Electoral threshold - Knowledge (XXG)

2779: 813:, the election threshold is called the quota, and it is possible to achieve it by receiving only first-choice votes alone or by a combination of first-choice votes and votes transferred from other candidates based on lower preferences. In mixed-member-proportional (MMP) systems, the election threshold determines which parties are eligible for top-up seats in the legislative chamber. Some MMP systems still allow a party to retain the seats they won in electoral districts even when they did not receive the threshold nationally; in these systems, top-up seats are allocated to parties that do not achieve the electoral threshold if they win at least one district seat or meet some other minimum qualification. 4597:"These rules apply to lists representing a minority nation or a minority national community with a share of the total population of up to 15 per cent countrywide or 1.5 to 15 per cent within each municipality. If no minority list passes the 3 per cent threshold, but some lists gain 0.7 per cent or more of the valid votes, they are entitled to participate in the distribution of up to 3 mandates as a cumulative list of candidates based on the total number of valid votes. Candidate lists representing the Croatian minority are entitled to 1 seat if they obtain at least 0.35 per cent of the valid votes." Source: OSCE, 2016, 3790:: if a party is perceived as having no chance of meeting the threshold, it often cannot gain popular support; and if the party cannot gain popular support, it will continue to have little or no chance of meeting the threshold. As well as acting against extremist parties, it may also adversely affect moderate parties if the political climate becomes polarized between two major parties at opposite ends of the political spectrum. In such a scenario, moderate voters may abandon their preferred party in favour of a more popular party in the hope of keeping the even less desirable alternative out of power. 2852:), the number of contestant political parties and the size of the assembly. Generally, smaller districts leads to a higher proportion of votes needed to win a seat and vice versa. The lower bound (the threshold of representation or the percentage of the vote that allows a party to earn a seat under the most favorable circumstances) is more difficult to calculate. In addition to the factors mentioned earlier, the number of votes cast for smaller parties are important. If more votes are cast for parties that do not win any seat, that will mean a lower percentage of votes needed to win a seat. 5498:). On 30 January 2007 the European Court of Human Rights ruled by five votes to two (and on 8 July 2008, its Grand Chamber by 13 votes to four) that the 10 percent threshold imposed in Turkey does not violate the right to free elections, guaranteed by the European Convention of Human Rights. It held, however, that this same threshold could violate the Convention if imposed in a different country. It was justified in the case of Turkey in order to stabilize the volatile political situation which has obtained in that country over recent decades. The case is 859:, to produce representation for parties with approximately ten percent of the vote or more, John M. Carey and Simon Hix recommend a district magnitude of approximately six or more in the districts used. Support for a party is not homogenous across an electorate, so a party with ten percent of the general vote is expected to easily achieve the threshold in at least one district even if not in others. Most STV systems used today set the number of votes for the election of most members at the 872: 751: 2840:) where ε is the smallest possible number of votes. That means that in a district with four seats slightly more than 20 percent of the votes will guarantee a seat. Under more favorable circumstances, the party can still win a seat with fewer votes. The most important factor in determining the natural threshold is the number of seats to be filled by the district. Other factors are the seat allocation formula ( 36: 3684:, which had a 10 percent threshold, easily higher than in any other country. The justification for such a high threshold was to prevent multi-party coalitions and put a stop to the endless fragmentation of political parties seen in the 1960s and 1970s. However, coalitions ruled between 1991 and 2002, but mainstream parties continued to be fragmented and in the 154: 3761:

of the 287 seats in the lower house, the effect of the 2 percent threshold is increased by the large number of parties participating in the election, which means that the threshold is harder to reach. This led to a quarter of valid votes being wasted, on average and led to the 20 percent of the seats

1055:

in federal elections. However, this is not a strict barrier to entry: any party or independent who wins a constituency is entitled to that seat regardless if it has passed the threshold. Parties representing registered ethnic minorities have no threshold and receive proportional representation should

986:. In Poland, ethnic minority parties do not have to reach the threshold level to get into the parliament and so there is often a small German minority representation in the Sejm. In Romania, for the ethnic minority parties there is a different threshold than for the national parties that run for the 824:

Two boundaries can be defined—a threshold of representation is the minimum vote share that might yield a party a seat under the most favorable circumstances for the party, while the threshold of exclusion is the maximum vote share that could be insufficient to yield a seat under the least favorable

816:

The effect of this electoral threshold is to deny representation to small parties or to force them into coalitions, with the presumption of rendering the election system more stable by keeping out fringe parties. Proponents say that simply having a few seats in a legislature can significantly boost

3825:

redistributes first preference votes for candidates below the threshold. This permits the continued participation in the election by those whose votes would otherwise be wasted. Minor parties can indicate to their supporters before the vote how they would wish to see their votes transferred. The

1079:('basic mandate clause'), which grants full proportional seating to parties winning at least three constituencies as if they had passed the electoral threshold, even if they did not. This rule is intended to benefit parties with regional appeal. This clause has come into effect in two elections: 3193:, although still winning two seats. Hence, while right-wing opposition parties won more votes between them than the parties in the governing coalition, the narrow failure of the Liberal Party to cross the threshold kept the governing coalition in power. It crossed the threshold again at the 1143:

In Slovenia, the threshold was set at 3 parliamentary seats during parliamentary elections in 1992 and 1996. This meant that the parties needed to win about 3.2 percent of the votes in order to pass the threshold. In 2000, the threshold was raised to 4 percent of the votes.

4383:, Artikel 162; vor der Wahl 2009 waren es bei völlig anderem Wahlsystem 2,5% bzw. 4% der gültigen Stimmen auf nationaler Ebene (nur für die Vergabe von Ausgleichssitzen; Direktmandate wurden ohne weitere Bedingungen an den stimmenstärksten Kandidaten zugeteilt) 3369:, campaigning separately DGB received 3.25 percent, DSB 2.93 percent, SDS 1.37 percent and ENP 0.17 percent, thus all of them failed to cross the threshold this even led to a tie between the former opposition and the parties right of the centre. In the 3793:

On occasion, electoral thresholds have resulted in a party winning an outright majority of seats without winning an outright majority of votes, the sort of outcome that a proportional voting system is supposed to prevent. For instance, the Turkish

3638:

Electoral thresholds can sometimes seriously affect the relationship between the percentages of the popular vote achieved by each party and the distribution of seats. The proportionality between seat share and popular vote can be measured by the

3670:, with a threshold excluding parties under 5 percent, more than 45 percent of votes went to parties that failed to reach the threshold. In 1998, the Russian Constitutional Court found the threshold legal, taking into account limits in its use. 3315:" (which had absorbed the East German Greens) ran separately from "The Greens" in the West. Together, they would have narrowly passed the 5.0 percent threshold (West: 4.8%, East: 6.2%). The Western Greens returned to the Bundestag in 1994. 2838: 1018:

election.) As such, the quota for election (as determined through the Droop quota) is 14.3 percent or 33.3 percent respectively. (For the states, the quota for election is halved in a double dissolution election.) However, as STV is a

2855:

In some elections, the natural threshold may be higher than the legal threshold. In Spain, the legal threshold is 3 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—with most constituencies having less than 10 deputies, including

863:, which in a six-member district is 14 percent of the votes cast in the district. Carey and Hix note that increasing the DM past six lowers the natural threshold in the district only in small increments and deceasingly each time. 3758: 2770:). It held, however, that this same threshold could violate the Convention if imposed in a different country. It was justified in the case of Turkey in order to stabilize the volatile political situation over recent decades. 3466: 3178:. All of them failed to cross the 5 percent threshold with PSNS having 3.65 percent, SNS 3.33 percent and HZD 3.26 percent respectively, thus allowing a center-right coalition despite having less than 43 percent of the vote. 2899: 3774:

due to an increase in number of participating parties. These statistics take no account of the wasted votes for a party which is entitled to more than three seats but cannot claim those seats due to the three-seat cap.

