137:
395:
31:
43:
682:
509:
384:
735:
581:
547:
538:; however, the straight-twin design has the advantage of easier packaging of ancillaries (such as the air-filter, carburettor and ignition components), which also improves access to ancillaries for maintenance/repairs. A straight-twin engine using a 270 degree crankshaft can have a similar sound and feel to a V-twin engine with an uneven firing order.
287:, and both configurations have a similar 'pulsing' exhaust sound as a result. The pistons in a 270 degree straight-twin engine are never both stationary at the same time (as per a 90 degree V-twin engine), thereby reducing the net momentum exchange between the crank and pistons during a full rotation.
221:
In an engine with a 180 degree crankshaft, one piston rises as the other falls. In a four-stroke engine, the firing interval is uneven, with the second cylinder firing 180 degrees after the first, followed by a gap of 540 degrees until the first cylinder fires again. The uneven firing interval causes
156:
In an engine with a 360 degree crankshaft, both pistons move up and down at the same time. However, the firing interval is offset between cylinders, with one of the cylinders firing during the first crankshaft rotation and then the other cylinder in the following rotation. This set up results an even
290:
An imperfect primary balance is created in a 270 degree straight-twin engine, due to a combination of free force and rocking couple; a balance shaft is often used to compensate for this. The secondary balance of a 270 degree engine is perfect; however, the configuration does result in an unbalanced
282:
In an engine with a 270 degree crankshaft, one piston follows three quarters of a rotation behind the other. This results in an uneven firing interval where the second cylinder fires 270 degrees after the first, followed by a gap of 450 degrees until the first cylinder fires again. This is the same
176:
From the 1930s, most
British four-stroke straight-twin motorcycle engines used a 360 degree crankshaft, since this avoided the uneven intake pulsing of other configurations, thus preventing the need for twin carburettors. In the 1960s, even though Japanese motorcycles mostly switched to 180 degree
96:
In the United
Kingdom, the term "parallel-twin" is traditionally used for engines with a crankshaft angle of 360 degrees, since the two pistons are in the same direction (i.e. parallel to each other). "Vertical-twin" was used to describe engines with a crankshaft angle of 180 degrees, which causes
2229:– Feb 1989 – Page 109. Vol. 166, No. 2 – 136 pages – Magazine "Also new from Suzuki are the inline twin 15 and the inline 3-cylinder 25. Both are equipped with loop-charging, oil injection and external-mount tilt and trim. The 25 also has pre-atomized oil injection and an overrev limiter."
571:
This engine orientation allows for a motorcycle as narrow as a single-cylinder engine, which reduces the aerodynamic drag, especially for the purpose of motorcycle racing. However, the main disadvantage for air-cooled engines is that the rear cylinder runs hotter than the front cylinder.
445:
Following the trend created by the
Triumph Speed Twin, the most common design used by British motorcycle manufacturers until the mid-1970s was a four-stroke straight-twin engine with a 360 degree crankshaft. The manufacturers producing these motorcycles included
92:
The straight-twin layout is also referred to as "parallel-twin", "vertical-twin" and "inline-twin". Some of these terms originally had specific meanings relating to the crankshaft angle or engine orientation; however, they are often also used interchangeably.
2477:"Emission-compliant diesel engines cover 83 to 1,350 bhp in 10 models." Oil, Gas, & Petrochem Equipment May 2006: 18. General OneFile. Web. 29 June 2012. "Cat petroleum diesels line includes eight inline two, three, and four-cylinder engines
172:
and a separate weighted connecting rod. Compared with a single-cylinder engine, the more frequent firing interval (360 degrees compared with 720 degrees) results in smoother running characteristics, despite the similar dynamic imbalance.
414:
became the second production motorcycle model, using a straight-twin engine with vertical cylinders. The Werner engine uses cast-iron cylinders with integral heads, side valves and has a displacement of 500 cc.
1864:
If you press him, though, Jim is likely to expound on his 1947 S7 Sunbeam – "twin-cylinder, rubber-mounted engine. They were an inline two-cylinder, not crosswise in the frame, like conventional twins are."
251:
180 degree crankshaft engine has a similar power output to contemporary
British 360 degree crankshaft engines, despite having a smaller displacement of 450 cc compared with 650 cc. Both the 1973
177:
crankshafts for engines sized from 250 to 500 cc, various smaller and larger engines continued to use a 360 degree crankshaft. Vibration was less of an issue for smaller engines, such as the 1965
1116:...the America utilizes a 270-degree crank. That gives the America a lumpier cadence at idle that's a fair replica of a V-twin beat, although updated balancer shafts keep the vibrations under control.
2161:
The twin-cylinder, 623cc petrol engine powering it drives the rear wheels, and sits directly above them to the right of the rear of the car, with a four-speed manual gearbox immediately to its left.
485:, becoming the first and only straight-twin motorcycle to win the championship. This engine is one of few four-stroke straight-twins to use cylinders oriented horizontally rather than vertically.
