42:
66:
1039:), which is a viral disease of the upper airway and is mainly problematic in children aged 6–48 months of age. Biennial epidemics starting in autumn are associated with both HPIV-1 and -2; however, HPIV-2 can also have yearly outbreaks. Additionally, HPIV-1 tends to cause biennial outbreaks of croup in the fall. In the United States, large peaks have presently been occurring during odd-numbered years.
509:
1002:(URI) are also important in the context of HPIV, however, they are caused to a lesser extent by the virus. The highest rates of serious HPIV illnesses occur among young children, and surveys have shown that about 75% of children aged 5 or older have antibodies to HPIV-1.
1446:
In economically disadvantaged regions of the world, HPIV infection can be measured in terms of mortality. In the developed world where mortality remains rare, the economic costs of the infection can be estimated. Estimates from the US are suggestive of a cost (based on
1053:
HPIV-4 remains infrequently detected. It is now believed to be more common than previously thought but less likely to cause severe disease. By the age of 10, the majority of children are seropositive for HPIV-4 infection—this may be indicative of a large proportion of
1095:. Infection can occur when infectious material contacts the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, or nose, and possibly through the inhalation of droplets generated by a sneeze or cough. HPIVs can remain infectious in airborne droplets for over an hour.
2854:
2831:
1400:
Parainfluenza viruses last only a few hours in the environment and are inactivated by soap and water. Furthermore, the virus can also be easily destroyed using common hygiene techniques and detergents, disinfectants and antiseptics.
1269:
In developing regions of the world, preschool children remain the highest mortality risk group. Mortality may be a consequence of primary viral infection or secondary problems, such as bacterial infection. Predispositions, such as
1174:. With humoral immunity, antibodies that bind to the surface viral proteins HN and F protect against later infection. Patients with defective cell-mediated immunity also experience more severe infection, suggesting that
1277:
Overall, LRIs cause approximately 25–30% of total deaths in preschool children in the developing world. HPIVs are believed to be associated with 10% of all LRI cases, thus remaining a significant cause of mortality.
2313:
1316:
has however been used to target the formation of vaccines for HPIV-1, -2 and -3 and has taken the form of several live-attenuated intranasal vaccines. Two vaccines in particular were found to be
3520:
1262:). Long-term changes can however be associated with airway remodeling and are believed to be a significant cause of morbidity. The exact associations between HPIVs and diseases such as
1420:
within which the virus is found. The optimal pH is around the physiologic pH values (7.4 to 8.0), whilst at high temperatures (above 37 °C) and low humidity, infectivity reduces.
1258:
Mortality caused by HPIVs in developed regions of the world remains rare. Where mortality has occurred, it is principally in the three core risk groups (very young, elderly and
1373:, despite the lack of conclusive evidence for its benefit. Protein inhibitors and novel forms of medication have also been proposed to relieve the symptoms of infection.
2943:
932:
Towards the end of the process, (after the formation of the viral proteins) the replication of the viral genome occurs. Initially, this occurs with the formation of a
982:
The main host remains the human. However, infections have been induced in other animals (both under natural and experimental situations), although these were always
493:
family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and veterinary disease. Virions are approximately 150–250 nm in size and contain negative sense
3534:
1061:
Those with compromised immunity have a higher risk of infection and mortality and may fall ill with more extreme forms of LRI. Associations between HPIVs and
2317:
4173:
1644:
Schmidt, Alexander; Anne Schaap-Nutt; Emmalene J Bartlett; Henrick
Schomacker; Jim Boonyaratanakornkit; Ruth A Karron; Peter L Collins (1 February 2011).
3200:
2808:
3031:
2038:
Henrickson, KJ; Kuhn, SM; Savatski, LL (May 1994). "Epidemiology and cost of infection with human parainfluenza virus types 1 and 2 in young children".
3071:
3955:
2936:
2180:
2108:
1263:
3164:
2137:
Durbin, AP; Karron, RA (December 15, 2003). "Progress in the development of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus vaccines".
2657:
2339:
Arguedas, A; Stutman, HR; Blanding, JG (March 1990). "Parainfluenza type 3 meningitis. Report of two cases and review of the literature".
2237:
1618:
3221:
1103:
The inflammation of the airway is a common attribute of HPIV infection. It is believed to occur due to the large scale upregulation of
1929:
886:. Furthermore, the fusion (F) protein is important in aiding the fusion of the host and viral cellular membranes, eventually forming
3540:
3066:
3023:
2461:
Dimopoulos, G; Lerikou, M; Tsiodras, S; Chranioti, A; Perros, E; Anagnostopoulou, U; Armaganidis, A; Karakitsos, P (February 2012).
1706:
1243:
866:
Viral replication is initiated only after successful entry into a cell by attachment and fusion between the virus and the host cell
3455:
836:, it has been found that the most efficient human parainfluenza viruses (in terms of replication and transcription) have a genome
3526:
2929:
998:(LRI) each year in the United States alone. HPIV-1, HPIV-2 and HPIV-3 have been linked with up to a third of these infections.