808:

systems where an electoral threshold requires that a party must receive a specified minimum percentage of votes (e.g. 5%), either nationally or in a particular electoral district, to obtain seats in the legislature. In

2765:

ruled by five votes to two and on 8 July 2008, its Grand Chamber by 13 votes to four that the former 10 percent threshold imposed in Turkey does not violate the right to free elections (Article 3 of Protocol 1 of the

3688:

as many as 45 percent of votes were cast for parties which failed to reach the threshold and were thus unrepresented in the parliament. All parties which won seats in 1999 failed to cross the threshold, thus giving

1156:, but if a party reaches 12 percent in any electoral constituency, it will take part in the seat allocation for that constituency. As of the 2022 election, nobody has been elected based on the 12 percent rule. 4436:

Bille, Lars; Pedersen, Karina (2004). "Electoral Fortunes and Responses of the Social Democratic Party and Liberal Party in Denmark: Ups and Downs". In Mair, Peter; Müller, Wolfgang C.; Plasser, Fritz (eds.).

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every party above 1 percent received seats due to the electoral threshold in New Zealand of at least one seat in first-past-the-post voting, which caused a much lower wasted vote compared to the other years.

817:

the profile of a fringe party and that providing representation and possibly veto power for a party that receives only 1 percent of the vote is not appropriate. However, others argue that in the absence of a

1005:

is elected using single transferable vote (STV) and does not use an electoral threshold or have a predictable "natural" or "hidden" threshold. At a normal election, each state returns six senators and the

3657:

The number of wasted votes changes from one election to another, here shown for New Zealand. The wasted vote changes depending on voter behavior and size of effective electoral threshold, for example in

2761:. In the case of Turkey, in 2004 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe declared the threshold of 10 percent to be manifestly excessive and asked Turkey to lower it. On 30 January 2007 the 1023:, candidates who receive less than the quota for election in primary votes can still end up being elected if they amass sufficient preferences to reach the Droop quota. Therefore, the sixth (or, at a 3126:, it achieved only 4.0 percent of the party list vote, and won just two districts, this time excluding the party from proportional representation. This resulted in a narrow red-green majority and a 821:

or other proportional systems, supporters of minor parties are effectively disenfranchised when barred from the top-up seats and are denied the right to be represented by someone of their choosing.

3771: 3604:

label. Lewica and Polish Coalition would have crossed the coalition threshold of 8 percent with 12.56 percent and 8.55 percent respectively while Confederation only gained 6.81 percent of the vote.

3208:, in Parliament since 1949, received only 4.8 percent of the list vote, and won no single district, excluding the party altogether. This, along with the failure of the right-wing eurosceptic party 3454:

less than a year earlier. In addition, two other parties won fewer votes but were able to win seats due to the lower threshold for single parties (5%). This was also the first election since the

3623:

alliance tried to bypass the coalition threshold by renaming Tricolour to include the names of their partners but they only received 2.76 percent, failing to cross the usual 5 percent threshold.

3001:, where almost none of the 550 incumbent MPs were returned. This was a seismic shift that rocked Turkish politics to its foundations. None of the political parties that had passed the threshold 3409: 3175: 3064:. The party list vote helps calculate the desirable number of MPs for each party. Major parties can help minor ally parties overcome the hurdle, by letting them win one or a few districts: 2793:

creates a "hidden" natural threshold (also called an effective, or informal threshold). The number of votes that means that a party is guaranteed a seat can be calculated by the formula (

3250:. Among the 3 lists representing right-wing to far-right Zionism and supportive of Netanyahu, only one crossed the threshold the right-wing government had increased to 3.25 percent: the 2884:

won 36,075 votes (10.79%); despite both parties crossing the threshold by a high margin and a difference of only 37 votes, only "For Europe" returned an MEP to the European Parliament.

3806:

failed to obtain a majority of votes, but nevertheless won an outright majority of seats due to a record number of votes for parties which failed to reach the threshold, including the

3381:, SDS and DBG ran as Reformist Bloc gaining 3.06 percent, "Yes, Bulgaria!" received 2.88 percent, DSB 2.48 percent, thus all of them failed to cross the electoral threshold. In the 5449: 3503:

only achieved 0.62 percent of the vote. This was the first time when DeSUS did not reached the 4 percent since 1996 which was part of almost every coalition since its foundation.

3786:, in which minor parties unable to reach the threshold take votes away from other parties with similar ideologies. Fledgling parties in these systems often find themselves in a 3060:(used throughout Germany since 1949, New Zealand since 1993): there the threshold rule for party lists includes an exception for parties that won 3 (Germany) or 1 (New Zealand) 4470: 3446:

won 6.96 percent of votes, falling only 0.04 percent short of the 7 percent threshold for coalitions. This was an unexpected defeat since the coalition had won seats in the

5712: 3763: 3311:, the Western Greens did not meet the threshold, which was applied separately for former East and West Germany. The Greens could not take advantage of this, because the " 1178:

to the next general election without having to submit voter-signed petitions. The threshold requirements have no practical bearing on the two main political parties (the

3584:. After the United Left and KORWiN failed to cross the thresholds in 2015 both of them with their new alliances bypassed the coalition threshold by either running under 4042: 3577:

only gained 3.81 percent (2007) and 5.67 percent (2011) of the vote not crossing the 10 percent threshold but because they ran as independents they won 22 and 36 seats.

1123:. A party with sufficient local support may still win the regular district seats, even if the party fails to meet the threshold. For example, the 2021 election saw the 993:

There are also countries such as Finland, Namibia, North Macedonia, Portugal and South Africa that have proportional representation systems without a legal threshold.

4091: 2778: 2491:

varies for each member state, a threshold of up to 5 percent is applied for individual electoral districts, no threshold is applied across the whole legislative body.

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fell from 12.8 percent to below the electoral threshold with 2.6 percent in their only western stronghold. Total percentage of votes not represented was 22.3 percent.

2796: 5591: 5034:[The 2004 Law on the Election of Members of the European Parliament (10(I)/2004)] (10 (I), 23) (in Cypriot Greek). 2004 – via Cyprus Bar Association. 2632:

No national electoral threshold, for parties threshold is 80% of the natural threshold in the district; for candidates 20% of the natural threshold in the district.

849: 2176:

3.23% for European Parliament elections (percent of votes needed for one seat; parties failing to reach this threshold have no right to a possible remainder seat)

3863: 2975: 2895: 5310: 4182: 1027:

election, the 12th) Senate seat in each state is often won by a party that received considerably less than the Droop quota in primary votes. For example, at the

3447: 3382: 3370: 3354: 5048:[The Election of Members of the House of Representatives Law of 1979 (72/1979)] (72, 33) (in Cypriot Greek). 1979 – via Cyprus Bar Association. 6162: 5288: 2964: 2960: 2935: 2913: 2891: 5930: 471: 4376: 3326:(Revival) received 1.2 percent of the votes, which was below the threshold which it had itself voted to raise to 1.5 percent. It thus lost its three seats. 3263: 2949: 2873: 5506: 5336: 4963: 4814: 4108: 2443:

7% for multi-party alliances. Parties in an alliance not being subject to any nationwide threshold individually. No threshold for independent candidates.

3751: 3500: 2931: 2909: 975:

and in Lithuania, additionally 7 percent for coalition). However, in New Zealand, if a party wins a directly elected seat, the threshold does not apply.

