402:"ring" followed by the two digits of the ring code where the first digit indicated the number of long rings, followed by the second digit indicating the number of short rings. Thus spoken, for example, as "nine, three; ring two, two" to mean subscriber No. 93 with ringing code 2 long and 2 short, and written as "93R22", (and if outside the given exchange, then the exchange would be asked for by name before the requested number and ringing code, e.g. "Rockridge nine, three; ring one, two" i.e. "(On the) Rockridge (exchange), (subscriber No.) nine, three; ring one long, and two short," and written as “Rockridge 93R12”. (The two examples cited in this paragraph are taken directly from usage in the 1935 American film
146:
185:
430:, the ringing circuit was separated from the talking circuit by adding a ground connection between the central office and the subscriber stations for ringing. On the same subscriber line, one party used the tip side of the line and ground for ringing, whilst the other party on the same line used the ring wire and ground for ringing, to achieve full selectivity for two-party lines, in which only the selected station would ring. These names for the wires are derived from the paired cord plugs—used on a manual switchboard—composed of three parts: the
769:
383:
315:, where most town residents had a telephone number of only three digits. To make a call outside the exchange area it was necessary to call the exchange to place a call. For rural residents, many were on a single telephone line identified by a number and a property name, such as "Gundabluie 1". Each party on that single line was identified by a letter, and the ringing pattern for that party would consist of the corresponding letter in
38:
408:.) Whilst this practice was common, it was not ubiquitous, since despite giving a standard configuration for terse, easily interpreted numbers with their respective ring codes, its chief functional drawback was with the first ring always being long and the second always being short, which limited the number of brief and thus practical ringing combinations that could be used on single multiparty subscriber numbers.
548:, but could also be employed as a form of early warning system for the immediate area, a user could alert all local residents at once. Party lines were typically operated using mechanical switching systems which recognized certain codes for revertive calls; these no longer work on modern electronic or digital switchgear.
453:, In combination with code ringing, this method could be extended to four and eight subscribers to reduce the number of disturbances. In several variations of divided ringing, also called grounded ringing, the bells were activated with polarized current, so that full selectivity was achieved for up to four parties.
607:
with one battery establishing a voltage difference between the two wires used for the voice channel and powering the whole network. They worked with wire stapled to wooden fenceposts, but worked better if the wire were insulated from the fencepost because rain tended to degrade operation of uninsulated systems.
510:
One variation of identifying the calling party on direct-dialed long-distance calls is a party code, usually a single digit inside a circle displayed on the phone's number tag. The dialing sequence for such calls is "1" (access number for DDD), the party code, the area code, and the desired number (1
419:
ringing code, every party on the same subscriber line could hear all the ringing codes. This meant firstly, frequently ringing telephones were a disruptive annoyance, as each party on the line had to stop to listen every time the telephone rang to determine if they were the party being called on any
615:
Telephone service for dispatchers and service personnel between way stations along railways used a form of party line service for many decades starting in the early 1900s. Railroad telephone systems often consisted of several dozen way stations interconnected with a shared line that used DC voltages
606:
These networks were documented as being in use across the
American West and Canada, and sources claim they may have survived into the 1970's. A benefit of the simplicity and robustness of early telephones and networks is that they could be directly connected to the barbed wire with no modification,
506:
could be created in such a way as to allow the central office to determine which party placed an outbound toll call by detecting that one of the ringers was disconnected when that subscriber went off-hook. This system would fail if any provision was made to allow the subscriber to turn off the bells
253:
woman was indicted by a grand jury after her refusal to relinquish a party line delayed a volunteer firefighter's effort to report a grass fire. The fire destroyed a shed and a barn. She was given a suspended sentence. In June 1970, a sixteen-year-old girl and a woman were charged after refusing to
401:
Although various systems were implemented, one that limited the number of coded rings but established a uniform and readily understood format, was to first give the subscriber number as individual digits, which could be from one to four digits long per exchange, separated by the instructional word
456:
Another selective ringing system was based on using different ringing frequencies for each station on the party line. In North
America, this was used mostly by independent telephone systems, while the Bell System abandoned frequency selective ringing in the early 1900s. Initially four frequencies
153:
Telephone companies offered party lines beginning in the late 1800s, although subscribers in all but the most rural areas may have had the option to upgrade to individual line service at an additional monthly charge. The service was common in sparsely populated areas where subscribers were spread
474:
All fully selective ringing systems on party lines still brought the inconvenience of finding the line in use occasionally, by hearing talking when one picked up the phone to make a call. All party lines also required special equipment to complete calls to another party on the same party line.
