1127:
765:
534:, which was a part of the Monarchy. Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire, the Bar confederation and its French and European volunteers were defeated by Russian forces and Polish governmental ones with the aid of Great Britain. As Russia moved into the Crimea and the Danubian Principalities (which the Habsburg monarchy long coveted), King Frederick II of Prussia and Maria Theresa were worried that the defeat of the Ottoman Empire would severely upset the balance of power in Eastern Europe. Frederick II began to construct the partition to rebalance the power in Eastern Europe.
281:
693:
549:
49:
1280:
466:(Uniates), including their right to occupy all state positions, including a royal one. The next king could be a member of the Russian ruling dynasty now. The Sejm approved this. Resulting reaction among some of Poland's Roman Catholics, as well as the deep resentment of Russian intervention in the Commonwealth's domestic affairs including the exile to Russia of the top Roman Catholic bishops, the members of the Polish Senate, led to the War of the
1292:
757:
76:
305:
338:", with the corollary that unanimous consent was needed for all measures. A single member of parliament's belief that a measure was injurious to his own constituency (usually simply his own estate), even after the act had been approved, became enough to strike the act. Thus it became increasingly difficult to undertake action. The
2140:"Po przyłączeniu do obwodu białostockiego w 1807 roku do cesartwa i utworzeniu osiem lat później Królestwa Polskiego wnuk Katarzyny zjednoczył pod swoim berłem około 82% przedrozbiorowego terytorium Rzeczypospolitej (dla porównania – Austria 11%, Prusy 7%). " Basil Kerski, Andrzej Stanisław Kowalczyk. Realiści z wyobraźnią.
1646:, while referring to the partitions, virtually all sources use the term Partitions of Poland, not Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Poland is the common short name for the state in question. The term Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is effectively not used in literature on this subject.
810:. Abandoned by their Prussian allies, Polish pro-constitution forces, faced with Targowica units and the regular Russian army, were defeated. Prussia signed a treaty with Russia, agreeing that Polish reforms would be revoked, and both countries would receive chunks of Commonwealth territory. In 1793, deputies to the
1552:
was that thousands of peasants escaped from Russia to Poland to seek a better fate"). Jerzy
Czajewski and Piotr Kimla assert that in the 18th century until the partitions solved this problem, Russian armies increasingly raided territories of the Commonwealth, officially to recover the escapees, but
906:
With regard to population, in the First
Partition, Poland lost over four to five million citizens (about a third of its population of 14 million before the partitions). Only about 4 million people remained in Poland after the Second Partition which makes for a loss of another third of its
847:
Kosciuszko's ragtag insurgent armies won some initial successes, but they eventually fell before the superior forces of the
Russian Empire. The partitioning powers, seeing the increasing unrest in the remaining Commonwealth, decided to solve the problem by erasing any independent Polish state from
344:
also provided openings for foreign diplomats to get their ways, through bribing nobles to exercise it. Thus, one could characterise Poland–Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th century) before the partitions as already in a state of disorder and not a completely sovereign state, and almost as a
708:
By this partition, the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth lost about 30% of its territory and half of its population (four million people), of which a large portion had not been ethnically Polish. By seizing northwestern Poland, Prussia instantly gained control over 80% of the Commonwealth's total
814:, last Sejm of the Commonwealth, in the presence of the Russian forces, agreed to Russian territorial demands. In the Second Partition, Russia and Prussia helped themselves to enough land so that only one-third of the 1772 population remained in Poland. Prussia named its newly gained province
1400:
More recent studies claim that partitions happened when the
Commonwealth had been showing the beginning signs of a slow recovery and see the last two partitions as an answer to strengthening reforms in the Commonwealth and the potential threat they represented to its power-hungry neighbours.
1553:
in fact kidnapping many locals; Piotr Kimla noted that the
Russian government spread international propaganda, mainly in France, which falsely exaggerated serfdom conditions in Poland, while ignoring worse conditions in Russia, as one of the justification for the partitions.
1429:
made decision-making on divisive issues, such as a wide-scale social reform, virtually impossible. Solovyov specified the cultural, language and religious break between the supreme and lowest layers of the society in the east regions of the
Commonwealth, where the
1138:
and in their immediate aftermath the borders between partitioning powers shifted several times, changing the numbers seen in the preceding table. Ultimately, Russia ended up with most of the Polish core at the expense of
Prussia and Austria. Following the
499:, ethnic minorities and Catholic priests, before it was put down by Russian and governmental Polish troops. This uprising led to the intervention of the Ottoman Empire, supported by Roman Catholic France and Austria. Bar confederation and France promised
1392:, these expatriate communities often contributed funding and military support to the project of regaining the Polish nation-state. Diaspora politics were deeply affected by developments in and around the homeland, and vice versa, for many decades.
474:, where the Poles tried to expel Russian forces from Commonwealth territory. The irregular and poorly commanded Polish forces had little chance in the face of the regular Russian army and suffered a major defeat. Adding to the chaos was a
560:. Early in August, Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves. However, fighting continued as Bar confederation troops and French volunteers refused to lay down their arms (most notably, in
1606:
720:
approve their action. When no help was forthcoming and the armies of the combined nations occupied Warsaw to compel by force of arms the calling of the assembly, the only alternative was passive submission to their will. The so-called
1412:
was observed, many contemporary observers accepted explanations of the "enlightened apologists" of the partitioning state. 19th-century historians from countries that carried out the partitions, such as 19th-century
Russian scholar
1453:
wrote: "Let the foreigners denounce the partition of Poland: we took what was ours." Russian historians often stressed that Russia annexed primarily
Ukrainian and Belarusian provinces with Eastern Slavic inhabitants, although many
1383:
as the seventh.) However, in recent times, the 1815 division of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna and the 1939 division of Poland have been sometimes called the fourth and fifth partitions, respectively.