5216: 4906: 2945: 2865: 2857: 4866: 3650:

The failure of one party to reach the threshold not only deprives their candidates of office and their voters of representation; it also changes the

3150:

The failure of one party to reach the threshold not only deprives their candidates of office and their voters of representation; it also changes the

6058: 5910: 3100: 3057: 1174:, legal electoral thresholds do not apply in the actual voting. However, several states have threshold requirements for parties to obtain automatic 800:, is the minimum share of votes that a candidate or political party requires before they become entitled to representation or additional seats in a 436: 6157: 5935: 4514: 3247: 3107: 1084: 466: 305: 3377:

gaining 6.45 percent and crossing the electoral threshold, while Blue Unity campaigned separately and did not cross the electoral threshold. In

5920: 5705: 5494:

In 2004 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe declared this threshold to be manifestly excessive and invited Turkey to lower it (

3795: 3690: 3620: 3593: 3462: 3282: 3042: 1061: 805: 408: 3708:

held under the same system, fewer voters supported minor parties and the total percentage of disenfranchised voters fell to about 12 percent.

3972: 3892: 3731: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3496: 3378: 3366: 3358: 3330: 3194: 3182: 3018: 5263: 4731: 4610: 6284: 2861: 2488: 1386: 968: 53: 3700:, for which there was a threshold of 3 percent (of the overall vote, i.e. including invalid votes), 22 percent of voters were effectively 5443: 2020:

10% (party alliances), but a list must reach at least 3%, 1% (parties of party alliances), 20% or two constituencies (ethnic minorities)

5967: 5584: 3346: 2783: 2767: 1128: 611: 4840: 2868:, the legal threshold is 1.8 percent, explicitly replacing the threshold for national election which is 3.6 percent. Cyprus only has 6 5389: 3723: 3674: 3581: 3574: 3543: 3477: 3473: 3435: 3428: 3416: 3397: 3228: 3221: 3159: 2917: 4767: 2635:

threshold for financial contributions is 2% at constituency level or 11 deputies in 9 states, increasing 2026 to 2.5% and 2030 to 3%

5698: 5045: 4454: 3803: 3667: 3659: 3585: 3522: 3451: 3319: 3171: 3084: 3068: 3046: 2869: 1191: 1100: 983: 119: 6302: 4065: 3734:

24 percent of the vote went to parties which did not reach the 4 percent threshold including several former parliamentary parties (

4215: 3770:

to receive a seat each and the proportion of wasted votes reduced slightly to 21 percent, but it again increased to 29 percent in

3423:

achieved 4.94 percent missing only 0.06 percent votes to reach the threshold which meant the first absence of the party since the

100: 6152: 6098: 3807: 3401: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1107:

ruled a threshold with no exceptions was unconstitutional. The court provisionally reintroduced the basic mandate clause for the

1028: 779: 5950: 2167:

0.67% (percent of votes needed for one seat; parties failing to reach this threshold have no right to a possible remainder seat)

72: 6327: 6279: 4301: 4199: 3727: 3612: 3608: 3390: 3334: 3294: 3270: 3251: 3243:

to obtain a majority of seats with 37 percent of the vote. This was the first parliament without left-wing parties represented.

3205: 4790: 4253: 3443: 1064:

entered the Bundestag with just 0.1 percent of the vote nationally as a registered party for Danish and Frisian minorities in

6078: 5577: 5242: 4034: 3342: 3030: 2762: 2606: 987: 456: 57: 4979: 4327: 3357:, DSB (4.74%) and SDS (4.35%) were campaigning separately and both fell below the natural electoral of around 5 percent. In 79: 3685: 3558: 3554: 3420: 3278: 3002: 2998: 1036: 971:, the threshold is 5 percent (in Poland, additionally 8 percent for a coalition of two or more parties submitting a joint 6121: 6106: 5925: 3811: 3799: 3798:

won a majority of seats with less than 50 percent of votes in three consecutive elections (2002, 2007 and 2011). In the

3711:

In Bulgaria, 24 percent of voters cast their ballots for parties that would not gain representation in the elections of

3651: 3507: 3308: 3239:

only reached 4.76 percent, narrowly missing the 5 percent threshold for individual parties. This allowed the victorious

3201: 3131: 3123: 3115: 3050: 2750: 1108: 1104: 1080: 1057: 1007: 881:

Some countries may have more rules for coalitions and independents and for winning a specific number of district seats

733: 393: 5155: 4636: 4266:"Election Districts and Representation System | Elections for Public Office | Elections | NATIONAL ELECTION COMMISSION" 6172: 5895: 5885: 5746: 5606: 5141: 5005: 4180: 3831: 3547: 2953: 2877: 1499: 1095:, won 4.9 percent and three constituencies. This clause was repealed by a 2023 law intended to reduce the size of the 384: 3743: 86: 5085: 4892: 3939: 6322: 6137: 5828: 4015: 3163: 3139: 3088: 3010: 1503: 1171: 810: 413: 350: 1971:

10% for bipartite alliances, 15% for multi-party alliances, 0.26% for ethnic minorities (for the first seat only)

46: 6187: 6142: 6088: 6000: 5500: 4951: 3739: 3566: 3022: 1048: 606: 365: 4679: 4515:"Quel est le mode de scrutin pour les élections municipales dans les communes de 1 000 habitants et plus ?" 4373: 68: 6177: 6063: 6021: 5940: 5865: 5801: 5759: 4980:"Report on Thresholds and other features of electoral systems which bar parties from access to Parliament (II)" 3822: 3747: 3570: 3562: 3240: 2979: 2903: 856: 441: 5796: 5337:"Bulgaria election: All you need to know about country's fourth vote in just 18 months Access to the comments" 3601: 5381: 4229: 6202: 6192: 6167: 5983: 5860: 4778: 3783: 3735: 3209: 3061: 3038: 427: 6243: 6182: 6045: 5988: 5466: 5134:

117. Bundesgesetz über die Wahl der von Österreich zu entsendenden Abgeordneten zum Europäischen Parlament

5006:"Report on Thresholds and other features of electoral systems which bar parties from access to Parliament" 3511: 3286: 3186: 3127: 2841: 1132: 621: 522: 403: 5264:"REZULTATE IZBORA ČLANOVA U EUROPSKI PARLAMENT IZ REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE PROVEDENIH 26. SVIBNJA 2019. GODINE" 4801: 3412:, which dominated in the 1990s, received 4.33 percent and thus failed to achieve the 5 percent threshold. 2530:

None, but high natural threshold due to its use of some multiple-member districts with less than 10 seats

6147: 6068: 5833: 5133: 3847: 3835: 3818: 3262:

only 2.74 percent, destroying Netanyahu's chances of another majority, and leading to snap elections in

3167: 3096: 3080: 1020: 476: 461: 360: 5217:"REZULTATE IZBORA ČLANOVA U EUROPSKI PARLAMENT IZ REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE PROVEDENIH 9. LIPNJA 2024. GODINE" 5136:[117. Federal Law on the Election of Members of the European Parliament to be sent by Austria] 4662: 3235:

achieved 7.55 percent, which is below the 8 percent threshold for multi-party coalitions. Furthermore,

1904:

5% in European Parliament elections and in municipal elections for cities with at least 1000 habitants

5107: 6217: 5786: 3489: 3439: 3232: 2939: 2881: 2758: 1186:

parties) as they easily meet the requirements, but have come into play for minor parties such as the

1124: 772: 4395:"PRINCIPALITY OF ANDORRA PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 7 April 2019 ODIHR Needs Assessment Mission Report" 4394: 3647:

is a measure of the total number of voters not represented by any party sitting in the legislature.

3349:

and Blue Unity frequently get just above or below the electoral threshold depending on formation of

2697:

None, but high natural threshold due to its use of multiple-member districts with less than 10 seats

2681:

None, but high natural threshold due to its use of multiple-member districts with less than 10 seats

2649:

None, but high natural threshold due to its use of multiple-member districts with less than 10 seats

1051:

system has a threshold of 5 percent of party-list votes for full proportional representation in the

6197: 5791: 5507:

Negating Pluralist Democracy: The European Court of Human Rights Forgets the Rights of the Electors

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Negating Pluralist Democracy: The European Court of Human Rights Forgets the Rights of the Electors

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Tullock, Gordon. "Entry barriers in politics." The American Economic Review 55.1/2 (1965): 458-466.

