503:
are treated with salt. Plants are also found in gaps in the mortar between bricks or stones of older or damp walls, on shingle, and at the bottom of hedges. Plant density is highest in old town centres, thinning out in the suburbs until it becomes virtually absent from the open countryside. This is presumably because it is highly palatable to livestock. It grows in conditions that few other plants can tolerate and, as a consequence, it is found in very species-poor communities, often with no other associates whatsoever.
447:
309:
495:
354:
282:
479:
88:
297:
44:
350:. Under normal circumstances they should be fairly easy to separate, as upright pellitory has erect stems and large leaves (up to 12 cm, compared to less than 6 cm) but in intermediate plants the flower anatomy needs to be examined. Upright pellitory has a larger female flower (2.75 cm or more) than spreading pellitory (2.25 cm of less), and it is much longer than the bracts rather than about the same length.
63:
325:(although towards the eastern part of its range, the presence of female flowers is less common.) The female flower has 4 perianth segments (petals) and is 2 mm diameter (in fruit). The hermaphroditic flowers are tubular and up to 3 mm across (in fruit), with 4-5 stamens, which mature first, and one stigma, which develops later. When a hermaphroditic flower first opens, the
507:
year, but the main flowering seasons are the autumn and spring in the
Mediterranean region, or summer in northern Europe. Flowering is strongly influenced by aspect (south-facing walls in the northern hemisphere), temperature (best in warmer countries) and climate change (increased flowering in a warming environment).
273:. It is native to the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, and is widely established worldwide as an urban weed. Its pollen is a significant cause of asthma and other allergies in warmer countries, but it is also valued as a contributor to biodiversity in polluted cities and it has been used as a medicinal herb.
622:) in the Mediterranean region, particularly at peak flowering times in the spring and autumn. One study estimated that the huge population of pellitory in a city in Greece could produce as many as 5.4 × 10 (5 billion) pollen grains per square metre during the spring months, causing many medical problems.
506:
In sheltered places, spreading pellitory is an evergreen plant which typically produces smaller leaves to survive the winter (in the north) or the summer months (in warmer countries), or it dies back to a dense tangle of woody stems in less hospitable spots. It can be found in flower at any time of
502:
In an urban landscape its main habitat is at the base of walls, where there is increased dampness, light shade and protection from trampling. It grows on bare soil or in the gap at the edge of the pavement and it is tolerant of light salinity, so it can occur in coastal towns and beside roads that
304:
The leaves are alternate, oval lanceolate, typically 3 cm long x 1.5 cm wide (exceptionally up to 6 cm x 3 cm) with a petiole about half as long as the blade. The veins on the lower side of the leaf are softly hairy, as are the leaf margins and the petiole. The upper surface is often glossy and
469:
It is a lowland plant, being recorded from sea level up to about 125 m in
California and no higher than 200 m anywhere in the United States. Altitudinal data for it is not collected in Britain, but analysis of the regions where it grows shows no land above 500 m and very little over 300 m.
486:
In its native habitat, spreading pellitory grows on rocks and bare ground in slightly damp and sheltered places such as seasonal river valleys in limestone areas of the
Eastern Mediterranean. It is, however, well adapted to synanthropic habitats in towns, where it can exploit the
656:; and around the stalks (as it were) sharp little seeds, catching hold of cloths." He considered it to be useful against all type of inflammation, oedema, and for many other purposes. Fifteen hundred years later the English herbalist
431:
In
England it is usually called "Pellitory-of-the-wall" (with the capital P and the hyphens) but elsewhere the less idiosyncratic name "spreading pellitory" is generally used, which contrasts well with "upright pellitory" for
316:
Flowering can occur all year in suitable conditions in Europe. The inflorescence consists of clusters in the leaf axils. Each cluster comprises 3-8 white or pink flowers, subtended by tiny bracts, of which typically one is
583:
in central Europe are L = 6, F = 7, R = 8, N = 7, and S = 1, which show that it favours damp, reasonably sunny places on slightly alkaline soils and rich fertility, and that it can occur in slightly brackish situations.
