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has proven to be particularly important in understanding gender differences, especially in regards to trade, daily tasks, and religious rituals. Effigies (small figurines) were found through excavation of the site, thus the effigies show definite gender and sex differences between males and females in society. The similar characteristics of the effigies such as body positions, body proportions, activities, and facial decorations allow archaeologist to make assumptions of how gender differences were portrayed. Artisans of Casas
Grandes depicted a wide range of behaviors and beliefs from rules about social behavior (sitting positions) to ritual activities (smoking) and the supernatural (horned/plumed serpents). Based on archaeologists' studies of the effigies found, the activities of women and men were both valued, and social differentiation was based more on individual status and class membership than sex and gender. Contrasting specific pictorial representations of the effigies include masculine identified features and activities such as sitting with their legs flexed to their bodies, decorated with pound signs and horned serpent imagery, smoking, and their penis. Females in contrast have large midsections sitting with their legs extended, decorated with modified pound signs and bird imagery, holding children and pots, and occasionally nursing. The effigies depicted the way in which the Casas Grandes people thought social life should be implemented based on gender differences and provide insight on the simple aspects of society.
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393:, with an error of only a few kilometres/miles. Chaco reached its cultural peak first, then Aztec and Paquimé. The similarities among these sites may indicate that their ruling elites also had a ceremonial connection. Lekson proposed that ruling elites, once removed from their prior positions at Chaco, re-established their hegemony over the area at Aztec and later Paquime. This idea, though, remains controversial and is not as widely accepted as often reported (cf. Lekson 2009). It has been proposed, and more widely accepted, that the origins of Paquime can be found in its connection with the
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359:, stone-faced platforms, effigy mounds, and a market area. About 350 other, smaller settlement sites have been found in the Casas Grandes area, some as far as 70 kilometres (43 mi) away. Archaeologists believe that the area directly controlled by Casas Grandes was relatively small, extending out about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the city. The population may have been about 2,500 in Casas Grandes with perhaps 10,000 people living within its area of control.
374:. These crafts were probably distributed by an extensive trading network. Casas Grandes pottery has a white or reddish surface, with ornamentation in blue, red, brown, or black. In the past it was sometimes considered to be of better manufacture than the contemporary pottery in the area. Effigy bowls and vessels were often formed in the shape of a painted human figure. Casas Grandes pottery was traded among prehistoric peoples as far north as present-day
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public displays. This visual structure defines the eastern side as lending toward the
Puebloan peoples of North America and the west as referencing the cultures to the south in Mesoamerica. This visual motif is prevalent throughout the other sites sharing the same longitudinal line, indicating that they were built by a common group.
494:. Walls at many of the angles stand 12 to 15 metres (40 to 50 ft) high, and indicate an original elevation of up to six or seven stories. Ruins about 140 metres (450 ft) from the main grouping consist of a series of rooms ranged round a square court, seven rooms to each side with a larger apartment at each corner.