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itself fell short of an absolute majority by just 5 seats). As a result, Merkel's CDU/CSU formed a

3151: 2968: 2754: 2331: 1069: 517: 4284:"Local Council Elections | Elections for Public Office | Elections | NATIONAL ELECTION COMMISSION" 6238: 5848: 5615: 5426: 4936: 4564: 3887:. Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 59. 3843: 3515: 3350: 3293:. This was also the first time that neither ČSSD nor KSČM had representation in parliament since 3290: 3255: 3135: 2790: 1065: 1024: 1015: 1011: 728: 687: 277: 262: 216: 211: 184: 93: 5806: 4539: 4283: 4265: 1091:, won 4.4 percent of party-list votes and four constituencies, and in 2021, when its successor, 5569: 4446: 3964: 3134:, it won only 4.9 percent of the party list vote, but won the bare minimum of three districts ( 2833:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mbox{total number of votes}}{{\mbox{number of seats}}+1}}+\varepsilon } 6207: 6116: 6073: 5993: 5915: 5838: 5823: 5781: 5625: 5547: 5059: 5031: 4707:"REPUBLIC OF SERBIA PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS Spring 2020 ODIHR Needs Assessment Mission Report" 4492: 4450: 4352: 4085: 3898: 3888: 3589: 3455: 3424: 3405: 3072: 2845: 1002: 982:(it was 1% before 1992, 1.5% from 1992 to 2003 and 2% form 2003 to 2014) and 7 percent in the 837: 697: 677: 616: 565: 446: 398: 332: 257: 247: 226: 221: 138: 4599:

Montenegro Parliamentary Elections 2016: OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report

4001: 3854:. Other methods of introducing ordinality into an electoral system can have similar effects. 6248: 5880: 5736: 5721: 5416: 4438: 4415: 3981: 3597: 3236: 3092: 2921: 1194:

parties. The threshold rules also apply for independent candidates to obtain ballot access.

1032: 833: 631: 560: 512: 355: 341: 5519: 4471:"Projet de loi relatif à l'élection des représentants au Parlement européen (INTX1733528L)" 1832:

8% for bipartite alliances, 11% for multi-party alliances; does not apply for EU elections

6296: 6212: 6053: 6031: 5843: 5764: 5754: 5732: 5663: 5645: 5635: 5453: 4380: 4186: 3701: 3640: 3217: 3212:(4.7%), gave a left-wing majority in Parliament despite a center-right majority of votes ( 3076: 3006: 765: 755: 682: 665: 601: 527: 481: 179: 3821:

can take account of each voter's complete indicated ranking preference. For example, the

4598: 4133: 1068:. The 5% threshold also applies to all state elections, while there is no threshold for 871: 6111: 5816: 5776: 4331: 4019: 3787: 3779: 3393:, electoral alliance Democratic Bulgaria crossed electoral threshold with 6.28 percent. 3374: 3362: 3338: 3190: 3026: 2992: 972: 826: 626: 570: 375: 370: 315: 310: 17: 4791:

New rule complicates distribution of vacancies of Deputies, Jairus Nicholas May 3,2022

4756: 750: 6316: 5855: 5630: 5430: 4439: 3986: 3827: 3485: 2925: 1175: 1165: 1120: 818: 723: 641: 636: 296: 272: 267: 189: 5032:Ο Περί της Εκλογής των Μελών του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου Νόμος του 2004 (10(I)/2004) 4576: 4305: 3917:

Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990.

3274: 3075:

received only 4.07 percent of the list vote (so it was not returned to parliament),

2153:

Special rules apply for candidate lists representing national minority communities.

5870: 5811: 3766:, the 2 percent threshold was altered to allow parties with less than 1 percent of 1088: 852:

recommends for parliamentary elections a threshold not higher than three percent.

718: 702: 650: 541: 532: 507: 287: 252: 4168: 4156: 4144: 3285:(3.60%) all failed to cross the 5 percent threshold, thus allowing a coalition of 1557:

Other parties can still qualify if the 20% of the seats have not been filled up.

6253: 6016: 5955: 5875: 5771: 5658: 5533: 5180: 4189:

Fourth amendment to the Law on Election of the National Parliament. Article 13.2

3644: 3633: 3616: 3312: 3119: 3091:

and ACT had tea together before the press to promote the implicit alliance (see

3034: 3014: 876: 860: 801: 692: 575: 555: 282: 35: 5444:Постановление Конституционного Суда РФ от 17 ноября 1998 г. № 26-П – см. пкт. 8 6026: 5962: 5653: 4815:"Eleições deste ano trazem cláusulas de desempenho para candidatos e partidos" 3810:(the CSU's coalition partner in the previous state parliament). In Germany in 3767: 3654:

in the assembly, which may have dramatic implications for coalition-building.

3481: 3154:

in the assembly, which may have dramatic implications for coalition-building.

3143: 3130:, which would not have been possible had the PDS won a third constituency. In 2849: 964: 550: 418: 242: 202: 6263: 6258: 3902: 3458:

in which no party of the Hungarian minority crossed the 5 percent threshold.

3118:, it won only 4.4 percent of the party list vote, but won four districts in 3111: 2963:): "Fair Play List 9" won 5.54 percent despite a threshold of 5 percent; in 1096: 1092: 1056:

they gain the mathematical minimum number of votes nationally to do so. The

1052: 960: 198: 4719: 3529:

fell to 3.16 percent thus failed to cross the threshold for the first time.

1170:

In the United States, as the majority of elections are conducted under the

1119:

In Norway, the nationwide electoral threshold of 4 percent applies only to

3814:

15.7 percent voted for a party that did not meet the 5 percent threshold.

3079:

won 3.65 percent of the list vote, but its leader won an electorate seat (

6083: 5620: 5341: 5046:Ο περί Εκλογής Μελών της Βουλής των Αντιπροσώπων Νόμος του 1979 (72/1979) 3634:

Wasted vote § History of wasted votes in proportional representation

3329:

In Bulgaria, the so-called "blue parties" or "urban right" which include

2410:

7% for bi- and tri-partite alliances, 10% for 4- or more-party alliances

451: 5421: 5404: 5364: 4867:"Com dura cláusula de barreira, metade das siglas corre risco de acabar" 3965:"The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems" 3404:

which (including their predecessors) hold seats in parliament since the

3053:, which by itself failed to pass threshold in 1999) and 9 independents. 2235:

8% (alliances; does not apply for EU elections); 0% (ethnic minorities)

5945: 3851: 3726:, 28.47 percent of all valid votes did not gain representation. In the 3213: 1922: 1153: 979: 5202: 4923: 3928: 153: 6233: 3681: 3526: 3323: 3189:

received 3.9 percent of the votes, below the 4 percent threshold for

3056:

Other dramatic events can be produced by the loophole often added in

3049:

with just 34.28 percent of the vote, with only one opposition party (

1039:

even though it won only 4 percent of the primary vote in that state.

956: 170: 145: 5690: 3538:

There has been cases of tries to attempts to circumvent thresholds:

3476:. Despite achieving 26 seats with 19.37 percent of the votes in the 2872:, raising the natural threshold. An extreme example of this was in 1985:

Natural threshold 8 – 12% because 3 to 5 seats in each constituency

829:

suggested calculating the informal threshold as the mean of these.

3885:

Electoral system design : the new international IDEA handbook

3259: 2777: 5205:[Election to the European Parliament Law] (44 (1)). 2019. 4907:"Karlsruhe vs. EU electoral reform could go into the third round" 4611:"Who can vote and for whom? How the Dutch electoral system works" 3514:

fell 23 votes or 0.005 percent short of reaching representation.