457:
The IUCN has not yet evaluated the global status of spreading pellitory, but in France, Britain and elsewhere it is considered unthreatened ("Least
Concern", or LC), although in some regions it is rarer; for example, in
632:
In herbal medicine it was supposed to be efficacious against kidney and bladder stones, presumably because its roots appear to be splitting stone walls. The celebrated herbalist of the early 20th century
835:
526:
community, OV41, which occurs on walls or coastal cliffs. The OV41a wall community is rather species-poor, with typically only about 7 other plants present in a sample, most commonly the mosses
454:
Spreading pellitory is a native of
Macaronesia, N. Africa, Europe to Central Asia and Central Himalaya but has been introduced to parts of north and south Americas, Scandinavia and Australia.
625:
It has been established in
Australia since 1902 or earlier, especially in Sydney, Melbourne and Freemantle, where it is considered a noxious weed. Control is effected by the application of
1520:
1162:
344:
Spreading pellitory is quite a distinctive plant. The species it is most likely to be confused with, where their ranges meet (e.g. in the eastern
Mediterranean), is upright pellitory,
293:
about 50 cm (up to 110 cm) tall with an upright to sprawling untidy habit. Plants can have many branched stems, which are pink or red and slightly woody and brittle at the base.
1951:
1305:
flowering phenology, pollen production, viability and atmospheric circulation, and expansive ability in the urban environment: impacts of environmental factors".
2026:
652:
is spreading pellitory. The description seems quite apt: "helxine grows in mounds and walls. It has thin little stalks, somewhat red, rough leaves similar to
491:
effect to thrive in colder climates. It has also become common in other continents, where it can benefit by competitive release from its pests and predators.
2221:
660:
gave a similar description but with the introduction of some errors such as opposite leaves, and considered it a useful antidiuretic and general cure-all.
1639:
511:
1899:
438:. Some popular sources give alternative nicknames "asthma weed" and '"sticky-weed" but it is, of course, not the only plant with these properties.
336:
and often fall with the perianth, which has a proportion of minutely hooked hairs that produce the "stickiness" for which the plant is well-known.
1977:
1912:
2121:
2062:
878:
744:
716:
1816:
2251:
2044:
560:
Spreading pellitory is tolerant of the high levels of heavy metal pollution caused by traffic in the urban environment. Metals such as
1811:
1504:
1253:
981:
931:
818:
637:
considered that its "action upon the urinary calculus is perhaps more marked than any other simple agent at present employed". Some
1027:
1938:
587:
This species is wind pollinated. Seeds are adhesive and transported by insects as well as other animals, people and machines.
2246:
2170:
1411:
384:(Latin): of Judaea, Jewish. This is the name that is widely used now, although for a long time British plants were known as
2100:
1982:
2013:
1348:
322:
318:
1269:
Dana, E.D.; Vivas, S.; Mota, J.F. (2002). "Urban vegetation of Almerı́a City—a contribution to urban ecology in Spain".
2236:
1964:
1775:
1742:
766:
329:'s filaments are so elastic that they spring suddenly outward, dispersing the pollen ballistically from the anthers.
425:
There are no accepted subspecies or varieties of spreading pellitory; nor does it hybridise with any other species.
87:
2175:
2134:
2031:
1545:
Stumvoll S, Westritschnig K, Lidholm J, Spitzauer S, Colombo P, Duro G, Kraft D, Geraci D, Valenta R (May 2003).
2241:
2067:
2139:
1868:
1713:
2231:
1863:
1790:
1675:
528:
494:
434:
346:
1780:
1917:
446:
308:
204:
1757:
353:
2054:
1824:
1635:
1301:
Fotiou, Christina; Damialis, Athanasios; Krigas, Nikolaos; Halley, John M.; Vokou, Despoina (2010). "
645:
1881:
2226:
602:) feed on pellitories, including spreading pelltiory, as do several species of aphid, most notably
377:
281:
52:
2005:
2193:
1876:
1600:
Proceedings of the Ninth
Australian Weed Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, August 6-10, 1990
228:
82:
2126:
1434:
478:
1956:
300:
After pollination, the fruit begins to develop; here the red feathery stigmas can still be seen
2075:
1798:
1603:
1572:
1500:
1407:
1249:
977:
927:
874:
814:
740:
712:
657:
653:
547:
488:
372:
285:
Close-up of a hermaphroditic flower before the stigma develops, showing the discharged anthers
2162:
2080:
1562:
1314:
1278:
851:
598:
592:
290:
1591:
538:. The OV41b coastal community, however, has an average of 17 species per sample, including
1031:
895:"Caroli Linnaei... Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas"
894:
580:
534:
266:
125:
2185:
614:
The pollen of spreading pellitory is one of the leading causes of respiratory allergies (
576:
accumulate within its tissues, and have been shown to cause increased pollen production.
