2102:, two high-profile supporters of Hindley, backed her campaign for parole, and claimed that a succession of Home Secretaries were keeping her in prison in an attempt to win votes for their respective governments, as well as shying away from an inevitable tabloid media backlash that would accompany lost votes for any government whose Home Secretary failed to block Hindley's release from prison. Some sources also claimed that Hindley was being kept in prison for her own safety more than to protect the public from any risk she might pose, as she had received numerous death threats from relatives of the Moors Murders victims and from members of the public pledging to kill her if she was ever set free. Hindley lodged three appeals against her whole life tariff, but all three appeals were unsuccessful and she remained in prison until her death in November 2002, just over a week before the Home Secretary was stripped of his powers to set minimum terms for life sentence prisoners.
2540:, who were both convicted of child murder and received 40-year minimum terms which mean that they cannot apply for parole until they are at least 82 and 68 respectively. Whiting's trial judge had originally recommended that life should mean life and just before the High Court stripped politicians of their sentencing powers in November 2002, Home Secretary David Blunkett set Whiting's minimum term at 50 years, which was effectively a whole life order as it meant that he could only apply for parole if he lived to be at least 92. This decision was later appealed before the High Court, and the order was reduced to a 40-year minimum term. Huntley murdered two 10-year-old girls in August 2002, but by the time he was convicted 16 months later, the Home Secretary had been stripped of powers to set minimum terms for life sentence prisoners, and that decision was instead left to the High Court.
2092:
recommending that she should be considered for parole after a period of around 25 years. This ruling was endorsed by at least one Home
Secretary and High Court judge, but after the pair confessed to two more murders in 1986, Hindley's minimum term was increased to 30 years and then replaced by a whole life tariff in 1990, although she was not informed of the decision until 1994 - following a High Court ruling that the Home Secretary was obliged to inform all life sentence prisoners when or if they could be considered for parole. This was despite reports by Parole Board and prison officials which stated that Hindley should be considered for parole or at least for a transfer to an open prison as a possible prelude to parole in the near future.
2635:, who was freed from his life sentence in August 2000 after serving 32 years (two years after the expiry of his original 30-year minimum term) due to terminal cancer; although the Home Office never confirmed that he had been issued with a whole life order, his lengthy imprisonment and the fact that he was not paroled when his tariff expired (despite being well into his sixties) fuelled speculation that he was among the prisoners who had been issued with a whole life order. He died a few weeks after being freed.
657:
or sadistic conduct also qualifies, as does the murder of a police or prison officer during the course of their duty (since 2015) and murder committed to advance a political, religious or ideological cause – along with any murder which was committed by someone who had previously been convicted of murder. Other multiple murders (two or more) should carry a recommended minimum of 30 years as a starting point sentence prior to consideration of additional aggravating factors and of any mitigating factors.
2435:; a number of prisoners have had their sentences reduced by this method. From 1983, the Home Secretary had the right to decide how long a life sentence prisoner should serve before being considered for parole, and the trial judge was not obliged to recommend when or if an offender should be considered for parole. In some cases, the trial judge had recommended that a life sentence prisoner should at some point be considered for parole, only for the Home Secretary to later impose a whole life order.
2715:
2187:(2) the offender is aged between 18 and 20 at the time of the offence AND if the Court considers that the seriousness of the offence, or combination of offences, is exceptionally high even by the standard of offences which would normally result in a whole life order where the offender is aged 21 or over, AND the offence was committed on or after the day on which section 126 of the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 came into force.
2688:(ECHR) in the most appalling cases of murder. Thomas said further, "Judges should therefore continue as they have done to impose whole-life orders in those rare and exceptional cases. ... In our judgment the law of England and Wales therefore does provide to an offender 'hope' or the 'possibility' of release in exceptional circumstances which render the just punishment originally imposed no longer justifiable." According to a barrister
382:
2311:
1917:
2571:
Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 amended the
Sentencing Code to allow a court to issue whole life orders to defendants aged over 18 but under 21 at the time of their offence, but only if the court considers that the seriousness of the offence, or combination of offences, is exceptionally high even by the standard of offences which would normally result in a whole life order.
2692:, whole-life prisoners since 2014 "are in a sort of limbo. In legal theory they have the right to a review after say 25 or 30 years in the light of their progress. But in actual practice there is no recognition of this fact in any policy statement by the Secretary for Justice and no real means of knowing what it is they must do to win release even after decades in custody".
2420:
seriousness of the offence, or combination of offences, is exceptionally high even by the standard of offences which would normally result in a whole life order where the offender is aged 21 or over. The purpose of a whole life order is for a prisoner to spend the rest of their life in prison, although they may still be released on compassionate grounds (see
584:. The Home Secretary was empowered to make whole life orders to ensure that particularly dangerous or heinous criminals served their life sentences without the possibility of parole. As of 2006, prisoners sentenced to mandatory life sentences served an average of 14 years and, for non-mandatory, the average stood at 9 years.
2556:
doubt as to whether
Hindley's remorse was genuine was further fuelled by the fact that Hindley had waited 20 years before making a full confession. This for many further strengthened the suggestion that the reported turnaround in her life while in prison was nothing more than a ploy to boost her chances of parole.
2459:, argued that she was being kept in prison by successive Home Secretaries afraid of going against public opinion. She died in November 2002, having never managed to win parole; on three occasions she had appealed against the Home Office's ruling that she should never be released, but each of these appeals failed.
2196:(2) the offender is aged between 18 and 20 at the time of the offence but the Court does not consider that the seriousness of the offence, or combination of offences, is exceptionally high even by the standard of offences which would normally result in a whole life order for an offender aged 21 or over.
2679:
could reduce such orders in "exceptional circumstances", and that all "whole life" prisoners would be entitled to a review of their sentence within 25 years of being sentenced. The whole life order in the United
Kingdom is therefore in fact not really life imprisonment without parole, but it is close
2543:
Between 1997 and 2000, Hindley made three appeals against the ruling that life should mean life in her case, but each was unsuccessful. The appropriate authorities initially agreed with the 25-year minimum term suggested by the trial judge, but was later increased to 30 years by the Home
Secretary in
2142:
However, the law still states that life sentence prisoners (and prisoners issued with fixed-term prison sentences) who have been convicted of crimes committed before the
Criminal Justice Act 2003 came into force (18 December 2003) are sentenced according to guidelines which existed when the crime was
2105:
With the death of
Hindley, the Home Secretary had lost perhaps the most high-profile prisoner in the prison system, whose minimum term had been increased by a succession of Home Secretaries, leaving him with limited time to select new high-profile prisoners to impose heavy sentences on. Some of these
2091:
was convicted of all three murders. Their trial judge later recommended to the appropriate authorities that he felt it was unlikely that Brady could ever be rehabilitated and safe to be considered for release, but felt that the same was not true of
Hindley once she was removed from Brady's influence,
652:
sets out guidelines for how long murderers should spend in prison before being considered for parole. Judges are not obliged to follow the guidelines, but must give reasons in court if they depart from them – whether recommending a lesser or higher minimum term than in accordance with the guidelines.
