539:
165:
822:
dues, which would allegedly be for the Third Estate's protection (though this only applied to serfs and tenants of farmland owned by the nobility). Overall, the Second Estate had vast privileges that the Third Estate did not possess, which in effect protected the Second Estate's wealth and property, while hindering the Third Estate's ability to advance. The reforms proposed by Turgot and argued against in the protests of the
Parlement of Paris conflicted with the Second Estates' interests to keep their hereditary privileges, and was the first step toward reform that seeped into the political arena. Turgot's reforms were unpopular among the commoners as well, who saw the parlements as their best defense against the power of the monarchy.
4056:
1104:
177:
3991:
3923:
3797:
669:. Assembled in the parlements, the largely hereditary members, the provincial nobles of the robe were the strongest decentralizing force in a France that was more multifarious in its legal systems, taxation, and custom than it might have seemed under the apparent unifying rule of its kings. Nevertheless, the Parlement of Paris had the largest jurisdiction of all the parlements, covering the major part of northern and central France, and was simply known as "the parlement".
689:
3455:
1192:
519:
732:
723:. In 1673, the king imposed additional restrictions that stripped the parlements of any influence upon new laws by ordaining that remonstrances could only be issued after registration of the edicts. After Louis' death in 1715, all the restrictions were discontinued by the regent, although some of the judges of the Parlement of Paris accepted royal bribes to restrain that body until the 1750s.
68:
4021:
3966:
785:. The Second Estate reacted to the essay with anger to convince the king that the nobility still served a very important role and still deserved the same privileges of tax exemption as well as for the preservation of the guilds and corporations put in place to restrict trade, both of which were eliminated in the reforms proposed by Turgot.
801:
The Second Estate (the nobility) consisted of approximately 1.5% of France's population, and was exempt from almost all taxes, including the Corvée Royale, which was a recent mandatory service in which the roads would be repaired and built by those subject to the corvée. In practice, anyone who paid
796:
The personal service of the clergy is to fulfill all the functions relating to education and religious observances and to contribute to the relief of the unfortunate through its alms. The noble dedicates his blood to the defense of the state and assists the sovereign with his counsel. The last class
639:
Over time, some parlements, especially the one in Paris, gradually acquired the habit of using their right of remonstrance to refuse to register legislation, which they adjudged as either untimely or contrary to the local customary law (and there were 300 customary law jurisdictions), until the king
821:
These exemptions, as well as the right to wear a sword and their coat of arms, encouraged the idea of a natural superiority over the commoners that was common through the Second Estate, and as long as any noble was in possession of a fiefdom, he could collect a tax on the Third Estate called feudal
661:
evolved during the 16th century from a constitutional forum to a royal weapon, used to force registration of edicts. The transmission of judicial offices had also been a common practice in France since the late Middle Ages; tenure on the court was generally bought from the royal authority; and such
363:
Parlements were judicial organizations consisting of a dozen or more appellate judges, or about 1,100 judges nationwide. They were the courts of final appeal of the judicial system, and typically wielded power over a wide range of subjects, particularly taxation. Laws and edicts issued by the Crown
817:
The Second Estate feared that it would have to pay the tax replacing the suppressed corvée. The nobles saw this tax as especially humiliating and below them, as they took great pride in their titles and their lineage, which often included those who had died in the defense of France. They saw this
1558:
Une sentence prise dans les formes solennelles de l'arrêt tendait à fixer la jurisprudence, mais, dans plus d'un cas, l'Echiquier allait plus loin: il décrétait que la solution serait observée dans ce cas et dans tous autres cas semblables. La décision prenait donc le caractère des arrêts de
769:
sought to reassert royal power by suppressing the parlements in 1770. His famous attempts, known as
Maupeou's Reform, resulted in a furious battle and failure. Parlements were disbanded and their members arrested. After Louis XV died, the parlements were restored.
630:
with strong historical traditions of independence before they were annexed to France (in some of these regions, provincial States-General also continued to meet and legislate with a measure of self-governance and control over taxation within their jurisdiction).
700:
The parlements' ability to withhold their assent by formulating remonstrances against the king's edicts forced the king to react, sometimes resulting in repeated resistance by the parlements, which the king could only terminate in his favour by issuing a
601:
In the meantime, the jurisdiction of the
Parlement of Paris had been covering the entire kingdom as it was in the 14th century, but did not automatically advance in step with the Crown's ever expanding realm. In 1443, following the turmoil of the
1909:
598:. The parlement also had the duty to record all royal edicts and laws. By the 15th century the Parlement of Paris had a right of "remonstrance to the king" (a formal statement of grievances), which was at first simply of an advisory nature.
652:
to force them to act. By the 16th century, the parlement judges were of the opinion that their role included active participation in the legislative process, which brought them into increasing conflict with the ever increasing monarchical
439:
died in 1774, the parlements were reinstated. The parlements spearheaded the aristocracy's resistance to the absolutism and centralization of the Crown, but they worked primarily for the benefit of their own class, the French nobility.
762:
in 1789, their extreme concern to preserve Ancien Régime institutions of noble privilege prevented France from carrying out many simple reforms, especially in the area of taxation, even when those reforms had the support of the king.
5143:
578:
These lawyers, clad in long black robes, sat on benches below the high nobles; but as the nobles left to them the whole business of the court, they soon became the sole judges, and formed the nucleus of the present French
4120:
3819:
448:
Parlement of Paris, though no more in fact than a small, selfish, proud and venal oligarchy, regarded itself, and was regarded by public opinion, as the guardian of the constitutional liberties of France.
751:, which were laws or regulatory decrees that applied within their jurisdiction for the application of royal edicts or of customary practices. At a session of the Parlement of Paris in 1766 known as the
618:, the first parlement outside Paris; its jurisdiction extended over most of southern France. From 1443 until the French Revolution, several other parlements would be steadily created all over France (
423:
There was, however, no substantial difference between the various supreme provincial judicatures of France, except such as resulted from the inflexible varieties of their various local circumstances.