168:
is as per a single-cylinder engine of equivalent reciprocating mass. Early engines attempted to reduce vibration through counterweights on the crankshaft; however, later methods also included
2536:: Volume 54, Issues 1–6; Volume 54, Issues 1–6 1982 "A modified snowmobile power plant, the 30-hp inline twin has been detuned by lowering the compression ratio and modifying the carburetion"
2342:
Powered by a turbocharged 4-stroke
Parallel Twin that has half the displacement of the Sea-Doo's supercharged GTX, the lightweight Polaris MSX 150 is almost as fast and $ 2200 less expensive.
1127:
JAE: the journal of automotive engineering, Volume 2. Institution of
Mechanical Engineers (Great Britain). Automobile Division. Automobile Division, Institution of Mechanical Engineers., 1971
1692:
2642:
410:
used a straight-twin engine. The cylinders lay flat and forward-facing, with the pistons connected directly to the rear wheel using a locomotive-style connecting rod. In 1903, the
718:
From the 1950s, manufacturers of outboard motors had settled on the use of the basic inline engine design, cylinders stacked on top of each other with the crankshaft driving the
270:
of vibration is twice that of an equivalent single-cylinder engine; however, the amplitude is halved. Two-stroke engines that do not use a 180 degree crankshaft include the 1972
205:
motorcycles also use 360 degree crankshafts, with a third "vestigial" connecting rod (acting as a counterbalance) and a rev limit of 9,000 rpm to reduce vibrations. In 2009
128:
present in 180° crank engines or the large uncountered reciprocating mass in 360° crank engines. Inline-twins also suffer further from torsional torque reactions and vibration.
531:. This layout is well suited to air-cooling, since both cylinders receive equal airflow and the exhaust can exit in the well-cooled location at the front of each cylinder.
157:
360 degree firing interval unlike other crank configurations in inline twin engines. The 360 degree engines can use a single ignition system for both cylinders, using a
442:). During the development of the engine, it was found that a 360 degree crank angle was better suited to the use of a single carburettor than a 180 degree crank angle.
1724:
370:. Beginning in the late 1950s, most Honda straight-twin engines had four main bearings. Subsequent straight-twin engines had four or occasionally three main bearings.
783:, single seat gyro-copters and small homebuilt aircraft have also used straight-twin engines, often using engines originally designed for snowmobiles such as the
1904:
In some construction layouts the transverse width is the same as a single-cylinder engine, which allows very narrow frames and bodywork with small frontal areas.
326:. This architecture is proving popular among manufacturers, which are upgrading models that were previously equipped with other engine types, such as the 2016
2497:
Taking an 1,124cc naturally-aspirated inline-four as a baseline, it selected the inline-twin configuration as offering the lowest friction and thermal losses.
124:, straight-twins are more compact, a simpler design and cheaper to produce. Straight-twin engines can be prone to vibration, either because of the irregular
240:
A 180° crankshaft engine suffers fewer pumping losses than a 360° twin, because displacement of the crankcase is relatively unchanged as the pistons move.
84:
Various different crankshaft configurations have been used for straight-twin engines, with the most common being 360 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees.
2635:
422:
was a successful straight-twin motorcycle which also led to straight-twin engines becoming more widely used by other brands. The engine was designed by
488:
Since the 2000s, BMW and several
Japanese manufacturers have continued to produce straight-twin engines, mostly for middleweight models. Several large
1413:
2456:
2545:
Berger-Burr's ultralight and microlight aircraft of the world, Volume 16. P.185. Alain-Yves Berger, Norman Burr. Haynes
Publishing Group, 1 Jan 1983
482:
1682:
2426:
471:
97:
the pistons to travel in opposite directions. The terms "straight-twin" and "inline-twin" were used more generically for any crankshaft angle.
2628:
2173:
1925:
1796:
1763:
1660:
1627:
1516:
Stylish, light, responsive, smooth, and refined, the Speed Twin changed the direction of motorcycle design and dominated it for thirty years.
1503:
1384:
1359:
1334:
1232:
1176:
1072:
1035:
983:
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813:
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959:...and the Sunbeam S7, that civilised but low-powered shaft-drive in-line twin that BSA hoped would fill a niche as a gentleman's machine...
594:
Although two-cylinder engines are quite uncommon in cars, the straight-twin layout has been used for several automobile engines over time.
2314:
Intertec
Publishing - 1986 - 488 pages "Engines consist of two types; the axial fan, inline twin and the simultaneous firing opposed twin.
243:
In the 1960s, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers favoured the use of 180 degree crankshafts, since the increased smoothness allowed higher
423:
260:
had a 180 degree crankshaft and a balance shaft. Since 1993, most Honda straight-twin motorcycle engines use 180 degree crankshafts.
2753:
2518:
2393:
2248:
2127:
2025:
1998:
1952:
1891:
1844:
487 cc
Sunbeam. Walneck's Classic Cycle Trader, Dominion Enterprises, Dec 1996 reprinted from Classic Bike Magazine, 5 January 1950.