2663:
for someone to be sentenced to lifelong imprisonment. When the initial ruling was delivered in
January 2012, the court ruled that because the whole-life orders were imposed by a judge only after consideration of the facts of each case, and because the life prisoners could apply to the Home Secretary
2566:
with
Hindley, was also told by a succession of Home Secretaries that his life sentence should mean life, but unlike Hindley he never attempted to gain parole, and insisted he never wanted to be released from custody. In 1999, he made an unsuccessful legal challenge to be allowed to starve himself to
1850:
agrees to release a prisoner who was sentenced to life, they are released on a life licence meaning that they will remain on parole for the remainder of their natural life. Prisoners who break the conditions of their release, or who are found to be a danger to the public, can be immediately returned
1147:
Section 14(4) (inducing or assisting the commission of offences relating to hijacking of ships, or destroying ships or fixed platforms or endangering their safety) in a case where the offender is convicted on or after the day on which section 15 of the Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Act 2021 comes
656:
The guidelines recommended that multiple murderers (who murder two or more people) whose crimes involved sexual abuse, pre-planning, abduction or terrorism should never be released from prison. Such a sentence is known as a "whole life order". The murder of a single child following abduction, sexual
563:
When parliament was considering abolition of capital punishment, there were many MPs who were against the reform, and the deal offered was that former capital offences would receive a mandatory life sentence. Accordingly, life imprisonment replaced capital punishment for murderers, firstly for those
2667:
A later appeal by the same men led to a ruling in July 2013 that there must be a prospect of review of whole life orders within 25 years of the prisoner being sentenced, and that any impossibility of parole would violate their Article 3 rights. By this stage there were at least 49 prisoners serving
2622:
Only the Home Secretary can grant a release to a prisoner sentenced to a whole life order, on compassionate grounds including great age or ill health. Only four prisoners known or believed to have been issued with a whole life order have so far been released from their sentences. Three of them were
2497:
was passed, which required that the trial judge recommend the minimum number of years to be served (or order that life should mean life) in the case of anyone being sentenced to life imprisonment. As had been the case when the Home Secretary could determine when or if a life sentence prisoner could
2489:
saw the Home Secretary stripped of the final say on how long a life sentence prisoner must serve before parole can be considered, including the right to decide that certain prisoners should never be released. This ruling had been anticipated for several months, and was delivered just days after the
2618:
may at any time release a life prisoner on licence if satisfied that exceptional circumstances exist which justify the prisoner’s release on compassionate grounds. A prisoner can then be released early when criteria such as great age, injury, disability or ill health are met; this has seen several
2555:
However, there was widespread public and media objection to Hindley being paroled. She received numerous death threats from members of the public – including the relatives of some of the Moors Murders victims – who vowed to kill her if she was ever released from prison. Widespread public and media
2509:
In June 1997, the High Court had already stripped the Home Secretary of the power to decide on minimum terms for life sentence prisoners who were convicted before the age of 18, following a legal challenge by solicitors acting for Robert Thompson and Jon Venables. The pair had been found guilty of
673:
won a High Court appeal against the whole life tariff recommended by the trial judge, and was instead issued with a minimum term of 37 years, effectively meaning that he would not be released until at least 2041, by which time he would be 75 years old if still alive. In the case of Mark Goldstraw,
2570:
Prior to 2022, the law provided that whole life orders cannot be issued to anyone who was under the age of 21 at the time of their crime, although there had never been a previous case of a whole life order being imposed or recommended to someone who committed their crime before the age of 21. The
2481:
was convicted on four charges of murder at the end of a highly publicised trial. All of these murderers were also subjected to a whole life order by subsequent Home Secretaries. Like Nilsen and Sutcliffe, Neilson remained in prison until his death, dying in 2011 after serving 35 years of his life
2419:
is ordered to serve that sentence without any possibility of parole or conditional release. This order may be made in cases of aggravated murders committed by anyone who was aged 21 or above at the time of the crime; or where the offender was aged between 18 and 20 if the Court considers that the
660:
A 30-year minimum should also apply to the worst single murders, including those with sexual or racial motives and the use of a firearm – until 2015, the murder of a police officer in the course of duty also came within this category. Most other murders should be subject to a 15-year minimum as a
602:
reserved the right to set the "tariff" or minimum length of term for prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment. However, in November 2000, politicians were stripped of this power in relation to defendants aged under 18, following an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights by the murderers of
2552:, who claimed that she was a reformed character who had merely acted as Brady's accomplice under duress, and had completely changed once removed from his influence. Her supporters also claimed that successive Home Secretaries refused to authorise her release from prison in order to win votes.
665:
for the murder of a police officer said that he should never be released from prison, whereas statutory guidelines recommended a 30-year minimum for this type of murder – this was a decade before the act was amended to include the murder of a police officer in the course of duty as one of the
2438:
The question of whether a Home Secretary or any of the other appropriate authorities should have the power to impose whole life orders was a controversial one, since a decision to impose such a sanction (or not) could carry political consequences for the Home Secretary and, by extension, the
2117:
For example, for a murder, someone may be given a life sentence with a minimum term of 15 years. This means they cannot be released on parole until the minimum term is served. Some prisoners serve considerably longer than the minimum term recommended by the trial judge – even if it was later
2024:
The tariff is the minimum period a life sentence prisoner must serve to meet the requirements of retribution and deterrence before being considered for release. After this minimum period has been served release will only take place where the prisoner is judged no longer a risk of harm to the
2518:
in 1993, when they were 11 years old. The trial judge's initial recommendation was that they should not be considered for parole for at least eight years. The Lord Chief Justice later ruled that the pair should serve a minimum sentence of 10 years, but following a petition by
1894:
For Scotland, the law is set out in the Prisoners and Criminal Proceedings (Scotland) Act 1993, as amended in relation to life prisoners by the Convention Rights (Compliance) (Scotland) Act 2001, which incorporated changes to ensure that the procedure is compliant with the
2122:, jailed for life in 1966 for his role in the murder of three policemen in London. His trial judge recommended that he serve at least 30 years before being considered for parole, but he was not granted parole until 2014, by which time he had served 48 years in prison.
1859:
was given a minimum term of 40 years. Some receive whole life sentences which make it almost certain that they will die in prison; they can only be considered for release on appeal to the High Court, or in exceptional circumstances such as great age or ill health.
2071:
ruling that the Home Secretary could no longer set minimum terms for life sentence prisoners, the High Court stripped the Home Secretary of his powers to set minimum terms completely. Earlier that year, following a legal challenge by another convicted murderer,
2130:
The terms below are only guidelines for adults, and starting points vary in different legal cases. Starting points may either be increased or decreased depending on aggravating and/or mitigating factors respectively. The guidelines are currently in
2601:
Whole life sentences have also been criticised in some quarters for giving offenders no incentive to behave well and co-operate with prison staff, or make any serious attempt at rehabilitation. An example of this was highlighted by the case of
1014:
Section 6(2) (inducing or assisting the commission of offences relating to safety of aircraft) in a case where the offender is convicted on or after the day on which section 15 of the Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Act 2021 comes into
2017:, a minimum term (formerly "tariff") is the minimum period that a person serving an indefinite sentence must serve before that person becomes eligible for parole. The sentencing judge bears responsibility for setting the minimum term.
