43:
330:
144:
33:
221:. By 1967, all Para Wing projects were dropped by NASA in favor of using round parachutes without officially considering development of personal ultralight gliders, but the airfoil's simplicity of design and ease of construction, along with its capability of slow flight and its gentle landing characteristics, did not go unnoticed by hang glider enthusiasts. The challenge then, was to modify and fit a Rogallo flexible wing with an appropriate frame to allow it to be used as a
314:, John Dickenson, and others never made any money out of their innovations. Profit to manufacturers of hang gliders and Rogallo-winged hang gliders came once organized and insured sporting events grew in popularity. Dickenson's adaptation and innovations eventually produced a foldable hang glider that dramatically reduced difficulty in control, storage, transport, assembly and repair. In addition, the flexible wing lends itself to design changes for possible improvements.
164:
524:. In doing so, he broke the record for the highest altitude attained in a microlight, 24,262 feet (7,395 m), and the fastest climb to 20,000 feet (6,100 m) (25 minutes). He also broke the British record for the fastest climb to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) (19 minutes). He did the flight with Eve Jackson. In 1994, an altitude record has been set by Serge Zin at Saint-Aubin at an altitude of 9720 meters.
341:
156:
136:
209:. F. Rogallo's team adapted and extended the totally flexible principle into semi-rigid variants. This mainly involved stabilizing the leading edges with compressed air beams or rigid structures like aluminum tubes. By 1960, NASA had already made test flights of a powered heavily framed cargo aircraft called the
252:, and Sport Aviation of 1962 shown Jim Hobson of Experimental Aircraft Association (wing shown on US national TV in Lawrence Welk Show in 1962). An Australian engineer Mike Burns developed and used the boat-towed Rogallo-airfoiled SkiPlane starting in 1962 through the 1960s. A fellow countryman of Mike Burns,
418:– who placed the center of gravity well below the keel – most builders were mounting the engine to the wing, where a fine balance existed between applying too much power, causing the aircraft to overtake the pilot, or not enough power for flight. It was not until Roland Magallon took a long look at the
406:
engine, as the two-stroke twin-cylinder engines were not available yet. It was powered by a 17 hp at 5000 RPM single-cylinder JLO L297 two-stroke engine, driving a composite propeller designed and built by Palmer himself and driven by a 2.1/1 reduction gearbox. The engine had electric start and
446:, where it had been reborn. Trike technology still shows its hang gliding origins, though the wings are no longer converted hang gliders, but are designed for power. In fact, none of the commercially available trike wings can be used as foot-launched hang gliders as they are too heavy and too fast.
474:, and elsewhere. At their most basic, manufacturers often sell single-place ultralight trikes at a price of around $ 10,000–$ 17,000 Prices often depend on whether the wing is included. Two-person, high-performance trikes may cost from $ 15,000–$ 30,000 and up. For instance, the two-seater
271:
where the pilot sat on a swinging seat while the control frame and wire bracing distributed the load to the wing as well as gave a frame freedom to be pushed/pulled for weight-shift control. Dickenson's Ski Wing turned out to be stable and controllable under tow, unlike the flat manned
386:
820 engines of 8 hp at 6000 RPM, reduced to 4700 RPM for about 6.5 hp each, for a total of 13 hp. Each engine had a direct drive to a 27-inch-diameter two-blade propeller made of polyester and fiberglass. On March 24, 1967, Palmer registered the trike with the
1141:(filmed in Greece during 1975) starring James Coburn, Robert Culp, Susannah York, and Charles Aznavour. After filming of the action was complete, the Wills Wing team toured Europe and stopped by in England to win the British Championships at Mere, Wiltshire, in August 1975.
256:, made ski-kites and eventually partnered with Mike Burns to improve the ski-kite; he formatted a ski-kite that used what could be found in the 1929 George A. Spratt simple triangle control bar or A-frame with single-point pendulum weight-shift control.
1040:
On
October 11, 1963, Dickenson filed for a patent, and a provisional protection was awarded for his application number 36189/63 but the patent was not finally awarded; the claims were not officially reviewed for priority and validity.
427:. Magallon is thus generally thought to have invented the trike because it was he who first marketed it. He called the first version 'Mosquito' and marketed it from October 1979 through 1981. The prototype had flown with a
422:
ultralight (a hybrid
Rogallo wing designed by Jean-Marc Geiser had a 'fuselage' and a rudder) that Magallon decided to replace the Motodelta's 'fuselage' with a simple tubular framework pendulum and dispensing with the
407:
the craft had fiberglass composite spring landing gear. Airframe construction was bolted 6061-T6 aluminum thin-wall tube, with 6061 T-6 extruded angle. The craft took off, flew, and landed at around 30 mph.
