33:
57:
287:
excepting), and the lower tarsi (third distal segment) of the front four legs are equipped with bristle combs. The ventrosubmedian ridges in the fourth tail segment disappear away from the body, and the ventrolateral ridges of the fifth segment include distinctly spined or lobed
225:
They have thick and strong tails, with typically a rough surface to the first (proximal) and sometimes second segment, that is used to produce a warning sound when rubbed against the sting (save
231:). Their thick tails are also employed in excavating their shallow burrows, as several are adapted to sandy environments. Some flatter-bodied species, however, take refuge in rock crevasses.
1559:
1572:
1533:
300:
Most of the species, some 20 of the total of 28, are endemic to southern Africa, but they range through eastern Africa to the
Arabian Peninsula.
1409:
234:
Due to their stings' quick-acting venom, they rely to lesser extent on their slender pinchers (chelae) to hold onto prey. Three species,
275:) have only one inconspicuous middle (median) ridge. The pectine teeth nearest the body in females are enlarged and dilated (
419:
and these outlying genera, according to an analysis done by
Lorenzo Prendini et al. 2003. Some recently described species (
169:
1633:
1494:
56:
1577:
1373:
345:
1425:
1628:
446:
380:
242:
1311:
470:
366:
283:
236:
352:
1437:
435:) were not considered in the investigation, so that their positions within this system remain unresolved.
373:
227:
1499:
331:
317:
162:
324:
310:
277:
145:
359:
1520:
1623:
387:
248:
42:
32:
1334:
338:
207:
51:
1585:
1564:
1507:
1405:
401:
289:
1600:
1590:
1326:
1475:
252:
are thought to be able to spray venom from their tails. These three are also the largest
1617:
1338:
178:
154:
1512:
1546:
1469:
1243:
217:. Their stings are medically important and human fatalities have been recorded.
98:
407:
1460:
412:
88:
68:
1486:
264:
1454:
1424:
Larsen, Norman. Biodiversity
Explorer, IZIKO. Scorpion stings and venoms
268:
260:
256:
in the world, reaching lengths up to 140 mm and masses up to 14 g.
253:
214:
210:
128:
118:
108:
1538:
1551:
272:
78:
1431:
1330:
1246:, the potassium channel inhibitor isolated from the venom of some
203:
1525:
1268:
1435:
411:, which lack the distinct stridulatory surfaces. The following
259:
Other consistent features include a dorsal head covering (
399:
1400:
Jonathan
Leeming (2003). "Southern African species".
1444:
46:in Namibia – unique in its size and diurnal habits
1312:"The systematics of southern African Parabuthus"
1374:"Parabuthus (burrowing thick-tailed scorpions)"
8:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1432:
213:, that show a preference for areas of low
31:
20:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1283:
1260:
7:
1129:
1083:
1076:
1054:
1032:
953:
931:
909:
902:
838:
816:
794:
787:
714:
692:
646:
639:
575:
529:
522:
500:
493:
486:
462:
438:
415:illustrates relationships among 20
14:
55:
185:
1:
206:of large and highly venomous
1402:Scorpions of Southern Africa
267:ridges (carinae), while the
1650:
1404:. Struik. pp. 49–50.
1319:The Journal of Arachnology
1310:Prendini, Lorenzo (2004).
1267:Also referred to as macro
1149:
1134:
1127:
1103:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1059:
1052:
1037:
1030:
988:
973:
958:
951:
936:
929:
914:
907:
900:
858:
843:
836:
821:
814:
799:
792:
785:
734:
719:
712:
697:
690:
666:
651:
644:
637:
595:
580:
573:
549:
534:
527:
520:
505:
498:
491:
484:
467:
460:
447:Grosphus madagascariensis
443:
346:Parabuthus mossambicensis
184:
177:
160:
153:
52:Scientific classification
50:
39:
30:
23:
381:Parabuthus transvaalicus
292:near their distal ends.
198:, commonly known as the
471:Uroplectes triangulifer
1376:. biodiversityexplorer
1271:combs or "sand combs".
367:Parabuthus schlechteri
353:Parabuthus namibensis
325:Parabuthus granulatus
311:Parabuthus brevimanus
200:thick-tailed scorpion
186:Some 27 to 28 species
374:Parabuthus stridulus
271:'s upper coverings (
1634:Arachnids of Africa
388:Parabuthus villosus
332:Parabuthus laevipes
318:Parabuthus capensis
339:Parabuthus liosoma
16:Genus of scorpions
1611:
1610:
1586:Open Tree of Life
1438:Taxon identifiers
1411:978-1-86872-804-6
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1116:
1115:
1040:P. mossambicensis
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
889:
888:
880:
879:
871:
870:
774:
773:
765:
764:
756:
755:
747:
746:
679:
678:
626:
625:
617:
616:
608:
607:
562:
561:
360:Parabuthus raudus
191:
190:
149:
40:A wandering male
1641:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1369:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1316:
1307:
1272:
1265:
1137:P. transvaalicus
1130:
1084:
1077:
1055:
1033:
954:
932:
910:
903:
839:
817:
795:
788:
715:
693:
647:
640:
576:
530:
523:
501:
494:
487:
463:
439:
304:Selected species
243:P. transvaalicus
144:
60:
59:
35:
21:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1629:Scorpion genera
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1440:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1372:Norman Larsen.