2113:
A similar system operates in Scotland, whereby the trial judge fixes a "punishment part" to "satisfy the requirements of retribution and deterrence". The prisoner cannot be considered for parole until this punishment part is served.
2063:
ruled that Howard had acted unlawfully when setting the 15-year minimum terms. This ruling also signalled the end of the Home Secretary's powers to set minimum terms for offenders who committed their crimes before the age of 18.
487:
after a minimum term set by the judge. In exceptional cases a judge may impose a "whole life order", meaning that the offender is never considered for parole, although they may still be released on compassionate grounds at the
2703:
more than 30 years earlier. Another legal challenge to the court by Hutchinson was rejected in January 2017. By this stage, there were believed to be more than 70 prisoners in England and Wales serving whole life sentences.
973:
Section 1 (developing certain biological agents and toxins or biological weapons) in a case where the offender is convicted on or after the day on which section 15 of the Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Act 2021 comes into
838:
Section 5 (punishment of accessories to offences of causing or attempting to cause explosions or making or possessing explosives) in a case where the offender is convicted on or after the day on which section 15 of the
572:. To begin with, it was fairly common for those sentenced to life to be released in around 10 to 15 years. As time passed, it came to be thought that longer sentences should be imposed, especially in cases such as the
2544:
the mid 1980s and then to “whole life” by successive Home Secretaries from 1990. She remained in prison until her death in November 2002, 36 years after she was sentenced. Her campaign for parole was supported by
1179:
Section 11 (premises or equipment used for producing chemical weapons) in a case where the offender is convicted on or after the day on which section 15 of the Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Act 2021 comes into
1854:
In England and Wales, the average life sentence prisoners serve are around 15 to 20 years before being paroled, although those convicted of exceptionally grave crimes remain behind bars for considerably longer;
2046:. Although the trial judge initially recommended that the pair would have to serve at least eight years in custody, the High Court later set a minimum term of 10 years. However, in July 1994 the Home Secretary
1886:
For England and Wales, the law regarding release on licence of prisoners is laid out in chapter 2 of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 (see in particular sections 28–30). This Act was amended and updated by the
1029:
Section 1B (offences relating to damage to the environment) in a case where the offender is convicted on or after the day on which section 15 of the Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Act 2021 comes into
685:
Many life prisoners have received minimum terms which, due to their length or the fact that the killer was middle aged or elderly when convicted, make it highly likely that they will never be released.
2285:
Any murder committed by a person under 18 and where the offender was convicted of the offence before the day on which section 127 of the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 came into force.
614:. Anderson had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 1988 with a recommended minimum term of 15 years, but the Home Secretary later informed him that he would have to serve at least 20 years. The
2042:
The factors involved in the determination of a tariff were contested in the 1993 case of Robert Thompson and Jon Venables, two 11-year-old boys who were convicted of the murder of two-year-old
3429:
539:
1176:
Section 2 (use etc of chemical weapons); in a case where the offender is convicted on or after the day on which section 15 of the Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Act 2021 comes into force
1033:
Section 2 (preparatory acts and threats) in a case where the offender is convicted on or after the day on which section 15 of the Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Act 2021 comes into force
2821:
2447:. Her trial judge recommended that she should serve a minimum of 25 years before being considered for parole. However, this was later increased to 30 years and in 1990 to "whole life" by
2328:
1934:
2474:
had been found guilty of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in a six-year spree. Nilsen and Sutcliffe remained in prison until their deaths in 2018 and 2020 respectively.
2695:
In February 2015, the ECHR upheld the lawfulness of whole life orders, on the ground that they can be reviewed in exceptional circumstances, following a fresh challenge by murderer
492:. Whole life orders are usually imposed for aggravated murder, and can only be imposed where the offender was at least 21 years old at the time of the offence being committed.
466:
2034:
2462:
The introduction of the government's tariff-setting procedures in 1983 also came shortly after a number of murderers were convicted of widely reported crimes. Also in 1983,
2136:
511:
limited the circumstances in which murderers could be executed, mandating life imprisonment in all other cases. Capital punishment murder was suspended for 5 years by the
661:
starting point. There have been numerous departures from these guidelines since they were first put into practice. For example, the judge who sentenced American fugitive
3499:
3109:
516:
2158:
Where the court considers that the seriousness of the offence (or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it) is exceptionally high.
2872:
HM Courts Service: Review of Minimum Terms set for Young Offenders detained at her Majesty's Pleasure (Statement from the Lord Chief Justice about the 2000 changes)
2203:
Where the court considers that the seriousness of the offence (or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it) is particularly high.
2532:
Many prisoners have also received minimum sentences which are expected to keep them imprisoned for most if not all of their remaining lives, such as child killers
2076:, the Home Secretary had also been stripped of his powers to overrule the Parole Board's recommendations that a life sentence prisoner should be granted parole.
1729:
Section 2 (human trafficking) committed with a view to exploitation that consists of or includes behaviour within section 3(3) of that Act (sexual exploitation)
1269:
3615:
512:
1791:
1232:
1054:
2921:
2962:
2743:
637:
can make any amendments to the sentence. Though politicians can no longer decide when or if a life sentence prisoner can be considered for parole, the
2490:
death of Hindley, who had been widely expected to gain immediate parole in the event of the Home Secretary being stripped of these sentencing powers.
535:
2375:
1981:
2300:
615:
558:
549:). Any convict sentenced to a life sentence can in principle be held in custody for their whole life, assuming parole is never given for juveniles.
500:
459:
3425:
2347:
1953:
3710:
534:
prompted sentencing reform, including stricter criteria for the imposition of such sentences and some restoration of judicial discretion, in the
3287:
2816:
3715:
3251:
638:
545:
Life imprisonment is applicable only to defendants aged 18 and over. Those aged under 18 are sentenced to an indeterminate sentence (detention
530:" which could be imposed even for offences which would otherwise carry a maximum sentence of ten years. The consequent unprecedented levels of
2574:
A number of prisoners who are unlikely to ever be released or have received very long sentences have declared their wish to die; for example,
2354:
1960:
1899:. The Scottish legal system does not allow a whole life sentence to be issued, but retains other forms of indefinite imprisonment, such as an
3740:
3526:
2681:
1218:
3640:
3173:
2432:
1631:
Section 35 (causing a person with a mental disorder to engage in or agree to engage in sexual activity by inducement, threat or deception);
1022:
736:
2619:
life sentence prisoners being granted early release a considerable length of time before the date when they could first apply for parole.