719:
could be held without the king having to appear in person; in 1667, he limited the number of remonstrances to only one. In 1671–1673, however, the parlements resisted the taxes needed to fund the
320:
4805:
1121:(literally "spices" – fees) by the parties, to pay for legal advice taken by the judges, and the costs of their staff. Judges were not allowed to ask for, or receive, épices from the poor.
792:(March 1776), the Parlement of Paris – afraid that a new tax would replace the corvée, and that this tax would apply to all, introducing equality as a principle – dared to remind the king:
2457:
1176:. With the spread of enlightenment ideas throughout France, most forms of judicial torture had fallen out of favor, and while they remained on the books, were rarely applied after 1750.
818:
elimination of tax privilege as the gateway for more attacks on their rights and urged Louis XVI throughout the protests of the
Parlement of Paris not to enact the proposed reforms.
2028:
777:, the nobility, resisted the beginning of certain reforms that would remove their privileges, notably their exemption from taxes. The objections were made in reaction to the essay,
176:
4850:
5082:
2172:
747:, the parlements repeatedly challenged the crown for control over policy, especially regarding taxes and religion. Furthermore, the parlements had taken the habit of passing
1214:
to create law and act as legislative bodies, their only mandate being to interpret the law. France, through the
Napoleonic Code, was at the origin of the modern system of
538:
5193:
4472:
3373:
3328:
3235:
3182:
3113:
2983:
2957:
2874:
2771:
2698:
444:
argues that the parlements were the chief obstacles to any reform before the
Revolution, as well as the most formidable enemies of the French Crown. He concludes that the
586:
was the first to fix this court to Paris, in 1302, officially severing it from the King's
Council in 1307. The Parlement of Paris would hold sessions inside the medieval
4780:
4008:
4068:
3861:
1453:
1343:
4341:
4207:
576:
The "parlement" of St. Louis consisted of three high barons, three prelates, and nineteen knights, to whom were added 18 councillors or men learned in the law.
4399:
4130:
4003:
1944:
766:
432:
4830:
4187:
1103:
164:
3526:
355:" derive from this French term, the Ancien Régime parlements were not legislative bodies and the modern and ancient terminology are not interchangeable.
1647:
Abstract of dissertation "'Pour savoir la verité de sa bouche': The
Practice and Abolition of Judicial Torture in the Parliament of Toulouse, 1600–1788"
285:
4785:
4237:
4140:
3953:
408:
4364:
2407:
2035:
1226:
outside the interpretation of the law, no single supreme court and no constitutional review of statutes by courts until 1971 (by action, before the
5041:
773:
The beginning of the proposed radical changes began with the protests of the
Parlement of Paris addressed to Louis XVI in March 1776, in which the
5133:
4202:
4115:
3576:
3771:
797:
of the nation, which cannot render such distinguished service to the state, fulfills its obligation through taxes, industry, and physical labor.
4815:
4532:
3671:
2140:
1203:
3897:
4389:
3943:
3882:
3840:
2124:
1622:
203:
4845:
4306:
3723:
802:
a small fee could escape the corvée, so this burden of labor fell only to the poorest in France. The Second Estate was also exempt from the
3616:
2540:
677:
The
Parlement of Paris played a major role in stimulating the nobility to resist the expansion of royal power by military force during the
4820:
4321:
3596:
493:, and passed into English with this meaning. The meaning then became more specialized in French during the 13th century, to refer to the "
4775:
4275:
3948:
3100:
2861:
1666:
5138:
5128:
4517:
3892:
3728:
3703:
3198:
2848:
1681:
1019:
2991:
4512:
3853:
3814:
3360:
2021:
1972:
1903:
1877:
1799:
1526:
151:
4060:
3561:
4942:
4730:
4657:
4507:
4414:
3748:
2224:
2164:
1227:
1993:
4883:
4725:
4622:
4592:
4212:
3531:
2116:
1965:
1937:
1230:
created in 1958) and 2010 (by exception, before any court) is usually traced to that hostility towards "government by judges".
715:
moved to centralize authority into his own hands, imposing certain restrictions on the parlements: in 1665, he ordained that a
404:
1649:
5118:
4720:
3190:
2328:
412:
89:
4497:
4125:
3646:
2320:
2233:
2180:
1279:, based on the global capacity to pay, and assessed by the Intendant. In both cases, the tax was often considered arbitrary.
278:
5123:
4419:
3556:
3546:
3121:
2965:
2944:
2882:
2802:
2665:
2400:
2285:
1910:
Saint-Bonnet, François. "Le contrôle a posteriori : les parlements de l'Ancien Régime et la neutralisation de la loi"
1323:
654:
416:
1818:
Holt, Mack P. (September 1988). "The King in Parliament: The Problem of the Lit de Justice in Sixteenth-Century France".
4835:
4522:
3910:
3887:
3832:
3827:
3718:
3661:
2630:
2548:
995:
132:
30:
This article is about the French Ancien Régime provincial appellate courts. For the post-Revolutionary and present-day
4937:
4562:
4457:
4336:
4316:
4227:
4156:
3978:
3243:
2936:
2789:
2277:
1851:
1173:
104:
4760:
4612:
3626:
3521:
3476:
1065:
2091:
5188:
5183:
5072:
4672:
4627:
4607:
4369:
3606:
3501:
2830:
2779:
2711:
2611:
2395:
2304:
1930:
1488:
782:
85:
78:
5178:
5087:
4982:
4527:
4404:
4359:
4247:
4135:
4102:
3905:
3516:
3468:
3344:
3267:
3145:
3129:
428:
271:
111:
5168:
4795:
4642:
4597:
3927:
3922:
3666:
3496:
3486:
3299:
3283:
3161:
3076:
2923:
2907:
2810:
2584:
2148:
1514:
1215:
1141:
774:
595:
364:
were not official in their respective jurisdictions until the parlements gave their assent by publishing them.
213:
4222:
550:
The first parlement in Ancien Régime France developed in the 13th century out of the King's Council (French:
4652:
4647:
4602:
4547:
4311:
4192:
3869:
3601:
3315:
3222:
3206:
2890:
2706:
2649:
2564:
2269:
2108:
486:, and originally meant a "speaking". It is attested with the meaning of "deliberating assembly" as early as
573:
established only one of these crown courts, which had no fixed locality, but followed him wherever he went.