168:
The rapid growth of telephone service demand, especially after WWII, resulted in many party line installations in the middle of the 20th century in the United States. This often led to traffic congestion in the telephone network, as the line to a destination telephone was often busy. Nearly
487:
phones, the phone's own battery powered its transmitter as well as the receiver of the called phone. If too many phones were off-hook and listening, the additional receivers would load down the transmitter's battery with a voltage so low that no phone could receive an intelligible signal.
581:
could be used to transmit electric signals and connect telephones in neighboring farms. Such networks could be isolated to allow individual communication but were almost always party lines, and specific recipients were determined by manually generated ringing codes.
559:, even in the few areas where distance from the central office did not already preclude its use. Telephone companies typically do not allow client-owned equipment to be directly connected to party lines, posing an additional obstacle to their use for data.
522:
in North
America) may be unable to identify which of multiple parties on a shared line placed a distress call; this is aggravated by the use of old mechanical switching equipment for party lines as this obsolete apparatus consistently provides no
248:
Many jurisdictions require a person engaged in a call on a party line to end the call immediately if another party needs the line for an emergency. Such laws also provide penalties for abuse by falsifying emergency situations. In May 1955, a
544:. Dialing one's own number and hanging up would make all phones on the network ring, resulting in the residents on the system (sometimes a half a dozen or more) all answering the phone at the same time. This was sometimes used as a form of
585:
These networks proliferated after some parts of Bell
Telephone's patent structure expired in 1894, which made it possible for other companies to sell telephones that were then used for creating networks outside the Bell Telephone network.
710:-type crank phones. One ring is for the pack station, two rings is for the camp and three rings means "all cabins pick up." There are also eight emergency telephone stations located along the hiking trail. The system is a
370:
reported in 2000 that over 5,000 party lines still existed in the United States, but the majority of them were only connected to one telephone, and therefore appeared like individual telephone service at cheaper rates.
237:
While primitive lockout devices to prevent two subscribers from picking up the same line at the same time were proposed relatively early, multiple simultaneous calls did not become viable until the initial tests of
125:
subscribers in the mid-20th century in the United States and Canada were served by party lines, which had a discount over individual service. During wartime shortages, these were often the only available lines.
694:
often occurs. In isolated communities, party lines have been used for local service only, without the facilities to switch calls through a central office for connection to the public switched telephone network.
674:
infrastructure are also inherently a shared medium. Sufficiently high levels of usage of simultaneous active connections cause congestion on a mobile telephone network or impair transmission quality.
188:
1959 rates for telephone lines in
Indiana. Subscribers in town could choose an individual line or a line shared by two or four parties. All rural lines were party lines shared with several neighbors.
648:
is located near the subscribers to connect multiple local subscriber loops to one common line to a central office exchange. A single optical fibre can also be shared between multiple subscribers in
659:
are connected to an inherently shared medium. The signal from the shared line is split to multiple subscribers. Signals for television, and data operate at various different carrier frequencies.
624:
With the advent of sophisticated electronics, telephone service providers developed methods to share a single copper line to transmit multiple telephone calls simultaneously. Various
277:. Meanwhile, the electro-mechanical switching equipment required for their operation was rapidly becoming obsolete, supplanted by electronic and digital switching equipment. The new
570:
were local networks created in rural
America around the turn of the 20th century. In some isolated farming communities, it was not cost-effective for corporations to invest in the
223:
men on bookmaking charges was overturned as police had used a party-line telephone in a rented house on the same line as the suspects to unlawfully intercept their communications.
603:
with the goal of eventually connecting every city in the state. The main purpose of such networks was to transmit weather conditions and forecasts, as well as train schedules.
386:
As upgrades made party lines more popular in the 1940s, local telephone companies ran frequent ads to instill community spirit and personal courtesy in party-line subscribers.
538:
opportunities abounded. If one of the parties used the phone heavily, then the inconvenience for the others was more than occasional, as depicted in the 1959 comedy film
158:. In rural areas in the early 20th century, additional subscribers and telephones, often numbering several dozen, were frequently connected to the single loop available.