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between the cultures of
Mesoamerica, Aridoamerica, and the American southwest, though not on a large or planned scale. As no system like the pochteca existed in the north, the architectural remains throughout yet share a commonality of knowledge from north to south, that included such ancient population centers such as at
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and other areas during their decline. The third theory is that Casas
Grandes is purely a local creation, a community that grew over time to dominate its region and adopted some religious and social customs from the civilizations of Mesoamerica. There is common academic agreement that trading existed
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The settlement featured T-shaped doorways and stone disks at the bottom of ceiling support columns, both distinctive of
Puebloan architecture. Casas Grandes had ballcourts, though they were relatively small compared to other major sites. The ballcourts at Paquime are in the classic "I" shape of those
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Iconography can be simply defined as pictorial or material relating to or illustrating a subject, the traditional or conventional images or symbols associated with a subject and especially a religious or legendary subject, including art. In the case with the ruins found at Casas
Grandes, iconography
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Casas
Grandes is one of the largest and most complex Mogollon culture sites in the region. Settlement began after 1130 AD, and the larger buildings developed into multi-storied dwellings after 1350 AD. The community was abandoned approximately in 1450 AD. Casas Grandes is regarded as one of the most
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and joined or became the Opata whom the
Spaniards found in the mid 16th century living in "statelets," small but well-organized city states. It is also possible that Casas Grandes was abandoned because opportunities were greater elsewhere. Other communities in the Southwest are known to have been
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The eastern and western halves of the city are divided by a stone wall and reservoirs. The monuments on the east are rectilinear, puddled adobe structures used primarily for domestic and manufacturing purposes. The buildings on the west, on the other hand, are open earth mounds lined in stone for
345:. It originated as a collection of 20 or more clusters of houses, each with a plaza and enclosing wall. These single-story adobe dwellings shared a unified water system. Evidence indicates that Paquimé possessed an intricate water management system comprising underground drain networks,
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both inside and outside. A principal structure extended 240 metres (800 ft) from north to south, and 76 metres (250 ft) east to west. It was generally rectangular, and appears to have consisted of three separate units joined by galleries or lines of lower buildings.
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Excavations in one compound produced eggshell fragments, bird skeletons, and traces of wooden perches. Additionally, there is the presence of a row of macaw pens in the center of the site. Archaeologists concluded that the community had imported an initial population of
1335:(8 vols.). Amerind Foundation, Inc. Archaeology Series, â„– 9. John B. Rinaldo and Gloria J. Fenner (coauthors vols. 4–8), Gloria J. Fenner (ed.), Alice Wesche (illus.). Dragoon, AZ: Amerind Foundation, with Northland Press (Flagstaff, AZ).
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significant
Mogollon archaeological zones in the northwestern Mexico region, linking it to other sites in Arizona and New Mexico in the United States, and demonstrating the extent of the Mogollon sphere of influence.
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After being burned about 1340, Casas
Grandes was rebuilt with multi-story apartment buildings to replace the small buildings. Casas Grandes consisted of about 2,000 adjoining rooms built of adobe,
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682:, four days journey west had caused the abandonment of Casas Grandes and that the inhabitants had moved six days journey north. This story suggests the people of Casas Grandes joined the
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Between 1130 and 1300 AD, the area's inhabitants started gathering in small settlements within this expansive fertile valley. The most extensive identified settlement is now recognized as
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empire or other Mesoamerican states to the south turned it into a major trading center. A diametrically opposed theory is that Casas Grandes was established by the elites of the
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Various theories exist as to the inhabitants of Casas Grandes, but the most logical relationship of Casas Grandes to Forty Houses 97 kilometres (60 mi) to the south and to
474:, about 56 centimetres (22 in) thick, and of irregular length, generally about 1 metre (3 ft), probably formed and dried in place. The thick walls seem to have been
1301:
Deeds, Susan M. (2000). "Legacies of Resistance, Adaptation and Tenacity: History of the Native Peoples of Northwest Mexico". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
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was found in one of the rooms, carefully wrapped in linen. The meteorite is displayed in the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals at the
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The homes at Paquimé were circular and semi-circular pit houses and coursed-adobe room blocks built around plazas. The living spaces varied in size from
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Casas Grandes was abandoned in about 1450. It is unclear whether it was abandoned slowly over a period of years or quickly. The Spanish explorer
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This article is about the pre-Columbian archaeological zone and site. For the modern-day Mexican municipality where the site is located, see
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591:, referred as "Moqui" during his period. Contemporary scholars have not precisely identified the descendants of the Casas Grandes people.
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found Mesoamerica, and not the oval-shaped ones found in association with the Hohokam culture in south and central Arizona.
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in California also holds pottery artifacts from the site. A group of 23 pottery vessels from the site was acquired by the
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The language the inhabitants of Casas Grandes spoke is unknown. Given the Mesoamerican influence on Casas Grandes,
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from Mesoamerica and raised them as their feathers were considered sacred and important in Mesoamerican rituals.