1549:
1476:
1257:
1207:
1149:
1103:
1007:
906:
108:) where the cylinders are arranged longitudinally in the chassis (although the two crankshafts are actually oriented transversely).
136:
222:
vibrations and results in a 'lumpy' power delivery. A 180° engine also requires a separate ignition system for each cylinder.
3187:
1820:
1716:
237:(similar to an inline-four engine); however, the lower reciprocating mass means that this often does not require treatment.
2406:
Underneath the bodywork, you'll find a 597cc overhead-valve parallel twin with two valves per cylinder, fed by a 34mm carb.
447:
435:
407:
323:
2846:
2773:
2226:
2669:
1566:
497:
394:
77:
Straight-twin engines are primarily used in motorcycles; other uses include automobiles, marine vessels, snowmobiles,
470:. Straight-twin engines were also produced by Italian and German manufacturers, along with the American manufacturer
2143:
971:
770:
303:
202:
178:
125:
3182:
796:
451:
366:. Most vintage British straight-twin motorcycle engines (such as Triumph, BSA, Norton and Royal Enfield) had two
266:
typically use a 180 degree crankshaft, since this results in two evenly-spaced power strokes per revolution. The
612:, which used a pair of cylinders taken from a de Dion model mounted fore and aft and positioned below the seat.
213:
inline twin car engines that use 360 degree crankshaft which relied on balance shafts to reduce the vibrations.
30:
2923:
2763:
2384:
Parsons, Grant (February 2003). Wood, Bill (ed.). "Top Gear: Polaris 600 Sportsman Works Hard and Plays Hard".
1736:
The engine is no longer an oversized, vibration-prone single but a smooth and reasonably powerful in-line twin.
2015:
2579:
1977:
Michael Sedgwick, 1980 - 93 pages "The engine, an inline twin, lived in a box like a meat-safe at the rear."
2918:
2873:
2783:
2716:
2448:
916:
Engine layout in which the cylinders are arranged in a row, and in-line with the wheels of the machine...
244:
2533:
1988:
1974:
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609:
267:
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which requires use of a balance shaft to reduce the vibration. A 180 degree straight-twin engine has a
2555:
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2893:
2888:
2856:
2798:
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489:
339:
71:
662:
As of January 2024, petrol straight-twin engines used in production cars currently just include the
3147:
2971:
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2793:
2743:
920:
A two-cylinder engine layout in which both cylinders are side by side and mounted across the frame.
780:
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663:
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271:
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101:
78:
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2241:
The Art of the John Deere Tractor: Featuring Tractors from the Walter and Bruce Keller Collection
2148:
524:
419:
388:
343:
311:
230:
1854:
Watanabe, Laurie; Mitchel, Doug (November 1996). "That magnificent man on his riding machines".
898:
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1065:
How Your Motorcycle Works: Your Guide to the Components & Systems of Modern Motorcycles
1000:
The Internal-combustion Engine in Theory and Practice: Combustion, fuels, materials, design
704:
In the early 20th century, gaff-rigged British fishing boats such as Morecambe Bay Prawners
2961:
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307:
226:
182:
165:
840:
Hunt, Phil; McKay, Malcolm; Wilson, Hugo; Robinson, James (2012), Duckworth, Mick (ed.),
648:
294:
The first production 270 degree straight-twin motorcycle engines were fitted to the 1996
42:
2731:
1990:
The light car: a technical history of cars with engines of less than 1600 c.c. capacity
1399:
891:
766:
762:
710:
694:
681:
670:
652:
363:
198:
148:
configurations for straight-twin engines are 360 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees.
2199:
1375:
Frank, Aaron (Jul 12, 2003). "Chapter Three: Honda Who?". In Holmstrom, Darwin (ed.).
1352:
Honda Motorcycles: Everything You Need to Know About Every Honda Motorcycle Ever Built
3176:
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295:
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17:
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straight-twin motorcycles are less common; however, examples include the 1930–1938
508:
399:
367:
335:
315:
253:
190:
158:
47:
1886:(English ed.). St. Paul, MN USA: Motorbooks International. pp. 117–118.
383:
229:
is possible with a 180 degree straight-twin engine; however, the design creates a
2605:
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2048:
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493:
431:
248:
1079:
Unmachined forging of a 270-degree crankshaft for parallel-twin engine. (Honda)
104:
orientation (i.e. with the crankshaft in line with the chassis) or a U-engine (
3106:
3101:
3096:
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3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
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1616:
Gingerelli, Dain; Everitt, Charles; Michels, James Manning (10 January 2011).
784:
750:
636:
632:
620:
580:
546:
299:
145:
2401:
2367:
2337:
2286:
2267:
Markowski, Michael A. (May 1984). Gilmore, C. P.; Ortner, Everett H. (eds.).
