327:, meaning that particles with high emissivity can still be considered as a good candidate if they have high absorptivity, but particles having low absorptivity cannot be considered as a good candidate even if they have low emissivity. Sintered bauxite particles have high solar absorptivity, and it has been shown that despite certain degradation due to prolonged heating, they are able to keep it above 90%. It has also been shown that they are the most durable ones among the other candidate particles. Therefore it has been concluded that they are the best candidate for the use in directly heated particle receivers, and in particular intermediate-density casting media "Accucast" has been deployed at Sandia's National Solar Thermal Test Facility.
109:
17:
198:
153:(DOE) in August 2016 which identified three possible pathways for the next generation CSP power plants based on the following heat transfer carriers: molten salts, solid particles, and gaseous fluids. This further led to the Generation 3 Concentrating Solar Power Systems funding program that started on May 15 of 2018 when DOE announced its intention to provide $ 72 million to the project where three teams are going to compete in building a system integrated with a
303:
293:
This concept is similar to the one of the directly heated fluidized receiver, only difference is that now tubes are not transparent and particles are heated indirectly by the metal tubes. Flamant proposed and demonstrated this concept and obtained suspension temperatures up to 750 °C, however he
284:
between particles and tubes was reduced in the areas where particles lost contact with the tubes, however no data regarding the temperatures and thermal efficiencies were reported. Advantages of this concept include absence of particle loss due to the presence of the enclosure, however issues related
279:
This receiver concept is composed of an enclosure with horizontal tubes with their external side inside of the enclosure and having their internal side irradiated with concentrated solar energy. The idea is that particles are going to flow down inside the enclosure due to the gravitational force and
748:
Volume 1: Biofuels, Hydrogen, Syngas, and
Alternate Fuels; CHP and Hybrid Power and Energy Systems; Concentrating Solar Power; Energy Storage; Environmental, Economic, and Policy Considerations of Advanced Energy Systems; Geothermal, Ocean, and Emerging Energy Technologies; Photovoltaics; Posters;
266:
stream of compressed air that absorb concentrated solar energy, and due to their large surface area they immediately transfer that heat to the surrounding air. Heating of the mixture is performed until the particles vaporize and then the air is sent to the
Brayton cycle to produce electric energy.
265:
an therefore the conversion of solar energy to the thermochemical one. Tests carried out showed that it is possible to reach particle temperatures above 1200 °C. Second working principle was proposed by Hunt during late 1970s and it is based on the injection of very small particles inside the
216:
cavity that can be inclined with respect to the horizontal direction. Due to rotation of the cavity, particles form thin but opaque layer over the cavity inner surface. These particles are then heated by concentrated solar radiation while they descend slowly along the axial direction of the cavity
189:. Tests showed that it is possible to reach particle temperature of 650 °C and thermal efficiency of around 60%. However, this design requires beam down optics that would result in additional optical losses and significant particle flow could be difficult to obtain using the proposed design.
71:
One of the main advantages of adopting particles as a heat transfer medium is the possibility of direct heating, where particles are exposed directly to the incoming solar radiation, thus avoiding issues related to non-uniform heating of receiver tubes. Also, the possibility to reach temperatures
157:
that is able to efficiently capture solar energy and provide it to the working fluid of the power cycle at temperatures above 700 °C. On March 25, 2021 DOE announced that the pathway adopting falling solid particles is the most promising one for achieving 2030 cost targets of 0.05$ /kWh and
124:
particle curtain inside the receiver cavity that absorbs concentrated solar radiation. Idea of using falling solid particles in a concentrated solar power facility to supply high temperature heat to the power cycle or chemical process was introduced in a pioneering work carried out by Martin and
233:
and the results showed that it is possible to reach outlet particle temperatures of over 900 °C. However, due to problems in measuring particle mass flow rate it was not possible to determine receiver thermal efficiency. Further experimental campaigns obtained thermal efficiency of 75% for
59:. To accomplish this, it is necessary to introduce certain material, called heat transfer medium, to the receiver that is then heated up, either directly or indirectly, by the concentrated solar energy before leaving the receiver at a higher temperature. Unlike receivers used in conventional
315:. Natural materials are considered due to their low price, however attention should also be paid to the composite materials that can be synthesized to enhance desired properties even though they have a higher price. As in directly heated receivers solid particles serve as the solar
67:
as a heat transfer medium that is heated indirectly by flowing through the metal tubes that are exposed to the concentrated solar energy, particle receivers adopt solid particles which then can be heated either directly or indirectly, depending on the technology considered.
294:
did not report thermal efficiencies. Possible problems related to this idea include electric energy consumption for the fluidization of particles in the receiver and possible hotspots and high surface temperatures that can increase radiation losses to the environment.