447:, the district of Casas Grandes was studded with artificial mounds, from which looters took numerous stone axes,
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in 1979. A new permanent exhibit, Without Borders: The Deep History of Paquimé, has also recently opened at the
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579:. It is reasoned they represent cultural groups related and linked to the Mogollon culture. Early ethnologist
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The archaeologist Stephen Lekson has noted that Paquimé is aligned on roughly the same longitudinal axis as
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VanPool, Christine S., and Todd L. VanPool. "Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity."
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VanPool, Christine S., and Todd L. VanPool. "Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity."
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VanPool, Christine S., and Todd L. VanPool. "Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity."
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VanPool, Christine S., and Todd L. VanPool. "Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity."
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VanPool, Christine S., and Todd L. VanPool. "Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity."
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2003:
List of the sixty-seven municipalities in Chihuahua with their municipal seats (cabecera municipal)
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320 kilometres (200 mi) to the north led to the common agreement that the site is part of the
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found the site of Casa Grandes in 1565. The Indians nearby, non-agricultural nomads, probably
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905:"Complementary Dualities: The Significance of East/West Architectural Difference in Paquimé"
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Complementary Dualities: The Significance of East/West Architectural Difference in Paquimé
560:. The remainder of the material culture recovered from Paquime is located in the care of
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along the Casas Grandes or San Miguel River, approximately 56 kilometres (35 mi) south of
1303:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 2
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Casas Grandes and Its Hinterland: Prehistoric Regional Organization in Northwest Mexico
1358:
1110:"Pyrite-Encrusted Mirrors at Snaketown and Their External Relationships to Mesoamerica"
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Before significant archaeological investigation, sizable portions of buildings from
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PreColumbian cultural divisions of northern Mexico and southwestern United States
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advanced the theory that Casas Grandes was a backwater until about 1200 CE when
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303:. The settlement depended on irrigation to sustain its agricultural activities.
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was probably widely spoken but it was not the primary language of the people.
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1369:(Revised and expanded ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson.
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Three other theories compete to explain its existence. The archaeologist
349:, channels for water distribution to the residences, and a sewage system.
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958:
Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca (Vols. 1–3)
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Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca (Vols. 1–3)
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Not to be confused with the adjoining, separate Chihuahuan municipality,
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Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca (Vols. 13)
191:
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1277:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 441.
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379:
367:
17:
1425:, New Orleans, April 19, 2001 (online reproduction by author ed.)
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A major collection of Casas Grandes pottery is currently held by the
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times were extant about 800 metres from the modern community. The
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Other theories are that the Casas Grandes people migrated west to
651:
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598:
519:
496:
463:
328:
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The archaeological zone is contained within the eponymous modern
3116:
1187:"Shamanic Journeys into the Otherworld of the Archaic Chichimec"
588:
561:
274:
2149:
1893:
1788:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
1698:
Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl
1525:
1286:. Washington, D.C./Montreal: Smithsonian Books/St. Remy Press.
1206:(2). Washington, DC: Society for American Archaeology: 152–64.
1191:
467:
1333:
Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca
1305:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–88.
1157:
Phillips, Jr., David A. "The End of Casas Grandes." pp. 6–7
1655:
Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
587:(1874), had alleged that they are related to the modern-day
299:
and 240 kilometres (150 mi) northwest of the state capital,
34:. For the municipal seat of Casas Grandes municipality, see
567:
Casas Grandes' ruins are similar to neighboring ruins near
564:
in Casas Grandes, Chihuahua and Chihuahua City, Chihuahua.
832:
Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring 2003), p. 2
1413:
Phillips, David A. Jr.; Elizabeth Arwen Bagwell (2001).
678:
or Jano, told him that a war with village dwellers, the
362:
Specialized craft activities included the production of
842:"Archaeological Zone of Paquime, Casas Grandes" UNESCO.