48:
173:
residential service in 1943 was party line, with users encouraged to limit calls to five minutes. Shortages persisted for years after each war; individual lines in
1107:
495:
to identify and correctly bill the calling party. In some cases, the calling party would misidentify themselves in an attempt to send the bill to another party.
534:
When the party line was already in use, if any of the other subscribers to that line picked up the phone, they could hear and participate in the conversation.
491:
With party-line service, particularly if there were more than two subscribers on the line, it was often necessary to complete a long-distance call through the
211:
was revealed to the opposing coach, when a telephone on the Ole Miss team's bench had been inadvertently wired to the same party line. In May 1952, an alleged
192:
Objections about one party monopolizing a multi-party line were a staple of complaints to telephone companies and letters to advice columnists for years and
165:, as well as a means of quickly alerting entire neighbourhoods of emergencies such as fires, becoming a cultural fixture of rural areas for many decades.
551:
Party lines are not suitable for
Internet access. If one customer is using dial-up, it will jam the line for all other customers of the same party line.
266:
By the late 1980s, party lines were removed in most locales. They were not supported by new technologies and subscriber-owned equipment such as
330:, a rural area which once had as many as sixteen subscribers on one line. Universities also phased out the systems, which were once common in
1879:
1854:
1773:
507:(do not disturb) for privacy or unplug the telephone. It also presumed that each subscriber only had one telephone connected to the line.
1957:
121:
Party line systems were widely used to provide telephone service, starting with the first commercial switchboards in 1878. A majority of
835:
420:
given ring. Secondly, if any party on a given line should so be inclined, there was the opportunity to listen to other parties' calls.
219:
was shut down after one month of operation in a rented storefront using a party-line telephone. In June 1968, the conviction of three
155:
1978:
82:
379:
To signal specific subscribers on party lines selectively, telephone operating companies implemented various signaling systems.
633:
528:
1917:
1747:
1668:
184:
1938:
343:
145:
733:
Party line telephone service was demonstrated in Season 5, Episode 33 (entitled "Party Line") of the television series
1115:
60:
360:
phased out most of its party lines by 1997, and the last ones operating in Nevada shut down in 2001. As of 2002, SBC
64:
394:
system, in which each telephone subscriber was assigned a specific ringing cadence, (not to be confused with modern
311:
One of the last manual telephone exchanges with party lines in
Australia was closed down in 1986 in the township of
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629:
515:
2038:
892:
735:
335:
208:
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703:
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used party lines, where a single line spanned miles from the nearest town to one property and on to the next.
161:
Party lines provided no privacy in communication. They were frequently used as a source of entertainment and
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where local loops are long and individual circuits are uneconomical when spread sparsely over a large area.
637:
556:
354:
with individual line service by
November 1994, and the company's last party line finally shut down in 1996.
297:
subsidies, leading telephone companies to convert them to individual lines to benefit from these subsidies.
216:
200:
698:
An example of a community linked by a party line is in Big Santa Anita Canyon high in the mountains above
327:
294:
293:, but often was incompatible with multi-party lines. Party lines in the United States were ineligible for
177:
remained in short supply at the end of 1919 and similar shortages were reported by telephone companies in
1817:
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1287:
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1233:
1207:
1189:
1137:
1080:
1026:
999:
981:
930:
471: Hz. Combined with divided ringing, this provided fully selective service for up to eight stations.
1365:
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339:
282:
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2008:
649:
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600:
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231:
220:
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1700:
645:
250:
382:
1732:
957:
591:
540:
278:
1895:
1780:
1754:. International Library of Technology. Scranton, PA: International Textbook Company. p. 20
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Further to this functional deficiency, was a twofold practical deficiency. For though one was
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204:
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1658:
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across large distances. An example is
Australia where these were operated by the Government
905:
782:
323:
181:
as late as 1948. Some rural users had to run their own wires to reach the utility's lines.
1807:, US patent 3461246 filed July 22, 1966 by Schneider Gerhard O K of Stromberg Carlson Corp
962:
787:
722:
286:
1986:
821:
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abandoned its last party lines in 1991, the last in that state to do so. The same year,
519:
305:
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1163:
977:
667:
535:
301:
227:
193:
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relinquish a party line to allow a distress call as three boys drowned in a pond in
1654:
853:
663:
357:
312:
290:
170:
134:
2067:
714:. Maintenance of the line was assumed by the association of cabin owners in 2018.