171:
of the particle curtain and reduce their loss through the aperture. Early tests of this concept were carried out at Sandia during the 1980s, but no analytical nor experimental studies were published until 2010s. Experiments carried out at Sandia in 2015 using
310:
Important factor in evaluating thermal performance of the particle receiver and economic viability of the whole plant is the type of particles used. Desired properties include low cost, high thermal stability, and in case of directly heated receivers,
145:
receiver having a 1 by 1 meter aperture through which concentrated sun radiation enters the cavity. Receiver thermal efficiency ranged from 50% to 80% and temperature of the particles at the bottom of receiver reached 700 °C in some cases.
166:
Idea of obstructing the flow of particles while retaining the concept of direct heating is motivated by the fact that by slowing down the flow of particles, it is possible to increase thermal efficiency of the receiver by increasing the
180:
316, used for constructing these porous structures, to concentrated solar radiation, and its wear due to particle flow over it. Another design proposes to use a spiral ramp over which particles flow due to the combined effect of the
158:
awarded Sandia
National Laboratories with $ 25 million for building, testing, and operating pilot plant adopting particle receiver at National Solar Thermal Test Facility which is expected to be completed by the end of 2024.
141:. These tests resulted in receiver thermal efficiency of around 50% and maximum temperature increase of the particles of around 250 °C. More comprehensive tests were carried out in 2015 using a 1 MW
1396:
176:
porous structures managed to improve heating of the particles and reduce their loss through the receiver aperture. However, there were problems related to the direct exposure of the
749:
Solar
Chemistry; Sustainable Building Energy Systems; Sustainable Infrastructure and Transportation; Thermodynamic Analysis of Energy Systems; Wind Energy Systems and Technologies
984:
246:
This receiver can operate on two possible working principles. First one was proposed by
Flamant at the same time when he proposed the centrifugal receiver, and it is based on a
95:
which is used in the conventional CSP power plants that have a maximum temperature limit of 565 °C due to issues related with the thermal stability of the molten salts.
1271:
Ho, C. K.; Christian, J.; Yellowhair, J.; Jeter, S.; Golob, M.; Nguyen, C.; Repole, K.; Abdel-Khalik, S.; Siegel, N.; Al-Ansary, H.; El-Leathy, A.; Gobereit, B. (2017).
217:
due to effect of the gravitational force. Concept was proposed initially by
Flamant in the late 1970s and early 1980s but there were no further developments until
565:
Bauer, Thomas; Pfleger, Nicole; Laing, Doerte; Steinmann, Wolf-Dieter; Eck, Markus; Kaesche, Stefanie (2013-01-01), Lantelme, Frédéric; Groult, Henri (eds.),
804:
1469:
1130:
Calderón, Alejandro; Barreneche, Camila; Palacios, Anabel; Segarra, Mercè; Prieto, Cristina; Rodriguez‐Sanchez, Alfonso; Fernández, Ana Inés (2019).
425:
Mehos, Mark; Turchi, Craig; Vidal, Judith; Wagner, Michael; Ma, Zhiwen; Ho, Clifford; Kolb, William; Andraka, Charles; Kruizenga, Alan (2017-01-01).
743:
234:
particle outlet temperature equal to 900 °C with an incident heat flux of 670 kW/m. As of 2018 this receiver concept is installed at
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764:
742:
Ho, Clifford; Christian, Joshua; Yellowhair, Julius; Armijo, Kenneth; Kolb, William; Jeter, Sheldon; Golob, Matthew; Nguyen, Clayton (2016).
586:
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130:
21:
150:
526:
Liu, Ming; Steven Tay, N. H.; Bell, Stuart; Belusko, Martin; Jacob, Rhys; Will, Geoffrey; Saman, Wasim; Bruno, Frank (2016-01-01).
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149:
Limit on the maximum temperature of molten salts used in the conventional solar tower power plants led to a workshop organized by
829:
780:
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247:
1236:
Knott, R. C.; Sadowski, D. L.; Jeter, S. M.; Abdel-Khalik, S. I.; Al-Ansary, H. A.; El-Leathy, Abdelrahman (2014-06-30).
528:"Review on concentrating solar power plants and new developments in high temperature thermal energy storage technologies"
1317:"Design Evaluation of a Next‐Generation High‐Temperature Particle Receiver for Concentrating Solar Thermal Applications"
126:
77:
387:. Special Issue: Solar Energy Research Institute for India and the United States (SERIIUS) – Concentrated Solar Power.
319:, their optical properties become crucial in evaluating receiver performances. It has been shown that increasing solar
137:
where prototype particle receiver was placed atop the 61 meter tall solar tower with a solar field able to provide 5 MW
197:
1132:"Review of solid particle materials for heat transfer fluid and thermal energy storage in solar thermal power plants"
108:
16:
1315:
Mills, Brantley; Ho, Clifford; Schroeder, Nathaniel; Shaeffer, Reid; Laubscher, Hendrik; Albrecht, Kevin (2022).