118:
4437:
4270:
3874:
3686:
3566:
3551:
3424:
3381:
3291:
3169:
2915:
2835:
2504:
2379:
2371:
2261:
1614:
University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, Volume 7: The Old Regime and the French Revolution
1433:
4291:
4977:
4242:
4177:
3708:
3591:
3581:
3459:
3454:
3352:
3307:
3060:
3007:
2825:
2815:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2496:
2352:
2000:
1247:
1061:
966:
930:
615:
607:
543:
528:
223:
47:
4790:
3036:
603:
100:
4916:
4552:
4374:
4296:
4232:
4145:
3753:
3743:
3713:
3631:
3536:
3251:
3068:
3015:
2820:
2784:
2729:
2603:
1124:
Regarding criminal justice, the proceedings were markedly archaic. Judges could order suspects to be
1094:
752:
591:
218:
198:
43:
5173:
4992:
4922:
4770:
4700:
4677:
4632:
4557:
4537:
4502:
4477:
4409:
4110:
3636:
3020:
2899:
2657:
2569:
2344:
2336:
2312:
2071:
1005:
948:
843:
744:
712:
693:
682:
627:
583:
471:
326:
228:
4217:
3656:
688:
4452:
4182:
4033:
3995:
3990:
3738:
3691:
3651:
3397:
3389:
3084:
3044:
2856:
2749:
2513:
2488:
2480:
2432:
2253:
1771:
1754:
Doyle, William (1970). "The Parlements of France and the Breakdown of the Old Regime 1771–1788".
1447:
1337:
985:
853:
740:
570:
368:
341:
4800:
4617:
4379:
4252:
3809:
2100:
711:. In such a case, the parlement's powers were suspended for the duration of this royal session.
917:
435:, tried to abolish the Parlement of Paris in order to strengthen the Crown. However, when King
5029:
4962:
4952:
4932:
4587:
4286:
4038:
3336:
3275:
3259:
3052:
2576:
2423:
2132:
1986:
1953:
1899:
1873:
1795:
1618:
1612:
1522:
1207:
970:
759:
453:
333:
168:
Territories assigned to the parlements and sovereign councils of the Kingdom of France in 1789
35:
5097:
4957:
4876:
4750:
4745:
4735:
4467:
4394:
4331:
4301:
4073:
4043:
3938:
3641:
3491:
3416:
3153:
3137:
3092:
3028:
2999:
2794:
2673:
2556:
2449:
2063:
2014:
2007:
1979:
1827:
1763:
1742:
1191:
1179:
Ultimately, judicial torture and cruel methods of executions were abolished in 1788 by King
1034:
857:
720:
499:
299:
184:
566:), and consequently enjoyed ancient, customary consultative and deliberative prerogatives.
5022:
4810:
4487:
4482:
4447:
4197:
3801:
3796:
3698:
3621:
3511:
3481:
2840:
2716:
2441:
2415:
2387:
2216:
2188:
1653:
1532:
1211:
1076:
518:
329:
313:
259:
4667:
1206:
on 6 September 1790. The behavior of the parlements is one of the reasons that since the
731:
5092:
5034:
4840:
4662:
4442:
4162:
4025:
4020:
3970:
3965:
3785:
2973:
2476:
1746:
1165:
865:
707:
665:
648:
642:
621:
557:
552:
523:
125:
54:
1669:
was introduced in 1975 and 1989, respectively for judiciary and administrative courts.
5162:
5106:
5077:
4947:
4765:
4572:
4542:
4384:
4280:
4172:
3733:
3676:
1223:
1027:
441:
208:
5113:
5058:
4972:
4927:
4755:
4637:
4429:
3586:
3571:
3541:
1646:
1570:
1153:
1246:
Among the earliest examples of such decisions had been ordinances rendered by the
901:
705:, and, in case of continued resistance, appearing in person in the parlement: the
503:. (The sense of "legislative assembly" or "legislative body" was used in English,
17:
1551:
1437:
1327:
5065:
4967:
4825:
4715:
4492:
4462:
3763:
3611:
2931:
2724:
1521:. Translated by Goldhammer, Arthur. Harvard University Press. pp. 462–482.
1148:. The death sentence could be pronounced for a variety of crimes including mere
941:
877:
562:
254:
67:
1152:; depending on the crime and the social class of the victim, death could be by
662:
official positions could be made hereditary by paying a tax to the King called
371:, who had bought or inherited their offices, and were independent of the King.
4871:
4710:
4578:
4326:
3681:
2156:
1831:
1219:
1129:
1069:
532:
505:
465:
352:
1733:
Cobban, Alfred (1950). "The Parlements of France in the eighteenth century".
1299:
1222:. The origin of the separation of powers in the French court system, with no
4705:
4351:
4262:
3845:
3214:
1399:
1180:
1128:
in order to extract confessions or induce them to reveal the names of their
1048:
934:
897:
881:
861:
611:
1485:
The Revolt of the Judges: the Parliament of Paris and the Fronde, 1643–1652
789:
1717:, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Autumn, 1979),
1685:, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Winter, 1986),
1680:
The Law/Politics Distinction, the French Conseil Constitutionnel, and the
1536:
1140:("extraordinary questioning"), with increased brutality. There was little
814:, a land tax paid by peasants, and the oldest form of taxation in France.
5053:
5048:
4987:
4866:
4740:
3506:
2521:
1169:
1145:
1023:
1009:
999:
989:
952:
885:
873:
622:§ List of parlements and sovereign councils of the Kingdom of France
436:
1864:
Jouanna, Arlette and Jacqueline Boucher, Dominique Biloghi, Guy Thiec.
1702:
1161:
1125:
1080:
960:
956:
909:
804:
248:
1775:
1718:
1686:
755:, Louis XV asserted that sovereign power resided in his person only.
497:
in judicial session; sovereign court of justice" until the end of the
1637:
Dates and list based on Pillorget, vol 2, p. 894 and Jouanna p. 1183.
1087:
1055:
1013:
977:
913:
905:
893:
810:
678:
587:
241:
1922:
1767:
4055:
1559:
règlement dont les Parlements usèrent à la fin de l'ancien régime.
