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685:
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violations. To these four criteria, Geldenhuys adds another two: 5) nations that promote radical ideologies at home or even abroad (clarified as "exporting revolution"), and 6) nations that commit acts of military aggression abroad. In addition to these six categories of state conduct that can result in objective designation as a pariah state, Geldenhuys suggests a seventh category that might gain international consensus: nations that are involved in international drug trafficking.
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184:, nor is it a new historical concept. What is new, however, is what Lawal refers to as "the basis for Pariahood appellation." Other definitions have been advanced that expand this basis (see next section below), or perhaps add more academic nuance, which may vary by author or the author's field of study. These definitions are here grouped into two categories: definitions focusing on the
660:
578:
565:
339:
over the laws of any international governing body. Thus, according to Lawal, consensus under international law can be problematic. In the case of nuclear arms development, international isolation can have a paradoxical "push effect" on a pariah state, motivating accelerated development of nuclear weapons. As of 2012, there was no provision in international law for pariah status.
672:
500:
461:
552:
25:
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definitions to the international behavior of a nation in order to qualify it for pariahood. Marks goes one step further and includes the question of nuclear weapons in his criteria, while Weiss adds "a state’s defiant existence in the face of international non-recognition.". However, Bellany's sole criterion is a lack of
279:
pariah state, and
Geldenhuys argues that major world powers by definition cannot be pariah states because they cannot be isolated or harmed politically or economically, or brought into compliance with international norms by pariah designations, whether by individuals or international governing bodies.
338:
are often sanctioned for their actions. Such sanctions can include designation as a pariah state, as has been the approach used by the United States. However, international law can fail in this regard, as under the current international system, most nation states recognize their own legal supremacy
326:
Lawal has summarized four primary categories often used for qualification as pariah states: 1) nations that possess or use weapons of mass destruction in contravention of existing treaties, 2) nations that support terrorism, 3) nations lacking democracy, and 4) nations with a record of human rights
290:
Lawal distinguishes between subjective and objective designations. Subjective designation can also exist on a national level, according to the interests and values of the designating nation. If the designating nation is powerful enough, the designation of pariah statehood can become objective based
211:
defines the pariah states as "international States/actors which, by virtue of their political systems, ideological postures, leadership or general behavior, suffer from diplomatic isolation and widespread global moral opprobrium." This definition, as the previous one, does not indicate what kind of
278:
and that 24 percent of people in the world believed the United States represented the greatest threat to world peace. Such poll results are not listed among objective criteria advanced by academic sources, international authorities or NGOs, or any governing bodies as criteria for designation as a
250:
As of August 2014, no internationally accepted criteria exist for designating a nation as a pariah state, nor is there any single accepted authority for doing so. Some criteria are proposed in the definitions offered in the previous section. For example, Harkavy and Marks make reference in their
143:
There are so many open questions on the issue of Pariah State. For instance who determines a Pariah State and how a nation becomes a Pariah State... This becomes more profound when one realizes that a nation that is an outcast in one region, has diplomatic and friendly relations with
134:
in 1648 until the nineteenth century on a "religious basis."). In more recent times, however, the criteria for and attached implications of pariah statehood, as well as the designating authorities, are the subject of much disagreement. For example, the
Nigerian scholar
287:, explains that there has been a decline in the respect towards international law in the USA from our highest government officials to the person on the street because of the misunderstood belief that the laws are in practice not enforceable.
172:. Under the Indian caste system, the Paraiyar were members of the lowest caste, which were called the "outcastes". Since its first recorded use in English in 1613, cultures worldwide have accepted the term "pariah" to mean "outcast".
311:, with no objective need to impose international pariah status. Lawal explains that the United States' problem with Cuba was geographical more than ideological, as Cuba was no further from the United States on the
347:
Geldenhuys has identified four common characteristics shared by many pariah states that are unrelated to any actions of international deviance that might have qualified them as pariahs under the various criteria.