336:
60:
221:
started working on this concept in the early 2010s when they started with laboratory scale prototype testing.
1474:
985:"Prototype Testing of a Centrifugal Particle Receiver for High-Temperature Concentrating Solar Applications"
346:
218:
134:
1239:
High
Temperature Durability of Solid Particles for Use in Particle Heating Concentrator Solar Power Systems
154:
52:
566:
1499:
1103:
702:"Development and Evaluation of a Prototype Solid Particle Receiver: On-Sun Testing and Model Validation"
634:
450:
1024:"DLR - Institute of Solar Research - DLR's innovation CentRec® offers new cost reduction opportunities"
235:
202:
129:. However, first step towards demonstrating the concept at the larger scale was carried out in 2009 at
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1421:
854:
662:
527:
478:
380:
1433:
1355:
1284:
1189:"The Development of Direct Absorption and Storage Media for Falling Particle Solar Central Receivers"
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866:
351:
1277:
Solarpaces 2016: International
Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems
1451:
1218:
1169:
312:
173:
88:
1048:
302:
1049:"Experimental aspects of the thermochemical conversion of solar energy; Decarbonation of CaCO3"
938:"Experimental aspects of the thermochemical conversion of solar energy; Decarbonation of CaCO3"
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silica wall through which concentrated solar energy passes and heats solid particles that are
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to the thermal stresses on the enclosure may arise due to indirect heating of the particles.
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of the falling particle curtain in
December 2014 at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility
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177:
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Flamant, Gilles; Hernandez, Daniel; Bonet, Claude; Traverse, Jean-Pierre (1980-01-01).
578:
255:
44:
1131:
983:
Wu, Wei; Trebing, David; Amsbeck, Lars; Buck, Reiner; Pitz-Paal, Robert (2015-08-01).
937:
855:"Optical and thermal performance of a high-temperature spiral solar particle receiver"
39:
is concentrated by means of a solar field composed of large number of mirrors, called
1488:
1455:
1222:
1173:
1072:
961:
805:"Generation 3 Concentrating Solar Power Systems (Gen3 CSP) Phase 3 Project Selection"
281:
113:
92:
84:
73:
56:
700:
Siegel, Nathan P.; Ho, Clifford K.; Khalsa, Siri S.; Kolb, Gregory J. (2010-05-01).
479:"Heat transfer and thermal stresses in a circular tube with a non-uniform heat flux"
1273:"Highlights of the high-temperature falling particle receiver project: 2012 - 2016"
251:
36:
1446:
878:
1344:"Techno-Economic Optimization of CSP Plants with Free-Falling Particle Receivers"
1047:
Flamant, Gilles; Hernandez, Daniel; Bonet, Claude; Traverse, Jean-Pierre (1980).
921:
904:
853:
Xiao, Gang; Guo, Kaikai; Ni, Mingjiang; Luo, Zhongyang; Cen, Kefa (2014-11-01).
320:
258:. Goal was to heat the suspended particles in order to perform decarbonation of
64:
48:
678:
543:
381:"A review of high-temperature particle receivers for concentrating solar power"
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686:
551:
512:
477:
Marugán-Cruz, C.; Flores, O.; Santana, D.; García-Villalba, M. (2016-05-01).
406:
229:
centrifugal receiver was designed, built, and tested at the DLR facility in
186:
121:
40:
1387:
280:
around the staggered array of tubes while being heated. Tests showed that
756:
316:
213:
210:
1247:
744:"Performance evaluation of a high-temperature falling particle receiver"
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230:
182:
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1088:"New solar thermal receiver utilizing a small particle heat exchanger"
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1000:
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426:
1422:"Techno-economic analysis of multi-tower solar particle power plants"
1147:
1022:
Center (DLR), Institute for Solar
Research of the German Aerospace.
701:
617:
609:"ASCUAS: a solar central receiver utilizing a solid thermal carrier"
608:
434:
47:
that can be used in a heat process, thermochemical process, or in a
1395:
Röger, Marc; Amsbeck, Lars; Gobereit, Birgit; Buck, Reiner (2011).
1187:
Siegel, Nathan P.; Gross, Michael D.; Coury, Robert (2015-08-01).
301:
196:
107:
15:
903:
Wu, W.; Amsbeck, L.; Buck, R.; Uhlig, R.; Ritz-Paal, R. (2014).
830:"Sandia breaks ground on its Gen-3 particle-based CSP tech demo"
567:"20 - High-Temperature Molten Salts for Solar Power Application"
1342:
González-Portillo, Luis; Albrecht, Kevin; Ho, Clifford (2021).
