293:. This was made in both single-keel and dual-keel versions as a main parachute in the mid to late 1970s, and also as a reserve parachute version known as a Safety-Dactyl. This was a US-made canopy and featured a sail-slider to reduce opening speeds and opening forces as is normal on a modern ram air canopy. A Russian Rogallo-Wing canopy known as a PZ-81 was available as late as 1995. The Rogallo wing canopy was superseded in the late 1970s by the ram-air canopies which had improved their reliability and performance, and reduced their packed volume, compared to all other gliding and non-gliding parachutes.
19:
1074:
88:(NACA), so they carried out experiments in their own time. By the end of 1948 they had two working designs using a flexible wing — a kite they called "Flexi-Kite" and a gliding parachute they later referred to as a "paraglider". Rogallo and his wife received a patent on a flexible square wing in March 1951. Selling the Flexi-kite as a toy helped to finance their work and publicize the design.
282:
types of gliding canopy, it received a considerable level of interest from jumpers. However, it developed a reputation for being unreliable, as it seemed prone to malfunctions on opening, possibly due to the unorthodox packing techniques for such a new design of canopy. However, when deployed successfully, the glide and performance was markedly better than a Para-Commander type canopy.
97:
735:
245:. The most common way to shift the center of gravity was to fly while suspended from the underarms by two parallel bars. Gottlob Espenlaub (1922), George Spratt (1929) and Barry Palmer (1962) used pendulum seats for the pilot. Interaction with the frame provided various means of control of the Rogallo winged hang glider.
206:
Palmer, James Hobson, Mike Burns, John
Dickenson, Richard Miller, Bill Moyes, Bill Bennett, Dave Kilbourne, Dick Eipper and many others. A renaissance in hang gliding occurred in the 1960s, and John Worth was the early leader in the pack of four-boom hang glider builders and designers using public domain designs.
256:
On
Rogallo wing hang gliders, John Dickenson used a type of weight-shift control frame composed of a mounted triangular control frame under the wing. The pilot sat on a seat and was sometimes also harnessed about the torso. The pilot was suspended behind the triangular control frame which was used as
209:
Single-point hang was fully demonstrated in
Breslau in 1908, as well as the triangle control frame that would later be seen in NASA's and John Worth's hang gliders and powered hang gliders. Thomas Purcell and Mike Burns would use the triangle control frame. Much later Dickenson would do similarly as
147:
surfaces with both cones pointing forward. Slow
Rogallo wings have wide, shallow cones. Fast subsonic and supersonic Rogallo wings have long, narrow cones. The Rogallo wing is a simple and inexpensive flying wing with remarkable properties. The wing itself is not a kite, nor can it be characterized
252:
by means of shifting its center of gravity. This is done by suspending the payload from one or more points beneath the wing and then moving the pendulumed mass of the payload (pilot and things else) left or right or forward or aft. Several control methods were studied by NASA for
Rogallo wings from
233:
The
Australian Self-Soar Association states that the first foot-launch of a hang glider in Australia was in 1972. In Torrance, California, Bill Moyes was assisted in a kited foot-launch by Joe Faust at a beach slope in 1971 or 1972. Moyes went on to build a company with his own trade-named Rogallo
323:
Rogallo also developed a series of soft foil designs in the 1960s which have been modified for traction kiting. These are double keel designs with conic wings and a multiple attachment bridle which can be used with either dual line or quad line controls. They have excellent pull, but suffer from a
205:
kite/glider, which he admitted adapting from a Ryan
Aeronautical flex-wing aircraft. Publicity from the Paresev tested-and-flown hang gliders and the various space contractors sparked interest in the Rogallo-promoted wing design among several amateur designersin: Thomas H. Purcell Jr., Barry Hill
175:
Beyond that, the wing is designed to bend and flex in the wind, and so provides favorable dynamics analogous to a spring suspension. Flexibility allows the wing to be less susceptible to turbulence and provides a gentler flying experience than a similarly sized rigid-winged aircraft. The trailing
281:
had colored suspension lines to help guide the packing process, and also had a unique "Opening Shock
Inhibitor" OSI strap that helped retard the high opening speeds and shocks. The packing volume of the canopy was slightly bigger than the then state-of-the-art Para-Commander. As one of the first
192:
to continue the recreational and sporting spirit of hang gliding. Another player in the continuing evolution of the
Rogallo wing hang glider was James Hobson whose "Rogallo Hang Glider" was published in 1962 in the Experimental Aircraft Association's magazine Sport Aviation, as well as shown on
234:
wing hang gliders that used the trapeze control frame he had seen in
Dickenson's and Australian manned flat-kite ski kites. Bill Moyes and Bill Bennett exported new refinements of their own hang gliders throughout the world. The parawing hang glider was inducted into the
148:
as glider or powered aircraft, until the wing is tethered or arranged in a configuration that glides or is powered. In other words, how it is attached and manipulated determines what type of aircraft it becomes. The Rogallo wing is most often seen in toy
265:
After NASA discontinued its Paresev research in 1965, the concept of gliding parachutes was pursued for military and other more Earth-bound purposes. These avenues eventually introduced versions of the inflating flexible Rogallo wing to the sport of
337:
109:
332:
Despite similar designs having appeared earlier and critical innovations such as the triangular control frame and harness for adequate weight-shift control having been developed by others, Rogallo holds several patents.