351:
The first is that pariah states tend to lack strong identity as a nation. Geldenhuys cites Iraq as an example. Iraq is a relatively young nation state with "artificial borders." Saddam
Hussein's ruling
880:
Lawal acknowledges in his paper that there is a great deal of overlap between the definitions of "pariah states" and "rogue states". Weiss (2012) refers to this as "The US's Rogue State policy."
1354:
1185:
126:
Until the past few centuries, the authority to designate a nation as an outcast, or pariah state, was relatively clear, often resting with religious authorities (e.g., "the
1713:
148:
By some criteria, nations can be considered pariahs within their own neighborhood of surrounding states. By other criteria, an international body (such as the
371:
in world terms." Certainly there are individuals who disagree with this second characteristic, such as Noam
Chomsky (cited above) and author-journalist
1821:"Post-1994 South Africa's peacekeeping and military intervention in Southern Africa, reference from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Lesotho"
628:
623:
1737:
852:
1333:
203:
The first type of definitions is well exemplified by
Bellany's definition, according to which a pariah state is "A state lacking any significant
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1310:
726:
1663:
1235:
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Finally, pariah states tend to develop resentments against the established world order. They may seek to subvert the international
215:
The second type of definitions is most simply exemplified by Weiss's definition, according to which pariah states are "states that
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335:
1639:
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had become a pariah state. Both declarations were based on both USA's leading violation of international laws and results from
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political system, ideological posture, leadership or general behavior, is ascribed to the pariah state by the other nations.
1883:
871:
This paper was published in 1997. Therefore, academic consensus on this issue may have been reached (or failed) already.
1225:
393:
These characteristics are presented as generalizations, and not intended by the author to apply to every pariah state.
35:
1916:
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906:
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domestic or international behaviour seriously offends the world community or at least a significant group of states.
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The second characteristic is that, although they are not necessarily small, pariah states cannot be "regarded as a
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372:
292:
1859:
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requires that the pariah states also "suffer from diplomatic isolation and widespread global moral opprobrium".
1252:
284:
180:
A pariah state, defined in its simplest terms, is an outcast state. This is not a new term in the lexicon of
280:
181:
111:
107:
103:
200:- given by other nations - for why that pariah state "deserves" their extraordinary attitude towards it.
739:
237:
with neighboring states or the situational harm posed to other states if the state in question acquired
223:" Geldenhuys gives a more detailed definition of that type: "A pariah (or outcast) country is one whose
375:, each of whom has applied his own personal criteria to describe the United States as a pariah state.
652:
320:
234:
131:
1287:
136:
1794:
386:), this siege mentality can motivate pariah states to develop costly and ambitious arms programs.
1714:"Muammar Gaddafi: Leader of Libya who made his country an international pariah | The Independent"
1620:
312:
1114:
1108:
1047:
987:
931:
908:
Revolutionary
Identities and Competing Legitimacies: Why Pariah States Export Violence (Thesis)
382:. Similar to the "push effect" (described above regarding sanctions against nations developing
1840:
1745:
1612:
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1231:
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denied that Iraqis formed a nation. Rather, they maintained that Iraqis were part of a larger
331:
1897:
295:. Such was the case, according to Lawal, when the United States used its strength within the
1832:
1604:
1157:
70:
779:
379:
238:
152:) or perhaps a consensus among certain nations may govern the meaning or use of the term.
1020:
353:
1688:
308:
149:
127:
1820:
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378:
The third characteristic noted by
Geldenhuys is that pariah states tend to develop a
267:
118:
by nations who find its policies, actions, or even its very existence unacceptable.
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on the amount of pressure the designating state can apply to gain international
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conduct is considered to be out of line with international norms of behavior.