49:
1427:. Chronic care facilities and doctors' surgeries are also known to be transmission 'hotspots' with transmission occurring via
1077:
3125:
3111:
65:
4158:
4178:
3330:
3324:
3235:
3229:
3119:
999:
995:
3693:
3286:
536:
1331:
by cold passage, host range attenuation, chimeric construct vaccines and also introducing mutations with the help of
1005:
For infants and young children, it has been estimated that about 25% will develop "clinically significant disease".
651:
628:
608:
589:
4121:
3948:
3750:
3357:
1212:
966:
of HPIVs is mutually dependent on the viruses having the correct accessory proteins that are able to elicit anti-
528:
4168:
3459:
3371:
3276:
3106:
3079:
3051:
2984:
2869:
1036:
945:
2559:
Berman, S (May–Jun 1991). "Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children of developing countries".
2287:
344:
4078:
3255:
2073:
Denny, FW; Clyde WA, Jr (May 1986). "Acute lower respiratory tract infections in nonhospitalized children".
1327:
Vaccine techniques which have been used against HPIVs are not limited to intranasal forms, but also viruses
1295:
1084:
1009:
330:
323:
306:
41:
3449:
3045:
2383:"Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV) and Other Parainfluenza Viruses: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
2202:
Sable CA, Hayden FG (December 1995). "Orthomyxoviral and paramyxoviral infections in transplant patients".
1008:
Repeated infection throughout the life of the host is not uncommon and symptoms of later breakouts include
951:
The observable and morphological changes that can be seen in infected cells include the enlargement of the
844:" being coined. Exceptions to the rule have been found, and its exact advantages are not fully understood.
292:
4163:
3649:
3627:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3387:
3281:
3242:
1313:
1286:
Numerous factors have been suggested and linked to a higher risk of acquiring the infection, inclusive of
1231:
1171:
1163:
944:. This may then be either packaged and released from the cell by budding or used for subsequent rounds of
421:
414:
407:
358:
2013:
1135:
and inflammatory proteins are also believed to be associated with the common symptoms of HPIV infection.
351:
221:
209:
3634:
3215:
3085:
1424:
1239:
1128:
1104:
971:
922:
841:
400:
393:
379:
337:
3056:
3941:
3898:
3730:
3365:
3194:
1291:
909:, linked by di-sulphide bonds. Once complete, this is followed by the HPIV nucleocapsid entering the
874:) is initially associated with nucleoprotein (NP), phosphoprotein (P) and the large protein (L). The
758:
682:
HPIVs are characterised by producing enveloped virions and containing single stranded negative sense
187:
175:
1862:"Entry of parainfluenza virus into cells as a target for interrupting childhood respiratory disease"
3316:
3037:
2858:
2112:
1694:
1235:
1088:
913:
of the cell. Subsequently, genomic transcription occurs using the viruses own 'viral RNA-dependent
532:
372:
299:
451:
4033:
3419:
3175:
2382:
2364:
2162:
1939:
1370:
1328:
1259:
1206:
1202:
1147:
1062:
937:
933:
521:
386:
60:
2921:
2241:
1622:
1274:
and other deficiencies, may further elevate the chances of mortality associated with infection.
959:
activity and 'focal rounding', with the potential formation of multi-nucleate cells (syncytia).
2661:
531:. HPIVs remain the second main cause of hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age for a
3883:
3834:
3815:
3796:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3491:
3396:
3100:
2978:
2909:
2880:
2781:
2706:
2617:
2576:
2541:
2492:
2443:
2425:
2356:
2219:
2154:
2090:
2055:
1984:
1925:
1891:
1839:
1790:
1712:
1702:
1675:
1595:
1525:
1198:
1112:
1021:
1017:
365:
249:
2635:
2510:
Beckham, JD; Cadena, A; Lin, J; Piedra, PA; Glezen, WP; Greenberg, SB; Atmar, RL (May 2005).