222:) to it; it was composed of a keel, leading edges, a cross-bar and a fixed control frame. Weight-shift was also used to control the glider. The flexible wing – called "Ski Wing" – was first flown in public at the
164:. Rogallo had more than one patent concerning his finding; the due-diligence expansion of his invention involved cylindrical formats, multiple lobes, various stiffenings, various nose angles, etc. The
84:
Rogallo had been interested in the flexible wing since 1945. He and his wife built and flew kites as a hobby. They could not find official backing for the wing, including at Rogallo's employer
274:
in 1968. This was the most produced and developed of the early Rogallo wing skydiving canopies. They were manufactured by three of Irvin's factories – in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.
317:) in the bridle to set the angle of attack. Mass-produced rogallo kites use a bridle that's a triangle of plastic film, with one edge heat-sealed to the central strut.
172:
project resulted in an assemblage that became the stark template for the standard Rogallo hang-glider wing that would blanket the world of the sport in the early 1970s.
85:
320:
Steerable Rogallo kites usually have a pair of bridles setting a fixed pitch, and use two strings, one on each side of the kite, to change the roll.
532:
176:
edge of the wing – which is not stiffened – allows the wing to twist, and provides aerodynamic stability without the need for a tail (empennage).
470:
1117:
270:. Irvin advertised a Hawk and Eagle model in 1967, but these were only available for a very limited time before they introduced the
309:. A bridle made of string is usually a loop reaching from the front to the end of the center strut of the A-frame. The user ties
487:
165:
1038:
667:
550:
1107:
257:
a hand support to push and pull in order to shift the pilot's weight relative to the mass and attitude of the wing above.
214:
to fit on the by-then standard four boom stiffened Rogallo wing. Dickenson's model made use of a single hang point and an
1097:
801:
630:
791:
362:
18:
223:
72:, and for possible use in other spacecraft landings, but the idea was dropped from Gemini in 1964 in favor of
865:
435:
372:
249:
635:
289:
was available until 1975 and paved the way for other Rogallo Wing skydiving canopies, such as the Handbury
1060:
101:
529:
514:
1112:
978:
724:
131:
capsule during temporary development problems. Later, the Rogallo wing was the initial choice for the
950:
640:
1043:
927:
660:
467:
113:
988:
900:
324:
smaller window than more modern traction designs. Normally the #5 and #9 alternatives are used.
993:
885:
852:
198:
185:
123:
designs for space capsule recovery. NASA briefly considered the Rogallo wing to replace the
895:
833:
704:
235:
157:
50:
1048:
1017:
554:
536:
518:
474:
306:
242:
128:
62:
42:
456:
135:
capsule, but development problems ultimately forced its replacement with the parachute.
1102:
1077:
1003:
653:
351:
Rogallo, Gertrude et al., "Flexible Kite", US patent 2,751,172, Filed November 17, 1952
346:
Rogallo, Gertrude et al., "Flexible Kite", US patent 2,546,078, Filed November 23, 1948
132:
66:
1091:
485:
Article by Mark Woodhams, British Columbia Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association:
69:
586:
British Parachute Association "Sport Parachutist" Magazine Vol 4 Issue 3 Autumn 1967
61:. NASA considered Rogallo's flexible wing as an alternative recovery system for the
983:
960:
905:
875:
870:
860:
767:
757:
699:
625:
547:
367:
219:
215:
189:
169:
161:
22:
491:
455:
Gliding Parachutes for Land Recovery of Space Vehicles Bellcom Inc September 1969
934:
922:
910:
780:
709:
402:
377:
267:
202:
143:
Nowadays the term "Rogallo wing" is synonymous with one composed of two partial
96:
241:
Hang gliders have been used with different forms of weight-shift control since
1022:
998:
915:
890:
828:
818:
813:
762:
743:
719:
714:
685:
350:
345:
620:
1009:
955:
839:
786:
336:
314:
227:
153:
124:
120:
73:
119:
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, U.S. aerospace manufacturers worked on
108:
1054:
880:
806:
774:
752:
218:: He started with a framed Rogallo wing airfoil with a U-frame (later an
211:
645:
226:
Jacaranda Festival in September 1963 by Rod Fuller while towed behind a
566:
253:
1958 through the 1960s embodied in different versions of the Parawing.