2113:
296:
2108:
1855:
1724:
1470:
1334:
British Plant
Communities, vol. 5: Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats
523:
419:
112:
43:
1282:
1024:
557:
community of old city walls is considered an important refuge for endangered species.
2215:
1452:
1371:
677:
638:
543:
539:
367:
220:
72:
67:
836:"Anther opening, pollen biology and stigma receptivity in the long blooming species
2198:
1803:
1217:
L. In Portugal, though, it has been recorded almost up to 1000m high (Flora on.pt)"
1734:
1400:
Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants. ECOFACT Volume 2. Technical Annex
1187:
1097:
17:
1992:
1747:
2090:
2018:
2000:
1925:
1707:
1075:
855:
634:
1212:
1398:
1318:
1046:
626:
422:
for Jupiter (♃); This is simply a code to show that the plant is a perennial.
404:
270:
260:
181:
171:
1698:
1607:
947:
1969:
1850:
1837:
1126:
263:
2152:
1576:
789:
1567:
1546:
376:
in 1763, based on his description of a specimen collected in Palestine by
2147:
2039:
1692:
1657:
997:
619:
459:
138:
1891:
1767:
629:, although it can grow back quickly from the persistent soil seed bank.
1904:
565:
333:
161:
873:. Vol. 1 Lycopodiaceae — Salicaceae. Cambridge University Press.
498:
Spreading pellitory often grows from the gaps between bricks in a wall
1930:
924:
Botanical Latin: History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary
615:
569:
463:
326:
151:
1669:
644:
Some authors consider that the plant listed by the Greek herbalist
403:("borne on the wall"). The common name pellitory is most likely an
1943:
1842:
493:
477:
445:
352:
307:
295:
280:
99:
573:
561:
305:
either glabrous or with scattered hairs, and with sunken veins.
1829:
1673:
1622:
Hatfield's Herbal: The Curious Stories of Britain's Wild Plants
482:
A patch of spreading pellitory in its native habitat in Lebanon
1397:
Hill, M.O.; Mountford, J.O.; Roy, D.B.; Bunce, R.G.H. (1999).
1127:"Pariétaire de Judée, Pariétaire des murs, Pariétaire diffuse"
834:
Franchi, G.G.; Nepi, M.; Matthews, M.L.; Pacini, E. (2007).
462:
it is classified as endangered (EN) and it is absent from
366:
The scientific name for spreading pellitory was coined by
1376:
L.): a possible biomonitor of heavy metal pollution"
1151:. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
641:
apparently use it to treat sores, ulcers and piles.
1682:
546:. It can also contain several rare species such as
1596:L., an ellergenic weed in south-eastern Australia"
1149:The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain
312:Close-up of a leaf, showing venation and hairiness
974:Hybridization and the Flora of the British Isles
450:A typical patch of spreading pellitory in flower
1547:"Identification of cross-reactive and genuine
8:
1370:Aksoy, A.; Osma, E.; Leblebici, Z. (2012).
1125:Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel.
1670:
760:
758:
756:
512:British National Vegetation Classification
357:A length of stem with a cluster of flowers
61:
42:
31:
1566:
1475:Database of Insects and their Food Plants
1459:. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network.
1296:
1294:
1292:
590:The larvae of the red admiral butterfly (
1336:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1239:
1237:
917:
915:
804:
802:
730:
728:
1041:
1039:
737:The Vegetative Key to the British Flora
702:
700:
669:
1349:"Flora und Vegetation von Stadtmauern"
395:is derived from the Latin for "wall",
1147:Cheffings, C.M.; Farrell, L. (2005).