4086:
4048:
3858:
3568:
3248:
3180:
3061:
2992:
2771:
2763:
2696:
2607:
2568:
2531:
2523:
2482:
2474:
2433:
2417:
2348:
2211:
2146:
2082:
2047:
1917:
1881:
1873:
1829:
1821:
1780:
1772:
1665:
1657:
1585:
1577:
1515:
1507:
1332:
1167:
1139:
1066:
883:
851:
833:
547:
The first HPIV was discovered in the late 1950s. The taxonomic division is broadly based on
17:
2572:
1737:
3782:
3710:
3705:
3687:
3607:
3596:
3467:
3431:
3351:
3137:
2998:
1951:
1357:
is one medication which has shown good potential for the treatment of HPIV-3 given recent
1342:
may offer some degree of protection against HPIVs during the early stages of life via the
847:
702:
489:
478:
150:
138:
114:
1186:
Diagnosis can be made in several ways, encompassing a range of multi-faceted techniques:
1065:
are known. For example, hospitalisation with certain HPIVs has a strong association with
2262:
1921:
4137:
3018:
2701:
2684:
2536:
2511:
2487:
2462:
2438:
2405:
1886:
1861:
1670:
1645:
1381:
1366:
1321:
1219:
914:
867:
855:
823:
811:
803:
791:
744:
126:
2863:
2776:
2751:
2512:"Respiratory viral infections in patients with chronic, obstructive pulmonary disease"
2215:
2086:
1834:
1809:
1785:
1760:
1590:
1565:
1520:
1495:
4152:
4091:
3013:
3008:
2956:
2685:"Survival of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus During Storage Under Various Conditions"
1776:
1448:
1417:
1124:
1120:
1043:
963:
941:
879:
875:
772:
730:
726:
634:
437:
430:
277:
102:
2463:"Viral epidemiology of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
2368:
2166:
1031:
HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 have been demonstrated to be the principal causative agent behind
4101:
3980:
3874:
3724:
3402:
3263:
1287:
1271:
1191:
1116:
1055:
983:
817:
797:
778:
664:
517:
284:
167:
53:
2767:
1825:
1581:
2874:
2612:
2595:
1230:
Because of the similarity in terms of the antigenic profile between the viruses,
4106:
4063:
3990:
3985:
3964:
3914:
3863:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3827:
3822:
3801:
3771:
3673:
3512:
3424:
3407:
3342:
3003:
2904:
1413:
1377:
1317:
1246:– ELISA, can also be used to aid in the process of distinguishing between viral
1013:
898:
691:
670:
315:
270:
201:
2885:
2804:
2792:
2527:
2478:
2352:
2051:
1069:. HPIV-4b has the strongest association (up to 62%) followed by HPIV-3 and -1.
4053:
3995:
3764:
3548:
3305:
2848:
2844:
2840:
1339:
1132:
1073:
967:
837:
784:
524:
502:
444:
263:
256:
238:
2725:"Common Cold, Croup and Human Parainfluenza Viruses: Symptoms and Prevention"
2429:
1423:
The majority of transmission has been linked to close contact, especially in
4116:
4111:
3809:
3790:
3757:
3745:
3739:
3718:
3664:
3592:
3563:
3486:
3478:
3440:
3209:
3188:
3094:
2972:
2964:
2952:
1385:
1354:
1343:
1247:
1143:
1047:
1025:
952:
918:
910:
709:(the protein prefixes and further details are outlined in the table below).
638:
556:
548:
474:
90:
2785:
2710:
2621:
2545:
2496:
2447:
2421:
2158:
1895:
1843:
1794:
1716:
1679:
1599:
2580:
2360:
2223:
2094:
2059:
1529:
854:
of the proteins for the four HPIVs are similar (with the exception of the
4068:
4028:
3907:
3554:
3296:
3152:
1428:
1409:
1358:
1307:
1108:
887:
695:
552:
2823:
1511:
4043:
4038:
4018:
4005:
3660:
1362:
1234:(HA) or hemadsorption inhibition (HAdI) processes are often used. Both
956:
1661:
4058:
3269:
2835:
1877:
1761:"'Rule of six': how does the Sendai virus RNA polymerase keep count?"
1432:
1175:
1092:
498:
52:
of a parainfluenza virus. Two intact particles and free filamentous
2724:
2150:
1646:"Progress in the development of human parainfluenza virus vaccines"
1621:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Archived from
1369:, and as of 2012, was being administered to those who are severely
936:(intermediate step, necessary for producing progeny), and finally,
4096:
4023:
4013:
3972:
3920:
3679:
3311:
1389:
1223:
1151:
1032:
882:(HN) is involved with viral attachment and thus hemadsorption and
614:
595:
560:
484:
77:
2314:"Parainfluenza Viruses—New Epidemiology and Vaccine Developments"
1404:
Environmental factors which are important for HPIV survival are
926:
871:
512:
Fusion glycoprotein trimer, Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3).
3937:
2925:
2596:"Current status of vaccines for parainfluenza virus infections"
1468:
508:
3933:
3146:
840:
total that is divisible by the number 6. This has led to the "
687:
683:
563:, which today are considered distinct viruses. These include:
539:
causes more respiratory hospitalisations for this age group).
494:
481:
1142:
may be responsible for mediating the large-scale releases of
1294:, absence of breastfeeding during the early stages of life,
686:. Non-infectious virions have also been reported to contain
1405:
2238:"CDC - Human Parainfluenza Viruses: Common cold and croup"
1138:
Recent evidence suggests that the virus-specific antibody
1380:
may be used if a secondary bacterial infection develops.
1365:
tests show mixed results). Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum
1324:. HPIV-1 and -2 vaccine candidates remain less advanced.
1912:
Chambers R, Takimoto T (2011). "Parainfluenza
Viruses".
1738:"PARAINFLUENZA, RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL AND ADENO VIRUSES"
1024:
people, parainfluenza virus infections can cause severe
994:
It is estimated that there are 5 million children with
690:
with positive polarity. HPIV genomes are about 15,000
617:
and other upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses
1473:
International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1162:
The body's primary defense against HPIV infection is
1072:
HPIVs have also been linked with rare cases of viral
2813:
4130:
4077:
4004:
3971:
3897:
3873:
3781:
3704:
3659:
3648:
3477:
3439:
3418:
3386:
3341:
3295:
3174:
3163:
3136:
2963:
2895:
2817:
1701:. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1226:
following infection (using paired serum specimens).
