374:. Spina bifida causes one or more of the vertebrae to fail to form vertebral arches within the infant, which allows the spinal cord to protrude from the rest of the spine. In extreme cases, this can cause spinal cord function inferior to the missing vertebral arches to cease. This cessation of spinal cord function can result in paralysis of lower extremities. Documented cases of paralysis of the anal sphincter in newborns have been observed when spina bifida has gone untreated. While life-threatening, many cases of spina bifida can be corrected surgically if operated on within 72 hours of birth.
520:. This is a deterioration of nerves in the spinal cord, starting in the posterior part of the cord. Affected dogs will become gradually weaker in the hind legs as nerves die off. Eventually, their hind legs become useless. They often also exhibit faecal and urinary incontinence. As the disease progresses, the paresis and paralysis gradually move forward. This disease also affects other large breeds of dogs. It is suspected to be an autoimmune problem.
77:
497:. These dogs have short legs, and may also have short muzzles. Their intervertebral disc material can calcify and become more brittle. In such cases, the disc may rupture, with disc material ending up in the spinal canal, or rupturing more laterally to press on spinal nerves. A minor rupture may only result in
416:
Many animal species use paralyzing toxins to capture prey, evade predation, or both. In stimulated muscles, the decrease in frequency of the miniature potentials runs parallel to the decrease in postsynaptic potential, and to the decrease in muscle contraction. In invertebrates, this clearly
1063:
1048:
1033:
338:
meaning "false, not genuine", from Greek ψεῦδος) is voluntary restriction or inhibition of motion because of pain, incoordination, orgasm, or other cause, and is not due to actual muscular paralysis. In an infant, it may be a symptom of
508:
Another type of paralysis is caused by a fibrocartilaginous embolism. This is a microscopic piece of disc material that breaks off and becomes lodged in a spinal artery. Nerves served by the artery will die when deprived of blood.
501:, but a major rupture can cause enough damage to cut off circulation. If no signs of pain can be elicited, surgery should be performed within 24 hours of the incident, to remove the disc material and relieve pressure on the
527:
may develop blood clots that travel through arteries. If a clot is large enough to block one or both femoral arteries, there may be hind leg paralysis because the major source of blood flow to the hind leg is blocked.
429:
venom inhibits both the fast and slow neuromuscular system at identical concentrations. It causes a decrease in the frequency of the miniature potentials without affecting their amplitude significantly.
486:
in nerve cells, inhibiting the cells' proper function. A non-lethal dose of this toxin results in temporary paralysis. This toxin is also present in many other species ranging from toads to
1115:
636:
817:... evidence of congenital syphilis (e.g., nonimmune hydrops, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, rhinitis, skin rash, and/or pseudoparalysis of an extremity).
355:
Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous-system damage (e.g.,
930:
505:. After 24 hours, the chance of recovery declines rapidly, since with continued pressure, the spinal cord tissue deteriorates and dies.
442:, to complete the reproductive cycle, the female wasp paralyses a prey item such as a grasshopper and places it in her nest. In the species
963:
Colman, D. R.; Toolson, E. C.; Takacs-Vesbach, C. D. (2012-10-01). "Do diet and taxonomy influence insect gut bacterial communities?".
232:, roughly 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of permanent or transient paralysis. The word "paralysis" derives from the
662:
711:
160:
640:
771:
699:
684:
228:. Paralysis can also be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage. In the
829:
384:
309:
98:
585:
141:
113:
94:
35:
31:
120:
343:. Pseudoparalysis can be caused by extreme mental stresses, and is a common feature of mental disorders such as
1078:
1105:
1042:
87:
127:
1110:
289:
285:
109:
545:
356:
1067:
513:
444:
340:
782:
448:, the paralysed insect (most often a bee species) is coated in a thick layer of pollen. The adult
1120:
996:
882:
423:(wasp genus) venom causes paralysis of the neuromuscular system by acting at a presynaptic site.
419:
360:
305:
65:
988:
980:
926:
900:
808:
494:
470:
184:
719:
972:
890:
874:
590:
580:
321:
244:) meaning "making loose". A paralysis accompanied by involuntary tremors is usually called "
42:
746:
570:
483:
364:
317:
269:
225:
796:
895:
862:
595:
535:
that can cause non-permanent paralysis or death. Also, many trees contain neurotoxins.