1634:
Section 36 (engaging in sexual activity in the presence, procured by inducement, threat or deception, of a person with a mental disorder);
2168:
Murder of a child involving sexual or sadistic conduct, or abduction of the victim, or a substantial degree of premeditation or planning.
3735:
2685:
2672:
2660:
2361:
1967:
1896:
1187:
864:
850:
634:
452:
3060:
2675:
found the Strasbourg court was incorrect in concluding English and Welsh law never allowed whole life orders to be reduced because the
3750:
2268:
Other murder committed on or after the day on which section 127 of the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 came into force.
2056:
newspaper petitioned the Home Secretary with the signatures of thousands of readers for the two killers to receive stiffer sentences.
1847:
1249:
527:
3128:
2945:
3680:
2624:
2394:
2000:
3034:
2343:
1949:
3695:
3645:
1434:
722:
610:
In November 2002, a similar decision in relation to adult offenders followed a successful challenge by convicted double murderer
2895:
1514:
Section 170 (penalty for fraudulent evasion of duty etc) in relation to goods prohibited to be imported under section 42 of the
2795:
2769:
1493:
840:
908:
Section 17(2) (possession of firearm at time of committing or being arrested for offence specified in Schedule 1 to that Act);
3670:
3550:
2850:
2656:
2583:
2503:
2332:
2068:
1938:
1900:
1122:
645:. This power can only be exercised within 28 days of the sentence and that limit cannot be extended under any circumstances.
626:
328:
3195:
3106:
2874:
2165:
Murder of two or more persons where each murder involves substantial premeditation, abduction or sexual or sadistic conduct.
1507:
3745:
3675:
2689:
1155:
822:
1194:
Section 4 or 4A (putting people in fear of violence and stalking involving fear of violence or serious alarm or distress)
3610:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3174:"British murderer Myra Hindley has broken a 7-year public silence to appeal Thursday for release from her life sentence"
2696:
1211:
Section 31(1)(a) or (b) (racially or religiously aggravated offences under section 4 or 4A of the Public Order Act 1986)
546:
489:
438:
221:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3635:
3620:
3600:
3590:
3565:
2648:
2631:
in 1999, having spent more than 20 years in prison for terrorist offences including murder. The other was gang member
2486:
1225:
Section 51 or 52 (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and related offences), other than one involving murder
1201:
966:
717:
611:
409:
401:
2466:
was jailed for life for murdering 11 young men whose dismembered bodies were found at the two flats he had rented in
2177:
Murder of a police or prison officer while the victim was acting in the execution of their duty (from 13 April 2015).
942:
Section 12A (aggravated vehicle-taking), where the offence involves an accident which caused the death of any person.
3403:
3373:
3313:
2606:, sentenced to life for a single murder in 1975, who went on to kill three inmates several years into his sentence.
2368:
1974:
1515:
3685:
3630:
3625:
3570:
3343:
2425:
995:
483:
is a sentence that lasts until the death of the prisoner, although in most cases the prisoner will be eligible for
351:
2321:
2050:
set a tariff of 15 years, based in part on the public outcry over the murders. The ruling also came shortly after
1927:
3755:
3519:
3459:
2918:"Judgments - Regina v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent) Ex Parte Anderson (Fc) (Appellant)"
2494:
1888:
1529:
1169:
1088:
981:
649:
593:
523:
313:
2439:
government they served – as well as a backlash by the national media. Perhaps the most notable example is
832:
Section 3 (attempt to cause explosion, or making or keeping explosive with intent to endanger life or property);
2917:
2521:
2119:
2052:
1543:
1448:
1331:
949:
77:
3057:"The Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 (Commencement No. 1, Saving and Transitional Provisions) Order 2015"
2739:
2529:
had ruled during 1994 that the pair should not be released until they had spent at least 15 years in custody.
1637:
Section 37 (causing a person with a mental disorder to watch a sexual act by inducement, threat or deception);
1619:
Section 31 (causing or inciting a person with a mental disorder impeding choice to engage in sexual activity);
1863:
By 2015, there were at least 60 prisoners in England and Wales serving such sentences, issued by either the
1628:
Section 34 (inducement, threat or deception to procure sexual activity with a person with a mental disorder);
1404:
Section 28 (causing or encouraging prostitution of, intercourse with, or indecent assault on, girl under 16);
2719:
2714:
1722:
1622:
Section 32 (engaging in sexual activity in the presence of a person with a mental disorder impeding choice);
1297:
642:
641:
still has the power to petition the Court of Appeal in a bid to increase any prison terms which are seen as
239:
2567:
death. He died in May 2017 after more than 50 years in prison, and was Britain's longest-serving prisoner.
2087:; she was convicted of murdering two children and being an accessory in the murder of a third. Her partner
2515:
2043:
1871:. A number of prisoners have died in prison when serving such sentences including "The Yorkshire Ripper"
1420:
1283:
1040:
604:
298:
1703:
Section 66B(2) (sharing intimate photograph or film with intent to cause alarm, distress or humiliation);
785:
Section 23 (maliciously administering poison etc so as to endanger life or inflict grievous bodily harm);
2628:
2499:
2421:
1864:
1479:
1102:
1068:
619:
323:
182:
52:
3145:
2987:
3512:
3283:
878:
771:
Section 21 (attempting to choke, suffocate or strangle in order to commit or assist in committing an
758:
744:
496:
177:
157:
1307:
Section 2 (human trafficking) which is not within Part 2 of the Schedule of the Sentencing Act 2020)
3271:
3082:
3005:
2428:. It is the most serious criminal penalty that can be imposed for any crime in the United Kingdom.
1706:
Section 66B(3) (sharing intimate photograph or film for purpose of obtaining sexual gratification);
531:
318:
1601:
Section 17 (abuse of position of trust: causing or inciting a child to engage in sexual activity);
1276:
Section 5 (causing or allowing a child or vulnerable adult to die or suffer serious physical harm)
3246:
2676:
1805:
1753:
772:
765:
727:
417:
208:
200:
195:
172:
167:
162:
87:
32:
3535:
2416:
2014:
1646:
Section 40 (care workers: sexual activity in the presence of a person with a mental disorder);
892:
569:
565:
508:
480:
293:
244:
234:
213:
82:
3490:
3056:
2448:
1519:
430:
283:
137:
72:
2132:
1625:
Section 33 (causing a person with a mental disorder impeding choice to watch a sexual act);
17:
3484:
3200:
3132:
3125:
3113:
2949:
2942:
2878:
2825:
2603:
2471:
2073:
1872:
630:
577:
346:
92:
2498:
be considered for parole, prisoners were entitled to have their sentence reviewed by the
1649:
Section 41 (care workers: causing a person with a mental disorder to watch a sexual act);
526:
introduced new mandatory life sentences and created a new kind of life sentence, called "
3241:
3030:
2652:
2615:
2595:
2590:. A number have died in prison as a result of ill health, including Brady's accomplice
2579:
2526:
2478:
2060:
2047:
1880:
1465:
918:
599:
361:
147:
2664:
for compassionate release, their whole life orders did not breach their human rights.