1197:Detection of viral antigens directly within bodily
237:
158:
59:
34:
2410:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
2181:"General information: human parainfluenza viruses"
1050:, and principally targets those aged <1 year.
893:Initially the F protein is in an inactive form (F
2033:
2031:
1083:HPIVs are spread from person to person (i.e.,
3949:
2937:
1559:
8:
2016:. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2011-04-19
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1451:) in the region of $ 200 million per annum.
940:is formed which is then associated with the
925:, forming the viral proteins from the viral
2404:Branche, Angela; Falsey, Ann (2016-08-03).
1438:The exact infectious dose remains unknown.
3956:
3942:
3934:
3656:
3436:
3201:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
3171:
2944:
2930:
2922:
2814:
2316:. Touch Infectious Disease. Archived from
2183:. Health Protection Agency. 27 August 2008
1613:
1611:
1609:
1020:for all four serotypes is 1 to 7 days. In
970:properties. This is a major factor in the
40:
31:
3072:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
2775:
2700:
2689:British Journal of Experimental Pathology
2658:"Definition of Human parainfluenza virus"
2611:
2535:
2486:
2467:Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2437:
2132:
2130:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1885:
1833:
1784:
1669:
1589:
1519:
1087:) by contact with infected secretions in
241:included but traditionally excluded taxa
1190:Isolation and detection of the virus in
1042:HPIV-3 has been closely associated with
711:
694:in length and encode six key structural
565:
507:
1907:
1905:
1460:
1947:
1937:
1855:
1853:
858:, which shows significant variation).
27:Viruses that cause human parainfluenza
2312:Stephen B Greenberg; Robert L Atmar.
1866:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1650:Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine
1494:Vainionpää R, Hyypiä T (April 1994).
1388:are also a first line choice against
1320:and well tolerated against HPIV-3 in
1266:(COPD) are still being investigated.
1264:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1178:are important in clearing infection.
7:
2573:10.1093/clinids/13.supplement_6.s454
555:characteristics, forming four major
3222:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
2793:Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs)
1985:"Parainfluenza Virus: Epidemiology"
1922:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001078.pub3
1111:observed to be upregulated include
4174:Viral respiratory tract infections
2594:Sato M, Wright PF (October 2008).
1759:Vulliémoz, D; Roux, L (May 2001).
1496:"Biology of parainfluenza viruses"
1244:enzyme linked immunosorbent assays
25:
3541:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
3067:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
1396:Interactions with the environment
1392:if breathing difficulties ensue.
705:sequence of HPIVs is as follows:
645:Human parainfluenza virus type 4
622:Human parainfluenza virus type 3
602:Human parainfluenza virus type 2
583:Human parainfluenza virus type 1
537:respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
3527:Middle East respiratory syndrome
1777:10.1128/JVI.75.10.4506-4518.2001
1306:Despite decades of research, no
678:Viral structure and organisation
516:The viruses can be detected via
64:
50:Transmission electron micrograph
2406:"Parainfluenza Virus Infection"
3126:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
3112:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
2807:– information provided by the
2683:HAMBLING, MH (December 1964).
2561:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
2109:"Acute Respiratory Infections"
1693:Baron, S.; Enders, G. (1996).
1469:"Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release"
917:' (L protein). The cell's own
1:
2768:10.1128/cmr.16.2.242-264.2003
2660:. MedicineNet. Archived from
2216:10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30712-1
2087:10.1016/S0022-3476(86)81034-4
1914:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
1826:10.1128/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003
1814:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1619:"Human Parainfluenza Viruses"
1582:10.1128/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003
1570:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1564:Henrickson, KJ (April 2003).
1222:showing a subsequent rise in
469:) are the viruses that cause
3331:Tropical spastic paraparesis
3236:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
2613:10.1097/INF.0b013e318168b76f
2288:"Parainfluenza Virus Review"
2139:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2040:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1000:Upper respiratory infections
996:lower respiratory infections
662:HPIVs belong to two genera:
656:Includes subtypes 4a and 4b
35:Human parainfluenza viruses
18:Parainfluenza virus 4, human
3694:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
3614:Human parainfluenza viruses
3287:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
2805:Human Parainfluenza Viruses
2204:Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am
2014:"HUMAN PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS"
1150:that are believed to cause
862:Viral entry and replication
463:Human parainfluenza viruses
227:Human parainfluenza virus 4
215:Human parainfluenza virus 2
193:Human parainfluenza virus 3
181:Human parainfluenza virus 1
4195:
2528:10.1016/j.jinf.2004.07.011
2479:10.1016/j.pupt.2011.08.004
2353:10.1177/000992289002900307
1431:, large droplets and also
901:to form its active form, F
739:Attachment and cell entry
668:(HPIV-1 & HPIV-3) and
501:encompassing about 15,000
3358:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2075:The Journal of Pediatrics
1808:Henrickson, K. J (2003).
1435:(contaminated surfaces).
1213:Polymerase chain reaction
783:Forms a complex with the
245:
163:
61:Scientific classification
48:
39:
3460:Infectious mononucleosis
3277:Chandipura vesiculovirus
3107:Hepatocellular carcinoma
3052:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2985:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2516:The Journal of Infection
2052:10.1093/clinids/18.5.770
1860:Moscona, A (July 2005).