793:
635:
596:
531:
1493:"Israel will become a 'pariah' over Gaza 'genocide', UN rights experts say"
1110:
The
Penguin Dictionary of International Relations (as cited in Lawal, 2012)
1444:"Squeezed by African Coups, Biden Cozies Up to the World's Worst Dictator"
911:. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. pp. 2, 15
721:
647:
609:
275:
161:
115:
1624:
1596:
1025:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition
702:
518:
453:
427:
1080:
Terrorism and
Weapons of Mass Destruction: Responding to the Challenge
334:
can serve as objective criteria. For example, nations who violate the
274:
showing that only 10 percent of people around the world supported the
227:" Marks's definition elaborates more: a pariah state is "a state with
557:
492:
479:
1836:
1608:
1186:"PARIAH STATES IN THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD: A CONCEPTUAL EXPLORATION"
988:"Pariah State System and Enforcement Mechanism of International Law"
130:
for example was regarded as an outcast by European states" from the
1568:"US envoy 'will not be admitted' to Nicaragua, vice president says"
1359:, Paper presented at the Freie Universitat Berlin, 7 November 1995.
1148:
Harkavy, Robert (1981). "Pariah states and nuclear proliferation".
819:
709:
659:
583:
570:
677:
505:
466:
357:
323:, within 99 miles (159 km) of the United States coastline.
304:
1582:"Iran, Russia, and the Challenges of "Inter-Pariah Solidarity""
1468:"Iran, Russia, and the Challenges of "Inter-Pariah Solidarity""
933:
The Globalization of Politics (as cited in Lawal, 2012, p.226)
18:
1884:"Sri Lanka no longer a pariah state: Mangala | Daily FT"
1860:"America's shameful rapprochement to the Franco dictatorship"
1640:"Cuban Cold War Internationalism and the Nonaligned Movement"
401:
The following countries are often considered pariah states:
1819:
Mlambo, Daniel N.; Adetiba, Toyin Cotties (25 June 2019).
1543:"Updated: ECOWAS turns Mali into pariah, withdraws envoys"
995:
Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences
219:" Similarly, Harkavy offers, "A Pariah State is one whose
50:
1311:"How the U.S. violates international law in plain sight"
616:
The following are examples considered formerly pariahs:
46:
1334:"A Stateless Nation's Quest for Sovereignty in the Sky"
42:
1638:
Romaniuk, Sarah Clifford and Scott N. (2020-12-19).
321:
establish nuclear missile launch facilities in Cuba
1286:. The Institute for Public Affairs. Archived from
319:was at the time, but the Soviets had attempted to
209:The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations
102:) is a nation considered to be an outcast in the
1353:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1049:Random House Word Menu (as cited in Lawal, 2012)
196:from, and definitions focusing on the political
1336:. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007
141:
1027:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
262:Left-wing political commentator and activist
257:Penguin Dictionary of International Relations
45:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
8:
1253:"U.S. is now a 'pariah state,' Chomsky says"
266:declared in 2003 and again in 2014 that the
1227:Metaphors in International Relations Theory
283:, a professor of international law at the
1738:"Alfredo Stroessner; Paraguayan Dictator"
1689:"Taylor's Liberia becoming pariah nation"
1143:
1141:
1102:
1100:
1072:
1070:
164:, a large indigenous tribal group of the
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1230:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–132.
1219:
1217:
1107:Evans, Graham; Newnham, Jeffrey (1998).
69:
1898:"Turkmenistan: Regression of the Power"
1541:Okoronkwo, Chijioke (10 January 2022).
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1179:
1177:
1175:
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981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
900:
898:
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892:
864:
853:List of states with limited recognition
307:instead of acting unilaterally through
1770:"Serbia moving from pariah to partner"
1429:"List of the 13 current Pariah States"
1346:
1156:(1). Cambridge University Press: 136.
36:too many or overly lengthy quotations
7:
1664:"Saddam and the ministry of sound"
1184:Geldenhuys, Deon (March 5, 1997).
1055:. Write Brothers, Inc. p. 228
231:expansionary territorial ambitions
16:Nation considered to be an outcast
14:
1371:"Bush's 'Global War on Radicals'"
939:. London: Macmillan. p. 36.
1251:Mayer, Dennis (March 24, 2003).
812:
799:
786:
772:
758:
745:
732:
720:
708:
695:
683:
670:
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459:
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420:
407:
336:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
23:
1858:González, Miguel (2018-10-23).
192:) the pariah state objectively
160:The word "pariah" derives from
1516:natalia.saucedo (2023-08-11).
1:
1278:Chomsky, Noam (May 1, 2014).