5108:"Österreich, Endergebnis (inklusive aller Wahlkartenergebnisse)" 4926:. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 22 June 2004. 1152:

In Sweden, there is a nationwide threshold of 4 percent for the

952: 5694: 5573: 5241:

Oelbermann, Kai Friederike; Pukelsheim, Friedrich (July 2020).

4841:"Sem votação mínima, 14 partidos ficarão sem recursos públicos" 4732:"Turkey lowers national threshold to 7% with new election law" 3677:

34.4 percent of the popular vote did not gain representation.

29: 4066:"Bundesverfassungsgericht kippt das neue Wahlrecht in Teilen" 3673:

After the first implementation of the threshold in Poland in

1014:

each return two. (For the states, the number is doubled in a

3550:

ran as political party because the threshold was 25 percent.

3037:

was an unprecented 46.33 percent (14,545,438). As a result,

2920:

won 4.6 percent despite a threshold of 4 percent; after the

2374:

None, but high natural threshold in some electoral districts

1060:

demonstrated the exception for ethnic minority parties: the

5311:"Prowestliche Parteien sind Bulgariens große Wahlverlierer" 5156:"IZBORI ČLANOVA U EUROPSKI PARLAMENT IZ REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE" 5111: 4328:"Tajikistan ruling party to win polls, initial count shows" 3045:

gained power, winning more than two-thirds of the seats in

5405:"The Choice of Electoral Systems in Electoral Autocracies" 4302:"Legislative Yuan Elections – Central Election Commission" 3389:

and crossed the electoral threshold with 5.88 percent. In

2249:

None, but high natural threshold due to multiple districts

2200:

None, but high natural threshold due to multiple districts

1879:

None, but high natural threshold due to multiple districts

1674:

5% for multi-party alliances to each electoral area level

5382:"2020 GENERAL ELECTION – OFFICIAL RESULTS AND STATISTICS" 4566:, Election to Altthingi Law, Act no. 24/2000, Article 108 3254:

with 3.70 percent, while future Prime Minister Bennett's

1135:

winning one district seat despite missing the threshold.

2344:

5% for local elections. Variable in regional elections.

1087:, which had significantly higher support in the former 5140:(117, 77 (1)) (in Austrian German). 1996 – via 3083:), which entitled the party to list seats (4). In the 2809: 2802: 5289:"2024 m. birželio 9 d. rinkimai į Europos Parlamentą" 4941:

European court rules election threshold not violation

3730:

19.76 percent of voters were not represented. In the

2799: 5086:"Elections to the European Parliament, 13 June 2004" 4893:"Peru's small political parties scramble to survive" 3958: 3956: 3484:

party crashed down to just 3.54 percent in the 2021

3302:

Memorable dramatic losses due to electoral threshold

2997:

An extreme example occurred in Turkey following the

2101:

natural threshold 12% due to district magnitude of 5

1482:

5% and 0.5% of the vote in each of the seven regions

6272: 6226: 6130: 6097: 6044: 6009: 5976: 5903: 5894: 5745: 5672: 5644: 5605: 4493:"Les municipales, une élection pour profs de maths" 3757:In the Philippines where party-list seats are only 3592:) or registering their alliance as a party itself ( 3410:

People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia

3176:

People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia

1099:. However, after complaints from Die Linke and the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3492:, failing to get close to the 5 percent threshold. 2860:with only two. Another example of this effect are 2832: 804:. This limit can operate in various ways, e.g. in 3095:). After their victories, the Nationals passed a 2982:won 5.15 percent despite a threshold of 5 percent 2956:won 5.34 percent despite a threshold of 5 percent 2942:won 6.88 percent despite a threshold of 5 percent 2906:won 5.37 percent despite a threshold of 5 percent 1921:3% for local elections in all municipalities but 1796:5% (at constituency level; no national threshold) 1764:3% (at constituency level; no national threshold) 1748:5% (at constituency level; no national threshold) 4016:"Germany passes law to shrink its XXL parliamen" 3009:received only 9.55 percent of the popular vote, 5403:Chang, Eric C.C.; Higashijima, Masaaki (2023). 5060:"Cyprus News Agency: News in English, 04-06-13" 4134:Benin Country Report 2022, Bertelsmann Stiftung 3762:never being allocated due to the 3-seat cap In 850:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 3864:List of democracy and elections-related topics 3469:won only 4.80 percent of the party list votes. 3146:), salvaging the party, which received 39 MPs. 3122:, which saved it, earning 30 MPs in total. In 3114:often hovered around the 5 percent threshold: 2757:in 2011 and in 2014 based on the principle of 5706: 5585: 4768:The European Parliament: electoral procedures 4680:"Parliament agrees to 3% electoral threshold" 4663:"OSCE report on 2019 parliamentary elections" 4374:The Electoral Code of the Republic of Albania 3950:Carey and Hix, The Electoral Sweet Spot, p. 7 3842:(as opposed to single seat) organizations or 773: 8: 6163:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 5600:Types of majority and other electoral quotas 5522:. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 5520:"Results 2020 Slovak parliamentary election" 4090:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3704:, having voted for minor candidates. In the 4757:Electoral Code becomes effective in Ukraine 4216:"New election bill, new hope for democracy" 3826:single transferable vote is a proportional 3385:, "Yes, Bulgaria!" and DBG ran together as 482:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian) 5900: 5713: 5699: 5691: 5592: 5578: 5570: 4974: 4972: 4802:Brazil Law No. 14,211, of October 1, 2021 4720:Slovak law number 180/2014 § 66, in Slovak 4534: 4532: 3919:Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 25–56 3501:Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia 2782:Deputies by constituency assigned for the 2564: 2498: 1639: 1353: 1206: 978:The threshold is 3.25 percent in Israel's 875:World map showing electoral thresholds of 780: 766: 671: 595: 501: 447:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer) 385:Proportional and semi-proportional systems 337: 166: 133: 5565:PACE report on electoral thresholds, 2010 5534:"Results 2021 Czech legislative election" 5420: 4909:. EURACTIV MEDIA NETWORK BV. 18 May 2022. 4847:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 October 2018 4201:PN APROVA BAREIRA ELEISAUN PARLAMENTAR 4% 3985: 3174:(HZD) split from the previously dominant 2808: 2800: 2798: 2330:3% (constituency). Ceuta and Melilla use 1502:category and at least one seat under the 867:Electoral thresholds in various countries 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 5496:Council of Europe Resolution 1380 (2004) 3101:Fifth National Government of New Zealand 3058:mixed-member proportional representation 2753:rejected an electoral threshold for the 870: 844:Recommendations for electoral thresholds 6158:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 5936:Sequential proportional approval voting 4873:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 12 July 2021 3875: 3668:Russian parliamentary elections in 1995 2570: 2504: 1645: 1359: 1212: 1198:List of electoral thresholds by country 1075:German electoral law also includes the 710: 649: 540: 426: 383: 340: 295: 234: 197: 169: 144: 5365:"Results 2022 Saarland state election" 4813:Oliveira, José Carlos (30 June 2018). 4441:Political parties and electoral change 4083: 3680:There had been a similar situation in 3534:Coalitions due to electoral thresholds 3427:and the first democratic elections in 3033:1.22 percent. The aggregate number of 2120:3% (non-party), 12% (party alliances) 1821:1.8% in European Parliament elections 806:party-list proportional representation 27:Vote share required for representation 4674: 4672: 4103: 4101: 3973:American Journal of Political Science 3732:2022 Slovenian parliamentary election 3379:2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election 3367:2013 Bulgarian parliamentary election 3359:2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election 3258:narrowly failed at 3.22 percent, and 7: 5243:"The European Elections of May 2019" 5110:(in Austrian German). Archived from 4033:Kornmeier, Claudia (17 March 2023). 3817:In contrast, elections that use the 2862:elections to the European Parliament 2489:elections to the European Parliament 2365:Regions: 3% European parliament: 4% 2028:4% in European Parliament elections 1944:0% in European Parliament elections 58:adding citations to reliable sources 5968:Indirect single transferable voting 5367:. German State Statistical Officer. 5181:"Eiropas Parlamenta vēlēšanas 2019" 4924:"Council of Europe Resolution 1380" 3963:Carey, John M.; Hix, Simon (2011). 3778:Electoral thresholds can produce a 1131:each win three district seats, and 1062:South Schleswig Voters' Association 5203:Eiropas Parlamenta vēlēšanu likums 4254:Electoral Commission: What is MMP? 4064:Bräutigam, Kolja Schwartz, Frank. 4002:"Namibia | Election Passport" 3724:2020 Slovak parliamentary election 3575:Labour, Democracy and Freedom Bloc 2971:, won a MEP with just 5.19 percent 342:Plurality and majoritarian systems 25: 4353:"Thailand's New Electoral System" 4035:"Was das neue Wahlrecht vorsieht" 3850:are widely used in Australia and 3784:first-past-the-post voting system 3698:Ukrainian elections of March 2006 3660:2005 New Zealand general election 3523:2022 Israeli legislative election 3069:2008 New Zealand general election 452:Scorporo (negative vote transfer) 4045:from the original on 8 June 2023 3987:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00495.x 3940:Resolution 1547 (2007), para. 58 3402:Party of the Hungarian Community 3128:second term for Gerhard Schröder 2874:the 2004 EU Parliament elections 2216:4% (only for compensatory seats) 2001:5% (only for compensatory seats) 1385:Single-member districts for the 749: 152: 34: 4517:. Vie Publique. 9 February 2021 3728:2021 Czech legislative election 3252:Union of the Right-Wing Parties 3106:In Germany, the post-communist 3099:agreement with ACT to form the 1305:6 seats appointed by president 45:needs additional citations for 6079:Mixed ballot transferable vote 5509:// KHRP Legal Review 11 (2007) 3361:, DSB and SDS ran together as 2880:won 36,112 votes (10.80%) and 2763:European Court of Human Rights 1581:10% (local council elections) 1302:None, natural threshold ~0.69% 840:to the political competition. 457:Mixed ballot transferable vote 1: 5664:Imperiali quota (pseudoquota) 5291:(in Lithuanian). 15 June 2024 4966:, KHRP Legal Review 11 (2007) 4819:Chamber of Deputies of Brazil 4641:www.houseofrepresentatives.nl 4544:Legislative Herald of Georgia 4445:. SAGE Publications. p. 3691:Justice and Development Party 3421:Christian Democratic Movement 2999:2002 Turkish general election 1717:7% for multi-party alliances 1621:None, natural threshold ~0.1% 1335:None, natural threshold ~0.2% 1270:None, natural threshold ~0.4% 1085:Party of Democratic Socialism 832:The electoral threshold is a 6280:Comparison of voting systems 6122:Satisfaction approval voting 6107:Single non-transferable vote 5926:Proportional approval voting 5467:"Why Is Turkey Bogged Down?" 4473:. Légifrance. 3 January 2018 3800:2013 Bavarian state election 3596:). Similarly to Lewica, the 3508:2022 Saarland state election 3309:1990 German federal election 3202:2013 German federal election 2789:The number of seats in each 2751:Federal Constitutional Court 2487:The electoral threshold for 1105:Federal Constitutional Court 1008:Australian Capital Territory 734:End-to-end verifiable voting 394:Single non-transferable vote 5886:Graduated majority judgment 5550:. Electoral Reform Society. 5536:. Czech Statistical Office. 5222:(in Croatian). 10 June 2024 3832:proportional representation 3548:Slovak Democratic Coalition 2974:Lithuania EU constituency ( 1500:proportional representation 1031:, the sixth Senate seat in 592:Voting patterns and effects 6344: 6138:Condorcet winner criterion 5829:First-past-the-post voting 5548:"Single Transferable Vote" 5269:(in Croatian). 27 May 2019 5161:(in Croatian). 9 June 2014 5064:Hellenic Resources Network 4540:"Election code of Georgia" 4205:, retrieved 23 March 2017. 3631: 3452:2019 presidential election 3373:, SDS, DSB and DBG ran as 3164:True Slovak National Party 2990: 1504:first-past-the-post voting 1172:first-past-the-post system 1163: 1129:Christian Democratic Party 811:single transferable voting 414:Single transferable voting 351:First-past-the-post voting 6293: 6285:Voting systems by country 6188:Mutual majority criterion 6143:Condorcet loser criterion 6089:Vote linkage mixed system 6001:Largest remainders method 5728: 5501:Yumak and Sadak v. Turkey 5409:Government and Opposition 4952:Yumak and Sadak v. Turkey 4821:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 4779:Código Electoral Nacional 4495:. Slate FR. 30 March 2014 4393:OSCE (19 February 2020). 4171:Inter-Parliamentary Union 3883:Reynolds, Andrew (2005). 3782:, similar to that in the 3693:66 percent of the seats. 