796:
596:
335:
107:
95:
17:
734:
694:
676:
382:
310:
302:
248:
Today, most Rogallo wings are also controlled by changing their
149:
144:
46:
38:
26:
649:
112:
Rogallo wing considered as a candidate recovery system for the
511:
340:
Gertrude and Francis Rogallo's original patented flexible wing
152:, but has been used to construct spacecraft parachutes, sport
53:, invented a self-inflating flexible wing they called the
188:
foot-launched several versions of a framed Rogallo wing
457:
http://2e5.com/kite/barish/19790072024_1979072024.pdf
1031:
971:
943:
849:
742:
684:
57:, also known after them as the "Rogallo Wing" and
305:control pitch with a bridle that sets the wing's
468:The Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum
661:
548:The Australian Ultralight Federation -History
201:in mid-1963, set out to build a controllable
8:
86:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
668:
654:
646:
168:design and use of the Rogallo wing in the
530:Innovation in education – John Dickenson
394:
238:Space Technology Hall of Fame in 1995.
156:, ultralight powered aircraft like the
403:"Rogallo Wing -the story told by NASA"
7:
184:In 1961–1962, aeronautical engineer
100:Gemini Rogallo wing during tests at
25:, a Rogallo flexible wing tested by
621:Sled kites at the Virtual Kite Zoo.
14:
1073:
1072:
733:
29:for spacecraft landing research.
1039:American Kitefliers Association
193:national USA television in the
438:. Amy Shira Teitel. 2011-05-22
1:
1118:Gliding in the United States
802:Leading edge inflatable kite
436:"Losing Rogallo from Gemini"
792:Inflatable single-line kite
125:traditional round parachute
1134:
636:Losing Rogallo from Gemini
363:Flight Dynamics Flightsail
261:Rogallo skydiving canopies
1069:
731:
597:"Irvin Delta II Parawing"
535:August 31, 2007, at the
512:Western Museum of Flight
423:In the Service of Apollo
180:Rogallo wing hang glider
866:Kite aerial photography
626:Rogallo wing and kites.
599:. Delta-ll-parawing.com
373:History of hang gliding
272:Irvin Delta II Parawing
74:conventional parachutes
49:engineer, and his wife
1061:List of kite festivals
488:"Cloudstreet May 2004"
341:
197:. Later in Australia
116:
105:
102:Edwards Air Force Base
37:is a flexible type of
30:
979:Alexander Graham Bell
517:July 8, 2007, at the
473:July 5, 2007, at the
339:
328:Early Rogallo patents
111:
99:
21:
1108:Aircraft wing design
951:Kite control systems
641:Rogallo After Gemini
1098:American inventions
1044:Ballooning (spider)
928:Powered paragliding
220:A-frame control bar
989:William Abner Eddy
901:Kite rollerskating
705:Human-lifting kite
553:2011-10-01 at the
405:. History.nasa.gov
342:
195:Lawrence Welk Show
117:
106:
31:
1085:
1084:
994:Lawrence Hargrave
886:Kite landboarding
114:Apollo spacecraft
1125:
1076:
1075:
896:Kite ice skating
834:Tetrahedral kite
737:
670:
663:
656:
647:
608:
607:
605:
604:
593:
587:
584:
578:
577:
575:
574:
563:
557:
545:
539:
527:
521:
509:
503:
502:
500:
499:
490:. Archived from
483:
477:
465:
459:
453:
447:
446:
444:
443:
432:
426:
420:
414:
413:
411:
410:
399:
236:Space Foundation
210:he fashioned an
166:Charles Richards
51:Gertrude Rogallo
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1065:
1049:Kite (geometry)
1027:
1018:Francis Rogallo
967:
939:
851:
845:
738:
729:
680:
679:and kite flying
674:
617:
612:
611:
602:
600:
595:
594:
590:
585:
581:
572:
570:
565:
564:
560:
555:Wayback Machine
546:
542:
537:Wayback Machine
528:
524:
519:Wayback Machine
510:
506:
497:
495:
486:
484:
480:
475:Wayback Machine
466:
462:
454:
450:
441:
439:
434:
433:
429:
421:
417:
408:
406:
401:
400:
396:
391:
359:
330:
307:angle of attack
299:
263:
243:Otto Lilienthal
182:
141:
129:Project Mercury
104:in August 1964.