585:
The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America
257:) is a prehistoric archaeological site in the northern
1573:
El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
981:"Iconography." Merriam-Webster. Web. 29 Oct 2012. <
858:
856:
854:
852:
607:
design is a common theme on pottery from Casas Grandes
38:. For the similarly named adjoining municipality, see
1365:
Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent
983:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/iconography
1839:
Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of
1610:
Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
1076:
Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity
1056:
Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity
1036:
Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity
1016:
Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity
996:
Society for American Archaeology: American Antiquity
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288:The Casas Grandes complex is situated in a broad,
624:Cross section model of a Paquime building at the
1159:http://www.unm.edu/~dap/End-of-Casas-Grandes.pdf
333:Map of major prehistoric archaeological cultures
265:. Construction of the site is attributed to the
433:Ramos Polychrome olla with Southwestern designs
317:. The valley and region have been inhabited by
2161:
1905:
1537:
152:Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes
8:
1517:A 3D model (3D scan) of Paquimé on sketchfab
1437:Whalen, Michael E.; Paul E. Minnis (2001).
63:View of a section in Paquimé, Casas Grandes
2168:
2154:
2146:
1912:
1898:
1890:
1544:
1530:
1522:
892:"The Chaco Meridian: A Skeptical Analysis"
57:
48:
3239:Archaeological sites in Chihuahua (state)
2676:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1639:Sanctuary of JesĂşs Nazareno de Atotonilco
1584:Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
27:Prehistoric archaeological site in Mexico
3269:Tourist attractions in Chihuahua (state)
862:
409:Ramos Polychrome olla with macaw symbols
1752:Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of
766:
399:
2099:Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)
1781:Central University City Campus of the
1512:Paquimé declared a World Heritage Site
730:Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument
575:in New Mexico, as well as Arizona and
509:A 2,300-kilogram (5,000 lb) iron
269:. Casas Grandes has been designated a
515:Smithsonian Museum of Natural History
228:
196:
186:
171:
163:
155:
147:
138:
7:
1493:Archaeology of Native North America,
1470:"Paquime – Casas Grandes, Chihuahua"
3147:Norse colonization of North America
1813:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
1682:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
1675:Islands and Protected Areas of the
1577:Islands and Protected Areas of the
1098:. Vol 17, No 2. (Spring 2003), p. 2
236:Location of Casas Grandes in Mexico
844:https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/560
698:abandoned in favor of a new home.
466:were built of sun-dried blocks of
455:pottery vessels of various kinds.
25:
1769:Archaeological Monuments Zone of
960:. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press.
945:. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press.
930:. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press.
2104:Cumbres de Majalca National Park
1986:
1921:
1423:Society for American Archaeology
1251:
658:from the north who were leaving
616:Birth and death of Casas Grandes
426:
414:
402:
382:and throughout northern Mexico.
227:
220:
3167:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1749:in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
1398:University of North Texas Press
1126:10.1179/0023194014Z.00000000025
1094:"The Casas Grandes Community."
830:"The Casas Grandes Community."
421:Woman with a bowl, Ramos effigy
366:bells and ornaments, extensive
202:Latin America and the Caribbean
3264:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
3254:Landmarks in Chihuahua (state)
1808:Luis Barragán House and Studio
1589:Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino
1553:World Heritage Sites in Mexico
1495:2010. Pearson, pp. 118–19
1185:Boyd, Carolyn E. (June 1996).
626:Museo Nacional de AntropologĂa
538:Museum of Peoples and Cultures
1:
1793:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
1671:Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
1605:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
1507:History and photos of Paquimé
3259:National Monuments of Mexico
3132:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3082:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1859:Sian KaĘĽan Biosphere Reserve
44:Casa Grande (disambiguation)
2516:Bandelier National Monument
2390:List of Mississippian sites
2177:Pre-Columbian North America
1846:Historic Fortified Town of
1776:Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque
1735:and Archaeological Site of
1714:Historic Monuments Zone of
1620:Historic Monuments Zone of
1443:University of Arizona Press
799:Phillips and Bagwell (2001)
501:T-shaped doorway at Paquimé
3290:
2936:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2541:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2250:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2048:Timeline of Chihuahua City
1282:Cordell, Linda S. (1994).