394:
281:
257:
233:
134:
1072:
1099:
976:
344:
277:
229:
1000:
837:
555:
524:
465:
371:
301:
273:
193:
57:
53:
951:
741:
1083:
946:
637:"Paralysis Facts & Figures - Spinal Cord Injury - Paralysis Research Center"
605:
560:
532:
502:
261:
221:
76:
61:
380:
presents in the lower limbs before the upper limbs. It can be associated with:
1057:
610:
600:
565:
550:
517:
475:
425:
197:
49:
984:
615:
313:
189:
992:
904:
812:
878:
863:"Clinical Lecture On Cases Of Spina Bifida, With Paralysis Of Sphincters"
575:
487:
405:
297:
17:
886:
498:
1025:
464:
A well-known example of a vertebrate-produced paralyzing toxin is the
1052:
1037:
715:
325:
265:
785:, in turn citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004
370:
Paralysis can occur in newborns due to a congenital defect known as
453:
245:
452:
then lays eggs in the paralysed insect, which is devoured by the
479:
439:
293:
70:
316:, and dysregulation of this system can lead to episodes of
797:"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006"
236:παράλυσις, meaning "disabling of the nerves" from παρά (
1015:
1019:
183:
178:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
493:Paralysis can be seen in breeds of dogs that are
359:) are constant in nature; however, some forms of
256:Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the
30:"Paralysed" redirects here. For other uses, see
516:is especially prone to developing degenerative
41:"Paralytic" redirects here. For the gene, see
661:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
8:
1116:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes
767:
695:
680:
1016:
175:
923:Anatomy and Physiology: Form and Function
894:
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
916:
914:
856:
854:
795:Workowski KA, Berman SM (August 2006).
628:
783:TheFreeDictionary > pseudoparalysis
639:. Christopherreeve.org. Archived from
404:, which occurs in conditions such as
7:
387:(another name for this condition is
312:. Temporary paralysis occurs during
99:adding citations to reliable sources
400:Ascending paralysis contrasts with
209:
240:) meaning "beside, by" and λύσις (
25:
482:. This toxin works by binding to
977:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05752.x
75:
367:, are caused by other factors.
86:needs additional citations for
1:
861:Hutchinson, Jonathan (1877).
531:Many snakes exhibit powerful
389:Landry's ascending paralysis
328:, can also cause paralysis.
320:. Drugs that interfere with
867:The British Medical Journal
1137:
669:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
47:
40:
36:Paralysis (disambiguation)
32:Paralysed (disambiguation)
29:
921:Saladin, Kenneth (2012).
264:. Other major causes are
947:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
768:Liddell & Scott 1940
696:Liddell & Scott 1940
681:Liddell & Scott 1940
586:Brain–computer interface
468:of fish species such as
224:function in one or more
48:Not to be confused with
667:A Greek-English Lexicon
385:Guillain–Barré syndrome
310:Guillain–Barré syndrome
474:, the famously lethal
417:indicates that, e.g.,
345:panic anxiety disorder
27:Loss of motor function
879:10.1136/bmj.1.860.767
286:peripheral neuropathy
546:Spinal cord injuries
402:descending paralysis
357:spinal cord injuries
95:improve this article
830:"anxiety-panic.com"
514:German Shepherd Dog
445:Philanthus gibbosus
438:In some species of
378:Ascending paralysis
341:congenital syphilis
290:Parkinson's disease
361:periodic paralysis
306:multiple sclerosis
66:Spastic hemiplegia
1093:
1092:
971:(20): 5124–5137.
965:Molecular Ecology
932:978-0-07-337825-1
834:anxiety-panic.com
495:chondrodysplastic
471:Takifugu rubripes
456:when they hatch.
260:, especially the
203:
202:
173:Medical condition
171:
170:
163:
145:
16:(Redirected from
1128:
1017:
1005:
1004:
960:
954:
943:
937:
936:
918:
909:
908:
898:
873:(830): 767–768.
858:
849:
848:
846:
845:
836:. Archived from
826:
820:
819:
792:
786:
780:
774:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
722:on July 24, 2012
718:. Archived from
708:
702:
693:
687:
678:
672:
670:
658:
652:
651:
649:
648:
633:
591:Tonic immobility
581:Neuroprosthetics
318:waking paralysis
216:; also known as
211:
176:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
43:Paralytic (gene)
21:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1028:
1014:
1009:
1008:
962:
961:
957:
944:
940:
933:
925:. McGraw Hill.
920:
919:
912:
860:
859:
852:
843:
841:
828:
827:
823:
807:(RR–11): 1–94.