1115:
Section 3A (causing death by careless driving when under influence of drink or drugs).
3729:
3426:"Edward Fitzgerald Q.C. – 'Life Without Parole' – PAS Annual Lecture 3 November 2016"
2891:
2644:
2575:
2563:
2545:
2537:
2463:
2452:
2444:
2118:
reaffirmed or reduced by a Home Secretary or by the High Court. A notable example is
2095:
2084:
1876:
581:
573:
2791:
2765:
1604:
Section 18 (abuse of position of trust: sexual activity in the presence of a child);
2591:
2467:
2440:
2080:
678:
in 2006, the trial judge set a recommended minimum of 35 years; this crime met the
670:
662:
356:
229:
62:
3284:"European Court of Human Rights: CASES OF VINTER AND OTHERS v. THE UNITED KINGDOM"
2842:
1616:
Section 30 (sexual activity with a person with a mental disorder impeding choice);
2871:
1846:
A prisoner who has served their minimum term becomes eligible for parole. If the
1830:
Section 10 (misuse of radioactive device or material for terrorist purposes etc);
519:) since which time murder has carried a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment.
2632:
2587:
2549:
2533:
2456:
2310:
2171:
Murder committed to further a religious, political, racial or ideological cause.
2107:
2099:
2030:
1916:
1868:
1856:
1640:
Section 38 (care workers: sexual activity with a person with a mental disorder);
381:
288:
187:
1607:
Section 19 (abuse of position of trust: causing a child to watch a sexual act);
2511:
1571:
Section 8 (causing or inciting a child under 13 to engage in sexual activity);
959:
Section 1(2) (destroying or damaging property), other than an offence of arson
779:
710:
675:
386:
308:
132:
122:
67:
2106:
factors were used as grounds to appeal in June 2010 when one of the killers,
1262:
Section 3 (assisting a non-UK person to mutilate overseas a girl's genitalia)
835:
Section 4 (making or possession of explosive under suspicious circumstances).
2700:
2655:, all murderers who had been sentenced to whole life orders, applied to the
2559:
2485:
In November 2002, a successful legal challenge by convicted double murderer
2262:
13 years, where the offender is aged 14 or under at the time of the offence
2245:
15 years, where the offender is aged 14 or under at the time of the offence
2088:
1008:
Section 3 (other acts endangering or likely to endanger safety of aircraft);
800:
Section 31 (setting spring guns etc with intent to do grievous bodily harm);
754:
542:, although some prisoners remain incarcerated under the former legislation.
267:
127:
57:
2279:
8 years, where the offender is aged 14 or under at the time of the offence
2271:
15 years, where the offender is aged 18 or over at the time of the offence
2254:
25 years, where the offender is aged 18 or over at the time of the offence
2237:
30 years, where the offender is aged 18 or over at the time of the offence
1798:
Section 113 (use of noxious substance or thing to cause harm or intimidate)
682:
as it involved planning and resulted in the death of more than one person.
2659:
in Strasbourg, for the court to declare that it is a contravention of the
2213:
Murder committed for personal gain (such as during a robbery or burglary).
1775:
Section 58 (collection of information likely to be of use to a terrorist);
1685:
Section 62 (committing an offence with intent to commit a sexual offence);
1559:
Section 4 (causing a person to engage in sexual activity without consent);
1380:
Section 20 (abduction of unmarried girl under 16 from parent or guardian);
1377:
Section 19 (abduction of unmarried girl under 18 from parent or guardian);
1141:
Section 12 (other acts endangering or likely to endanger safe navigation);
902:
Section 16A (possession of firearm with intent to cause fear of violence);
3451:
3395:
3365:
3335:
3309:
2276:
10 years, where the offender is aged 15 or 16 at the time of the offence
2259:
17 years, where the offender is aged 15 or 16 at the time of the offence
2242:
20 years, where the offender is aged 15 or 16 at the time of the offence
1613:
Section 26 (inciting a child family member to engage in sexual activity);
1589:
Section 14 (arranging or facilitating commission of a child sex offence);
1486:
Section 54 (inciting girl under 16 to have incestuous sexual intercourse)
1374:
Section 17 (abduction of woman by force or for the sake of her property);
1162:
Part 2 (offences relating to Channel Tunnel trains and the tunnel system)
794:
Section 29 (using explosives etc with intent to do grievous bodily harm);
564:
whose sentences were commuted and later for those whose crimes were not "
2110:, successfully appealed to have his sentence reduced in the High Court.
1242:
Section 50 (assisting or inducing certain weapons-related acts overseas)
2335: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1941: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1778:
Section 58A (publishing information about members of the armed forces);
1586:
Section 13 (child sex offences committed by children or young persons);
504:
112:
2586:, and there have been attempted suicides by such prisoners, including
1661:
Section 50 (arranging or facilitating sexual exploitation of a child);
1598:
Section 16 (abuse of position of trust: sexual activity with a child);
1577:
Section 10 (causing or inciting a child to engage in sexual activity);
1398:
Section 26 (permitting girl under 16 to use premises for intercourse);
2699:, who had been sentenced to life imprisonment for a triple murder in
1395:
Section 25 (permitting girl under 13 to use premises for intercourse;
782:
etc to commit or assist in the committing of any indictable offence);
484:
303:
262:
102:
3504:
2251:
Murder committed using a knife or other weapon (from 2 March 2010).
2184:(1) the offender is aged 21 or over at the time of the offence, or;
1851:
to prison for an indefinite period under the terms of this licence.
1658:
Section 49 (controlling a child in relation to sexual exploitation);
1580:
Section 11 (engaging in sexual activity in the presence of a child);
1347:
Section 4 (administering drugs to obtain or facilitate intercourse);
1138:
Section 11 (destroying fixed platforms or endangering their safety);
2639:
European Court of Human Rights challenges against whole life orders
2273:
14 years, where the offender is aged 17 at the time of the offence
2256:
23 years, where the offender is aged 17 at the time of the offence
2239:
27 years, where the offender is aged 17 at the time of the offence
2233:(2012) the Court of Appeal said that this list is not exhaustive.)
1833:
Section 11 (terrorist threats relating to radioactive devices etc).
1827:
Section 9 (making or possession of radioactive device or material);
1694:
Section 65 (sex with an adult relative: consenting to penetration);
1005:
Section 2 (destroying, damaging or endangering safety of aircraft);
3196:"Why my father David Astor was right to campaign for Myra Hindley"
3083:"Whole life orders for young adult offenders in exceptional cases"
3006:"Whole life order as starting point for premeditated child murder"
2614:
Section 30(1) of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 provides that the
2193:(1) the offender is aged under 18 at the time of the offence, or;
2079:
Another notable prisoner whose minimum sentence was increased was
1401:
Section 27 (permitting defective to use premises for intercourse);
829:
Section 2 (causing explosion likely to endanger life or property);
679:
2718: This article incorporates text published under the British
676:
killed four people in an arson attack on a house in Staffordshire
3272:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/32/section/126/enacted
2415:) is a court order whereby a prisoner who is being sentenced to
1655:
Section 48 (causing or inciting sexual exploitation of a child);
899:
Section 16 (possession of firearm with intent to endanger life);
797:
Section 30 (placing explosives with intent to do bodily injury);
97:
3508:
1676:
Section 59 (trafficking out of the UK for sexual exploitation);
1673:
Section 58 (trafficking within the UK for sexual exploitation);
1643:
Section 39 (care workers: causing or inciting sexual activity);
1304:
Section 1 (slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour);
1011:
Section 4 (offences in relation to certain dangerous articles).