1108:Gallaga, Emiliano (2014).
776:"Casas Grandes, Chihuahua"
271:UNESCO World Heritage Site
142:UNESCO World Heritage Site
32:Casas Grandes Municipality
29:
3205:
3177:Three Sisters agriculture
2183:
2053:Timeline of Ciudad Juárez
1984:
1935:
1873:
1818:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley
1660:Revillagigedo Archipelago
971:British Museum Collection
956:Di Peso, Charles (1974).
941:Di Peso, Charles (1974).
926:Di Peso, Charles (1974).
215:
211:
207:
135:
56:
2716:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2275:Buttermilk Creek complex
1199:Latin American Antiquity
875:Lekson, Stephen (1999).
774:Turismo, SecretarĂa de.
542:Brigham Young University
370:, and beads from marine
36:Casas Grandes, Chihuahua
2916:Town Creek Indian Mound
2886:Sierra de San Francisco
2741:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2119:Sierra Madre Occidental
1566:Archaeological Zone of
1421:. 66th Annual Meeting,
1392:Hughes, Delain (2005).
1274:Encyclopædia Britannica
633:TJ Ruins and Gila Cliff
357:Mesoamerican ballcourts
2571:Coso Rock Art District
2458:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2361:List of Hopewell sites
2114:Samalayuca Dune Fields
1568:Paquimé, Casas Grandes
1415:"How Big Was Paquimé?"
1284:Ancient Pueblo Peoples
1161:, accessed 24 May 2012
907:, Hughes, Delain, 2005
846:, accessed 24 May 2012
628:
608:
525:
502:
451:or corn-grinders, and
334:
104:30.36639°N 107.94750°W
42:. For other uses, see
3249:Oasisamerica cultures
2979:Arlington Springs Man
2821:Portsmouth Earthworks
2094:Cueva de la RancherĂa
1863:Pre-Hispanic Town of
1852:Pre-Hispanic City of
1822:Pre-Hispanic City of
1741:Prehistoric Caves of
1702:Pre-Hispanic City of
1635:San Miguel de Allende
1488:Altamira Press, 1999.
1331:; Charles C. (1974).
1096:Archaeology Southwest
639:sphere of influence.
623:
602:
524:Macaw Pens at Paquimé
523:
500:
332:
325:Pre-Columbian culture
273:under the purview of
3187:Transoceanic contact
3077:Container Revolution
2651:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2616:Etowah Indian Mounds
2042:History of Chihuahua
581:Hubert Howe Bancroft
490:-sized to extensive
439:Archaeological ruins
109:30.36639; -107.94750
3107:Green Corn Ceremony
2921:Turkey River Mounds
2711:Lake Jackson Mounds
2531:Blue Spring Shelter
1877:Shared by more one
1797:Historic Centre of
1731:Historic Centre of
1708:Historic Centre of
1664:Historic Centre of
1614:Historic Centre of
1486:The Chaco Meridian,
1468:Ferguson, Richard.
1419:Poster presentation
1078:. 71.1 (2006): 65.
1058:. 71.1 (2006): 65.
1038:. 71.1 (2006): 71.
1018:. 71.1 (2006): 69.
998:. 71.1 (2006): 65.
821:Deeds (2000), p. 49
810:Nuevo Casas Grandes
745:Nuevo Casas Grandes
672:Francisco de Ibarra
656:Ancestral Puebloans
650:(traders) from the
550:Stanford University
443:At the time of the
100: /
40:Nuevo Casas Grandes
3192:Underwater panther
2866:Rosenstock Village
2736:Marmes Rockshelter
2721:L'Anse aux Meadows
2013:Metropolitan areas
1677:Gulf of California
1633:Protected town of
1630:and Adjacent Mines
1579:Gulf of California
877:The Chaco Meridian
735:Mata Ortiz pottery
644:Charles C. Di Peso
629:
609:
526:
503:
335:
188:Reference no.