1335:to achieve attenuation.
1037:laryngotracheobronchitis
897:) but can be cleaved by
3256:Encephalitis lethargica
2957:viral systemic diseases
2752:"Parainfluenza viruses"
2636:"Parainfluenza Viruses"
2600:Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J
1810:"Parainfluenza Viruses"
1566:"Parainfluenza viruses"
1296:environmental pollution
1254:Morbidity and mortality
1085:horizontal transmission
1078:Guillain–Barré syndrome
1016:and a sore throat. The
1010:upper respiratory tract
674:(HPIV-2 & HPIV-4).
477:group of four distinct
345:Mammalian rubulavirus 5
3628:Human orthopneumovirus
3282:Herpesviral meningitis
3243:Arbovirus encephalitis
2750:Henrickson KJ (2003).
2422:10.1055/s-0036-1584798
1314:Recombinant technology
1232:hemagglutination assay
1209:or fluoroimmunoassays.
1105:inflammatory cytokines
1028:, which can be fatal.
753:Fusion and cell entry
513:
331:Achimota rubulavirus 2
324:Achimota rubulavirus 1
307:Porcine respirovirus 1
3086:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2111:. WHO. Archived from
1699:Parainfluenza Viruses
1425:nosocomial infections
1218:Analysis of specific
990:Clinical significance
972:clinical significance
921:are then tasked with
594:Most common cause of
511:
338:Bat mumps rubulavirus
293:Bovine respirovirus 3
4159:Respiratory diseases
3731:Adenovirus infection
3195:Human polyomavirus 2
3024:Oropharyngeal cancer
2756:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
2606:(10 Suppl): S123–5.
2567:(Suppl 6): S454–62.
1736:Hunt, Dr. Margaret.
1500:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
1292:vitamin A deficiency
1089:respiratory droplets
1058:or mild infections.
764:Within the envelope
422:Tuhoko rubulavirus 3
415:Tuhoko rubulavirus 2
408:Tuhoko rubulavirus 1
359:Menangle rubulavirus
188:Human respirovirus 3
176:Human respirovirus 1
4179:Atypical pneumonias
3317:Post-polio syndrome
2953:Infectious diseases
2341:Clinical Pediatrics
2320:on 21 February 2020
1765:Journal of Virology
1512:10.1128/CMR.7.2.265
1236:complement fixation
1207:enzyme immunoassays
1099:Airway inflammation
1093:surfaces or objects
850:has shown that the
832:With the advent of
715:Structural protein
707:3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′
533:respiratory illness
471:human parainfluenza
373:Porcine rubulavirus
352:Mapuera rubulavirus
300:Murine respirovirus
222:Human rubulavirus 4
210:Human rubulavirus 2
3450:Epstein–Barr virus
3420:Respiratory system
3057:Burkitt's lymphoma
2896:External resources
2267:Medscape Reference
2263:"Croup Background"
2081:(5 Pt 1): 635–46.
1371:immuno-compromised
1298:and overcrowding.
1260:immuno-compromised
1203:immunofluorescence
1063:neurologic disease
938:negative-sense RNA
934:positive-sense RNA
514:
401:Tioman rubulavirus
394:Teviot rubulavirus
387:Sosuga rubulavirus
380:Simian rubulavirus
4146:
4145:
3931:
3930:
3893:
3892:
3644:
3643:
3575:Influenza virus A
3492:Human coronavirus
3382:
3381:
3372:Herpes of the eye
2919:
2918:
2664:on 5 January 2012
2385:. 17 October 2021
2145:(12): 1668–1677.
2115:on March 24, 2006
1771:(10): 4506–4518.
1695:"Paramyxoviruses"
1662:10.1586/ers.11.32
1310:currently exist.
1201:secretions using
1199:respiratory tract
1172:cellular immunity
1164:adaptive immunity
1018:incubation period
1012:illness, such as
948:and replication.
830:
829:
822:Forms as part of
802:Forms as part of
660:
659:
522:immunofluorescent
487:belonging to the
460:
459:
366:Mumps rubulavirus
250:Aquaparamyxovirus
16:(Redirected from
4186:
4087:Acute bronchitis
4049:Nasal congestion
4034:Loss of appetite
3958:
3951:
3944:
3935:
3657:
3652:digestive system
3569:Orthomyxoviridae
3535:SARS coronavirus
3521:MERS coronavirus
3437:
3249:Orthomyxoviridae
3172:
3138:Immune disorders
3062:Hodgkin lymphoma
3038:Kaposi's sarcoma
2946:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2815:
2789:
2779:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2240:. Archived from
2234:
2228:
2227:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1981:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1878:10.1172/JCI25669
1872:(7): 1688–1698.
1857:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1625:on 20 March 2012
1615:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1561:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1465:
1346:in breast milk.