3365:gaining 6.76 percent. In 3322:. The extreme right-wing 2959:Croatia EU constituency ( 2892:Lithuania EU constituency 2784:general elections of 2019 2576: 2573: 2567: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2393:0% for ethnic minorities 2363:Municipalities: 2% or 3% 1937:0% for ethnic minorities 1734:0% for ethnic minorities 1651: 1648: 1642: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1049:mixed-member proportional 607:Voting advice application 437:Mixed-member proportional 366:Plurality-at-large voting 6178:Majority loser criterion 6064:Additional member system 6022:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 5941:Single transferable vote 5866:Positional voting system 5802:Minimax Condorcet method 5760:Combined approval voting 5474:Turkish Policy Quarterly 3823:single transferable vote 3571:Thousand Hope Candidates 3438:. The coalition between 2887:Other examples include: 2605:1.5% of valid votes for 1387:House of Representatives 969:House of Representatives 857:single transferable vote 472:Rural–urban proportional 467:Dual-member proportional 442:Additional member system 6203:Resolvability criterion 6193:Participation criterion 6168:Later-no-harm criterion 5984:Highest averages method 5386:ElectionResults.govt.nz 4109:"Distribution of seats" 3915:Arend Lijphart (1994), 3759:contested in 20 percent 3140:Berlin-Treptow-Köpenick 3062:single-member districts 3013:received 8.34 percent, 2932:Croatia EU constituency 2910:Austria EU constituency 2596:3% of registered voters 2582:For individual parties 2516:For individual parties 2087:7% for party alliances 1657:For individual parties 1498:3% vote each under the 1371:For individual parties 1224:For individual parties 18:Parliamentary threshold 6328:Electoral restrictions 6244:First-preference votes 6183:Monotonicity criterion 6153:Independence of clones 5856:Simple majoritarianism 3804:Christian Social Union 3706:parliamentary election 3628:Number of wasted votes 3512:Alliance 90/The Greens 3448:2019 European election 3172:Movement for Democracy 2946:Latvia EU constituency 2866:Cyprus EU constituency 2834: 2786: 2571:Lower (or sole) house 2505:Lower (or sole) house 1761:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1646:Lower (or sole) house 1360:Lower (or sole) house 1213:Lower (or sole) house 1101:Christian Social Union 1037:United Australia Party 948: 622:Passive electioneering 523:Straight-ticket voting 6148:Consistency criterion 6069:Alternative vote plus 5834:Instant-runoff voting 5452:21 April 2008 at the 4416:"Folketingsvalgloven" 4379:31 March 2010 at the 4230:"Electoral Threshold" 3848:Ranked voting systems 3808:Free Democratic Party 3602:Polish People's Party 3168:Slovak National Party 3097:confidence and supply 2835: 2804:total number of votes 2781: 1576:5 constituency seats 1109:2025 federal election 874: 477:Majority bonus system 462:Alternative Vote Plus 361:Instant-runoff voting 69:"Electoral threshold" 6218:Seats-to-votes ratio 5989:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 5505:See also B. Bowring 5390:Electoral Commission 4185:19 June 2018 at the 3846:(voting districts). 3830:designed to achieve 3819:ranked voting system 3643:while the number of 3440:Progressive Slovakia 2940:Alliance for Croatia 2797: 2759:one person, one vote 1851:1 constituency seat 1526:1 constituency seat 1021:ranked voting system 428:Mixed-member systems 54:improve this article 6198:Plurality criterion 5797:Kemeny–Young method 5680:Electoral threshold 5465:Toker, Cem (2008). 5422:10.1017/gov.2021.17 5392:. 30 November 2020. 4939:, 31 January 2007, 3387:Democratic Bulgaria 3351:electoral alliances 3005:, passed it again: 2969:Amsterdam Coalition 2967:, its predecessor, 2755:European Parliament 2352:4% (national level) 2332:first-past-the-post 1077:Grundmandatsklausel 1070:European Parliament 1003:Senate of Australia 988:Chamber of Deputies 794:electoral threshold 756:Politics portal 518:Split-ticket voting 6239:Election threshold 6173:Majority criterion 5849:Supplementary vote 5250:europarl.europa.eu 4937:Turkish Daily News 4686:. 10 February 2020 4577:"Election Profile" 4546:. 27 December 2021 4203:, 13 February 2017 3195:following election 3166:(PSNS) split from 3136:Berlin-Lichtenberg 3110:and its successor 2830: 2813: 2806: 2791:electoral district 2787: 2354:12% (constituency) 1066:Schleswig-Holstein 1025:double dissolution 1016:double dissolution 1012:Northern Territory 984:Turkish parliament 967:and New Zealand's 949: 798:election threshold 729:Voter registration 688:Voter intimidation 212:Write-in candidate 185:Provisional ballot 6323:Electoral systems 6310: 6309: 6208:Reversal symmetry 6117:Cumulative voting 6099:Semi-proportional 6074:Mixed single vote 6040: 6039: 5916:Mixed single vote 5824:Exhaustive ballot 5787:Copeland's method 5782:Condorcet methods 5722:Electoral systems 5688: 5687: 5626:Absolute majority 5142:Bundesgesetzblatt 4637:"Election result" 4617:. 30 January 2017 3894:978-91-85391-18-9 3768:first preferences 3490:Isabel Díaz Ayuso 3478:previous election 3456:Velvet Revolution 3425:Velvet Revolution 3406:Velvet Revolution 3197:with 5.2 percent. 3087:, leaders of the 3073:New Zealand First 3029:2.48 percent and 2822: 2812: 2805: 2774:Natural threshold 2742: 2741: 2558: 2557: 2485: 2484: 1633: 1632: 1347: 1346: 838:political parties 790: 789: 741: 740: 698:Voter suppression 678:Ballot harvesting 656: 655: 617:Paradox of voting 583: 582: 566:None of the above 498:Voting strategies 489: 488: 399:Cumulative voting 333:Electoral systems 323: 322: 258:Electronic voting 248:Compulsory voting 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 6335: 6249:Liquid democracy 5901: 5881:Two-round system 5792:Dodgson's method 5715: 5708: 5701: 5692: 5646:Electoral quotas 5594: 5587: 5580: 5571: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5516: 5510: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5476:. Turkish Policy 5471: 5462: 5456: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5424: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5345:. 2 October 2022 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5268: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4976: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4810: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4573: 4567: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4444: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4390: 4384: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4304:. Archived from 4298: 4292: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4262: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4206: 4196: 4190: 4178: 4172: 4169:Electoral system 4166: 4160: 4157:Electoral system 4154: 4148: 4145:Electoral system 4142: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4089: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3880: 3598:Polish Coalition 3383:EP election 2019 3371:EP election 2014 3355:EP election 2007 3269:Czech Republic, 3093:tea tape scandal 2928:(BZÖ) became MEP 2922:Treaty of Lisbon 2839: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2823: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2745:Legal challenges 2588:Other threshold 2585:For other types 2577:Other elections 2565: 2522:Other threshold 2519:For other types 2511:Other elections 2499: 2268:10% (alliances) 1697: 1696: 1692: 1663:Other threshold 1660:For other types 1652:Other elections 1640: 1377:Other threshold 1374:For other types 1366:Other elections 1354: 1350:Asia and Oceania 1230:Other threshold 1227:For other types 1219:Other elections 1207: 945: 940: 936: 931: 927: 922: 918: 913: 909: 904: 900: 895: 891: 885: 834:barrier to entry 782: 775: 768: 754: 753: 672: 632:Political apathy 596: 561:Election boycott 502: 356:Two-round system 338: 167: 156: 134: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6289: 6268: 6222: 6213:Smith criterion 6126: 6093: 6054:Parallel voting 6036: 6032:Imperiali quota 6005: 5972: 5890: 5844:Contingent vote 5807:Nanson's method 5765:Unified primary 5755:Approval voting 5741: 5724: 5719: 5689: 5684: 5668: 5640: 5636:Double majority 5601: 5598: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5503:, no. 10226/03. 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5454:Wayback Machine 5446: 5442: 5438: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5317:. 28 March 2017 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4954:, no. 10226/03. 4950: 4946: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4738:. 31 March 2022 4730: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4684:Serbian Monitor 4678: 4677: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4381:Wayback Machine 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4355:. 21 March 2019 4351: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4308:on 9 April 2014 4300: 4299: 4295: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4197: 4193: 4187:Wayback Machine 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4115:. 29 March 2021 4107: 4106: 4099: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3910: 3895: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3860: 3702:disenfranchised 3641:Gallagher index 3636: 3630: 3536: 3472:Madrid, Spain, 3304: 3218:grand coalition 3077:ACT New Zealand 2995: 2989: 2811:number of seats 2807: 2795: 2794: 2776: 2747: 2563: 2497: 2353: 2197:North Macedonia 2181:Northern Cyprus 1934: 1698:of votes cast) 1694: 1690: 1689: 1638: 1352: 1205: 1200: 1168: 1162: 1150: 1141: 1117: 1045: 1035:was won by the 999: 963:, Kazakhstan's 947: 943: 941: 938: 934: 932: 929: 925: 923: 920: 916: 914: 911: 907: 905: 902: 898: 896: 893: 889: 887: 883: 880: 869: 846: 825:circumstances. 786: 748: 743: 742: 683:Ballot stuffing 669: 666:Electoral fraud 658: 657: 602:Coattail effect 593: 585: 584: 528:Tactical voting 499: 491: 490: 404:Binomial system 335: 325: 324: 203:Ballot measures 180:Absentee ballot 164: 139:Politics series 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6341: 6339: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6112:Limited voting 6109: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5839:Coombs' method 5831: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5817:Schulze method 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5779: 5777:Bucklin voting 5774: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5751: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5559:External links 5557: 5554: 5553: 5539: 5525: 5511: 5487: 5457: 5436: 5395: 5373: 5356: 5328: 5302: 5280: 5255: 5233: 5208: 5194: 5172: 5147: 5125: 5114:on 6 July 2011 5099: 5088:. 