3396:"Court of Appeal upholds principle of whole-life prison terms"
2920:. House of Lords of the British Parliament. 25 November 2002.
2304:
1910:
1824:
Section 8 (attendance at a place used for terrorist training);
1407:
Section 29 (causing or encouraging prostitution of defective);
1135:
Section 10 (seizing or exercising control of fixed platforms);
3494:
2020:
The purpose of this mechanism has been described as follows:
1688:
Section 63 (trespass with intent to commit a sexual offence);
1670:
Section 57 (trafficking into the UK for sexual exploitation);
1112:
Section 3ZC (causing death by driving: disqualified drivers);
2578:. At least two such inmates have died by suicide in prison,
2174:
Murder committed by a person previously convicted of murder.
1763:
Section 12 (inviting support for a proscribed organisation);
1383:
Section 21 (abduction of defective from parent or guardian);
1592:
Section 15 (meeting a child following sexual grooming etc);
1259:
Section 2 (assisting a girl to mutilate her own genitalia);
515:
and was abolished in 1969 (1973 in Northern Ireland by the
2443:, sentenced to life in prison in 1966 for her role in the
1772:
Section 57 (possession of article for terrorist purposes);
1536:
Section 160 (possession of indecent photograph of a child)
803:
Section 32 (endangering the safety of railway passengers);
594:
Criminal Justice Act 2003 § Life sentences for murder
540:
Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012
538:. Imprisonment for public protection was abolished by the
3500:
Information from Liberty website regarding United Kingdom
3487:
of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, from legislation.gov.uk
2594:
and the "Black Panther" serial murderer and armed robber
1781:
Section 58B (entering or remaining in a designated area);
1700:
Section 66A (sending etc photograph or film of genitals);
629:. Since then, judges have set minimum terms and only the
2431:
A whole life order can also be quashed on appeal by the
2206:
Cases that would normally fall within the above include
2161:
Cases that would normally fall within the above include
2035:
House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 8 July 2002
1610:
Section 25 (sexual activity with a child family member);
1208:
Section 29 (racially or religiously aggravated assaults)
935:(ii)do unlawful damage to a building or anything in it;
928:
Section 9, where the offence is burglary with intent to—
3452:"British courts can impose whole-life prison sentences"
1664:
Section 52 (causing or inciting prostitution for gain);
1565:
Section 6 (assault of a child under 13 by penetration);
1455:
Section 4 (procuring others to commit homosexual acts);
2451:. Supporters of her campaign for parole, most notably
2881:, hmcourts-service.gov.uk; accessed 21 November 2017.
2740:"Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 (c.71)"
2506:
if their appeals to the High Court are unsuccessful.
2225:
Racially, sexually, or religiously aggravated murder.
1760:
Section 11 (membership of a proscribed organisation);
1691:
Section 64 (sex with an adult relative: penetration);
1413:
Section 33A (keeping a brothel used for prostitution)
911:
Section 18 (carrying a firearm with criminal intent).
1883:
who committed suicide four years into his sentence.
1815:
Section 2 (dissemination of terrorist publications);
1458:
Section 5 (living on earnings of male prostitution).
1344:
Section 3 (procurement of woman by false pretences);
1156:
Channel Tunnel (Security) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/570)
815:
Section 47 (assault occasioning actual bodily harm).
2216:
Murder committed to obstruct the course of justice.
1682:
Section 61 (administering a substance with intent);
1652:
Section 47 (paying for sexual services of a child);
1583:
Section 12 (causing a child to watch a sexual act);
1371:
Section 16 (assault with intent to commit buggery);
3310:"Murderers lose appeal against whole life tariffs"
3031:"Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015, section 27"
2137:Sentencing (Pre-consolidation Amendments) Act 2020
1679:Section 59A (trafficking for sexual exploitation);
925:Section 8 (robbery or assault with intent to rob);
812:Section 38 (assault with intent to resist arrest);
3366:"Killers' life terms 'breach their human rights'"
3336:"Killers' life terms 'breach their human rights'"
809:Section 37 (assaulting officer preserving wreck);
806:Section 35 (injuring persons by furious driving);
791:Section 28 (causing bodily injury by explosives);
666:offenders whose life sentences should mean life.
2952:, legislation.gov.uk; accessed 21 November 2017.
2684:said whole life orders were compatible with the
1595:Section 15A (sexual communication with a child);
1441:Section 1 (indecent conduct towards young child)
932:(i)inflict grievous bodily harm on a person, or
905:Section 17(1) (use of firearm to resist arrest);
517:Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973
2828:, 10 November 2019 (retrieved 30 November 2019)
2022:
1667:Section 53 (controlling prostitution for gain);
1568:Section 7 (sexual assault of a child under 13);
1472:Section 9 (burglary with intent to commit rape)
1109:Section 1 (causing death by dangerous driving);
1061:Section 1 (prohibition of female circumcision).
3428:. Prisoners' Advice Service. 3 November 2014.
2210:Murder committed using a firearm or explosive.
2083:, jailed for life in 1966 for her role in the
1769:Section 56 (directing terrorist organisation);
1427:Section 128 (sexual intercourse with patients)
3520:
2963:"Killer's appeal delayed for 'rights' ruling"
1270:Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004
1129:Section 1 (endangering safety at aerodromes);
460:
8:
3242:"Criminal Justice Act 2003: Section 269"
2943:Schedule 21 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003
2219:Murder involving sexual or sadistic conduct.
1877:Moors Murderers (Ian Brady and Myra Hindley)
1715:Section 70 (sexual penetration of a corpse).
1500:Section 1 (indecent photographs of children)
1341:Section 2 (procurement of woman by threats);
513:Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965
1792:Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
1392:Section 24 (detention of woman in brothel);
1386:Section 22 (causing prostitution of women);
1353:Section 6 (intercourse with girl under 16);
1350:Section 5 (intercourse with girl under 13);
1233:Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
1055:Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985
3527:
3513:
3505:
3491:Life Sentenced Prisoners in United Kingdom
2836:
2834:
1818:Section 5 (preparation of terrorist acts);
1741:
1389:Section 23 (procuration of girl under 21);
1319:
1290:Section 75A (strangulation or suffocation)
698:
618:ruled that this was incompatible with his
467:
453:
28:
2502:. These prisoners can also appeal to the
2424:) or pardoned by the monarch, within the
2395:Learn how and when to remove this message
2001:Learn how and when to remove this message
1784:Section 59 (inciting terrorism overseas).