1333:reverse genetics
1140:immunoglobulin E
1091:or contaminated
1067:febrile seizures
1022:immunosuppressed
884:hemagglutination
852:molecular weight
834:reverse genetics
712:
633:Associated with
572:GenBank acronym
566:
159:Groups included
69:
68:
44:
32:
21:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4169:Paramyxoviridae
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4138:Antiviral drugs
4126:
4073:
4000:
3967:
3962:
3932:
3927:
3889:
3869:
3777:
3751:Gastroenteritis
3709:
3706:Gastroenteritis
3700:
3688:Cytomegalovirus
3651:
3640:
3608:Paramyxoviridae
3597:Avian influenza
3473:
3468:Cytomegalovirus
3432:viral pneumonia
3430:
3427:nasopharyngitis
3426:
3423:
3414:
3378:
3352:Cytomegalovirus
3337:
3291:
3179:
3166:
3159:
3132:
2999:Cervical cancer
2959:
2950:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2891:
2890:
2826:
2801:
2749:
2746:
2744:Further reading
2741:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2210:(4): 987–1003.
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1959:
1946:
1936:
1932:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1709:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1563:
1562:
1537:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1444:
1442:Economic burden
1398:
1352:
1304:
1284:
1256:
1184:
1166:involving both
1160:
1101:
992:
980:
908:
904:
896:
864:
848:Electrophoresis
703:structural gene
680:
545:
490:Paramyxoviridae
479:single-stranded
152:Paramyxoviridae
140:Mononegavirales
116:Negarnaviricota
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3911:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3669:
3667:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3392:
3390:
3388:Cardiovascular
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3169:
3167:nervous system
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:Vaginal cancer
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2866:
2851:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:Classification
2812:
2811:
2800:
2799:External links
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2716:
2675:
2649:
2627:
2586:
2551:
2502:
2453:
2416:(4): 538–554.
2396:
2374:
2347:(3): 175–178.
2331:
2304:
2279:
2254:
2229:
2194:
2172:
2151:10.1086/379775
2126:
2100:
2065:
2027:
1998:
1957:
1948:|journal=
1931:978-0470016176
1930:
1901:
1849:
1820:(2): 242–264.
1800:
1751:
1740:. Reference.MD
1728:
1707:
1685:
1656:(4): 515–526.
1636:
1605:
1576:(2): 242–264.
1535:
1506:(2): 265–275.
1486:
1475:. October 2018
1459:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1443:
1440:
1397:
1394:
1384:treatment and
1382:Corticosteroid
1351:
1348:
1322:phase I trials
1303:
1300:
1283:
1280:
1255:
1252:
1240:neutralisation
1228:
1227:
1220:IgG antibodies
1216:
1210:
1195:
1183:
1180:
1159:
1156:
1100:
1097:
991:
988:
979:
976:
915:RNA polymerase
906:
902:
894:
868:lipid membrane
863:
860:
856:phosphoprotein
828:
827:
824:RNA polymerase
820:
815:
808:
807:
804:RNA polymerase
800:
795:
792:Phosphoprotein
788:
787:
781:
776:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:Matrix Protein
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:Fusion Protein
741:
740:
737:
734:
723:
722:
719:
716:
679:
676:
658:
657:
654:
649:
646:
642:
641:
631:
626:
623:
619:
618:
611:
606:
603:
599:
598:
592:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
575:NCBI taxonomy
573:
570:
544:
543:Classification
541:
473:. HPIVs are a
458:
457:
456:
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
426:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
312:
311:
310:
303:
296:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
243:
242:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
218:
198:
197:
196:
184:
161:
160:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
136:
132:
131:
128:Monjiviricetes
124:
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
100:
96:
95:
88:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4191:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:Rubulaviruses
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Bronchiolitis
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4079:Complications
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3620:Parainfluenza
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:EBV infection
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Poliomyelitis
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Vulvar cancer
3012:
3010:
3009:Penile cancer
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
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2887:
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2882:
2878:
2876:
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2846:
2842:
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2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:(2): 242–64.
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2695:(6): 647–55.
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
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2659:
2653:
2650:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2623:
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2522:(4): 322–30.