1005:Global Biodiversity Information Forum
926:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
7:
2176:63770212-1cad-4edc-8e43-884575ca3084
2055:13874dea-c324-4d7e-9f30-a1ddb4b03aca
1406:. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.
735:Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009).
2222:IUCN Red List least concern species
869:Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (2018).
289:Spreading pellitory is a perennial
871:Flora of Great Britain and Ireland
428:Its chromosome number is 2n = 26.
25:
1590:Bass, D.A.; Clements, A. (1990).
711:. Suffolk: C & M Floristics.
2140:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:854934-1
596:) and the Bloxworth snout moth (
86:
1499:. Harpenden: Brambleby Books.
709:New Flora of the British Isles
1:
1283:10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00039-7
1086:. NSW Department of Industry.
899:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1271:Landscape and Urban Planning
739:. Southampton: John Poland.
380:(hence the specific epithet
2252:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1656:Culpeper, Nicholas (1850).
1285:– via Science Direct.
1105:European Environment Agency
1056:. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew
922:Stearn, William T. (1980).
856:10.1016/j.flora.2006.03.005
553:In continental Europe, the
2268:
1380:Pakistan Journal of Botany
1054:Plants of the World Online
27:Species of flowering plant
1525:Plant Parasites of Europe
1347:Brandes, Dietmar (1992).
1319:10.1007/s00484-010-0307-3
418:Linnaeus assigned it the
370:in the second edition of
234:
227:
210:
203:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
1592:"Biology and control of
1555:J. Allergy Clin. Immunol
332:The fruits are blackish
1662:. London: Thomas Kelly.
1244:Mabey, Richard (1996).
1213:"Pellitory-of-the-wall
952:Anglo-Norman Dictionary
765:Townsend, C.C. (1968).
442:Distribution and status
1497:The Flora of Berkshire
1495:Crawley, M.J. (2005).
1441:. Plants for a Future.
1372:"Spreading Pellitory (
1332:Rodwell, J.S. (2000).
1248:. Reed International.
1192:Flora of North America
769:Parietaria officinalis
529:Homalothecium sericeum
499:
483:
451:
435:Parietaria officinalis
358:
347:Parietaria officinalis
321:and the other 2-7 are
313:
301:
286:
241:Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
2247:Flora of North Africa
1568:10.1067/mai.2003.1376
809:Grieve, Maud (1931).
497:
481:
449:
356:
311:
299:
284:
1602:. pp. 516–520.
1471:"Parietaria judaica"
1188:"Parietaria judaica"
1163:"Parietaria judaica"
972:Stace, C.A. (1975).
707:Stace, C.A. (2019).
399:, via the adjective
1659:The Complete Herbal
1640:"De Materia Medica"
1521:"Aphis parietariae"
1307:Int. J. Biometeorol
788:: 6. Archived from
474:Habitat and ecology
391:. The generic name
378:Fredrik Hasselqvist
257:spreading pellitory
53:Conservation status
2237:Flora of Australia
2091:Parietaria_judaica
2045:Parietaria~judaica
1882:Parietaria judaica
1817:Parietaria_judaica
1714:Parietaria judaica
1684:Parietaria judaica
1594:Parietaria judaica
1549:Parietaria judaica
1455:Parietaria judaica
1437:Parietaria judaica
1374:Parietaria judaica
1303:Parietaria judaica
1215:Parietaria judaica
1100:Parietaria judaica
1078:Parietaria judaica
1049:Parietaria judaica
1030:2009-11-16 at the
1000:Parietaria judaica
976:. Academic Press.