2066:
1584:
1290:
1111:
615:
Straight-twin engines have been used in various small cars, such as the 1957
3091:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2999:
2994:
792:
788:
787:
and Cuyuna 430-D. Purpose-built engines for ultralight aircraft include the
738:
656:
624:
523:(i.e. oriented with the crankshaft perpendicular to the frame), such as the
463:
359:
2354:
Samson, Jack, ed. (October 1972). "Quieter & Safer: the '73 machines".
1492:
Brooke, Lindsay (5 January 2003). "Chapter Two: Speed Twin and Tiger 100".
519:
Many large British motorcycles from 1945 to the 1960s used a straight-twin
3157:
3152:
3137:
3116:
3111:
3086:
3081:
3073:
2981:
1993:. Science Museum (Great Britain) (Second illustrated ed.). H.M.S.O.
698:
644:
640:
616:
588:
427:
210:
193:, often used balance shafts to reduce the vibration. The later 1978–1984
105:
534:
The transverse-engine straight-twin design has been largely replaced by
746:
605:
35:
708:
would sometimes retrofit an inboard engine, such as the Lister or the
1652:
Modern Motorcycle Technology: How Every Part of Your Motorcycle Works
761:. Design variations include two-stroke, four-stroke, petrol, diesel,
608:
cars that year. Another early straight-twin engined car was the 1898
561:
347:
331:
1655:. Motorbooks Workshop (English ed.). MotorBooks International.
1227:(illustrated, revised ed.). Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing.
2372:
The important power plants will now be 399 to 440cc parallel twins.
500:. Straight-twin engines are also used in motocross sidecar racing.
1050:
American bicyclist and motorcyclist, Volume 6. Cycling Press, 1911
733:
680:
579:
545:
507:
393:
382:
362:, unlike V-twin engines which can use a common crank pin for both
135:
100:
For motorcycles, "inline-twin" has sometimes referred to either a
74:
whose cylinders are arranged in a line along a common crankshaft.
41:
29:
2513:(8th ed.). Cybair Limited Publishing. pp. G–3 and G–4.
1579:(12). Pickerington, Ohio: American Motorcyclist Association: 13.
2122:(in Italian). Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. pp. 233–234.
1094:
Ried, Rick (December 2001). "British Heritage, American Style".
206:
2624:
2606:"Model Engine Designer and Manufacturing Profiles: Taplin Twin"
1248:
McDiarmid, Mac (1 January 1995). "Honda CB450 'Black Bomber'".
795:. Straight-twin engines are sometimes also used in large scale
1944:
Classic Cars: 50 Years of the World's Finest Automotive Design
467:
2281:(5). New York, NY USA: Times Mirror Magazines: 103–107, 158.
2324:
Taylor, Rich (May 2003). Oldham, Joe (ed.). "Fighter Jets".
666:(used in various models from Fiat, Lancia and Alfa Romeo).
197:
engines also used a 360 degree crankshaft, as does the 1989
1171:. Brian J. Nelson, photographer. MotorBooks International.
2047:
Norbye, Jan P. (February 1975). Luckett, Hubert P. (ed.).
1273:
Holcolmb, Hank (October 1964). Juettner, Walter R. (ed.).
1030:(4, illustrated, revised ed.). Taylor & Francis.
597:
The first known straight-twin engine was a variant of the
81:, all-terrain vehicles, tractors and ultralight aircraft.
2200:"2 Stroke International Marine Engines & Jet Pumps"
1758:. Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. pp. 117–122.
492:
have also used straight-twin engines, such as the 2001
358:
Each cylinder in a straight-twin engine has a separate
2061:(2). New York, NY USA: Times Mirror Magazines: 56–59.
1785:
Coombs, Matthew; Haynes, John; Shoemark, Pete (2002),
673:
made use of a diesel straight-twin engine until 2020.
604:
engine introduced in 1895; these engines were used in
247:
and thus higher power outputs. For example, the 1966
1446:. Topeka, Kansas, USA: Ogden Publications. p. 1
1420:. Topeka, Kansas, USA: Ogden Publications. p. 2
1400:
http://www.moto-histo.com/france/fr1/fr1.htm%7CMotos
3125:
3072:
2980:
2932:
2864:
2855:
2817:
2662:
2362:(6). New York, NY USA: CBS Publications: S10–S14.
1755:Off-Road Giants!: Heroes of 1960s Motorcycle Sport
1704:Engine specification 4 stroke, parallel twin, auto
890:
406:The world's first production motorcycle, the 1894
324:Royal Enfield Interceptor 650 & Continental GT
2556:"Operators Manual for Engine Types 447, 503, 582"
2269:"Build your own ultralight? –tips from an expert"
1565:Oliver, Lance (December 2004). Bill, Wood (ed.).
1471:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 48.
1058:
1056:
2017:The complete handbook of automotive power trains
1327:Let's Ride: Sonny Barger's Guide to Motorcycling
749:(such as various John Deere models until 1960),
874:Tuttle, Mark Jr. (December 2005), "BMW F800S",
835:
833:
689:Straight-twin engines have been often used as
2636:
2262:
2260:
1225:Edward Turner: The Man Behind the Motorcycles
1198:Cutts, John; Scott, Michael (1 August 1991).