319:. This distinctive ring would alert all parties on the line who the call was for.
19:
This article is about shared service telephone lines. For dating party lines, see
2062:
129:
British users similarly benefited from the party line discount. Farmers in rural
753:
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699:
691:
656:
575:
457:
were used, which were based on a system of harmonic multiples of a frequency of
122:
636:
prevented interference between simultaneous calls. A distant suburb may have a
245:
devices in 1955. Any handset off-hook therefore tied up the line for everyone.
1804:
1726:
797:
764:
683:
552:
545:
404:
316:
239:
212:
112:
1081:"Sharing a party telephone line is a lot like saying 'hop in' to a neighbour"
802:
792:
744:
625:
524:
366:
361:
331:
242:
130:
115:
24:
20:
423:
More selective ringing methods were introduced using various technologies.
671:
395:
271:
174:
1687:
1208:"Suspected Bookie 'Joint' Had City Store License, Party-Line Telephone"
687:
596:
178:
442:, each of these three components being insulated from one another.
162:
23:. For conference calls spoken over busy signals or test numbers, see
1958:"Barbed Wire Telephone Lines Brought Isolated Homesteaders Together"
230:
officials refused a request from a public utilities commissioner in
1660:
My Kind of Place: Travel Stories from a Woman Who's Been Everywhere
1138:"Subscriber to party line telephone asks how to cope with line hog"
616:
as high as 400 V for selective signaling to alert called stations.
1270:"New invention ensures privacy on rural and party telephone lines"
982:"If you use a party-line telephone: be a good telephone neighbour"
578:
381:
351:
274:
183:
144:
118:
circuit that is shared by multiple telephone service subscribers.
706:. A group camp, a pack station and 81 cabins all communicate by
1514:"Sons drown while mum tries to get use of party line telephone"
836:"The Party Wire, the 3/22/1919 Norman Rockwell Leslie's Cover"
740:
350:
announced its intentions to replace all of its party lines in
31:
47:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1735:
from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.
1252:"There'll be no color line on telephone party line in Miss"
822:"Party Line – Definition of Party line by Merriam-Webster"
445:
In the Bell System, the two stations were thus called the
304:
announced plans to gradually phase out all party lines in
1918:"A Brief History Of Barbed Wire Fence Telephone Networks"
364:'s only operating party lines were located in Michigan.
234:
to segregate party telephone lines on racial boundaries.
1567:"Party line customers hang it up in rural West Virginia"
1546:. United Press International. July 11, 1971. p. 10C
514:
Systems which identify the caller's name and address to
56:
1939:"Montana Ranchmen Making a General Use of the Fences"
1000:"Party line phones show tremendous increase in state"
1108:"Early telephone operator recalls party (line) days"
1190:"Party line helped Ole Miss hold Tennessee to 14–0"
1054:"Co-operation wins on the telephone party line too"
1052:Peninsular Telephone Company (October 13, 1948).
1006:. Beaver and Rochester. April 20, 1943. p. 4
483:In the local-battery system of the early cranked
1911:
1909:
1705:Fundamentals of Telephone Communication Systems
1610:"It's the end of the party line in Connecticut"
1340:"Convict woman who refused to yield party line"
1818:"Telephone company seeks 'party line pirates'"
326:replaced party lines with individual lines in
1979:"Big Santa Anita Canyon Map & Facilities"
1872:The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood
1746:International Correspondence Schools (1916).
743:. Party lines were a focal plot point of the
712:single wire using the ground as a return path
45:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
869:"privateline.com's Telephone History Series"
438:separated by a narrow metal band called the
1846:Romantic Comedy: Boy Meets Girl Meets Genre
1596:. Bloomington, IL. May 17, 1990. p. 2.
1540:"Telephone party line a victim of progress"
1288:"New gimmick will end party line listening"
1164:"Telephone party lines kept everyone abuzz"
980:Telephone & Telegraph (July 10, 1942).
1520:. United Press International. June 4, 1970
1494:. United Press International. June 4, 1970
1106:Cindy McCleish Ingram (January 18, 2010).
937:(Advertisement). April 21, 1897. p. 3
895:, NSW State Parliament speech, May 3, 2000
682:Party lines are still in use primarily in
1849:. Columbia University Press. p. 71.