291:
Although by the early 1970s many rigid wings were developed, none sold well, while dozens of flexible-wing hang glider companies were springing up worldwide, building variants of
Dickenson's Ski Wing. In 1972,
355:
built a towable
Rogallo-wing glider with an aluminum frame, wheels, a seat and basic control rods; soon he replaced the wheels for floats and motorized the aircraft. In 1964, Swiss inventor
85:. The pod accommodates either a solo pilot, or a pilot and a single passenger. Trikes grant affordable, accessible, and exciting flying, and have been popular since the 1980s.
489:
flew from London to Sydney in 1987 in the
Dalgety flyer which at the time was the longest recorded microlight flight taking 59 days. The Dalgety Flyer is now on display at
321:
engineers, Barry Palmer, John
Dickenson, Bill Bennett, Bill Moyes, Richard Miller, and then hundreds of other innovators gave success to the flexible-wing hang glider.
493:. In 1998, he made the first circumnavigation of the world by ultralight, completing the flight in 80 flying days (over a period of 120 days) in the Global Flyer, a
872:
Stability and weight-shift control are flex-wing characteristics previously established and described by its inventor F. Rogallo and by NASA engineers in the
1124:
1075:
970:
772:
636:
913:
894:
1312:
1171:
1043:
740:
402:(FAA registration N4411), in spite of its early date of origin, had most of the attributes of a modern ultralight, except it used a single-cylinder
989:
951:
932:
718:
280:
shows. The Ski Wing kite was first kited in public at the
Grafton Jacaranda Festival in September 1963 by Rod Fuller while towed behind a
558:
454:
Many trike manufacturers produce only the undercarriage and procure their wings elsewhere. The majority of these companies are found in
237:
and the Fleep engineers; they proved the
Rogallo wing suitable for free-flight gliding, powered and unpowered, and for safe landing.
1197:
42:
431:
motor of 125 cc, delivering 10 hp at 8000 RPM to a direct-drive prop with ground-adjustable pitch. Later he offered it with a
1153:
798:
206:
414:
very popular, and prompted several builders during the 1970s to attempt motorization of their flexible-wing aircraft but unlike
288:, actively developed and marketed Dickenson's innovations to the world, which significantly fueled the hang glider revolution.
120:
844:
680:
astronauts, softly landed a full-scale Gemini capsule using a Para Wing stiffened with inflatable tubes along the wing's edges
1350:
While many aircraft have tricycle landing gear, the term "trike" refers specifically to the form of aircraft described here.
859:
The swinging seat and control frame are two key control elements J. Dickenson 'imported' from ski kites into his successful
1284:
1266:
1098:
47:
892:
Contributions by Bill Bennet as explained by the 'Smithsonian
National Air & Space Museum': Delta Wing Phoenix VI
1371:
618:
640:
329:
974:
172:
82:
898:
233:
A crucial development toward the trike was introduction of several mechanical innovations developed by the
917:
689:
The earliest photographic press release of a
Rogallo flexible wing in record dates to August 14, 1961, by
501:
for the first and fastest ultralight circumnavigation of the world and resulting in the award of both the
259:
An influence through John Dickenson's duplication of his device, who named his flexible-wing ski-kite the
1323:
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826:
747:
498:
36:
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Dickenson built a model based on the 'flexile wing' principle with a single hang point on an A-frame:
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93:
70:
66:
32:
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715:
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193:. In 1957, Rogallo released his patent to the government and with his help at the wind tunnels,
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300:
magazines published articles on hang gliding which further increased its popularity, as the
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1016:
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167:'Standard' flexible-wing hang glider, based on variants of the Rogallo-wing aircraft, 1975.
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217:(short for 'Flying Jeep') and by March 1962, of a weight-shift experimental glider called
186:
178:
159:
Richard Miller flying his 'Bamboo Butterfly' hang glider. Vista Del Mar California, 1966.
506:
490:
1360:
796:
Article by Mark Woodhams, British Columbia Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association:
459:
202:
1186:
841:
673:
538:
486:
467:
411:
364:
277:
190:
74:
1299:
1252:
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802:
139:'Dr. George A. Spratt towed his hang glider on floats using a motorboat. USA, 1929
1230:
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661:
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222:
62:
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403:
155:
115:
89:
478:
can cost up to $ 85,000 when loaded with every available performance option.