1063:Henshaw, Peter (Sep 15, 2012). "Two–Engine".
938:The BSA Bantam Bible: All Models 1948 to 1971
38:motorcycle engine (built by Hispano Villiers)
8:
1498:. MotorBooks International. pp. 36–37.
1402:Francaises, Werner Brothers Moto Bicyclettes
2861:
2643:
2629:
2621:
2144:"World's cheapest car launched: Tata Nano"
2120:Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1985
140:Animation with different crankshaft angles
1142:Pictorial History of Japanese Motorcycles
976:Mick Walker's European Racing Motorcycles
843:Motorcycle: The Definitive Visual History
2561:(operators manual). BRP-Powertrain. 2010
2049:"The new logic in small-car engineering"
1810:"Fast Bike" magazine August 1995 page 20
1750:"Chapter 17: Wasp - A Sting in the Tail"
1379:. MotorBooks International. p. 34.
1250:Classic superbikes from around the world
1135:
1133:
346:(the older design being equipped with a
2419:"Which Big Bore Engine Layout Is Best?"
1495:Triumph: A Century of Passion and Power
1354:. Krause Publications. pp. 12–15.
1140:Vandenheuvel, Cornelis (18 July 1997).
1089:
1087:
1021:
1019:
1002:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). MIT Press.
998:Taylor, Charles Fayette (19 Mar 1985).
897:. London: Dorling Kindersley. pp.
829:
726:outbound motor was introduced in 1989.
27:Inline piston engine with two cylinders
2102:Teodor, Pompiliu. "Dacia 500 Lăstun".
1791:(2nd ed.), Haynes, p. 1•31,
1603:
1527:
1350:Mitchel, Doug (Oct 18, 2005). "1959".
1285:(4). New York, NY USA: Hearst: 34–35.
587:straight-twin engine at the rear of a
2459:from the original on 17 December 2013
2429:from the original on 17 December 2013
2118:Mastrostefano, Raffaele, ed. (1985).
1821:"Dresch Monobloc 1930 500cc 2 cyl sv"
1165:Holmstrom, Darwin (4 December 2009).
814:List of motorcycles by type of engine
430:, and was initially used in the 1933
7:
2511:Ultralight Aircraft Shopper's Guide
2487:"PSA fires up two-cylinder turbo".
1748:Westlake, Andy (15 November 2008).
1717:"2008 Honda Silver Wing ABS Review"
1440:"Triumph's First Twin: Triumph 6/1"
1414:"Triumph's First Twin: Triumph 6/1"
1325:; Holmstrom, Darwin (Jun 8, 2010).
1312:, Volume 46. CBS Publications, 2007
185:. Larger engines, such as the 1969
1916:Brown, Roland (1 September 2003).
1649:Clarke, Massimo (17 April 2010) .
1028:Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology
893:The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle
715:3.0 litre petrol-paraffin engine.
685:Easthope marine engine, circa 1960
483:1949 Grand Prix World Championship
302:. Later examples include the 2009
25:
2394:American Motorcyclist Association
1104:American Motorcyclist Association
1067:. Veloce Publishing. p. 19.
940:. Veloce Publishing. p. 42.
889:Wilson, Hugo (1995). "Glossary".
2332:(5). Hearst Magazines: 114–117.
1883:Motorcycle Design and Technology
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1987:Caunter, Cyril Francis (1958).
1947:. Bookthrift. pp. 49, 57.
1727:from the original on 2010-07-27
1723:. Verticalscope. Jun 12, 2008.
1695:from the original on 2010-09-30
932:Henshaw, Peter (Jun 15, 2008).
2449:"BEST IN CLASS: BEST 2-UP ATV"
1918:Ultimate History of Fast Bikes
1438:Davis, Simon (May–June 2013).
1412:Davis, Simon (May–June 2013).
1223:Clew, Jeff (1 February 2007).
1144:. Devon U.K.: Bay View Books.
434:sidecar hauler (which won the
1:
2584:www.aircraftinternational.com
2239:Klancher, Lee (13 May 2011).
1622:. MBI Publishing. p. 8.
1619:365 Motorcycles You Must Ride
2178:piaggioveicolicommerciali.it
1252:. Parragon. pp. 52–53.
1102:(12). Pickerington, OH USA:
436:International Six Days Trial
2392:(2). Pickerington, OH USA:
1200:World's Fastest Motorcycles
542:Longitudinal-engined models
408:Hildebrand & Wolfmüller
3204:
2152:. Haymarket Consumer Media
1825:www.classic-motorcycle.com
1683:"Yamaha T-Max (2001-2011)"
1275:"Inside Today's Outboards"
514:Norton Commando Interstate
438:silver medal and the 1933
203:BMW F series parallel-twin
199:Yamaha XTZ750 Super Ténéré
2307:Snowmobile Service Manual
797:radio-controlled aircraft
504:Transverse-engined models
1878:"Chapter 11: The Engine"
2580:"3W-150iR2 Inline Twin"
2014:Norbye, Jan P. (1981).