3226:
3225:
3218:Pre-Columbian era
3019:Spirit Cave mummy
2816:Plum Bayou Mounds
2726:Lynch Quarry Site
2245:Ancient Beringian
2143:
2142:
2074:Basaseachic Falls
2021:Greater Chihuahua
1958:Ciudad Cuauhtémoc
1887:
1886:
1626:Historic Town of
1194:reprinted online)
890:Phillips, David.
319:aboriginal groups
244:
243:
183:
16:(Redirected from
3281:
3244:Mogollon culture
3162:Projectile point
2999:Leanderthal Lady
2926:Upward Sun River
2901:Stallings Island
2891:Shell ring sites
2841:Recapture Canyon
2756:Moorehead Circle
2601:El Fin del Mundo
2586:Cueva de la Olla
2392:
2379:Maritime Archaic
2363:
2193:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
1990:
1953:Ciudad Chihuahua
1926:
1925:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1778:Hydraulic System
1546:
1539:
1532:
1523:
1484:Stephen Lekson,
1481:
1479:
1477:
1464:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1409:
1388:
1368:
1354:
1324:
1297:
1278:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1195:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1136:. Archived from
1105:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1052:
1046:
1032:
1026:
1012:
1006:
992:
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828:
822:
819:
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806:
800:
797:
791:
790:
788:
787:
771:
740:Mogollon culture
725:Cueva de la Olla
637:Mogollon culture
445:Spanish Conquest
430:
418:
406:
395:Mogollon culture
267:Mogollon culture
253:; also known as
231:
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177:
115:
114:
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96:
93:
61:
49:
21:
3289:
3288:
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3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3274:Pueblos Mágicos
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3213:Genetic history
3201:
3055:Ceremonial pipe
3028:
3009:Minnesota Woman
2966:
2960:
2781:Ocmulgee Mounds
2761:Morrison Mounds
2706:Kolomoki Mounds
2696:Kimball Village
2556:Candelaria Cave
2498:
2492:
2473:Suwannee Valley
2408:Old Cordilleran
2388:
2359:
2227:
2221:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2144:
2139:
2123:
2057:
2030:
2007:
1991:
1982:
1941:
1931:
1920:
1918:
1888:
1883:
1869:
1828:
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1720:
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1473:
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1453:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1412:
1391:
1377:
1359:Fagan, Brian M.
1357:
1343:
1327:
1313:
1300:
1294:
1281:
1267:, ed. (1911). "
1263:
1252:
1250:
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768:
763:
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690:in New Mexico.
618:
597:
441:
434:
431:
422:
419:
410:
407:
327:
321:for millennia.
240:
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3179:
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3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Mound Builders
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:Medicine wheel
3119:
3114:
3112:Horned Serpent
3109:
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3094:
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2851:Roberts Island
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2786:Old Stone Fort
2783:
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2753:
2751:Moaning Cavern
2748:
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2701:Kincaid Mounds
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2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:Cuarenta Casas
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Bluefish Caves
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2497:Archaeological
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2327:
2322:
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2312:
2307:
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2297:
2295:Caloosahatchee
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:Caborn-Welborn
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
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2229:
2226:Archaeological
2223:
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2209:
2204:
2199:
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2096:
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2089:Cuarenta Casas
2086:
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2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
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2045:
2038:
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2032:
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2029:
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2026:El Paso–Juárez
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1996:Municipalities
1993:
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1983:
1981:
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1502:
1501:External links
1499:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1465:
1451:
1434:
1410:
1396:. Denton, TX:
1389:
1375:
1355:
1341:
1325:
1311:
1298:
1292:
1279:
1265:Chisholm, Hugh
1248:
1212:10.2307/971615
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:Phillips, p. 7
1163:
1150:
1120:(3): 280–299.