1436:"Girl charged in not yielding phone line"
1079:New York Telephone (September 26, 1946).
931:"'Party Line' telephone exchange service"
599:were instituting a telephone exchange in
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
1637:"Death of party line may not be far off"
1418:"Party line tied up as three boys drown"
338:terminated its last party line in 1990.
324:Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company
813:
2039:"Chantry Flats Crank Telephone System"
662:Digital wireless connections, such as
390:The earliest selective system was the
196:on calls remained an ongoing concern.
1956:Frost, Natasha (September 25, 2017).
1608:Cappiello, Janet L. (April 1, 1991).
1592:"Regents' panel OKs phone proposal".
1565:Kissel, Kelly P. (October 13, 1989).
721:has occasionally been used to market
7:
893:Subscriber Trunk Dialling Call Zones
511:+ party code + area code + number).
1824:. Salt Lake City, UT. June 24, 1919
1635:Mabray, D'Ann (September 6, 1992).
725:and voice bulletin board services.
1114:. Associated Press. Archived from
1027:"Two-party-line telephone service"
574:. Instead, the existing extent of
14:
1916:Emerson, Lori (August 31, 2024).
1025:Bell Canada (December 31, 1919).
1843:McDonald, Tamar Jeffers (2013).
1701:"Chapter 3 Local Manual Systems"
1392:"Listening in on the party line"
1366:"Party line hog is found guilty"
854:"Telephones UK – Shared Service"
767:
555:made party lines unsuitable for
36:
634:frequency-division multiplexing
529:automatic number identification
498:A two-party line split between
156:Postmaster General's Department
1779:. June 3, 2009. Archived from
1752:Subscribers' Station Equipment
1663:. New York, NY: Random House.
1573:. Associated Press. p. 7C
1144:. February 8, 1967. p. 10
955:Such a system in described in
739:, which aired May 29, 1960 on
1:
2068:Party Line intercept messages
1616:. Associated Press. p. 6
1142:The Virgin Islands Daily News
906:"Telkom South Africa History"
344:independent telephone company
16:Type of shared telephone line
1728:Party Wire (1935) Full Movie
1314:"A menace to the party line"
840:Best-Norman-Rockwell-Art.com
670:running over rural wireless
1424:. June 8, 1970. p. 10.
568:Barbed wire telephone lines
563:Barbed wire telephone lines
516:emergency telephone numbers
59:, discuss the issue on the
2099:
1896:"Barb Wire Telephone Line"
1320:. May 14, 1955. p. 40
1258:. May 1, 1956. p. 20.
1214:. May 29, 1952. p. 19
1112:New Orleans Times-Picayune
1087:(Advertisement). p. 3
1060:(Advertisement). p. 3
1033:(Advertisement). p. 4
630:time-division multiplexing
595:reported that ranchers in
18:
2063:Atlanta telephone history
1468:. June 8, 1970. p. 1
1372:. May 18, 1955. p. 1
1346:. May 18, 1955. p. 1
736:Alfred Hitchcock Presents
336:Illinois State University
285:calling features such as
209:University of Mississippi
2009:"Big Santa Anita Canyon"
1294:. May 9, 1955. p. 7
1256:Washington Afro-American
729:Usage in Popular Culture
717:In modern use, the term
704:Sierra Madre, California
572:telephone infrastructure
2016:Angeles National Forest
1748:"Party Line Telephones"
1690:Archives, June 6, 2012.
1488:"Party line pleas fail"
638:subscriber loop carrier
217:St. Petersburg, Florida
201:University of Tennessee
1870:Gleick, James (2011).
1805:Revertive call circuit
1571:Lawrence Journal-World
1234:"Party line protected"
1168:Mercer Island Reporter
387:
328:Talcott, West Virginia
295:Universal Service Fund
189:
150:
1641:The Victoria Advocate
1396:The Milwaukee Journal
1238:The Milwaukee Journal
935:Dubuque Sunday Herald
527:and often also lacks
385:
340:Woodbury, Connecticut
283:vertical service code
187:
149:Circuit diagram, 1905
148:
2041:. Canyon Cartography
1822:Deseret Evening News
1731:. January 11, 2015.
1518:Ludington Daily News
1422:The Pittsburgh Press
1370:Oxnard Press-Courier
1212:St. Petersburg Times
1196:. December 13, 1942.