1876:Cocco, Gaetano (2004).
1530:, pp. 53, 120, 122
677:Usage in marine vessels
283:pattern as a 90 degree
2784:Single-acting cylinder
2717:Double-acting cylinder
2509:Cliche, Andre (2001).
2495:(9): 5. October 2008.
2174:"Piaggio Porter Maxxi"
1542:Norton Dominator Twins
742:
686:
591:
554:
516:
403:
391:
141:
51:
39:
3188:Straight-twin engines
2652:Engine configurations
2386:American Motorcyclist
1858:(Trade Publication).
1572:American Motorcyclist
1096:American Motorcyclist
854:, pp. 126, 210,
737:
684:
610:Decauville Voiturelle
583:
549:
511:
402:two-stroke motorcycle
397:
386:
320:Triumph Thruxton 1200
268:fundamental frequency
139:
45:
33:
2754:Oscillating cylinder
2086:"Noutăți. VAZ 111".
759:all-terrain vehicles
755:personal watercrafts
576:Usage in automobiles
374:Usage in motorcycles
70:, is a two-cylinder
56:straight-twin engine
18:Parallel-twin engine
2847:Two-and four-stroke
2749:Intake over exhaust
2489:Automotive Engineer
1941:Brazendale (1983).
1567:"Parallel Universe"
1540:Bacon, Roy (1990).
1444:Motorcycle Classics
1418:Motorcycle Classics
781:Ultralight aircraft
745:Other uses include
664:Fiat TwinAir engine
558:Longitudinal engine
412:Werner Motocyclette
308:Norton Commando 961
304:Triumph Thunderbird
235:secondary imbalance
195:Honda CB250N/CB400N
102:longitudinal engine
58:, also known as an
2453:Dirt Trax Magazine
2423:Dirt Trax Magazine
2356:Field & Stream
2243:. Voyageur Press.
1606:, pp. 108–109
1544:. PRC. p. 7.
771:natural aspiration
743:
687:
592:
564:and the 1949–1956
555:
525:Triumph Bonneville
517:
479:AJS E-90 Porcupine
420:Triumph Speed Twin
404:
392:
389:Triumph Speed Twin
312:Honda NC700 series
264:Two-stroke engines
142:
52:
40:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
2866:Inline / straight
2764:Overhead camshaft
2604:Janson, David R.
2425:. 3 August 2011.
2326:Popular Mechanics
2227:Popular Mechanics
1927:978-1-40541-592-7
1798:978-1-85960-515-8
1788:Motorcycle Basics
1765:978-1-84584-190-4
1662:978-0-76033-819-3
1629:978-0-76033-474-4
1505:978-0-76030-456-3
1386:978-0-76031-077-9
1377:Honda Motorcycles
1361:978-0-87349-966-8
1336:978-0-06196-426-8
1329:. HarperCollins.
1234:978-1-84584-065-5
1178:978-0-76033-748-6
1074:978-1-84584-494-3
1037:978-0-75068-037-0
985:978-0-95313-113-6
978:, Redline Books,
947:978-1-84584-159-1
861:978-1-46540-088-8
706:Lancashire Nobbys
629:Mitsubishi Minica
566:Sunbeam S7 and S8
521:transverse engine
498:Honda Silver Wing
481:won the 500
328:Honda Africa Twin
122:flat-twin engines
50:motorcycle engine
16:(Redirected from
3195:
3183:Straight engines
2862:
2857:Cylinder layouts
2645:
2638:
2631:
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2500:
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2464:
2455:. 9 March 2012.
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2011:
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1688:Motor Cycle News
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1465:Setright, L.J.K.
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896:
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879:
871:
865:
864:
837:
809:Flat-twin engine
599:Daimler Motors'
291:rocking couple.
144:The most common
132:Crankshaft angle
21:
3203:
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3198:
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2274:Popular Science
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2054:Popular Science
2046:
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2013:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1986:
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1981:
1973:
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1696:
1691:. Bauer Media.
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1168:BMW Motorcycles
1164:
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872:
868:
862:
839:
838:
831:
827:
805:
741:aircraft engine
732:
720:propeller shaft
695:outboard motors
679:
655:, and the 2008
578:
562:Dresch Monobloc
544:
529:Norton Commando
506:
381:
376:
364:connecting rods
356:
227:primary balance
166:primary balance
134:
126:firing interval
114:
90:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3201:
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2796:
2791:
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2771:
2769:Overhead valve
2766:
2761:
2759:Opposed-piston
2756:
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2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
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2724:
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2704:
2699:
2694:
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2672:
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2660:
2659:
2656:piston engines
2650:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2596:
2571:
2547:
2538:
2534:Machine Design
2526:
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2440:
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2376:
2346:
2316:
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2006:
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1721:Motorcycle.com
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1302:
1265:
1258:
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1233:
1215:
1208:
1202:. Book Sales.