781:"Generation 3 Concentrating Solar Power Systems (Gen3 CSP)"
905:"Proof of Concept Test of a Centrifugal Particle Receiver"
1397:"Face-Down Solid Particle Receiver Using Recirculation"
427:"Concentrating Solar Power Gen3 Demonstration Roadmap"
663:"Review of study on solid particle solar receivers"
483:International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
275:Gravity-driven particle flow through enclosures
72:above 1000 °C allows for the adoption of
43:. The goal is to transform solar energy into
8:
1242:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
125:Vitko during the beginning of the 1980s at
20:Solar tower employing particle receiver at
1445:
1377:
1367:
1332:
1296:
1204:
1155:
920:
616:
502:
396:
667:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
532:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
495:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.01.035
323:is more important than reducing thermal
661:Tan, Taide; Chen, Yitung (2010-01-01).
607:Martin, J.; Jr, Vitko J. (1982-01-01).
362:
1112:
1101:
643:
632:
573:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 415–438,
459:
448:
1470:Falling particle receiver pilot plant
898:
896:
289:Fluidized particle flow through tubes
7:
1420:Buck, Reiner; Sment, Jeremy (2023).
737:
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398:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.04.103
374:
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131:National Solar Thermal Test Facility
31:is an object placed on the top of a
22:National Solar Thermal Test Facility
1401:Journal of Solar Energy Engineering
1193:Journal of Solar Energy Engineering
989:Journal of Solar Energy Engineering
706:Journal of Solar Energy Engineering
270:Indirectly heated particle receiver
579:10.1016/b978-0-12-398538-5.00020-2
201:Centrifugal receiver installed at
151:United States Department of Energy
14:
99:Directly heated particle receiver
63:(CSP), power plants which employ
1480:SolarPACES on particle receiver
1279:. AIP Conference Proceedings.
379:Ho, Clifford K. (2016-10-25).
120:This technology is based on a
1:
1447:10.1016/j.solener.2023.02.045
879:10.1016/j.solener.2014.08.037
828:Kraemer, Susan (2023-02-18).
1073:10.1016/0038-092X(80)90301-1
962:10.1016/0038-092X(80)90301-1
922:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.060
127:Sandia National Laboratories
385:Applied Thermal Engineering
209:This concept is based on a
1516:
1086:Hunt, A. J. (1979-04-01).
679:10.1016/j.rser.2009.05.012
544:10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.026
185:and mechanically induced
87:which can achieve higher
337:Concentrated solar power
162:Obstructed flow receiver
61:concentrated solar power
347:Solar thermal collector
1475:DLR particle receivers
1111:Cite journal requires
642:Cite journal requires
571:Molten Salts Chemistry
458:Cite journal requires
307:
206:
155:thermal energy storage
117:
112:Measurements of light
24:
1432:. Elsevier: 112–122.
305:
200:
111:
104:Free falling receiver
19:
1495:Solar thermal energy
757:10.1115/es2016-59238
352:Solar thermal energy
193:Centrifugal receiver
1438:2023SoEn..254..112B
1360:2021Entrp..23...76G
1289:2017AIPC.1850c0027H
1248:10.1115/ES2014-6586
1065:1980SoEn...24..385F
954:1980SoEn...24..385F
871:2014SoEn..109..200X
183:gravitational force
93:steam Rankine cycle
53:produce electricity
1334:10.3390/en15051657
313:optical properties
308:
298:Particle selection
242:Fluidized receiver
236:Jülich Solar Tower
207:
203:Jülich Solar Tower
118:
89:thermal efficiency
25:
1413:10.1115/1.4004269
1369:10.3390/e23010076
1327:(5). MDPI: 1657.
1298:10.1063/1.4984370
1257:978-0-7918-4586-8
1206:10.1115/1.4030069
1001:10.1115/1.4030657
766:978-0-7918-5022-0
718:10.1115/1.4001146
588:978-0-12-398538-5
342:Solar power tower
306:Bauxite particles
55:in a solar tower
35:on which surface
29:particle receiver
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1309:Further reading
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65:molten salts
37:solar energy
28:
26:
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1157:2445/175822
915:: 560–568.
865:: 200–213.
504:10016/32068
489:: 256–266.
391:: 958–969.
248:transparent
214:cylindrical
57:power plant
49:heat engine
33:solar tower
1489:Categories
1033:2023-07-04
1028:www.dlr.de
839:2023-07-04
834:SolarPACES
814:2023-07-04
809:Energy.gov
790:2023-07-04
785:Energy.gov
594:2023-07-04
358:References
325:emissivity
225:15 kW
187:vibrations
41:heliostats
1456:257592663
1223:110006586
1215:0199-6231
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1166:2578-4862
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687:1364-0321
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513:0017-9310
407:1359-4311
317:absorbers
252:suspended
1388:33419200
1321:Energies
331:See also
211:rotating
1434:Bibcode
1379:7825578
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1348:Entropy
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