1190:
1157:
1149:
1041:
889:
869:
826:
List of parlements and sovereign councils of the Kingdom of France
730:
687:
537:
517:
407:). Some of these were eventually replaced by parlements (e.g. the
542:
Engraving by Nicolas Bertrand from 1515 showing a session of the
1136:("ordinary questioning"), the ordinary form of torture, and the
5009:
4904:
4094:
3444:
2690:
2049:
1926:
1271:, based on land ownership, and determined by a council; in the
781:("Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth") by
4121:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
3935:
1849:
Louis XIV and the Parlements: The Assertion of Royal Authority
1575:
Politics and the Parliament of Paris under Louis XV, 1754–1774
1502:
Louis XIV and the parlements: The Assertion of Royal Authority
61:
1553:
Ordonnances de l'Echiquier de Normandie aux XIV et XV siècles
1218:, in which precedents are not as powerful as in countries of
1168:(for some heinous crimes by commoners). Some crimes, such as
53:"Parlement de Dijon" redirects here. Not to be confused with
779:
Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses
735:
Louis XV leaving the Parlement of Paris on 12 September 1715
1428:
1426:
1466:
Mack P. Holt, "The King in Parliament: The Problem of the
1210:, French courts have been forbidden by Article 5 of the
788:
In their remonstrance against the edict suppressing the
1794:(in French) (Livre de poche ed.). Paris: Fallois.
367:
The members of the parlements were aristocrats, called
1439:
The Political, Social, and Literary History of France
1164:(for most of the secondary crimes by commoners), the
626:); these locations were provincial capitals of those
4851:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
808:, which was the unpopular tax on salt, and also the
5083:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
4859:
4693:
4686:
4571:
4428:
4350:
4261:
4154:
4101:
4052:
4017:
3987:
3962:
3919:
3793:
3784:
3762:
3467:
3451:
3409:
3372:
3327:
3234:
3181:
3112:
2982:
2956:
2873:
2770:
2697:
2642:
2623:
2596:
2533:
2469:
2364:
2297:
2246:
2200:
2173:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2083:
2056:
340:, the original and most important of which was the
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Provincial appellate court of the Kingdom of France
1859:The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon
46:. For the television series of the same name, see
1885:The Ancien Regime: A History of France, 1610–1774
1713:Denis Tallon, John N. Hazard, George A. Bermann,
758:In the years immediately before the start of the
4009:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
1866:Histoire et dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion
1665:The control of conventionality according to the
1617:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 119–21.
1097:minus the bailiwicks of Bar and La Marche, 1776)
383:) with analogous attributes, more rarely called
1841:Society and Institutions in Early Modern France
1701:, The Supreme Court Review, Vol. 1975, (1975),
937:and the remainder of Guyenne and Gascony, 1443)
794:
568:
446:
421:
2051:Significant civil and political events by year
1611:John W. Boyer and Keith M. Baker, ed. (1987).
1300:"Parlement | historical supreme court, France"
1938:
279:
8:
5104:
5063:
5039:
5020:
4004:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1898:Collection: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 1995.
1872:Collection: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 1998.
1412:G. W. Prothero, "The Parliament of Paris",
1172:, exacted even more horrific punishment, as
920:, Bailiwick of Bar, Bailiwick of La Marche,
846:. Dates indicate creation of the parlement.
403:), were created in new territories (notably
398:
388:
378:
351:(for the legislature) and the English word "
5006:
4901:
4690:
4208:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
4091:
3790:
3464:
3441:
2687:
2046:
1945:
1931:
1923:
1892:France Baroque, France Classique 1589-1715
1452:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1400:"PARLEMENT : Etymologie de PARLEMENT"
1342:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
594:, nowadays still the site in Paris of the
546:presided over by King Francis I of France.
286:
272:
171:
4473:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
4131:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
3954:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
1715:The Constitution and the Courts in France
685:won out and the nobility was humiliated.
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
2189:Nationalization of the Church properties
1792:L'Ancien régime: Institutions et société
163:
5134:Historiography of the French Revolution
4405:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
4116:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
1890:Pillorget, René and Suzanne Pillorget.
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1291:
1239:
1117:In civil trials, judges had to be paid
413:Sovereign Court of Lorraine and Barrois
190:
183:
5194:Political history of the Ancien Régime
4141:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
4096:Other significant figures and factions
1917:Les Cahiers du Conseil constitutionnel
1445:
1364:
1335:
614:its own parlement by establishing the
409:Sovereign Council of Navarre and Béarn
4188:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
3944:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
3883:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3841:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
2321:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
1598:
1586:
1202:The parlements were abolished by the
727:Role leading to the French Revolution
456:, all the parlements were suspended.
347:. Though both the modern French term
312:
7:
4342:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
3754:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
2541:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
1047:Sovereign Council of Roussillon (at
976:incorporating Parlement of Trévoux (
90:adding citations to reliable sources
3949:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
1667:European Convention on Human Rights
1420:, No. 50 (April 1898), pp. 229–241.
1379:The A to Z of the French Revolution
1332:. Vol. 1. London. p. 291.
5139:Influence of the French Revolution
5129:Symbolism in the French Revolution
3893:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
3854:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
2109:Convocation of the Estates General
1747:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1950.tb00948.x
1474:(September 1988) 32#3 pp:507–523.
767:Chancellor René Nicolas de Maupeou
25:
4781:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
4513:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
3815:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
3597:François Christophe de Kellermann
2836:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
1329:Lectures on the History of France
739:After 1715, during the reigns of
4508:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
4415:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
4385:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
4276:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
4054:
4019:
3989:
3964:
3921:
3795:
3672:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
3453:
2225:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1811:The state in early modern France
1228:Constitutional Council of France
1196:The Abolition of the Parliaments
1102:
1054:Sovereign Council of Alsace (at
175:
66:
4846:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
4593:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
4518:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
3729:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
3724:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
3704:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
3532:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
2450:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
1699:Constitutional Review in France
1144:if the suspect was a mere poor
452:In November 1789, early in the
77:needs additional citations for
5119:Women in the French Revolution
4721:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
3898:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
3562:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
3191:French invasion of Switzerland
2207:
681:, 1648–1649. In the end, King
1:
5124:Incroyables and merveilleuses
4943:Pierre Claude François Daunou
4731:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
3862:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
3833:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
3130:Naval Engagement off Brittany
2883:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
2857:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
2666:Constitution of the Year VIII
2401:Committee of General Security
2286:National Legislative Assembly
2141:National Constituent Assembly
1813:. Cambridge University Press.