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2503:
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2308:
2305:
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2283:
2280:
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2264:
2258:
2255:
2244:on 2009-03-03
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2182:
2176:
2173:
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2164:
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2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
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1755:
1752:
1739:
1732:
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1708:9780963117212
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1640:
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1624:
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1501:
1497:
1490:
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1464:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1449:extrapolation
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1395:
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1364:
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1057:
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1044:bronchiolitis
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
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1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
989:
987:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
964:pathogenicity
960:
958:
954:
949:
947:
946:transcription
943:
942:nucleoprotein
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
900:
891:
889:
885:
881:
880:neuraminidase
877:
876:hemagglutinin
873:
870:. Viral RNA (
869:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
825:
821:
819:
816:
813:
812:Large Protein
810:
809:
805:
801:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
786:
782:
780:
777:
774:
773:Nucleoprotein
771:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
732:
731:neuraminidase
728:
727:Hemagglutinin
725:
724:
720:
717:
714:
713:
710:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
675:
673:
672:
667:
666:
655:
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:
640:
636:
635:bronchiolitis
632:
630:
627:
624:
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620:
616:
612:
610:
607:
604:
601:
600:
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593:
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585:
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581:
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550:
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523:
519:
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492:
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486:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
454:
453:
449:
447:
446:
442:
440:
439:
438:Rhabdoviridae
435:
433:
432:
431:Pneumoviridae
428:
424:
423:
419:
417:
416:
412:
410:
409:
405:
403:
402:
398:
396:
395:
391:
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388:
384:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
370:
368:
367:
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361:
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354:
353:
349:
347:
346:
342:
340:
339:
335:
333:
332:
328:
326:
325:
321:
320:
318:
317:
313:
309:
308:
304:
302:
301:
297:
295:
294:
290:
289:
287:
286:
282:
280:
279:
278:Morbillivirus
275:
273:
272:
268:
266:
265:
261:
259:
258:
254:
252:
251:
247:
246:
244:
240:
239:Cladistically
236:
228:
224:
223:
219:
216:
212:
211:
207:
206:
204:
203:
199:
194:
190:
189:
185:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
165:
164:
162:
157:
154:
153:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:Orthornavirae
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4122:Strep throat
4102:Otitis media
4044:Muscle aches
3913:
3906:
3882:
3875:Pancreatitis
3857:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3814:
3795:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3744:
3723:
3686:
3672:
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3606:
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3403:Pericarditis
3395:
3364:
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3304:
3262:
3247:
3228:
3214:
3193:
3176:Encephalitis
3145:
3118:
3099:
3078:
3044:
3030:
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2879:
2868:
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2830:
2759:
2755:
2729:. Retrieved
2719:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:the original
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2630:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2519:
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2470:
2466:
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2387:. Retrieved
2377:
2344:
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2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2232:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2175:
2142:
2138:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:the original
2103:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2046:(5): 770–9.
2043:
2039:
2018:. Retrieved
1989:. Retrieved
1913:
1869:
1865:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1698:
1688:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1573:
1569:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1472:
1463:
1445:
1437:
1422:
1403:
1399:
1375:
1353:
1337:
1326:
1312:
1305:
1288:malnutrition
1285:
1282:Risk factors
1276:
1272:malnutrition
1268:
1257:
1229:
1192:cell culture
1185:
1161:
1137:
1117:interleukins
1102:
1082:
1071:
1060:
1056:asymptomatic
1052:
1041:
1030:
1007:
1004:
993:
984:asymptomatic
981:
974:of disease.
961:
955:, decreased
950:
931:
892:
865:
846:
831:
818:Nucleocapsid
798:Nucleocapsid
779:Nucleocapsid
706:
700:
681:
669:
665:Respirovirus
663:
661:
546:
518:cell culture
515:
488:
475:paraphyletic
470:
466:
462:
461:
452:Xinmoviridae
450:
443:
436:
429:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
314:
305:
298:
291:
285:Respirovirus
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
226:
220:
214:
208:
200:
192:
186:
180:
174:
168:Respirovirus
166:
151:
139:
127:
115:
103:
91:
84:
74:(unranked):
54:nucleocapsid
29:
4107:Pharyngitis
4064:Sore throat
3991:Enterovirus
3986:Coronavirus
3965:Common cold
3772:Coronavirus
3513:Common cold
3425:acute viral
3408:Myocarditis
3252:(probable)
3004:Anal cancer
2905:MedlinePlus
2473:(1): 12–8.
1987:. eMedicine
1414:temperature
1378:antibiotics
1318:immunogenic
923:translation
899:proteolysis
842:rule of six
692:nucleotides
671:Rubulavirus
503:nucleotides
316:Rubulavirus
271:Henipavirus
202:Rubulavirus
4153:Categories
4054:Rhinorrhea
3996:Rhinovirus
3981:Adenovirus
3899:Urogenital
3765:Astrovirus
3725:Adenovirus
3549:SARS-CoV-2
3306:Poliovirus
3181:meningitis
2881:DiseasesDB
2248:2009-03-15
1722:2009-03-15
1479:25 January
1455:References
1386:nebulizers
1350:Medication
1340:antibodies
1329:attenuated
1302:Prevention
1158:Immunology
1133:chemokines
1131:. Various
1115:, various
1074:meningitis
978:Host range
968:interferon
838:nucleotide
785:RNA genome
525:microscopy
445:Sunviridae
264:Ferlavirus
257:Avulavirus
225:(formerly
213:(formerly
191:(formerly
179:(formerly
4117:Sinusitis
4112:Pneumonia
3810:RNA virus
3791:DNA virus
3783:Hepatitis
3758:Norovirus
3746:Rotavirus
3740:RNA virus
3719:DNA virus
3665:Esophagus
3593:Influenza
3479:RNA virus
3441:DNA virus
3210:RNA virus
3189:DNA virus
3095:RNA virus
2973:DNA virus
2965:Oncovirus
2727:. NewsFlu
2430:1069-3424
1950:ignored (
1940:cite book
1916:. Wiley.