1190:
1177:
1157:
1150:
1129:
1120:
1083:
1073:
1052:
1043:
1036:
1015:
1008:
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984:
963:
946:
934:"Super Bantam"
924:
907:
881:
866:
860:
828:
826:
823:
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821:
816:
811:
804:
801:
731:
728:
691:inboard motors
678:
675:
671:Piaggio Porter
653:Daihatsu Cuore
577:
574:
543:
540:
536:V-twin engines
505:
502:
380:
377:
375:
372:
355:
352:
280:
279:
231:rocking couple
219:
218:
170:balance shafts
164:The imperfect
154:
153:
133:
130:
118:V-twin engines
116:Compared with
113:
110:
89:
86:
36:Sanglas Rovena
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2819:Stroke cycles
2816:
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2800:
2797:
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2520:0-9680628-1-4
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2310:, p. 297, at
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2250:9780760339497
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2129:88-7212-012-8
2125:
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2111:
2105:
2098:
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2089:
2082:
2079:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2029:
2027:0-8306-2069-9
2023:
2020:. Tab Books.
2019:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2000:9780112900030
1996:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1956:
1954:0-6710-5103-2
1950:
1946:
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1934:
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1893:0-7603-1990-1
1889:
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1551:1-85648-306-1
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1478:0-297-77234-1
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1323:Barger, Sonny
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1259:0-7525-1017-7
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1209:1-5552-1708-7
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1151:1-8709-7997-4
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1009:0-262-70027-1
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921:
919:
918:parallel twin
915:
910:
908:0-7513-0206-6
904:
900:
895:
894:
885:
882:
877:
870:
867:
863:
857:
853:
852:Penguin Group
849:
848:DK Publishing
845:
844:
836:
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830:
824:
820:
819:V-twin engine
817:
815:
812:
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807:
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802:
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782:
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775:turbocharging
772:
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767:water-cooling
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496:and the 2001
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
477:In 1949, the
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
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453:
449:
443:
441:
440:Maudes Trophy
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Edward Turner
421:
416:
413:
409:
401:
396:
390:
385:
378:
373:
371:
369:
368:main bearings
365:
361:
354:Main bearings
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
338:(formerly an
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Yamaha TRX850
292:
288:
286:
285:V-twin engine
277:
276:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
259:
256:and the 1977
255:
250:
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241:
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236:
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200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Yamaha XS 650
184:
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87:
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82:
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75:
73:
72:piston engine
69:
68:parallel-twin
65:
64:vertical-twin
61:
57:
49:
44:
37:
32:
19:
3148:Split-single
2934:Flat / boxer
2878:
2794:Swing-piston
2609:. Retrieved
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:
2574:
2563:. Retrieved
2550:
2541:
2529:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2452:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2422:
2413:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2312:Google Books
2305:
2301:
2290:. Retrieved
2278:
2272:
2240:
2234:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2180:(in Italian)
2177:
2168:
2160:
2154:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2087:
2081:
2070:. Retrieved
2058:
2052:
2042:
2031:. Retrieved
2016:
2009:
1989:
1982:
1975:Antique cars
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1943:
1936:
1920:. Parragon.
1917:
1911:
1903:
1897:. Retrieved
1882:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:
1815:
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1787:
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1754:
1743:
1735:
1729:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1703:
1697:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1666:. Retrieved
1651:
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1618:
1611:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1576:
1570:
1560:
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1535:
1523:
1515:
1509:. Retrieved
1494:
1487:
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1448:. Retrieved
1443:
1433:
1422:. Retrieved
1417:
1407:
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1376:
1370:
1351:
1345:
1326:
1317:
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1282:
1279:MotorBoating
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1218:
1199:
1193:
1182:. Retrieved
1167:
1160:
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1123:
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1099:
1095:
1078:
1064:
1046:
1027:
999:
993:
975:
972:Walker, Mick
966:
958:
951:. Retrieved
937:
927:
917:
913:
912:
892:
884:
878:, p. 15
875:
869:
842:
779:
744:
723:
717:
709:
703:
688:
668:
661:
649:Dacia Lăstun
614:
600:
596:
593:
585:Longitudinal
570:
556:
533:
518:
487:
476:
444:
417:
405:
400:Yamaha RD350
357:
336:Honda Hornet
330:(formerly a
316:Yamaha MT-07
293:
289:
281:
262:
258:Suzuki GS400
254:Yamaha TX500
242:
239:
224:
220:
191:Yamaha TX750
175:
163:
159:wasted spark
155:
143:
115:
99:
95:
91:
83:
76:
67:
63:
59:
55:
53:
48:Suzuki GS500
2837:Five-stroke
2832:Four-stroke
2789:Split cycle
2727:Free-piston
2670:Atmospheric
1604:Wilson 1995
1528:Wilson 1995
1469:Motorcycles
1310:Cycle World
763:air-cooling
751:snowmobiles
494:Yamaha TMAX
432:Triumph 6/1
344:V-Strom 800
278:270 degrees
249:Honda CB450
217:180 degrees
201:. The 2008
183:Honda CM185
152:360 degrees
106:tandem twin
88:Terminology
60:inline-twin
3177:Categories
2842:Six-stroke
2827:Two-stroke
2744:Heron head
2702:Cam engine
2611:2012-10-05
2565:2012-10-05
2292:2012-09-13
2207:jetvee.com
2184:21 January
2156:2012-07-12
2104:Autoturism
2088:Autoturism
2072:2013-05-18
2033:2013-05-18
1899:2013-09-09
1856:Dealernews
1830:13 October
1771:2013-02-01
1731:2012-07-11
1699:2012-09-08
1668:2012-09-08
1635:2012-09-08
1590:2012-09-08
1511:2012-09-08
1450:2014-04-26
1424:2014-04-26
1296:2013-05-18
1184:2012-09-10
825:References
785:Hirth 2704
730:Other uses
637:Honda Z600
633:Honda N360
621:Subaru 360
552:Sunbeam S8
398:1973–1975
387:1938–1966
342:) or 2023
300:Yamaha TDM
179:Honda CB92
146:crankshaft
2402:0277-9358
2368:8755-8599
2338:0032-4558
2287:0161-7370
2106:(2/1989).