94:
82:
43:Francis Rogallo
12:
11:
5:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1004:Jackie Matisse
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
973:
969:
968:
966:
965:
964:
963:
953:
947:
945:
941:
940:
938:
937:
932:
931:
930:
920:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
855:
850:Activities and
847:
846:
844:
843:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
810:
809:
799:
794:
789:
784:
777:
772:
771:
770:
760:
755:
749:
747:
740:
739:
732:
730:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
691:
689:
682:
681:
675:
673:
672:
665:
658:
650:
644:
643:
638:
633:
631:Landing Gemini
628:
623:
616:
615:External links
613:
610:
609:
588:
579:
558:
540:
522:
504:
478:
460:
448:
427:
415:
393:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
358:
355:
354:
353:
348:
329:
326:
298:
295:
262:
259:
250:pitch and roll
199:John Dickenson
181:
178:
140:
137:
133:Project Gemini
93:
90:
81:
78:
70:space capsules
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1130:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
970:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
942:
936:
933:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:Kite fighting
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
854:
848:
842:
841:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
782:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
745:
741:
736:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
690:
687:
683:
678:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
652:
651:
648:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
568:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
544:
541:
538:
534:
531:
526:
523:
520:
516:
513:
508:
505:
494:on 2008-05-09
493:
489:
482:
479:
476:
472:
469:
464:
461:
458:
452:
449:
437:
431:
428:
424:
419:
416:
404:
398:
395:
388:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
338:
334:
327:
325:
321:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:Rogallo wing
297:Rogallo kites
296:
294:
292:
288:
283:
280:
275:
273:
269:
260:
258:
254:
251:
246:
244:
239:
237:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
204:
200:
196:
191:
187:
179:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
115:
110:
103:
98:
92:NASA research
91:
89:
87:
79:
77:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
59:flexible wing
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
24:
20:
16:
1113:Hang gliding
1071:
1053:
1008:
984:John Barresi
961:Kite mooring
906:Kiteboarding
876:Kite fishing
861:Hang gliding
853:applications
838:
824:Rogallo wing
823:
779:
768:Rokkaku dako
758:Bermuda kite
700:Fighter kite
601:. Retrieved
591:
582:
571:. Retrieved
561:
543:
525:
507:
496:. Retrieved
492:the original
481:
463:
451:
440:. Retrieved
430:
422:
418:
407:. Retrieved
397:
368:Hang gliding
331:
322:
319:
300:
290:
286:
284:
278:
276:
271:
264:
255:
247:
240:
232:
208:
194:
186:Barry Palmer
183:
174:
170:NASA Paresev
162:hang gliders
142:
139:Construction
118:
83:
58:
54:
35:Rogallo wing
34:
32:
23:NASA Paresev
15:
935:Parasailing
923:Paragliding
911:Kiteboating
781:Chapi-chapi
710:Indoor kite
378:Paragliding
315:girth hitch
313:(usually a
291:Para-Dactyl
203:waterskiing
190:hang glider
41:. In 1948,
1092:Categories
1023:Tyrus Wong
999:Peter Lynn
916:Kite buggy
891:Snowkiting
829:Scott sled
819:Rotor kite
814:Malay kite
763:Bowed kite
725:Water kite
720:Sport kite
715:Power kite
603:2012-12-23
573:2012-12-23
569:. The Hgfa
567:"The Hgfa"
498:2008-08-12
442:2012-12-23
409:2012-12-23
389:References
154:parachutes
1010:Sea Tails
956:Kite line
881:Kite rigs
840:Wau bulan
787:Foil kite
268:skydiving
228:motorboat
121:parachute
1078:Category
1055:Kitelife
807:Bow kite
775:Box kite
753:Arc kite
746:by shape
551:Archived
533:Archived
515:Archived
471:Archived
357:See also
287:Delta II
279:Delta II
212:airframe
127:for the
55:Parawing
224:Grafton
216:A frame
80:History
63:Mercury
972:People
797:Kytoon
688:by use
67:Gemini
1103:Kites
1032:Other
944:Parts
744:Types
686:Types
677:Kites
311:knots
303:kites
158:trike
150:kites
145:conic
695:Kite
425:NASA
383:Wing
285:The
277:The
160:and
65:and
47:NASA
45:, a
39:wing
33:The
27:NASA
1094::
230:.
76:.
669:e
662:t
655:v
606:.
576:.
501:.
445:.
412:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