1470:in Sixteenth-Century France"
1414:The English Historical Review
1204:National Constituent Assembly
921:
657:of the Ancien Régime, as the
487:
5042:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4836:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
4726:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
4623:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
4523:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
4213:Charles Malo François Lameth
3888:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
3719:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
3662:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
2862:Second Battle of Wissembourg
2549:Constitution of the Year III
1086:High Council of Corsica (at
996:Parlement of Aix-en-Provence
4938:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
4563:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
4498:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
4458:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
4337:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
4322:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
4317:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
4126:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
3979:William V, Prince of Orange
2849:First Battle of Wissembourg
2806:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
2522:Closing of the Jacobin Club
2391:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
2348:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
2208:Abolition of the Parlements
2181:Women's March on Versailles
1852:Manchester University Press
1839:Holt, Mack P., ed. (1991).
1519:France in the Enlightenment
619:
466:Parliament § Etymology
5210:
5073:French Republican calendar
4628:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
4253:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
3607:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
3557:Charles François Dumouriez
3547:Jacques François Dugommier
3361:League of Armed Neutrality
3194:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
3146:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
2969:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2948:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2612:Second Congress of Rastatt
2396:Committee of Public Safety
2383:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
1883:Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy.
1809:Collins, James B. (1995).
1489:Princeton University Press
1361:. Vol. 1. p. 63.
838:Provincial parlements or "
783:Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot
463:
52:
29:
5088:Cult of the Supreme Being
5016:
5005:
4911:
4900:
4248:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
4103:Patriotic Society of 1789
4090:
3906:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
3828:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
3440:
3345:Convention of Alessandria
2686:
2631:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
2092:What Is the Third Estate?
2045:
1960:
1832:10.1017/S0018246X00023463
1790:Bluche, François (1993).
1756:French Historical Studies
837:
478:is derived from the verb
336:. In 1789, France had 13
4796:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
4761:Joséphine de Beauharnais
4643:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
4613:François-Nicolas Vincent
4598:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
3772:Charles-Alexandre Linois
3667:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
3647:François Séverin Marceau
3627:François Joseph Lefebvre
3522:Jean-Étienne Championnet
3497:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
3492:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
3487:Alexandre de Beauharnais
3477:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
3199:French Invasion of Egypt
3077:Second Battle of Bassano
2811:Battle of Kaiserslautern
2585:Conspiracy of the Equals
2278:The Constitution of 1791
2149:Storming of the Bastille
1142:presumption of innocence
4776:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
4648:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4608:Antoine-François Momoro
4603:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4420:François de Neufchâteau
4370:Charles-François Lebrun
4312:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
4193:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
4069:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
3875:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
3870:Karl Mack von Leiberich
3502:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
3316:Second Battle of Zurich
3207:Irish Rebellion of 1798
3053:First Battle of Bassano
2891:Second Battle of Boulou
2692:Revolutionary campaigns
2650:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
2565:Council of Five Hundred
2353:First republic declared
2289:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
2270:Declaration of Pillnitz
1994:Constitutional monarchy
1377:Paul R. Hanson (2007).
1357:Cobban, Alfred (1957).
1304:Encyclopedia Britannica
1138:question extraordinaire
947:Parlement of Bordeaux (
940:Parlement of Grenoble (
842:" in the Ancien Régime
635:16th and 17th centuries
5105:
5064:
5040:
5021:
4533:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
4528:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
4438:Maximilien Robespierre
4271:Jacques Pierre Brissot
4136:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
3567:Louis-Charles de Flers
3552:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
3517:Jean François Carteaux
3292:First Battle of Zurich
3255:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
3210:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
3170:Treaty of Campo Formio
2916:Glorious First of June
2844:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
2803:Expedition to Sardinia
2481:Desmoulins guillotined
2416:Assassination of Marat
2408:Fall of the Girondists
2380:Revolutionary Tribunal
2372:Execution of Louis XVI
2262:Champ de Mars massacre
2165:Abolition of Feudalism
1472:The Historical Journal
1434:Rev. Dr. Cobham Brewer
1275:the taille was called
1199:
1174:drawing and quartering
799:
736:
697:
581:
561:
551:
547:
535:
510:in the 14th century.)
482:('to speak') + suffix
450:
427:From 1770 to 1774 the
425:
399:
389:
379:
169:
4978:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4243:Jean-Charles Pichegru
4223:Jean-François Rewbell
3709:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3592:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
3582:Jacques Maurice Hatry
3353:Battle of Hohenlinden
3226:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
3061:Battle of Emmendingen
3008:Battle of Castiglione
2895:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
2826:Battle of Hondschoote
2497:Thermidorian Reaction
2461:(throughout the year)
2234:Fête de la Fédération
2160:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
2144:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
2128:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
1442:. London. p. 68.
1248:Exchequer of Normandy
1194:
1062:Parlement of Besancon
931:Parlement of Toulouse
734:
694:Parlement of Brittany
691:
616:Parlement of Toulouse
608:Charles VII of France
544:Parlement of Toulouse
541:
529:Charles VII of France
521:
393:) or in one instance
310:French pronunciation:
167:
48:Parlement (TV series)
4906:Influential thinkers
4653:Jean-François Varlet
4553:Jean-Lambert Tallien
4548:Jean Bon Saint-André
4375:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
4297:Marquis de Condorcet
4146:Nicolas de Condorcet
3911:Dagobert von Wurmser
3744:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
3687:Pierre-Jacques Osten
3602:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
3537:Louis-Nicolas Davout
3527:Chapuis de Tourville
3069:Battle of Schliengen
3016:Battle of Theiningen
2937:Battle of Aldenhoven
2821:Battle of Wattignies
2790:Battle of Neerwinden
2604:Coup of 18 Fructidor
2117:Death of the Dauphin
1250:by the 15th century.