1259:. Back Bay Publishing Co. Inc
246:Criteria for pariah statehood
233:, measures of the absence of
1712:Bulloch, John (2011-10-20).
1518:"Russia's Influence in Mali"
217:violate international norms.
85: Formerly pariah states
1595:Maechling, Charles (1981).
1280:"The Politics of Red Lines"
299:to impose pariah status on
79: Current pariah states
1933:
1442:Turse, Nick (2024-03-25).
1150:International Organization
106:. A pariah state may face
1825:Journal of Public Affairs
1795:"What Is A Pariah State?"
1644:E-International Relations
1224:Michael P. Marks (2011).
1162:10.1017/s0020818300004112
1113:. Penguin Books. p.
1083:. Routledge. p. 21.
1046:Glazier, Stephen (2010).
285:University of Notre Dame
229:provocative policies or
43:summarize the quotations
1522:Human Rights Foundation
986:Olawale, Lawal (2012).
182:International Relations
108:international isolation
104:international community
1597:"The Argentine Pariah"
1313:. Politics and Society
905:Weiss, Ari B. (2012).
343:Common characteristics
146:
87:
74:Map of pariah states:
930:Louard, Evan (1990).
740:Serbia and Montenegro
73:
1257:The Daily Free Press
1077:Ian Bellany (2007).
330:According to Lawal,
281:Mary Ellen O’Connell
235:diplomatic relations
132:Treaty of Westphalia
96:international pariah
1309:Patterson, Margot.
1195:(2). Archived from
1917:Types of countries
1375:consortiumnews.com
313:political spectrum
88:
1547:P.M. News Nigeria
1331:Amir Hassanpour,
848:Persona non grata
441:Equatorial Guinea
364:are not Arabs.).
332:International law
68:
67:
1924:
1902:
1901:
1900:. 24 April 2023.
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1472:War on the Rocks
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1329:
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1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1290:on July 17, 2014
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94:(also called an
84:
78:
63:
60:
54:
27:
26:
19:
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1864:EL PAĂŤS English
1857:
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1852:
1837:10.1002/pa.1984
1818:
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1802:
1793:
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1768:
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1742:Washington Post
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1720:
1718:The Independent
1711:
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1668:The Independent
1662:
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1637:
1636:
1632:
1609:10.2307/1148310
1594:
1593:
1589:
1584:. 11 July 2023.
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1377:
1369:Parry, Robert.
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1215:
1205:
1203:
1202:on 10 June 2015
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408:
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397:Common examples
380:siege mentality
345:
248:
239:nuclear weapons
178:
158:
124:
86:
82:
80:
76:
64:
58:
55:
49:or excerpts to
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28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1811:
1786:
1761:
1744:. 2024-01-31.
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1601:Foreign Policy
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1361:
1324:
1301:
1284:In These Times
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807:Turkmenistan
766:South Africa
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373:Robert Parry
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354:Ba'ath party
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301:Fidel Castro
297:Western Bloc
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264:Noam Chomsky
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545:North Korea
415:Afghanistan
391:status quo.
369:major power
362:Iraqi Kurds
176:Definitions
114:or even an
1869:2024-06-09
1805:2024-06-09
1799:WorldAtlas
1780:2024-06-09
1755:2024-06-09
1723:2024-06-09
1698:2024-06-09
1674:2024-06-09
1649:2024-06-09
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1502:2024-09-17
1497:Al Jazeera
1478:2024-06-15
1453:2024-06-09
1340:2007-08-20
888:References
253:soft power
205:soft power
170:Tamil Nadu
122:Background
51:Wikisource
1845:1472-3891
1750:0190-8286
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1380:14 August
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794:Sri Lanka
641:Argentina
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532:Nicaragua
315:than the
293:consensus
156:Etymology
112:sanctions
47:Wikiquote
34:contains
1911:Category
1774:BBC News
1349:cite web
1021:"pariah"
827:See also
727:Paraguay
653:Cambodia
610:Zimbabwe
360:nation (
162:Paraiyar
116:invasion
59:May 2023
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703:Liberia
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194:suffers
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