838:Parietaria judaica
680:Parietaria judaica
516:Parietaria diffusa
500:
484:
452:
389:Mertens & Koch
386:Parietaria diffusa
359:
314:
302:
287:
259:, is a species of
252:Parietaria judaica
238:Parietaria diffusa
214:Parietaria judaica
36:Parietaria judaica
18:Parietaria diffusa
2209:
2208:
2076:Open Tree of Life
1676:Taxon identifiers
1551:pollen allergens"
880:978-0-521-55335-3
746:978-0-9560144-0-5
718:978-1-5272-2630-2
658:Nicholas Culpeper
604:Aphis parietariae
524:phytosociological
489:urban heat island
416:Species Plantarum
390:
373:Species Plantarum
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893:
892:
888:
881:
868:
867:
863:
833:
832:
828:
821:
811:A Modern Herbal
808:
807:
800:
792:
777:
764:
763:
754:
747:
734:
733:
726:
719:
706:
705:
698:
690:
688:
676:
675:
671:
666:
612:
535:Tortula muralis
476:
444:
364:
342:
279:
267:flowering plant
223:
218:
212:
199:
196:P. judaica
85:
77:
66:
62:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:wfo-0000473199
2190:
2180:
2167:
2157:
2144:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2010:
1997:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1785:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1704:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1648:
1627:
1613:
1582:
1537:
1512:
1505:
1487:
1462:
1444:
1426:
1412:
1389:
1362:
1339:
1324:
1288:
1277:(4): 203–216.
1261:
1254:
1233:
1204:
1179:
1154:
1139:
1117:
1089:
1067:
1035:
1017:
989:
982:
964:
939:
932:
911:
886:
879:
861:
850:(2): 118–127.
826:
819:
798:
795:on 2011-07-26.
752:
745:
724:
717:
696:
686:The Plant List
668:
667:
665:
662:
611:
608:
555:Parietanetalia
475:
472:
443:
440:
407:corruption of
363:
360:
341:
340:Identification
338:
323:hermaphroditic
278:
275:
269:in the family
246:
245:
244:
243:
232:
231:
225:
224:
219:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
191:
187:
186:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
79:
78:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2264:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Flora of Asia
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1636:Dioscorides P
1631:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1506:0-9543347-4-4
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1427:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1386:(1): 123–127.
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1255:1-85619-377-2
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1168:
1167:Jepson eFlora
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1006:
1003:
1001:
993:
990:
985:
983:0-12-661650-7
979:
975:
968:
965:
953:
949:
943:
940:
935:
933:0-7153-5645-3
929:
925:
918:
916:
912:
900:
896:
890:
887:
882:
876:
872:
865:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
839:
830:
827:
822:
820:0-486-22798-7
816:
812:
805:
803:
799:
791:
787:
783:
776:
774:
770:
761:
759:
757:
753:
748:
742:
738:
731:
729:
725:
720:
714:
710:
703:
701:
697:
687:
683:
681:
673:
670:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
639:Romani people
636:
630:
628:
623:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
600:
595:
594:
588:
585:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
504:
496:
492:
490:
480:
473:
471:
467:
465:
461:
455:
448:
441:
439:
437:
436:
429:
426:
423:
421:
420:planet symbol
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
369:
361:
355:
351:
349:
348:
339:
337:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
310:
306:
298:
294:
292:
283:
276:
274:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
254:
253:
239:
236:
235:
233:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
209:
206:
205:Binomial name
202:
198:
197:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:Tracheophytes
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
80:
74:
69:
68:Least Concern
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1683:
1658:
1651:
1630:
1621:
1616:
1599:
1593:
1585:
1561:(5): 974–9.
1558:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:
1465:
1454:
1447:
1436:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1399:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1245:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1214:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:
1099:
1092:
1084:NSW WeedWise
1083:
1077:
1076:"Pellitory (
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1048:
1025:Sydney Weeds
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
999:
992:
973:
967:
955:. Retrieved
951:
942:
923:
902:. Retrieved
898:
889:
870:
864:
847:
843:
837:
829:
810:
790:the original
785:
781:
772:
768:
736:
708:
689:, retrieved
685:
679:
672:
649:
643:
631:
624:
613:
603:
597:
591:
589:
586:
578:
559:
554:
552:
548:wild cabbage
533:
527:
519:
515:
509:
505:
501:
485:
468:
466:altogether.