1058:St. Petersburg Times
650:fibre to the cabinet
642:digital loop carrier
256:Walsenburg, Colorado
232:Jackson, Mississippi
221:Winter Park, Florida
65:create a new article
57:improve this article
2018:. US Forest Service
1983:Adam's Pack Station
1170:. November 24, 2008
958:McCullough, Colleen
646:remote concentrator
332:student dormitories
251:Rhinebeck, New York
105:shared service line
1989:on January 8, 2007
1943:The New York Times
1874:. Pantheon Books.
1707:. Western Electric
1466:Lodi News-Sentinel
1398:. January 23, 1959
1274:The Morning Leader
723:conference calling
644:system in which a
592:The New York Times
388:
281:equipment offered
279:telephone exchange
268:answering machines
203:'s strategy in an
199:In December 1942,
190:
169:three-quarters of
151:
1902:. April 19, 1900.
1881:978-0-375-42372-7
1856:978-0-231-50338-9
1276:. April 25, 1925.
1085:The Newburgh News
874:. Privateline.com
775:Telephones portal
426:In the system of
375:Selective ringing
348:Southwestern Bell
205:American football
93:
92:
85:
67:, as appropriate.
2090:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:. Archived from
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1900:The Daily Herald
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1449:
1447:
1440:The Deseret News
1432:
1426:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
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1388:
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1379:
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1301:
1299:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1240:. June 18, 1968.
1230:
1224:
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1221:
1219:
1204:
1198:
1197:
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1179:
1177:
1175:
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1154:
1153:
1151:
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1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1118:on June 28, 2018
1103:
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1092:
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1065:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1031:Montreal Gazette
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
996:
990:
989:
988:(Advertisement).
974:
968:
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1462:"Party line"
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910:telkom.co.za
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313:Collarenebri
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73:January 2020
70:
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754:Pillow Talk
749:Rock Hudson
700:Los Angeles
684:rural areas
601:Fort Benton
576:barbed wire
553:Bridge taps
541:Pillow Talk
123:Bell System
2083:Local loop
1963:August 31,
1923:August 31,
1670:0812974875
809:References
798:Group call
719:party line
692:congestion
546:prank call
504:ring party
451:ring party
415:to answer
405:Party Wire
396:ring tones
317:Morse code
213:bookmaking
113:local loop
109:party wire
97:party line
1774:"Pinouts"
1544:Star-News
803:Chat line
793:Beep line
745:Doris Day
652:systems.
626:pair gain
589:In 1902,
525:caller ID
518:(such as
500:tip party
447:tip party
417:one's own
367:USA Today
362:Ameritech
300:In 1971,
243:pair gain
226:In 1956,
131:Australia
116:telephone
61:talk page
25:Beep line
21:Chat line
2077:Category
2045:July 24,
2022:July 24,
1993:July 24,
1828:July 24,
1790:July 24,
1733:Archived
1711:July 24,
1688:AT&T
1657:(2004).
1620:July 27,
1577:July 27,
1550:July 27,
1524:July 27,
1498:July 27,
1472:July 27,
1446:July 27,
1402:July 27,
1376:July 27,
1350:July 27,
1324:July 27,
1298:July 27,
1218:July 27,
1174:July 27,
1148:July 27,
1122:July 27,
1091:July 27,
1064:July 27,
1037:July 27,
1010:July 27,
941:July 27,
761:See also
672:Internet
493:operator
449:and the
434:and the
272:computer
175:Montreal
55:You may
1758:May 27,
1344:The Day
708:magneto
702:, near
688:Privacy
597:Montana
485:magneto
466:⁄
179:Florida
141:History
111:) is a
1878:
1853:
1667:
579:fences
436:sleeve
275:modems
163:gossip
2012:(PDF)
1784:(PDF)
1777:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
751:film
655:CATV
352:Texas
63:, or
2047:2020
2024:2020
1995:2020
1965:2024
1925:2024
1876:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1830:2020
1792:2020
1760:2008
1713:2020
1665:ISBN
1622:2014
1579:2014
1552:2014
1526:2014
1500:2014
1474:2014
1448:2014
1404:2014
1378:2014
1352:2014
1326:2014
1300:2014
1220:2014
1176:2014
1150:2014
1124:2014
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1039:2014
1012:2014
943:2014
917:2020
880:2015
747:and
632:and
502:and
440:ring
413:only
289:and
270:and
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