1113:Judicial proceedings
1095:Lorraine and Barrois
1093:Parlement of Nancy (
1075:Parlement of Douai (
1068:, 1676; formerly at
753:Flagellation Session
429:Chancellor of France
219:Assembly of Notables
199:Estates of the realm
86:improve this article
44:Parliament of Canada
4993:Mary Wollstonecraft
4771:Jean Sylvain Bailly
4558:Pierre Louis Prieur
4503:Jean-Henri Voulland
4478:Jacques-Louis David
4410:Jean Joseph Mounier
4111:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3749:Belgrand de Vaubois
3637:Jean-Antoine Marbot
3577:Emmanuel de Grouchy
3382:Treaty of Lunéville
3021:Battle of Neresheim
2966:Siege of Luxembourg
2945:Siege of Luxembourg
2900:Battle of Tourcoing
2831:Siege of Bellegarde
2658:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2570:Council of Ancients
2345:National Convention
2337:September Massacres
2313:Brunswick Manifesto
2305:France declares war
2072:Assembly of Vizille
1682:U. S. Supreme Court
1589:, pp. 415–458.
1550:Soudet, F. (1929).
1359:A History of France
1006:Parlement of Rennes
844:provinces of France
840:conseils souverains
749:arrêts de règlement
390:conseils supérieurs
380:conseils souverains
4831:Loménie de Brienne
4806:Madame de Lamballe
4741:Napoléon Bonaparte
4538:Prieur de la Marne
4453:Camille Desmoulins
4307:Marie Jean Hérault
4183:Jean-Sifrein Maury
4178:Arnaud de La Porte
4034:Alexander Korsakov
3820:Count of Clerfayt
3739:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3652:Auguste de Marmont
3507:Napoléon Bonaparte
3398:Algeciras campaign
3390:Treaty of Florence
3268:Battle of Stockach
3101:Ireland expedition
3085:Battle of Calliano
3045:Battle of Rovereto
3037:Battle of Würzburg
2489:Law of 22 Prairial
2458:Anti-clerical laws
2433:The Death of Marat
2254:Flight to Varennes
1820:Historical Journal
1678:Michael H. Davis,
1656:by Lisa Silverman.
1652:2006-05-15 at the
1381:. pp. 250–51.
1200:
1134:question ordinaire
1033:Parlment of Metz (
986:Parlement of Rouen
980:, 1523–1771)
967:Parlement of Dijon
854:Parlement of Paris
737:
698:
692:The palace of the
604:Hundred Years' War
548:
536:
375:Sovereign councils
369:nobles of the robe
314:[paʁləmɑ̃]
255:Seigneurial system
170:
18:Parliament of Metz
5189:Kingdom of France
5184:French Revolution
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5030:Cockade of France
5001:
5000:
4963:Antoine Lavoisier
4953:Benjamin Franklin
4933:Anacharsis Cloots
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4816:Louis de Breteuil
4658:Theophile Leclerc
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4039:Alexander Suvorov
3780:
3779:
3714:Józef Poniatowski
3632:Étienne Macdonald
3436:
3435:
3337:Battle of Marengo
3300:Battle of Trebbia
3284:Battle of Cassano
3276:Battle of Magnano
3260:Battle of Ostrach
3162:Battle of Neuwied
2924:Battle of Fleurus
2908:Battle of Tournay
2785:War in the Vendée
2721:Royalist Revolts
2682:
2681:
2239:
2215:Abolition of the
2133:Tennis Court Oath
2125:National Assembly
1954:French Revolution
1697:James Beardsley,
1624:978-0-2260-6950-0
1234:Explanatory notes
1224:rule of precedent
1212:French civil code
1208:French Revolution
1132:: there were the
1110:
1109:
760:French Revolution
703:lettre de jussion
649:lettre de jussion
454:French Revolution
334:Kingdom of France
298:Under the French
296:
295:
162:
161:
154:
136:
36:French Parliament
16:(Redirected from
5201:
5110:
5098:Temple of Reason
5069:
5045:
5026:
5007:
4958:Thomas Jefferson
4902:
4821:de Chateaubriand
4751:Joseph Bonaparte
4746:Lucien Bonaparte
4736:Marie Antoinette
4691:
4678:Sylvain Maréchal
4633:François Hanriot
4468:Louis Philippe I
4395:Louis Philippe I
4390:Philippe Égalité
4332:Olympe de Gouges
4302:Charlotte Corday
4292:Étienne Clavière
4092:
4074:Antonio Ricardos
4059:
4058:
4044:Andrei Rosenberg
4024:
4023:
3994:
3993:
3969:
3968:
3939:Ralph Abercromby
3926:
3925:
3901:
3878:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3836:
3823:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3695:
3642:Marcellin Marbot
3465:
3458:
3457:
3446:Military leaders
3442:
3429:
3421:
3417:Treaty of Amiens
3402:
3394:
3386:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3320:
3319:(25–26 Sep 1799)
3312:
3304:
3303:(17–20 Jun 1799)
3296:
3288:
3287:(27–28 Apr 1799)
3280:
3272:
3264:
3263:(20–21 Mar 1799)
3256:
3248:
3244:Second Coalition
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3154:Treaty of Leoben
3150:
3142:
3141:(14–15 Jan 1797)
3138:Battle of Rivoli
3134:
3126:
3122:Italian campaign
3105:
3097:
3096:(15–17 Nov 1796)
3093:Battle of Arcole
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3029:Battle of Amberg
3025:
3012:
3004:
3000:Battle of Lonato
2996:
2992:Italian campaign
2970:
2949:
2941:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2887:
2866:
2865:(26–27 Dec 1793)
2853:
2845:
2807:
2799:
2795:Battle of Famars
2763:
2688:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2635:
2616:
2608:
2589:
2581:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2257:(20–21 Jun 1791)
2237:
2229:
2221:
2212:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2076:
2068:
2064:Day of the Tiles
2047:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1897:
1871:
1844:
1835:
1814:
1805:
1779:
1750:
1721:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1511:
1505:
1504:(2002) pp 195–96
1498:
1492:
1483:A. Lloyd Moote.