801:MMWR Recomm Rep
794:
793:
789:
781:
777:
766:
762:
752:
750:
747:Merriam-Webster
740:
739:
735:
725:
723:
710:
709:
705:
694:
690:
679:
675:
660:
659:
655:
646:
644:
635:
634:
630:
625:
620:
571:Muscle relaxant
541:
484:sodium channels
462:
436:
414:
365:sleep paralysis
353:
332:Pseudoparalysis
254:
220:) is a loss of
174:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
69:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Nervous system
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1060:
1045:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:Classification
1013:
1012:External links
1010:
1007:
1006:
955:
952:Tick paralysis
938:
931:
910:
850:
821:
787:
775:
760:
733:
703:
688:
673:
653:
627:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
596:Cerebral palsy
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
540:
537:
461:
458:
435:
432:
413:
410:
398:
397:
395:Tick paralysis
392:
352:
349:
322:nerve function
282:cerebral palsy
258:nervous system
253:
250:
201:
200:
187:
181:
180:
172:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:Motor control
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
956:
953:
949:
948:
942:
939:
934:
928:
924:
917:
915:
911:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
851:
840:on 2018-07-30
839:
835:
831:
825:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
788:
784:
779:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
749:
748:
743:
737:
734:
721:
717:
713:
707:
704:
701:
697:
692:
689:
686:
682:
677:
674:
668:
664:
657:
654:
643:on 2016-03-24
642:
638:
632:
629:
622:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
538:
536:
534:
529:
526:
521:
519:
515:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
467:
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
434:Invertebrates
433:
431:
428:
427:
422:
421:
412:Other animals
411:
409:
407:
403:
396:
393:
390:
386:
383:
382:
381:
379:
375:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:poliomyelitis
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:United States
227:
223:
219:
215:
207:
199:
195:
191:
188:
186:
182:
177:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
1077:
1062:
1047:
1032:
968:
964:
958:
945:
941:
922:
870:
866:
842:. Retrieved
838:the original
833:
824:
816:
804:
800:
790:
778:
763:
751:. Retrieved
745:
736:
724:. Retrieved
720:the original
706:
691:
676:
666:
656:
645:. Retrieved
641:the original
631:
556:Quadriplegia
530:
525:heart murmur
523:Cats with a
522:
511:
507:
492:
478:of Japanese
469:
466:tetrodotoxin
463:
449:
443:
437:
424:
418:
415:
401:
399:
388:
377:
376:
372:spina bifida
369:
363:, including
354:
335:
331:
330:
302:spina bifida
274:nerve injury
255:
241:
237:
217:
213:
205:
204:
194:neurosurgery
157:
151:January 2020
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
58:Hypoesthesia
54:Sensory loss
663:"παράλυσις"
606:Obdormition
561:Hemiparesis
533:neurotoxins
503:spinal cord
460:Vertebrates
450:P. gibbosus
420:Microbracon
262:spinal cord
110:"Paralysis"
62:Hemiparesis
1100:Categories
844:2017-06-06
671:on Perseus
647:2013-02-19
623:References
611:Narcolepsy
601:Cobratoxin
566:Monoplegia
551:Paraplegia
518:myelopathy
488:nemerteans
476:pufferfish
426:Philanthus
351:Variations
324:, such as
198:psychiatry
121:newspapers
50:Spasticity
1121:Neurology
985:1365-294X
616:Cataplexy
314:REM sleep
214:paralyses
206:Paralysis
190:Neurology
185:Specialty
179:Paralysis
18:Paralytic
1001:23740875
993:22978555
905:20748563
887:25244879
813:16888612
576:Beriberi
539:See also
406:botulism
298:botulism
1084:D010243
896:2220916
742:"Palsy"
712:"Palsy"
499:paresis
336:pseudo-
226:muscles
135:scholar
999:
991:
983:
929:
903:
893:
885:
811:
772:ψεῦδος
753:27 May
726:27 May
716:Lexico
454:larvae
326:curare
308:, and
270:trauma
266:stroke
252:Causes
218:plegia
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
1073:359.3
1058:G83.9
997:S2CID
883:JSTOR
700:λύσις
272:with
246:palsy
242:lysis
234:Greek
222:motor
142:JSTOR
128:books
64:, or
1079:MeSH
1068:9-CM
1043:MB5Z
989:PMID
981:ISSN
927:ISBN
901:PMID
809:PMID
755:2015
728:2015
685:παρά
512:The
480:fugu
440:wasp
238:para
114:news
34:and
1064:ICD
1049:ICD
1034:ICD
973:doi
891:PMC
875:doi
294:ALS
248:".
210:pl.
97:by
1102::
1082::
1071::
1056::
1053:10
1041::
1038:11
995:.
987:.
979:.
969:21
967:.
950::
913:^
899:.
889:.
881:.
869:.
865:.
853:^
832:.
815:.
805:55
803:.
799:.
770:,
744:.
714:.
698:,
683:,
665:.
490:.
408:.
347:.
304:,
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
284:,
280:,
276:,
268:,
212::
196:,
192:,
60:,
56:,
52:,
1066:-
1051:-
1036:-
1026:D
1003:.
975::
935:.
907:.
877::
871:1
847:.
757:.
730:.
650:.
391:)
334:(
208:(
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
68:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.