1100:
1087:
1067:
1047:
1027:
1007:
987:
974:
963:
948:
933:
918:
916:Ferguson, 2007
909:
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720:Cuarenta Casas
717:
715:Colonia Dublán
710:
707:
617:
614:
605:Horned Serpent
596:
593:
558:Amerind Museum
554:British Museum
531:scarlet macaws
440:
437:
436:
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311:(municipality)
281:" since 2015.
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3097:Falcon dancer
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3033:Miscellaneous
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Melbourne Man
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:La Brea Woman
2992:
2990:
2989:Kennewick Man
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
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2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Serpent Mound
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Pueblo Bonito
2829:
2827:
2826:Poverty Point
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Pinson Mounds
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Painted Bluff
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
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2787:
2784:
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2681:Horr's Island
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2637:
2634:
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2624:
2622:
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2614:
2612:
2611:Effigy Mounds
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
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2576:Crystal River
2574:
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2488:Weeden Island
2486:
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2479:
2476:
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2466:
2464:
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2453:Safety Harbor
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Poverty Point
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Paleo-Indians
2421:
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2384:Mississippian
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2100:
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2084:Copper Canyon
2082:
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2018:
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279:Pueblo Mágico
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249:(Spanish for
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247:Casas Grandes
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52:Casas Grandes
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19:
3197:Water glyphs
3152:Oasisamerica
3142:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3102:Folsom point
3092:Effigy mound
3072:Clovis point
3040:Aridoamerica
2941:Wickiup Hill
2896:Spiro Mounds
2876:Salmon Ruins
2871:Russell Cave
2795:
2666:Helen Blazes
2661:Grimes Point
2641:Fort Juelson
2631:Fort Ancient
2606:El Vallecito
2566:Chaco Canyon
2506:Angel Mounds
2468:Steed-Kisker
2418:Paleo-Arctic
2340:Glacial Kame
2325:Fort Ancient
2217:Post-Classic
2188:
2128:Other topics
2078:
2069:Lake Arareco
1854:Chichén Itzá
1567:
1492:
1491:Snow, Dean.
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1472:. Mexconnect
1438:
1427:. Retrieved
1418:
1393:
1364:
1332:
1302:
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1197:
1166:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:the original
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795:
784:. Retrieved
782:(in Spanish)
779:
769:
750:Oasisamerica
700:
692:
669:
660:Chaco Canyon
641:
630:
610:
584:
566:
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457:
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387:Chaco Canyon
384:
361:
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338:
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308:
305:
287:
283:
254:
251:Great Houses
