: defensive behavior of
8:
913:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
242:nest. Some species of the epiponine genera
958:
194:The English common name for Polistinae is
179:. They are closely related to the wasps (“
29:
20:
953:Iconography of the Vespidae of the World
836:
940:Nest defence behavior in two species of
329:
264:
796:
282:Characteristics of the Polistinae are:
864:(L.) and its nest and nest pedicel".
7:
804:O'Donnell, S; Jeanne, R.L. (2002).
930:Social Behavior of Polistine Wasps
14:
935:Article on Australian Paper Wasps
292:The antennae of males are curled.
911:wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".
50:
810:, a mud-nesting eusocial wasp"
326:Selected species of Polistinae
262:store honey in their bodies).
1:
334:South American epiponine nest
866:Journal of Chemical Ecology
198:. Many polistines, such as
1125:
817:Journal of Insect Science
134:
129:
47:Scientific classification
45:
37:
28:
23:
319:contains a single comb.
527:Mischocyttarus drewseni
546:
335:
315:
274:
1076:Paleobiology Database
713:(often misspelled as
538:
432:- northern paper wasp
424:- European paper wasp
333:
307:
268:
1109:Apocrita subfamilies
829:10.1673/031.002.0301
416:- Chinese paper wasp
16:Subfamily of insects
878:1990JCEco..16.1841E
462:- metric paper wasp
440:- common paper wasp
369:P. atrimandibularis
886:10.1007/bf01020498
862:Polistes annularis
729:S. septentrionalis
547:
545:honey-making wasps
400:- executioner wasp
336:
316:
275:
271:Polistes africanus
227:Polistes annularis
213:Polistes exclamans
207:Polistes annularis
41:species with nest
1091:
1090:
964:Taxon identifiers
775:R. revolutionalis
300:Colony life cycle
234:Polistes metricus
201:Polistes fuscatus
187:of the subfamily
172:belonging to the
155:
154:
1116:
1084:
1083:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1057:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1018:
1006:
1005:
1004:
991:
990:
989:
959:
917:
916:
904:
898:
897:
872:(6): 1841–1852.
857:
851:
850:
840:
814:
808:Polybia emaciata
801:
408:- red paper wasp
219:Polybia emaciata
55:
54:
33:
21:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1000:
999:
994:
985:
984:
979:
966:
926:
921:
920:
906:
905:
901:
859:
858:
854:
812:
803:
802:
798:
793:
679:P. occidentalis
648:P. colobopterus
491:Mischocyttarini
328:
302:
280:
278:Characteristics
147:
143:
141:Mischocyttarini
139:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1007:
992:
976:
974:
968:
967:
962:
956:
955:
950:
945:
937:
932:
925:
924:External links
922:
919:
918:
899:
852:
795:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
785:
778:
771:
749:
748:
747:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
698:
697:
696:
689:
686:P. scutellaris
682:
675:
668:
653:
652:
651:
641:Parachartergus
636:
635:
634:
619:
618:
617:
610:
595:
594:
593:
586:
571:
570:
569:
533:
532:
531:
530:
523:
516:
513:M. flavitarsis
509:
506:M. collarellus
499:Mischocyttarus
487:
486:
485:
484:
477:
470:
463:
455:
448:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
327:
324:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
279:
276:
153:
152:
132:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
997:
993:
988:
982:
978:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
960:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
914:
910:
903:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
853:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
809:
800:
797:
790:
784:
783:
779:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
764:
763:
762:
757:
756:
755:
754:
745:
744:
740:
738:
737:
733:
731:
730:
726:
724:
723:
719:
716:
712:
711:
707:
706:
705:
704:
699:
695:
694:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
676:
674:
673:
669:
667:
666:
662:
661:
660:
659:
654:
650:
649:
645:
644:
643:
642:
637:
633:
632:
628:
627:
626:
625:
620:
616:
615:
611:
609:
608:
607:B. lecheguana
604:
603:
602:
601:
596:
592:
591:
587:
585:
584:
580:
579:
578:
577:
572:
568:
567:
566:A. multipicta
563:
562:
561:
560:
555:
554:
553:
552:
544:
543:
537:
529:
528:
524:
522:
521:
517:
515:
514:
510:
508:
507:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
494:
493:
492:
483:
482:
478:
476:
475:
471:
469:
468:
464:
461:
460:
456:
454:
453:
449:
447:
446:
445:P. instabilis
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
430:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
398:
394:
392:
391:
387:
385:
384:
380:
378:
377:
376:P. bellicosus
373:
371:
370:
366:
364:
363:
359:
357:
356:
352:
351:
350:
349:
344:
343:
342:
341:
332:
325:
323:
320:
313:
312:
306:
299:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:
283:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
252:
247:
246:
241:
236:
235:
229:
228:
223:
221:
220:
215:
214:
209:
208:
204:
202:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:yellowjackets
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
151:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
971:
941:
912:
908:
902:
869:
865:
861:
855:
820:
816:
807:
799:
780:
773:
768:R. marginata
766:
759:
750:
741:
734:
727:
720:
714:
708:
701:
691:
684:
677:
670:
665:P. dimidiata
663:
656:
646:
639:
629:
622:
614:B. mellifica
612:
605:
600:Brachygastra
598:
588:
581:
574:
564:
557:
548:
540:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
488:
479:
472:
465:
457:
452:P. japonicus
450:
443:
435:
427:
419:
413:P. chinensis
411:
403:
395:
390:P. bischoffi
388:
381:
374:
367:
362:P. annularis
360:
353:
346:
337:
321:
317:
309:
281:
269:
251:Brachygastra
249:
243:
232:
225:
224:
217:
211:
205:
199:
193:
158:
156:
135:
123:
38:
18:
1050:iNaturalist
996:Wikispecies
753:Ropalidiini
743:S. virginea
736:S. surinama
710:S. chalibea
672:P. emaciata
520:M. labiatus
474:P. sulcifer
467:P. semenowi
459:P. metricus
429:P. fuscatus
421:P. dominula
405:P. carolina
397:P. carnifex
383:P. biglumis
355:P. adelphus
149:Ropalidiini
120:Subfamily:
104:Hymenoptera
24:Polistinae
1098:Categories
1016:Polistinae
1002:Polistinae
972:Polistinae
823:(3): 1–5.
791:References
782:R. romandi
693:P. sericea
631:L. dorsata
624:Leipomeles
590:A. pallida
583:A. pallens
481:P. tepidus
437:P. humilis
308:Nest of a
196:paper wasp
159:Polistinae
124:Polistinae
84:Arthropoda
761:Ropalidia
722:S. cyanea
551:Epiponini
340:Polistini
240:honey bee
163:subfamily
145:Polistini
137:Epiponini
70:Kingdom:
64:Eukaryota
1104:Vespidae
1042:62609384
1024:BugGuide
987:Q1155461
981:Wikidata
909:Polistes
894:24263988
847:15455037
715:chalybea
539:Nest of
348:Polistes
311:Polistes
189:Vespinae
177:Vespidae
167:eusocial
114:Vespidae
110:Family:
80:Phylum:
74:Animalia
60:Domain:
39:Polistes
942:Polybia
874:Bibcode
703:Synoeca
658:Polybia
559:Agelaia
542:Polybia
245:Polybia
185:hornets
130:Tribes
100:Order:
94:Insecta
90:Class:
1081:200593
1055:343248
892:
845:
838:355903
835:
758:Genus
751:Tribe
700:Genus
655:Genus
638:Genus
597:Genus
576:Apoica
573:Genus
556:Genus
549:Tribe
496:Genus
489:Tribe
345:Genus
338:Tribe
254:store
210:, and
174:family
813:(PDF)
621:Genus
256:honey
170:wasps
161:is a
1068:7455
1063:NCBI
890:PMID
843:PMID
260:ants
248:and
157:The
1037:EoL
1029:384
1011:AFD
882:doi
833:PMC
825:doi
314:sp.
165:of
1100::
1078::
1065::
1052::
1039::
1026::
1013::
998::
983::
888:.
880:.
870:16
868:.
841:.
831:.
819:.
815:.
915:.
896:.
884::
876::
849:.
827::
821:2
717:)
203:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