18 June 2004 5077: 5051: 5037: 5023: 5010:venice.coe.int 4997: 4984:venice.coe.int 4968: 4956: 4944: 4929: 4915: 4898: 4884: 4858: 4832: 4805: 4794: 4783: 4771: 4760: 4749: 4723: 4712: 4697: 4668: 4654: 4628: 4602: 4590: 4568: 4557: 4528: 4506: 4484: 4462: 4455: 4428: 4407: 4385: 4366: 4344: 4332:Deutsche Welle 4319: 4293: 4275: 4257: 4246: 4221: 4207: 4191: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4126: 4113:Valmyndigheten 4097: 4056: 4025: 4020:Deutsche Welle 4007: 3993: 3980:(2): 383–397. 3952: 3943: 3932: 3921: 3908: 3893: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3856: 3844:constituencies 3788:vicious circle 3780:spoiler effect 3686:2002 elections 3632:Main article: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3605: 3578: 3551: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3519: 3504: 3493: 3480:, the liberal 3470: 3459: 3432: 3413: 3394: 3375:Reformist Bloc 3363:Blue Coalition 3339:Yes, Bulgaria! 3327: 3316: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3267: 3244: 3225: 3198: 3191:leveling seats 3179: 3148: 3147: 3104: 3089:National Party 3047:the Parliament 3025:5.13 percent, 3021:6.23 percent, 3017:7.25 percent, 2993:Vote splitting 2988: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2972: 2957: 2943: 2929: 2907: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2775: 2772: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2455: 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2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1895:Not applicable 1893: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826:Czech Republic 1823: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 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1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1161: 1158: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1121:leveling seats 1116: 1113: 1044: 1041: 998: 995: 973:electoral list 955:, Lithuania's 942: 933: 924: 915: 906: 897: 888: 882: 868: 865: 845: 842: 827:Arend Lijphart 788: 787: 785: 784: 777: 770: 762: 759: 758: 745: 744: 739: 738: 737: 736: 731: 726: 721: 713: 712: 708: 707: 706: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 670: 668:and prevention 664: 663: 660: 659: 654: 653: 647: 646: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 627:Vote splitting 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 581: 580: 579: 578: 573: 571:Refused ballot 568: 563: 558: 553: 545: 544: 538: 537: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 487: 486: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 431: 430: 424: 423: 422: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 388: 387: 381: 380: 379: 378: 376:Usual judgment 373: 371:General ticket 368: 363: 358: 353: 345: 344: 336: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 320: 319: 318: 316:Voting machine 313: 308: 300: 299: 293: 292: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 237: 236: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 206: 205: 195: 194: 193: 192: 187: 182: 174: 173: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 149: 148: 142: 141: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6340: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5747:Single-winner 5744: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5631:Supermajority 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607:Single winner 5604: 5595: 5590: 5588: 5583: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5440: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5252:. p. 14. 5251: 5244: 5237: 5234: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5143: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5066:. 4 June 2013 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4895:. April 2016. 4894: 4888: 4885: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4781:, Article 160 4780: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4698: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4456:0-7619-4719-1 4452: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4429: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4396: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4250: 4247: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4202: 4198:Timor Agora: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4071: 4070:tagesschau.de 4067: 4060: 4057: 4044: 4041:(in German). 4040: 4039:tagesschau.de 4036: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836:ranked voting 3833: 3829: 3828:voting system 3824: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594:Confederation 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3486:snap election 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3391:November 2021 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:Liberal Party 3184: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:2011 election 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2987:Notable cases 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2926:Ewald Stadler 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2905: 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States 1159: 1157: 1155: 1147: 1145: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1133:Patient Focus 1130: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:2021 election 1054: 1050: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:2022 election 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 996: 994: 991: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 878: 873: 866: 864: 862: 858: 853: 851: 843: 841: 839: 835: 830: 828: 822: 820: 819:ranked ballot 814: 812: 807: 803: 799: 795: 783: 778: 776: 771: 769: 764: 763: 761: 760: 757: 752: 747: 746: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 724:Secret ballot 722: 720: 717: 716: 715: 714: 709: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 674: 673: 667: 662: 661: 652: 651:Protest votes 648: 643: 642:Voter turnout 640: 638: 637:Voter fatigue 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 599: 598: 597: 589: 588: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 548: 547: 546: 543: 542:Protest votes 539: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 513:Fusion voting 511: 509: 506: 505: 504: 503: 495: 494: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 433: 432: 429: 425: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 390: 389: 386: 382: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 347: 346: 343: 339: 334: 329: 328: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 298: 294: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 273:Postal voting 271: 269: 268:Polling place 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 238: 233: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 208: 207: 204: 200: 196: 191: 190:Sample ballot 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 176: 175: 172: 168: 160: 159: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 140: 136: 135: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 6301: 6295: 5911:Mixed-member 5896:Proportional 5871:Score voting 5812:Ranked pairs 5731:Part of the 5730: 5679: 5542: 5528: 5514: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5478:. Retrieved 5473: 5460: 5447:(in Russian) 5439: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5385: 5376: 5359: 5347:. Retrieved 5340: 5331: 5319:. Retrieved 5315:Weser-Kurier 5314: 5305: 5293:. Retrieved 5283: 5271:. Retrieved 5258: 5249: 5236: 5224:. Retrieved 5211: 5197: 5185:. Retrieved 5183:(in Latvian) 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5150: 5128: 5116:. Retrieved 5112:the original 5102: 5090:. Retrieved 5080: 5068:. Retrieved 5063: 5054: 5040: 5026: 5014:. Retrieved 5009: 5000: 4988:. Retrieved 4983: 4959: 4947: 4932: 4918: 4901: 4887: 4875:. Retrieved 4870: 4861: 4849:. Retrieved 4844: 4835: 4823:. Retrieved 4818: 4808: 4797: 4786: 4774: 4763: 4752: 4740:. Retrieved 4735: 4726: 4715: 4700: 4688:. Retrieved 4683: 4657: 4645:. Retrieved 4640: 4631: 4619:. Retrieved 4615:DutchNews.nl 4614: 4605: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4571: 4560: 4548:. Retrieved 4543: 4519:. Retrieved 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4487: 4475:. Retrieved 4465: 4440: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4410: 4398:. Retrieved 4388: 4369: 4357:. Retrieved 4347: 4335:. 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Both the 3313:Alliance 90 3233:United Left 3170:(SNS), and 3152:power index 3120:East Berlin 2842:Saint-Laguë 2749:The German 2371:Switzerland 2164:Netherlands 1568:South Korea 1551:Philippines 1518:New Zealand 1192:Libertarian 1125:Green Party 1083:, when the 1072:elections. 886: <1 861:Droop quota 802:legislature 693:Vote buying 576:Spoilt vote 556:Donkey vote 283:Vote center 263:Open ballot 6317:Categories 6273:Comparison 6027:Hare quota 5977:Allocation 5963:Spare vote 5951:Hare-Clark 5921:Party-list 5654:Hare quota 5609:(majority) 5349:15 October 5321:15 October 4877:9 November 4643:(in Dutch) 3840:multi-seat 3600:ran under 3542:Slovakia, 3495:Slovenia, 3488:called by 3482:Ciudadanos 3434:Slovakia, 3415:Slovakia, 3396:Slovakia, 3248:April 2019 3158:Slovakia, 3144:Leipzig II 2991:See also: 2878:For Europe 2527:Costa Rica 2295:San Marino 2147:Montenegro 1602:Tajikistan 1479:Kyrgyzstan 1463:Kazakhstan 1399:East Timor 1283:Mozambique 1184:Democratic 1180:Republican 1164:See also: 1047:Germany's 937: 6–6. 928: 5–5. 919: 4–4. 910: 3–3. 901: 2–2. 892: 1–1. 711:Prevention 551:Abstention 419:Spare vote 409:Party-list 243:Ballot box 235:Collection 217:Electorate 199:Candidates 80:newspapers 6264:Unseating 6259:Sortition 5861:Plurality 5737:Economics 5616:Plurality 5431:235667437 5016:26 August 4990:26 August 4851:11 August 4825:10 August 4477:7 January 4288:nec.go.kr 4270:nec.go.kr 3613:Tricolour 3607:Czechia, 3506:Germany, 3353:: In the 3277:(4.68%), 3264:September 3256:New Right 3220:with the 3112:Die Linke 2864:. 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