250:
246:
245:
3182:Thunderbird
3050:Black drink
3014:Peñon woman
2951:Winterville
2931:Velda Mound
2911:Taos Pueblo
2806:Parkin Park
2791:Orwell site
2776:Nodena site
2671:Holly Bluff
2646:Four Mounds
2636:Fort Center
2561:Casa Grande
2511:Anzick site
2403:Monongahela
2330:Fort Walton
2305:Coles Creek
2270:Belle Glade
2255:Anishinaabe
1824:Teotihuacán
1799:Mexico City
1737:Monte Albán
1716:Tlacotalpan
595:Iconography
589:Hopi People
546:Provo, Utah
453:earthenware
391:Aztec Ruins
107: /
95:107°56′51″W
83:Coordinates
3233:Categories
3127:Metallurgy
3087:Eden point
2984:Buhl Woman
2856:Rock Eagle
2846:River Styx
2771:Mummy Cave
2766:Moundville
2746:Mesa Verde
2731:Marksville
2478:Tchefuncte
2438:Plaquemine
2374:Las Palmas
2290:Calf Creek
2285:Cades Pond
1833:South East
1803:Xochimilco
1771:Xochicalco
1725:South West
1628:Guanajuato
1560:North West
1441:. Tucson:
1429:2008-08-11
1178:References
1144:2015-08-03
786:2021-05-25
688:Rio Grande
492:courtyards
376:New Mexico
347:reservoirs
173:Designated
92:30°21′59″N
3172:Stickball
2861:Rock Hawk
2691:Key Marco
2483:Troyville
2463:St. Johns
2448:Red Ocher
2207:Formative
2135:Governors
1940:(capital)
1938:Chihuahua
1929:Chihuahua
1927:State of
1622:Querétaro
1616:Zacatecas
1244:163770623
1220:1045-6635
1134:129111669
665:Snaketown
583:, in his
511:meteorite
476:plastered
309:municipio
301:Chihuahua
263:Chihuahua
261:state of
73:Chihuahua
3060:Chanunpa
3045:Ballgame
3024:Vero man
2974:Anzick-1
2946:Windover
2906:SunWatch
2836:Rassawek
2656:Glenwood
2546:Brewster
2398:Mogollon
2369:La Jolla
2355:Hopewell
2315:Deptford
2228:cultures
1968:Delicias
1848:Campeche
1841:Calakmul
1754:Palenque
1704:El TajĂn
1637:and the
1476:24 March
1461:44632899
1406:68193779
1385:32256661
1361:(1995).
1321:33359444
1236:54395676
1084:40035321
1064:40035321
1044:40035321
1024:40035321
1004:40035321
709:See also
648:pochteca
577:Colorado
372:molluscs
354:I-shaped
165:Criteria
160:Cultural
69:Location
3209:Related
3067:Chunkey
2967:remains
2956:Wupatki
2796:Paquime
2686:Huápoca
2551:Cahokia
2521:Bastian
2428:Patayan
2350:Hohokam
2335:Fremont
2310:ComondĂş
2265:Baytown
2260:Avonlea
2240:Alachua
2212:Classic
2202:Archaic
2190:Periods
2044:(state)
2035:History
1666:Morelia
1351:1243721
1329:Di Peso
1262::
703:Nahuatl
686:on the
684:Pueblos
573:Salinas
449:metates
380:Arizona
368:pottery
339:Paquimé
290:fertile
277:and a "
259:Mexican
255:Paquimé
180:session
168:iii, iv
131:1350 CE
128:Rebuilt
123:1130 CE
18:Paquimé
2626:Folsom
2591:Cutler
2526:Benson
2413:Oneota
2345:Glades
2320:Folsom
2300:Clovis
2197:Lithic
2062:Sights
1978:Parral
1973:Madera
1946:Cities
1879:region
1733:Oaxaca
1710:Puebla
1459:
1449:
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1234:
1228:971615
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1042:
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1002:
780:gob.mx
695:Sonora
488:closet
472:gravel
364:copper
293:valley
198:Region
192:560rev
178:(22nd
77:Mexico
3157:Piasa
2965:Human
2596:Eaker
2499:sites
2433:Plano
2235:Adena
1865:Uxmal
1747:Mitla
1743:Yagul
1240:S2CID
1224:JSTOR
1130:S2CID
1080:JSTOR
1060:JSTOR
1040:JSTOR
1020:JSTOR
1000:JSTOR
761:Notes
680:Opata
652:Aztec
464:ruins
297:Janos
176:1998
120:Built
3117:Kiva
1801:and
1783:UNAM
1745:and
1691:East
1648:West
1478:2012
1457:OCLC
1447:ISBN
1402:OCLC
1381:OCLC
1371:ISBN
1347:OCLC
1337:ISBN
1317:OCLC
1307:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1232:OCLC
1216:ISSN
1114:Kiva
985:>
676:Suma
603:The
571:and
569:Gila
562:INAH
470:and
389:and
378:and
275:INAH
157:Type
2621:Eva
1271:".
1208:doi
1192:PDF
1122:doi
544:in
540:at
468:mud
341:or
313:of
3235::
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1128:.
1118:79
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1210::
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1190:(
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182:)
46:.
20:)
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