1574:Section 9 (sexual activity with a child);
1365:Section 14 (indecent assault on a woman);
1356:Section 7 (intercourse with a defective);
841:Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Act 2021
536:Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
2470:. Two years earlier, "Yorkshire Ripper"
2344:"Life imprisonment in England and Wales"
2301:List of prisoners with whole life orders
2145:
1950:"Life imprisonment in England and Wales"
1712:Section 69 (intercourse with an animal);
1239:Section 47 (use etc of nuclear weapons);
559:Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
2892:"Lords defy Blunkett on life sentences"
2731:
1812:Section 1 (encouragement of terrorism);
1368:Section 15 (indecent assault on a man);
1359:Section 9 (procurement of a defective);
1144:Section 13 (offences involving threats)
1123:Aviation and Maritime Security Act 1990
1047:Section 127 (ill-treatment of patients)
499:for all adults convicted of murder was
370:
337:
253:
146:
111:
43:
31:
2766:"Criminal Justice Act 2003, s.224-230"
1522:c. 36) (indecent or obscene articles).
1508:Customs and Excise Management Act 1979
1256:Section 1 (female genital mutilation);
3406:from the original on 19 November 2018
3316:from the original on 17 December 2018
3290:from the original on 12 November 2012
3063:from the original on 10 November 2015
2746:from the original on 9 September 2010
2671:In February 2014, five judges at the
2668:such sentences in England and Wales.
1562:Section 5 (rape of a child under 13);
1219:International Criminal Court Act 2001
689:
7:
3462:from the original on 3 February 2015
3376:from the original on 3 November 2018
3146:"Schedule 21(3) Sentencing Act 2020"
2988:"Schedule 21(2) Sentencing Act 2020"
2792:"Criminal Justice Act 2003, Sch. 15"
2333:adding citations to reliable sources
1939:adding citations to reliable sources
1023:Nuclear Material (Offences) Act 1983
737:Offences against the Person Act 1861
2898:from the original on 25 August 2007
2686:European Convention on Human Rights
2661:European Convention on Human Rights
1897:European Convention on Human Rights
1821:Section 6 (training for terrorism);
1553:Section 2 (assault by penetration);
1188:Protection from Harassment Act 1997
865:Children and Young Persons Act 1933
851:Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929
635:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
3432:from the original on 28 April 2021
2924:from the original on 29 April 2019
2853:from the original on 31 March 2008
1250:Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003
690:Specified 'life sentence' offences
528:imprisonment for public protection
25:
3135:of the Criminal Justice Act 2003.
2720:Open Government Licence
2627:members who were freed under the
939:Section 10 (aggravated burglary);
788:Section 27 (abandoning children);
3346:from the original on 9 July 2013
2798:from the original on 26 May 2007
2772:from the original on 26 May 2007
2713:
2309:
1915:
1435:Indecency with Children Act 1960
680:guidelines for a whole life term
625:This judgment was upheld by the
490:discretion of the Home Secretary
380:
3172:Gould, Paul (8 December 1994).
3037:from the original on 9 May 2015
2320:needs additional citations for
1926:needs additional citations for
1494:Protection of Children Act 1978
1410:Section 32 (soliciting by men);
1132:Section 9 (hijacking of ships);
871:Section 1 (cruelty to children)
39:Criminal trials and convictions
2894:. BBC News. 25 November 2002.
2841:Rohrer, Finlo (16 June 2006).
2682:Lord Chief Justice Lord Thomas
2657:European Court of Human Rights
2504:European Court of Human Rights
2479:Donald "Black Panther" Neilson
2222:Murder of two or more persons.
2069:European Court of Human Rights
2067:In November 2002, following a
1901:Order for Lifelong Restriction
1766:Section 54 (weapons training);
1516:Customs Consolidation Act 1876
627:European Court of Human Rights
329:Sexually violent predator laws
1:
1078:Section 2 (violent disorder);
857:Section 1 (child destruction)
823:Explosive Substances Act 1883
750:Section 16 (threats to kill);
3741:Life imprisonment by country
3231:Section 276 and Schedule 22.
568:" within the meaning of the
222:Cruel and unusual punishment
2643:Three convicted murderers,
1556:Section 3 (sexual assault);
1202:Crime and Disorder Act 1998
982:Taking of Hostages Act 1982
967:Biological Weapons Act 1974
18:Parole in England and Wales
3772:
3736:Imprisonment and detention
3254:, 2003 c. 44 (s. 269)
3116:- Retrieved 21 March 2013.
2525:newspaper, Home Secretary
2426:royal prerogative of mercy
2298:
2126:Starting points for murder
2013:Under the criminal law of
1362:Section 10 or 11 (incest);
996:Aviation Security Act 1982
988:Section 1 (hostage-taking)
753:Section 18 (wounding with
591:
556:
424: English/Welsh courts
3751:English legal terminology
3542:
3107:Crown Prosecution Service
2495:Criminal Justice Act 2003
1889:Criminal Justice Act 2003
1530:Criminal Justice Act 1988
1170:Chemical Weapons Act 1996
1089:Criminal Justice Act 1988
650:Criminal Justice Act 2003
588:Criminal Justice Act 2003
547:at His Majesty's pleasure
524:Criminal Justice Act 2003
3312:. BBC. 17 January 2012.
3112:24 November 2017 at the
2824:8 September 2021 at the
2231:Griffiths and others v R
2182:Whole-life order, where
1544:Sexual Offences Act 2003
1449:Sexual Offences Act 1967
1332:Sexual Offences Act 1956
950:Criminal Damage Act 1971
78:Presumption of innocence
1723:Modern Slavery Act 2015
1709:Section 67 (voyeurism);
1298:Modern Slavery Act 2015
885:Section 1 (infanticide)
240:Indefinite imprisonment
3286:. Hudoc.echr.coe.int.
3126:Section 269(2) and (4)
2877:2 January 2010 at the
2040:
1697:Section 66 (exposure);
1421:Mental Health Act 1959
1284:Serious Crime Act 2015
1041:Mental Health Act 1983
1002:Section 1 (hijacking);
479:In England and Wales,
299:Miscarriage of justice
3252:The National Archives
2843:"The history of life"
2629:Good Friday Agreement
2422:compassionate release
2411:(formerly known as a
2299:Further information:
1879:and serial killer GP
1480:Criminal Law Act 1977
1103:Road Traffic Act 1988
1095:Section 134 (torture)
1069:Public Order Act 1986
324:Sex offender registry
44:Rights of the accused
3746:English criminal law
3402:. 18 February 2014.
3131:26 June 2012 at the
2562:, who committed the
2329:improve this article
1935:improve this article
1748:Section and Offence
1326:Section and Offence
879:Infanticide Act 1938
759:grievous bodily harm
705:Section and Offence
410:English/Welsh courts
338:Related areas of law
3495:Ministry of Justice
3458:. 3 February 2015.