456:
453:
433:
430:
427:
424:
415:
413:
408:
400:
396:
392:
385:
381:
371:
365:
345:
343:
331:
315:
303:
288:
256:
251:
250:
249:
237:
213:
211:
195:
194:
182:
145:
132:
119:
106:
35:
29:
2114:kew-2546385
2001:NatureServe
1926:iNaturalist
1708:Wikispecies
646:Dioscorides
635:Maud Grieve
544:wild carrot
319:female-only
277:Description
126:Angiosperms
2227:Parietaria
2216:Categories
2109:Plant List
1788:Calflora:
1530:24 January
1480:16 January
1413:1870393481
1359:: 315–339.
1226:31 January
1197:31 January
1172:31 January
1132:24 January
1110:24 January
1060:23 January
1010:29 January
957:30 January
904:24 January
773:P. judaica
691:2013-11-02
664:References
627:glyphosate
540:red fescue
522:) its own
520:P. judaica
409:Parietaria
405:Old French
401:parietalis
393:Parietaria
271:Urticaceae
261:herbaceous
183:Parietaria
172:Urticaceae
1869:233500864
1851:FloraBase
1608:154211543
1313:: 35–50.
948:"Piretre"
813:. Dover.
264:perennial
190:Species:
96:Kingdom:
2171:VicFlora
2153:33400323
2148:Tropicos
2088:PalDat:
2040:NSWFlora
2006:2.150085
1957:11426326
1944:854934-1
1812:eFloraSA
1765:BioLib:
1693:Wikidata
1577:12743560
1353:Tuexenia
1028:Archived
782:Watsonia
620:rhinitis
460:Lorraine
368:Linnaeus
362:Taxonomy
229:Synonyms
168:Family:
139:Eudicots
73:IUCN 3.1
1905:5361801
1758:62-14-3
1699:Q147991
654:mercury
650:Helxine
566:cadmium
382:judaica
334:achenes
178:Genus:
162:Rosales
158:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
2163:448236
2160:uBio:
2122:PLANTS
2081:925303
2052:NZOR:
1970:116153
1918:402656
1892:PARJUD
1889:FoIO:
1830:594607
1781:291880
1755:APSA:
1735:155240
1732:APDB:
1722:AoFP:
1606:
1575:
1503:
1419:29 May
1410:
1252:
980:
930:
877:
817:
743:
715:
616:asthma
570:copper
518:(i.e.
514:gives
464:Alsace
397:paries
327:stamen
152:Rosids
2183:WoI:
2098:PFI:
2063:NZPCN
2032:33127
1983:19167
1952:IRMNG
1931:57281
1877:FoAO2
1843:PAIDI
1804:4DMBB
1748:96992
1643:(PDF)
1404:(PDF)
844:Flora
793:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
2135:POWO
2127:PAJU
2068:3471
2027:NCBI
1993:2755
1978:ITIS
1939:IPNI
1913:GRIN
1900:GBIF
1856:1763
1838:EPPO
1791:6066
1776:BOLD
1768:3534
1743:APNI
1604:OCLC
1573:PMID
1532:2024
1501:ISBN
1482:2024
1421:2017
1408:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1228:2024
1199:2024
1174:2024
1134:2024
1112:2024
1062:2024
1012:2024
978:ISBN
959:2024
928:ISBN
906:2024
875:ISBN
815:ISBN
771:and
741:ISBN
713:ISBN
618:and
579:Its
574:zinc
572:and
562:lead
542:and
532:and
510:The
291:herb
2194:WFO
2186:794
2101:305
2014:NBN
1965:ISC
1864:FNA
1825:EoL
1799:CoL
1725:199
1563:doi
1559:111
1315:doi
1279:doi
1102:L."
1051:L."
1002:L."
852:doi
848:202
648:as
414:In
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2016::
2003::
1980::
1967::
1954::
1941::
1928::
1915::
1902::
1879::
1866::
1853::
1840::
1827::
1814::
1801::
1778::
1745::
1710::
1695::
1638:.
1598:.
1571:.
1557:.
1553:.
1523:.
1473:.
1384:44
1382:.
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1357:12
1355:.
1351:.
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75:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