1367:antiviral
1355:Ribavirin
1344:colostrum
1338:Maternal
1248:serotypes
1182:Diagnosis
1144:histamine
1109:cytokines
1107:. Common
1048:pneumonia
1026:pneumonia
953:cytoplasm
919:ribosomes
911:cytoplasm
767:Assembly
750:Envelope
736:Envelope
721:Function
718:Location
639:pneumonia
557:serotypes
549:antigenic
99:Kingdom:
92:Riboviria
4069:Weakness
4059:Sneezing
4029:Headache
4006:Symptoms
3908:BK virus
3711:diarrhea
3555:COVID-19
3297:Myelitis
2786:12692097
2731:21 March
2711:14245166
2668:21 March
2642:21 March
2622:18820572
2546:15845430
2497:21983132
2448:27486735
2389:18 March
2369:25043753
2324:21 March
2297:21 March
2292:Medscape
2272:21 March
2187:21 March
2167:41967381
2159:14689350
2119:21 March
2020:21 March
1991:21 March
1896:16007245
1844:12692097
1795:11312321
1744:21 March
1717:21413341
1680:21859271
1629:21 March
1600:12692097
1429:aerosols
1416:and the
1410:humidity
1359:in-vitro
1308:vaccines
888:syncytia
826:complex
806:complex
696:proteins
147:Family:
111:Phylum:
4039:Malaise
4019:Fatigue
3973:Viruses
3661:Pharynx
3165:Central
2875:D018184
2702:2093680
2581:1862276
2537:7132437
2488:7110842
2439:7171724
2361:2155085
2224:8747776
2095:3009769
2060:8075269
1887:1159152
1671:3503243
1530:8055470
1433:fomites
1363:in-vivo
1361:tests (
1176:T cells
1168:humoral
1148:trachea
1146:in the
1127:), and
1119:(i.e.,
957:mitotic
648:HPIV-4
625:HPIV-3
613:Causes
605:HPIV-2
586:HPIV-1
553:genetic
497:with a
485:viruses
319:(part)
288:(part)
205:(part)
171:(part)
135:Order:
123:Class:
3325:HTLV-I
3270:Rabies
3120:HTLV-I
2910:001370
2784:
2777:153148
2774:
2709:
2699:
2620:
2579:
2544:
2534:
2495:
2485:
2446:
2436:
2428:
2367:
2359:
2222:
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2157:
2093:
2058:
1928:
1894:
1884:
1842:
1835:153148
1832:
1793:
1786:114204
1783:
1715:
1705:
1678:
1668:
1598:
1591:153148
1588:
1528:
1521:358320
1518:
1418:medium
1242:, and
1215:(PCR).
578:Notes
569:Virus
561:clades
535:(only
527:, and
499:genome
4131:Drugs
4097:Croup
4024:Fever
4014:Cough
3921:Mumps
3680:Mumps
3650:Human
3080:MCPyV
2886:30631
2864:480.2
2849:J20.4
2845:J12.2
2841:B34.8
2638:. eLS
2365:S2CID
2163:S2CID
1390:croup
1224:titre
1152:croup
1129:TNF–α
1113:IFN–α
1033:croup
905:and F
775:(NP)
733:(HN)
652:11203
629:11216
615:croup
609:11212
596:croup
590:12730
467:HPIVs
85:Realm
78:Virus
3635:hMPV
3507:OC43
3503:HKU1
3499:NL63
3495:229E
3153:AIDS
3032:KSHV
2870:MeSH
2859:9-CM
2782:PMID
2733:2012
2707:PMID
2670:2012
2644:2012
2618:PMID
2577:PMID
2542:PMID
2493:PMID
2444:PMID
2426:ISSN
2391:2023
2357:PMID
2326:2012
2299:2012
2274:2012
2220:PMID
2189:2012
2155:PMID
2121:2012
2091:PMID
2056:PMID
2022:2012
1993:2012
1952:help
1926:ISBN
1892:PMID
1840:PMID
1791:PMID
1746:2012
1713:PMID
1703:ISBN
1676:PMID
1631:2012
1596:PMID
1526:PMID
1481:2019
1170:and
1125:IL-6
1121:IL–2
1076:and
1046:and
1014:cold
962:The
927:mRNA
872:vRNA
814:(L)
794:(P)
761:(M)
747:(F)
701:The
637:and
551:and
3915:MuV
3884:CBV
3859:HEV
3847:HDV
3835:HCV
3823:HAV
3816:CBV
3797:HBV
3674:MuV
3605:V,
3397:CBV
3366:HSV
3343:Eye
3230:LCV
3216:MeV
3147:HIV
3101:HCV
3046:EBV
2993:HPV
2979:HBV
2855:ICD
2832:ICD
2809:CDC
2772:PMC
2764:doi
2697:PMC
2608:doi
2569:doi
2532:PMC
2524:doi
2483:PMC
2475:doi
2434:PMC
2418:doi
2349:doi
2212:doi
2147:doi
2083:doi
2079:108
2048:doi
1918:doi
1882:PMC
1874:doi
1870:115
1830:PMC
1822:doi
1781:PMC
1773:doi
1666:PMC
1658:doi
1586:PMC
1578:doi
1516:PMC
1508:doi
688:RNA
684:RNA
559:or
529:PCR
495:RNA
482:RNA
4155::
3611::
3572::
3566:,
3489::
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