1481:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1430:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:, pp. 64–80
1362:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1296:
1280:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1106:
1040:High Council of
1035:Three Bishoprics
1020:Parlement of Pau
926:
923:
835:
834:
721:Franco-Dutch War
625:
492:
489:
402:
392:
382:
324:
323:
322:
316:
311:
288:
281:
274:
179:
172:
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135:
94:
70:
62:
21:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5169:French nobility
5159:
5158:
5157:
5148:
5023:La Marseillaise
5012:
5011:Cultural impact
4997:
4907:
4888:
4855:
4811:Madame du Barry
4801:Catherine Théot
4791:Thérésa Tallien
4682:
4673:Gracchus Babeuf
4618:François Chabot
4575:
4567:
4488:Georges Couthon
4483:Marquis de Sade
4448:Jean-Paul Marat
4424:
4380:Bertrand Barère
4346:
4257:
4238:Boissy d'Anglas
4233:Madame de Staël
4198:Antoine Barnave
4166:
4159:
4150:
4097:
4078:
4053:
4048:
4018:
4013:
3988:
3983:
3963:
3958:
3920:
3915:
3899:
3876:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3834:
3821:
3810:József Alvinczi
3794:
3776:
3758:
3699:Nicolas Oudinot
3689:
3622:Claude Lecourbe
3617:Charles Leclerc
3512:Guillaume Brune
3482:Pierre Augereau
3452:
3447:
3432:
3427:
3425:Treaty of Paris
3419:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3177:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3108:
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3095:
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2869:
2864:
2851:
2843:
2841:Siege of Toulon
2805:
2797:
2780:First Coalition
2766:
2757:
2693:
2678:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2638:
2633:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2442:Law of Suspects
2436:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2390:
2388:Reign of Terror
2382:
2374:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2242:
2227:
2219:
2210:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2168:(4–11 Aug 1789)
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2101:Réveillon riots
2095:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2052:
2041:
1956:
1951:
1919:, No 28 (2010).
1913:
1895:
1869:
1838:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1789:
1786:
1784:Further reading
1753:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1654:Wayback Machine
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1529:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1461:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1273:Pays d'Élection
1258:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1189:
1115:
1077:French Flanders
924:
828:
729:
675:
637:
596:Hall of Justice
584:Philippe le Bel
577:
575:
574:
516:
490:
468:
462:
415:). As noted by
400:cour souveraine
395:sovereign court
361:
330:appellate court
319:
318:
317:
309:
292:
214:Estates General
158:
147:
141:
138:
95:
93:
83:
71:
58:
51:
42:of Canada, see
34:of France, see
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5207:
5205:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5161:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5093:Cult of Reason
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5037:
5035:Flag of France
5032:
5027:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4841:Jacques Necker
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:Claire Lacombe
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4588:Jacques Hébert
4584:
4582:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Georges Danton
4440:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Henri Grégoire
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4228:Camille Jordan
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3462:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3308:Battle of Novi
3305:
3297:
3295:(4–7 Jun 1799)
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3088:(6–7 Nov 1796)
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3003:(3–4 Aug 1796)
2997:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2974:Peace of Basel
2971:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Siege of Mainz
2813:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2752:
2747:
2745:Siege of Mainz
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2577:13 Vendémiaire
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2429:
2424:Levée en masse
2421:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2385:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2329:10th of August
2326:
2318:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2222:
2213:
2211:(Feb–Jul 1790)
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1888:
1881:
1862:
1857:Jones, Colin.
1855:
1847:Hurt, John J.
1845:
1836:
1826:(3): 507–523.
1815:
1806:
1800:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1768:10.2307/285992
1762:(4): 415–458.
1751:
1741:(123): 64–80.
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1706:
1690:
1671:
1658:
1639:
1630:
1623:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1563:
1542:
1527:
1506:
1500:John J. Hurt,
1493:
1476:
1468:Lit de Justice
1459:
1422:
1405:
1384:
1369:
1349:
1324:Stephen, James
1315:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1252:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1188:
1185:
1166:breaking wheel
1160:(for nobles),
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1079:; formerly at
1073:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1017:
1012:; formerly at
1003:
993:
983:
982:
981:
964:
945:
938:
928:
848:
847:
833:
832:
827:
824:
728:
725:
717:lit de justice
713:King Louis XIV
708:lit de justice
674:
671:
659:lit de justice
643:lit de justice
636:
633:
592:Île de la Cité
553:Conseil du roi
524:Lit de justice
515:
512:
461:
458:
360:
357:
294:
293:
291:
290:
283:
276:
268:
265:
264:
263:
262:
257:
252:
245:
238:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
204:Great Officers
201:
193:
192:
188:
187:
181:
180:
160:
159:
74:
72:
65:
55:Dijon Congress
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5206:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:Ancien Régime
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5107:Sans-culottes
5103:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Metric system
5076:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4903:
4899:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4877:Panthéon Club
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4766:Joachim Murat
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Gilbert Romme