2948:1 July 2012 at the
2724:Sentencing Act 2020
532:prison overcrowding
319:Restorative justice
3247:legislation.gov.uk
3204:. 28 February 2016
3150:legislation.gov.uk
3087:legislation.gov.uk
3010:legislation.gov.uk
2992:legislation.gov.uk
2677:Secretary of State
2493:A year later, the
2059:In June 1997, the
1891:chapters 6 and 7.
1806:Terrorism Act 2006
1754:Terrorism Act 2000
1738:Terrorism Offences
1081:Section 3 (affray)
778:Section 22 (using
773:indictable offence
766:malicious wounding
728:False imprisonment
497:mandatory sentence
209:Capital punishment
201:Dangerous offender
88:Self-incrimination
33:Criminal procedure
3723:
3722:
3536:Life imprisonment
2697:Arthur Hutchinson
2690:Edward Fitzgerald
2417:life imprisonment
2413:whole life tariff
2405:
2404:
2397:
2379:
2295:Whole life order
2292:
2291:
2015:England and Wales
2011:
2010:
2003:
1985:
1839:
1838:
1735:
1734:
1550:Section 1 (rape);
1520:39 & 40 Vict.
1338:Section 1 (rape);
1313:
1312:
1075:Section 1 (riot);
956:Section 1 (arson)
893:Firearms Act 1968
843:comes into force.
745:soliciting murder
669:On 23 July 2008,
570:Homicide Act 1957
509:Homicide Act 1957
481:life imprisonment
477:
476:
352:Criminal defenses
294:Habitual offender
245:Three-strikes law
235:Life imprisonment
214:Execution warrant
83:Exclusionary rule
16:(Redirected from
3763:
3756:Sentencing (law)
3529:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3136:
3123:
3117:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3027:
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2190:30 years, where
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639:Attorney General
612:Anthony Anderson
495:Until 1957, the
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2546:Lord Longford
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2385:November 2017
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2346: –
2345:
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2318:This section
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582:Dennis Nilsen
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574:Moors murders
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3681:South Africa
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3278:
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3245:
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3227:
3222:Section 269.
3218:
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3167:
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3025:
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3009:
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2966:
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2912:
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2855:. Retrieved
2846:
2818:The Guardian
2817:
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2800:. Retrieved
2786:
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2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2734:
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2694:
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2666:
2642:
2621:
2613:
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2592:Myra Hindley
2573:
2569:
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2520:
2516:James Bulger
2508:
2492:
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2476:
2468:North London
2461:
2441:Myra Hindley
2437:
2430:
2412:
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2382:
2372:
2365:
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2339:
2327:Please help
2322:verification
2319:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2205:
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2094:
2081:Myra Hindley
2078:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2044:James Bulger
2041:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1997:
1988:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1945:
1933:Please help
1928:verification
1925:
1907:Minimum term
1893:
1885:
1862:
1853:
1848:Parole Board
1845:
1148:into force.]
934:
931:
764:Section 20 (
718:Manslaughter
684:
671:David Bieber
668:
663:David Bieber
659:
655:
647:
624:
620:human rights
609:
605:James Bulger
597:
562:
544:
521:
494:
478:
357:Criminal law
279:Life licence
278:
272:
230:Imprisonment
63:Speedy trial
26:
3696:Switzerland
3646:New Zealand
3641:Netherlands
3485:Schedule 21
3320:10 December
3294:10 December
3258:21 November
3041:16 February
2972:21 November
2802:8 September
2776:8 September
2649:Peter Moore
2633:Reggie Kray
2588:Ian Huntley
2550:David Astor
2538:Ian Huntley
2534:Roy Whiting
2457:David Astor
2143:committed.
2133:Schedule 21
2108:Roy Whiting
2100:David Astor
2031:Hilary Benn
1869:Home Office
1857:Ian Huntley
743:Section 4 (
289:Exoneration
3730:Categories
3466:3 February
2708:References
2512:Merseyside
2510:murdering
2500:High Court
2482:sentence.
2355:newspapers
1961:newspapers
1865:High Court
780:chloroform
723:Kidnapping
711:Common Law
566:aggravated
309:Recidivism
183:Guidelines
148:Sentencing
133:Not proven
123:Conviction
68:Jury trial
53:Fair trial
3671:Singapore
3551:Australia
3208:22 August
3180:22 August
3067:6 October
2928:24 August
2902:24 August
2750:14 August
2701:Sheffield
2576:Ian Brady
2560:Ian Brady
2477:In 1976,
2288:12 years
2089:Ian Brady
757:to cause
439:UK courts
402:US courts
268:Probation
178:Discharge
168:Custodial
163:Suspended
158:Mandatory
128:Acquittal
58:Pre-trial
3676:Slovakia
3460:Archived
3456:BBC News
3436:28 April
3430:Archived
3404:Archived
3400:BBC News
3374:Archived
3370:BBC News
3344:Archived
3340:BBC News
3314:Archived
3288:Archived
3129:Archived
3110:Archived
3061:Archived
3035:Archived
2946:Archived
2922:Archived
2896:Archived
2875:Archived
2851:Archived
2847:BBC News
2822:Archived
2796:Archived
2770:Archived
2744:Archived
2514:toddler
2028:—
362:Evidence
196:Totality
173:Periodic
3616:Ireland
3611:Iceland
3606:Hungary
3596:Germany
3586:Finland
3581:Denmark
3576:Croatia
3561:Belgium
3556:Austria
3546:Albania
3410:20 June
3380:20 June
2680:to it.
2610:Release
2522:The Sun
2369:scholar
2135:of the
2053:The Sun
2025:public.
1975:scholar
1867:or the
1842:Paroles
1015:force.]
633:or the
553:History
505:hanging
371:Portals
113:Verdict
73:Counsel
3706:Turkey
3701:Taiwan
3691:Sweden
3666:Serbia
3661:Russia
3656:Poland
3651:Norway
3636:Mexico
3621:Israel
3601:Greece
3591:France
3566:Canada
3350:9 July
3092:8 July
3015:8 July
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2342:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1030:force;
974:force.
755:intent
507:. The
485:parole
437:
429:
416:
400:
304:Pardon
275:
273:Tariff
263:Parole
103:Appeal
3686:Spain
3631:Japan
3626:Italy
3571:China
3493:from
3176:. UPI
2857:7 May
2376:JSTOR
2362:books
1982:JSTOR
1968:books
1180:force
501:death
188:Guilt
3468:2015
3438:2021
3412:2018
3382:2018
3352:2013
3322:2012
3296:2012
3260:2017
3210:2023
3182:2023
3094:2022
3069:2015
3043:2015
3017:2022
2974:2017
2930:2007
2904:2007
2859:2010
2804:2021
2778:2021
2752:2010
2651:and
2582:and
2548:and
2536:and
2455:and
2348:news
2229:(In
2098:and
1954:news
1745:Act
1323:Act
702:Act
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580:and
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2331:by
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