1371:
1370:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1117:
1020:
1011:
1002:
890:
881:
872:
775:
766:
757:
748:
680:
627:
618:
609:
563:
425:P. eritreaensis
397:
306:
298:
223:
221:Characteristics
173:
166:
143:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1491:
1481:
1466:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1410:
1387:
1351:
1331:10.1636/h03-17
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:P. schlechteri
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
994:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
957:
952:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
935:
930:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
887:
886:
883:
882:
878:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
865:
864:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
842:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
820:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
772:
771:
768:
767:
763:
762:
759:
758:
754:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
741:
740:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
718:
713:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
700:P. namibensis
696:
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:P. kalaharicus
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
650:
645:
643:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
620:
619:
615:
614:
611:
610:
606:
605:
602:
601:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
579:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:P. kuanyamarum
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
466:
461:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
442:
437:
429:P. truculentus
396:
393:
392:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
342:
335:
328:
321:
314:
305:
302:
297:
294:
284:P. kalaharicus
237:P. schlechteri
222:
219:
189:
188:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
158:
157:
151:
150:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1646:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:P. kraepelini
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
993:
992:
991:P. planicauda
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
956:
955:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
934:
933:
927:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
912:
911:
905:
904:
898:
897:
894:
893:
885:
884:
876:
875:
867:
866:
863:
862:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
846:P. granimanus
841:
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
819:
818:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
797:
796:
790:
789:
783:
782:
779:
778:
770:
769:
761:
760:
752:
751:
743:
742:
739:
738:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
722:P. laevifrons
717:
716:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
695:
694:
688:
687:
684:
683:
675:
674:
671:
670:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
654:P. granulatus
649:
648:
642:
641:
635:
634:
631:
630:
622:
621:
613:
612:
604:
603:
600:
599:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
578:
577:
571:
570:
567:
566:
558:
557:
554:
553:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
532:
531:
525:
524:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
508:P. brevimanus
503:
502:
496:
495:
489:
488:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
472:
465:
464:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
448:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:P. zavattarii
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
403:
395:Phylogenetics
394:
390:
389:
385:
383:
382:
378:
376:
375:
371:
369:
368:
364:
362:
361:
357:
355:
354:
350:
348:
347:
343:
341:
340:
336:
334:
333:
329:
327:
326:
322:
320:
319:
315:
313:
312:
308:
307:
303:
301:
295:
293:
291:
286:
285:
280:
279:
278:P. granulatus
274:
270:
266:
263:) that lacks
262:
257:
255:
251:
250:
245:
244:
239:
238:
232:
230:
229:
220:
218:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
187:
183:
180:
176:
171:
165:
164:
159:
156:
152:
147:
142:
141:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1445:
1420:
1401:
1378:. Retrieved
1342:. Retrieved
1322:
1318:
1263:
1247:
1151:
1150:
1136:
1135:
1105:
1104:
1090:
1089:
1061:
1060:
1039:
1038:
990:
989:
975:
974:
960:
959:
938:
937:
916:
915:
860:
859:
845:
844:
824:P. heterurus
823:
822:
801:
800:
737:P. stridulus
736:
735:
721:
720:
699:
698:
668:
667:
653:
652:
597:
596:
582:
581:
551:
550:
537:P. distridor
536:
535:
507:
506:
469:
468:
445:
444:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
400:
398:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
299:
282:
276:
258:
247:
241:
235:
233:
228:P. distridor
226:
224:
208:Afrotropical
199:
194:
193:
192:
161:
155:Type species
139:
138:
41:
24:
18:
1547:iNaturalist
1470:Wikispecies
1325:: 109–186.
1244:Parabutoxin
1152:P. villosus
976:P. pallidus
939:P. muelleri
917:P. capensis
583:P. gracilis
421:P. cimrmani
249:P. villosus
163:P. leiosoma
99:Chelicerata
95:Subphylum:
43:P. villosus
1624:Parabuthus
1618:Categories
1476:Parabuthus
1446:Parabuthus
1279:References
1248:Parabuthus
861:P. hunteri
802:P. liosoma
417:Parabuthus
408:Uroplectes
195:Parabuthus
140:Parabuthus
119:Scorpiones
89:Arthropoda
25:Parabuthus
1380:3 October
1344:7 October
1091:P. raudus
961:P. calvus
413:cladogram
296:Diversity
290:processes
211:scorpions
179:Diversity
170:Ehrenberg
109:Arachnida
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1484:BioLib:
1455:Wikidata
1339:86647224
1238:See also
598:P. nanus
402:Grosphus
273:tergites
265:granular
261:carapace
215:rainfall
129:Buthidae
125:Family:
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
1601:4278719
1565:1343003
1539:4656188
1526:5009086
1461:Q146377
1250:species
254:buthids
202:, is a
135:Genus:
115:Order:
105:Class:
1598:uBio:
1591:154570
1578:170971
1552:321562
1500:348957
1487:132594
1408:
1337:
246:, and
148:, 1890
146:Pocock
1560:IRMNG
1335:S2CID
1315:(PDF)
1269:setal
1255:Notes
204:genus
172:1828)
1573:NCBI
1534:GBIF
1513:6DRT
1495:BOLD
1406:ISBN
1382:2012
1346:2012
431:and
405:and
281:and
269:tail
1521:EoL
1508:CoL
1327:doi
1620::
1588::
1575::
1562::
1549::
1536::
1523::
1510::
1497::
1472::
1457::
1390:^
1354:^
1333:.
1323:32
1321:.
1317:.
1286:^
427:,
423:,
240:,
1414:.
1384:.
1348:.
1329::
168:(
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