96:
in the United States. The aircraft are also known by other names, including
677:
471:
360:
333:
281:
241:
210:
395:, serial number 1A, registration number N7144; no restrictions were noted.
189:
invented a self-inflating wing which he patented on March 20, 1951, as the
579:
FAA-H-8083-5: Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook (and Addendum)
497:, including crossing the Alps and being buzzed by a Syrian MiG, setting a
340:
135:
432:
374:
completed the earliest example of a true weight-shift powered trike: the
264:
197:
began a series of experiments testing Rogallo's wing – which was renamed
78:
17:
248:
tests sparked interest in the design among several tinkerers, including
873:
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148:
1169:"Order of Australia" award for contributions to aviation given in 1996
363:
and completed construction of a similar trike. As with the Fleep, his
455:
443:
424:
438:
The "trike", as it soon became known, quickly became popular in the
435:
engine which produced 15 hp (11 kW) at much smaller RPM.
877:
463:
339:
328:
185:
engineering team's innovations and then others. On 1948, engineer
162:
154:
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134:
41:
410:
The commercial availability of Dickenson's hang glider made the
273:
194:
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was fixed and did not allow for pendulum weight-shift control.
823:
388:
382:
experimental glider that inspired him. The Paraplane used two
201:– in order to evaluate it as a recovery system for the Gemini
119:. In the United States, they are formally recognized by the
592:
378:; it was controlled by a single vertical control bar as the
177:
The history of the trike is traced back to the invention of
1137:
The Swallowtail hang glider was featured in the 1976 movie
517:
439:
702:
Press release of the XV-8 'Fleep': August 14, 1961, by
336:'Fleep' flown in the Full Scale Tunnel at Langley, 1962
637:"AmericanHeritage.com / How to Fly Without a Plane"
181:'s flexible wing and subsequent development by the
284:. Australian manufacturers like Bill Bennett and
151:glider (Para Wing Research Vehicle), March 1962.
842:The Australian Ultralight Federation – History
716:The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum'
582:. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 2008.
317:The crucial developments put together by the
8:
229:Some modern Rogallo flexible-winged aircraft
734:
732:
730:
31:
1343:
634:by Robert Zimmerman, aerospace writer.
569:
512:On January 19, 2008, Mark Jackson from
263:. Dickenson fashioned a water ski kite
1123:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1116:
1074:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1067:
771:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
764:
1030:ABC History – an interview with Moyes
462:. Manufacturers can also be found in
370:In March 1967, aeronautical engineer
304:hang gliding movie released in 1975.
121:Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
7:
559:Ultralight aircraft (United States)
704:Aviation Week and Space Technology
691:Aviation Week and Space Technology
25:
593:Deltacat ULM AVIATION: deltatrike
458:, with a number appearing in the
930:, Delta Wing Phoenix Mariah M-9
676:, who would later be one of the
81:fuselage pod driven by a pusher
1242:Some early powered hang gliders
968:, Delta Wing Phoenix Viper 175
933:"Delta Wing Phoenix Mariah M-9"
971:"Delta Wing Phoenix Viper 175"
1:
147:First towing tests of NASA's
125:weight-shift-control aircraft
895:"Delta Wing Phoenix VI.B Jr"
205:and recovery of used Saturn
48:Prokhorovka, Belgorod Oblast
65:where flight control is by
1388:
170:
77:from which is suspended a
1313:UL trikes general pricing
1220:Original video on YouTube
1088:Hang gliding articles on
398:The second Palmer trike,
88:Trikes are classified as
1174:August 31, 2007, at the
1151:Article by Mark Woodhams
1018:, The History of Moyes:
987:, Delta Wing Streak 130
911:, Delta Wing Phoenix VI
847:October 1, 2011, at the
824:Western Museum of Flight
1287:August 7, 2007, at the
1282:Roland Magallon's trike
1269:August 7, 2007, at the
990:"Delta Wing Streak 130"
949:, Delta Wing Model 162
914:"Delta Wing Phoenix VI"
173:History of hang gliding
952:"Delta Wing Model 162"
799:"Cloudstreet May 2004"
662:SPACEFLIGHT REVOLUTION
632:to Fly Without a Plane
621:: General definitions.