2090:(1/1989).
2067:0161-7370
1585:0277-9358
1291:1531-2623
1112:0277-9358
1106:: 18–20.
793:Rotax 582
789:Rotax 503
739:Rotax 503
724:Suzuki 15
657:Tata Nano
625:NSU Prinz
464:Matchless
418:The 1938
360:crank pin
322:and 2018
209:launched
189:and 1972
181:and 1979
2774:Pentroof
2722:Flathead
2712:Compound
2690:Rotative
2463:6 August
2457:Archived
2433:6 August
2427:Archived
1960:26 April
1725:Archived
1693:Archived
1467:(1976).
974:(2000),
953:July 13,
803:See also
747:tractors
701:motors.
699:jet pump
641:Fiat 126
617:Fiat 500
589:Fiat 500
490:scooters
428:Val Page
340:inline-4
334:), 2023
225:Perfect
211:Multiair
161:system.
79:jet skis
2982:V / Vee
2799:Uniflow
2732:Stelzer
2707:Camless
2685:Cornish
2589:4 April
2212:4 April
2149:Autocar
914:in-line
899:309–310
651:, 1980
647:, 1988
645:VAZ Oka
643:, 1988
639:, 1972
635:, 1970
631:, 1967
627:, 1962
623:, 1958
619:, 1958
606:Panhard
601:Phoenix
456:Triumph
379:History
318:, 2016
314:, 2014
310:, 2012
306:, 2010
3143:Radial
3133:Deltic
2779:Rotary
2697:Bourke
2517:
2400:
2396:: 16.
2366:
2336:
2285:
2247:
2126:
2065:
2024:
1997:
1951:
1924:
1890:
1862:(12).
1795:
1762:
1659:
1626:
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1548:
1502:
1475:
1383:
1358:
1333:
1289:
1256:
1231:
1206:
1175:
1148:
1110:
1071:
1034:
1006:
982:
944:
905:
858:
757:, and
722:. The
711:Kelvin
472:Indian
452:Norton
348:V-twin
332:V-twin
272:Yankee
112:Design
3126:Other
2809:Wedge
2675:Axial
2559:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2108:p. 5.
2092:p. 8.
876:Rider
550:1951
512:1973
460:Ariel
66:, or
46:1997
34:1964
2804:Watt
2739:Hemi
2680:Beam
2663:Type
2654:for
2591:2018
2515:ISBN
2465:2012
2435:2012
2398:ISSN
2364:ISSN
2334:ISSN
2283:ISSN
2245:ISBN
2214:2018
2186:2014
2124:ISBN
2063:ISSN
2022:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1962:2014
1949:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1832:2020
1793:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1581:ISSN
1546:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1287:ISSN
1254:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1108:ISSN
1069:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1004:ISBN
980:ISBN
955:2012
942:ISBN
903:ISBN
856:ISBN
791:and
773:and
697:and
669:The
527:and
466:and
426:and
298:and
207:Fiat
120:and
3117:W30
3112:W24
3107:W18
3102:W16
3097:W12
3064:V24
3059:V20
3054:V18
3049:V16
3044:V14
3039:V12
3034:V10
3022:VR6
3010:VR5
2972:F16
2967:F12
2962:F10
2924:I14
2919:I12
2330:180
2279:224
2059:206
1283:114
468:AJS
448:BSA
350:).
245:rpm
3179::
3092:W8
3087:W6
3082:W3
3029:V8
3017:V6
3005:V5
3000:V4
2995:V3
2990:V2
2957:F8
2952:F6
2947:F4
2942:F2
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