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:de Cambacérès
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4281:Madame Roland
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:André Chénier
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Grace Elliott
4171:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4089:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
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1980:Ancien Régime
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1528:0-6743-1747-5
1524:
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1515:Roche, Daniel
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1066:Franche-Comté
1063:
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1028:Lower Navarre
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858:Île-de-France
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775:Second Estate
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500:Ancien Régime
496:
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477:
473:
467:
459:
457:
455:
449:
445:
443:
442:Alfred Cobban
438:
434:
430:
424:
420:
418:
417:James Stephen
414:
410:
406:
405:in New France
401:
396:
391:
386:
385:high councils
381:
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370:
365:
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300:Ancien Régime
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209:Maison du Roi
207:
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185:Ancien Régime
182:
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103: –
102:
98:
97:Find sources:
91:
87:
81:
80:
75:This article
73:
69:
64:
63:
60:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5114:Phrygian cap
5059:Bastille Day
4973:Thomas Paine
4928:Edmund Burke
4923:Beaumarchais
4917:Les Lumières
4915:
4756:Joseph Fesch
4668:Pauline Léon
4638:Jacques Roux
4577:
4161:
3587:Lazare Hoche
3572:Paul Grenier
3542:Louis Desaix
3401:(8 Jul 1801)
3385:(9 Feb 1801)
3356:(3 Dec 1800)
3279:(5 Apr 1799)
3080:(6 Nov 1796)
3056:(8 Sep 1796)
3048:(4 Sep 1796)
3040:(3 Sep 1796)
3011:(5 Aug 1796)
2940:(2 Oct 1794)
2919:(1 Jun 1794)
2661:(9 Nov 1799)
2607:(4 Sep 1797)
2544:(1 Apr 1795)
2514:White Terror
2507:guillotined
2484:(5 Apr 1794)
2431:
2411:(2 Jun 1793)
2281:(3 Sep 1791)
2232:
2192:(2 Nov 1789)
2184:(5 Oct 1789)
2112:(5 May 1789)
2090:
2067:(7 Jun 1788)
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1916:
1891:
1884:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1840:
1823:
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1810:
1791:
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1693:
1679:
1674:
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1633:
1613:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1574:
1571:Julian Swann
1566:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1518:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1438:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1378:
1372:
1358:
1352:
1328:
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1242:
1201:
1198:, 1790 print
1195:
1178:
1154:decapitation
1137:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1116:
839:
820:
816:
809:
803:
800:
795:
787:
778:
772:
765:
757:
748:
738:
716:
706:
702:
699:
676:
663:
658:
647:
641:
638:
600:
588:royal palace
582:
569:
549:
522:
504:
498:
494:
483:
479:
475:
469:
451:
447:
426:
422:
394:
384:
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366:
362:
348:
342:
337:
304:
303:
297:
247:
240:
234:
233:
148:
139:
129:
122:
115:
108:
96:
84:Please help
79:verification
76:
59:
39:
31:
4983:Abbé Sieyès
4968:Montesquieu
4884:Social Club
4826:Jean Chouan
4716:Louis XVIII
4493:Roger Ducos
4463:Paul Barras
4430:Montagnards
4360:Abbé Sieyès
4163:monarchiens
3971:Netherlands
3900:(Hungarian)
3848:(Hungarian)
3764:French Navy
3690: [
3612:Jean Lannes
3469:French Army
3247:(1798–1802)
3218:(1798–1800)
3202:(1798–1801)
2932:Chouannerie
2893:(Pyrenees)
2758: [
2725:Chouannerie
2517:(Fall 1794)
2505:Robespierre
1914:(In French)
1896:(In French)
1870:(In French)
1727:Works cited
1719:pp. 567–587
1703:pp. 189-259
1365:Cobban 1950
1277:personnelle
1267:was called
1261:Pays d'État
1130:accomplices
955:, parts of
925: 1260
878:Bourbonnais
579:Magistracy.
563:curia regis
495:curia regis
491: 1165
224:Crown lands
101:"Parlement"
5174:Parlements
5163:Categories
4872:Cordeliers
4786:Talleyrand
4711:Louis XVII
4573:Hébertists
4327:Jean Debry
4157:Feuillants
3786:Opposition
3682:Michel Ney
3104:(Dec 1796)
2712:Thionville
2615:(Dec 1797)
2588:(May 1796)
2580:5 Oct 1795
2557:Directoire
2437:(painting)
2340:(Sep 1792)
2324:(Jun 1792)
2157:Great Fear
2096:(Jan 1789)
1987:Revolution
1599:Doyle 1970
1587:Doyle 1970
1309:2020-10-18
1287:References
1220:common law
673:The Fronde
655:absolutism
646:or sent a
506:parliament
472:Old French
464:See also:
353:parliament
338:parlements
327:provincial
235:Parlements
142:April 2015
112:newspapers
38:. For the
4706:Louis XVI
4701:Charles X
4352:The Plain
4263:Girondins
4203:Lafayette
3864:(Walloon)
3846:Pál Kray
3822:(Walloon)
3364:(1800–02)
3215:Quasi-War
2674:Consulate
2560:(1795–99)
2015:Consulate
2008:Directory
1687:pp. 45–92
1448:cite book
1363:see also
1338:cite book
1216:civil law
1187:Abolition
1181:Louis XVI
1049:Perpignan
949:Saintonge
935:Languedoc
918:Saumurois
902:Orléanais
898:Nivernais
882:Champagne
862:Angoumois
745:Louis XVI
696:in Rennes
683:Louis XIV
628:provinces
612:Languedoc
571:St. Louis
476:parlement
349:parlement
343:Parlement
305:parlement
260:Peasantry
229:Provinces
191:Structure
40:parlement
32:parlement
5066:Panthéon
5054:Muscadin
5049:Marianne
4988:Voltaire
4867:Jacobins
4860:Factions
4400:Mirabeau
3856:(French)
2750:Jemappes
2734:Dauphiné
2217:Nobility
2029:Journals
2022:Glossary
2001:Republic
1973:Timeline
1650:Archived
1517:(1998).
1436:(1878).
1326:(1857).
1170:regicide
1146:commoner
1126:tortured
1010:Brittany
1000:Provence
990:Normandy
973:, 1477)
971:Burgundy
953:Limousin
942:Dauphiné
886:Lyonnais
874:Auvergne
741:Louis XV
666:paulette
610:granted
527:held by
484:-(e)ment
437:Louis XV
411:and the
345:of Paris
325:) was a
4948:Diderot
4694:Figures
4579:Enragés
4285:Father
3996:Prussia
3928:Britain
3877:(Saxon)
3835:(Swiss)
3802:Austria
1887:(1998).
1861:(2003).
1854:, 2002.
1735:History
1577:(1995).
1537:695151M
1491:, 1971)
1259:In the
1162:hanging
1156:with a
1090:, 1768)
1083:, 1686)
1081:Tournai
1072:, 1422)
1058:, 1667)
1051:, 1660)
1037:, 1633)
1030:, 1620)
1016:, 1553)
1002:, 1501)
992:, 1499)
963:, 1462)
961:Gascony
957:Guyenne
944:, 1453)
910:Picardy
805:gabelle
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