359:saw a photo of NASA's
348:
337:
168:
160:
152:
140:
50:
39:
1105:on September 11, 2007
829:June 2, 2008, at the
721:July 5, 2007, at the
499:Guinness World Record
343:
332:
166:
158:
146:
138:
61:is a type of powered
45:
37:AirBorne XT912 Tourer
35:
1156:May 9, 2008, at the
267:to fit on a Rogallo
94:light-sport aircraft
46:Ultralight trike in
996:on January 18, 2008
554:Ultralight aviation
544:Powered hang glider
476:Air Creation Tanarg
393:Palmer Parawing D-6
347:, Switzerland, 1964
240:Publicity from the
27:Powered hang glider
1253:Motodelta – images
1056:on August 31, 2007
939:on August 17, 2007
901:on August 19, 2007
753:on August 31, 2007
549:Powered paraglider
384:West Bend-Chrysler
351:In 1961, Engineer
349:
338:
169:
161:
153:
141:
98:2-axis microlights
92:in Europe, and as
51:
40:
1372:Ultralight trikes
1231:Palmer's web site
1090:Popular Mechanics
863:kite/hang glider.
429:McCulloch MC-101A
294:Popular Mechanics
254:John W. Dickenson
106:microlight trikes
16:(Redirected from
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1264:Rolland Magallon
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1101:. Archived from
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1049:. Archived from
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992:. Archived from
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973:. Archived from
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954:. Archived from
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935:. Archived from
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916:. Archived from
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897:. Archived from
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801:. Archived from
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746:. Archived from
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643:on March 1, 2007
639:. Archived from
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584:
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503:Britannia Trophy
102:flex-wing trikes
55:ultralight trike
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1301:Aerial Pursuits
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1289:Wayback Machine
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1271:Wayback Machine
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1176:Wayback Machine
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1158:Wayback Machine
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1099:"Archived copy"
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1094:Popular Science
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1046:
1044:"Archived copy"
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1015:Moyes's story:
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977:on July 5, 2007
969:
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958:on July 5, 2007
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920:on July 5, 2007
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741:"Archived copy"
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495:Pegasus Quantum
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308:Francis Rogallo
298:Popular Science
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187:Francis Rogallo
179:Francis Rogallo
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28:
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1324:Tanarg Pricing
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1234:
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1209:Palmer's trike
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805:on May 9, 2008
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353:Thomas Purcell
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203:space capsules
171:Main article:
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73:have a fabric
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1198:Pierre Aubert
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630:Article: How
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460:United States
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357:Pierre Aubert
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668:
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647:February 21,
645:. Retrieved
641:the original
631:
626:
619:14 CFR § 1.1
614:
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588:
578:
572:
539:Hang gliding
520:, flew over
511:
487:Brian Milton
485:
468:South Africa
453:
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416:Barry Palmer
412:Rogallo wing
409:
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392:
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375:
372:Barry Palmer
369:
365:Rogallo wing
356:
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325:First trikes
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1096:magazines:
607:Delta plane
534:Paragliding
522:Kilimanjaro
302:Sky Raiders
223:hang glider
116:deltaplanes
110:deltatrikes
90:microlights
63:hang glider
1367:Air sports
1361:Categories
1139:Sky Riders
1060:August 12,
962:August 17,
943:August 17,
924:August 17,
905:August 17,
890:Bill Moyes
809:August 12,
757:August 12,
565:References
514:Altrincham
404:snowmobile
286:Bill Moyes
114:motorized
1000:August 7,
981:August 7,
880:programs.
706:magazine.
693:magazine.
678:Apollo 13
604:Motorized
472:Australia
420:Motodelta
376:Paraplane
334:Ryan XV-8
282:motorboat
278:water ski
211:Ryan XV-8
199:Para Wing
83:propeller
75:flex-wing
59:paratrike
18:Paratrike
1335:MEN news
1285:Archived
1267:Archived
1172:Archived
1154:Archived
1119:cite web
1109:July 14,
1070:cite web
861:Ski Wing
845:Archived
827:Archived
786:Ski Wing
767:cite web
719:Archived
672:On 1965
528:See also
505:and the
433:Solo 210
276:used at
265:airframe
261:Ski Wing
244:and the
79:tricycle
71:aircraft
69:. These
874:Paresev
482:Records
400:Skyhook
391:as the
380:Paresev
319:Paresev
269:airfoil
246:Paresev
235:Paresev
219:Paresev
183:Paresev
149:Paresev
131:History
456:Europe
444:France
425:rudder
1054:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
878:Fleep
751:(PDF)
744:(PDF)
464:India
361:Fleep
274:kites
242:Fleep
215:Fleep
1125:link
1111:2007
1092:and
1076:link
1062:2008
1002:2007
983:2007
964:2007
945:2007
926:2007
907:2007
876:and
811:2008
773:link
759:2008
649:2007
609:term
442:and
296:and
195:NASA
389:FAA
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