1611:
2302:
While it is often and quite justifiably remarked that there was hardly a barricade or battlefield in Europe between 1830 and 1870 where no Poles were fighting, this is especially true for the revolution of
1387:
The term "Fourth Partition" was also used in the 19th and 20th centuries to refer to diaspora communities who maintained a close interest in the project of regaining Polish independence. Sometimes termed
848:
the map. On October 24, 1795, their representatives signed a treaty, dividing the remaining territories of the Commonwealth between their three countries. One of Russia's chief foreign policy authors,
1154:
As a result of the Partitions, Poles were forced to seek a change of status quo in Europe. Polish poets, politicians, noblemen, writers, artists, many of whom were forced to emigrate (thus the term
1617:
1458:
were no more enthusiastic about Russia than about Poland, and ignoring ethnically Polish and Lithuanian territories also being annexed later. A new justification for partitions arose with the
907:
original population, about a half of the remaining population. By the Third Partition, Prussia ended up with about 23% of the Commonwealth's population, Austria with 32%, and Russia with 45%.
572:). On August 5, 1772, the occupation manifesto was issued, to the dismay of the weak and exhausted Polish state; the partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772.
3131:
3126:
272:. The term "Fourth Partition" in a temporal sense can also mean the diaspora communities that played an important political role in re-establishing the Polish sovereign state after 1918.
725:, with Russian military forces threatening the opposition, on September 18, 1773, signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the occupied territories.
1441:
peasantry was Orthodox. Russian authors emphasized the historical connections between Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, as former parts of the medieval old Russian state where dynasty of
349:, with Polish kings effectively chosen in diplomatic maneuvers between the great powers Prussia, Austria, Russia, and France. This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King
1219:, the Congress Kingdom's autonomy was abolished and Poles faced confiscation of property, deportation, forced military service, and the closure of their own universities. After the
787:. Those reforms prompted aggressive actions on the part of its neighbours, wary of the potential renaissance of the Commonwealth. Arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical
1544:) in significant enough numbers to become a major concern for the Russian Government sufficient to play a role in its decision to partition the Commonwealth (one of the reasons
1130:"A map of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania including Samogitia and Curland divided according to their dismemberments with the Kingdom of Prussia" from 1799
1126:
256:
has also been used, in reference to any subsequent annexation of Polish lands by foreign invaders. Depending on source and historical period, this could mean the events of
458:). Repnin also demanded the Russian protection of the rights of peasants in private estates of Polish and Lithuanian noblemen, religious freedom for the Protestant and
871:) 55,000 km (21,236 sq mi) and 1 million people with Warsaw, and the Austrian 47,000 km (18,147 sq mi) with 1.2 million and
1357:
If one accepts more than one of those events as partitions, fifth, sixth, and even seventh partitions can be counted, but these terms are very rare. (For example,
1820:
2808:
Dominik, Paulina D. (2016). "From the Polish Times of Pera: Late Ottoman Istanbul through the Lens of Polish emigration". In Öncü, Ayşe; Hofmann, Anna (eds.).
1236:
829:, who joined them near the end, both lost much prestige and support. The reformers, on the other hand, were attracting increasing support, and in 1794 the
1409:
738:
2590:
772:
By 1790, the Commonwealth had been weakened to such a degree that it was forced into an unnatural and terminal alliance with its enemy, Prussia. The
623:
261:
3121:
229:) refers to parts of the Commonwealth that were annexed in 1772–1795 and which became part of Imperial Russia, Prussia, or Austria. Following the
1239:
the entire school system of its Polish subjects, and had no more respect for Polish culture and institutions than the Russian Empire. In 1915 a
903:, Russia, where he would spend his remaining days. This act ensured that Russia would be seen as the most important of the partitioning powers.
2736:
3092:
3034:
2891:
2149:
2125:
2093:
2053:
2019:
1962:
1338:
764:
452:
and all the old abuses of the last one and a half centuries were guaranteed as unalterable parts of this new constitution (in the so-called
2141:
2854:
2563:
2541:
2255:
1643:
1533:
1418:
733:
395:, which demanded a slice of the northwest in order to unite its Western and Eastern portions; this would leave the Commonwealth with a
112:
54:
2823:
2792:
1175:
1123:(Wandycz also offers slightly different total annexed territory estimates, with 18% for Austria, 20% for Prussia and 62% for Russia.)
2746:
2627:
2600:
2573:
2475:
2381:
2324:
2295:
2285:
2265:
2238:
2228:
2211:
2201:
2178:
1920:
1893:
1867:
1778:
115:
that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign
3049:
2773:
Grajewski, Radosław Żurawski vel (2015). "Poland in the Period of Partitions 1795–1914". In Eleonora Bielawska-Batorowicz (ed.).
1228:
635:
375:
234:
135:, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures and annexations.
2945:
2617:
1489:
presented similar views. Other older historians who challenged such justifications for the Partitions included French historian
1256:
1227:
of Polish secondary schools was imposed and the literacy rate dropped dramatically. In the Austrian sector which now was called
2524:
1231:, Poles fared better and were allowed to have representation in Parliament and to form their own universities, and Kraków with
888:
826:
783:
enfranchised the bourgeoisie, established the separation of the three branches of government, and eliminated the abuses of the
713:
443:
350:
795:
434:
of 1767, named after ambassador Repnin, who effectively dictated the terms of that Sejm (and ordered the capture and exile to
151:
1968:
1509:
was either the only, or one of only two countries in the world that refused to accept the partitions, (the other being the
374:: specifically, to ensure that the Commonwealth laws would not change. Their alliance later became known in Poland as the "
3116:
293:
773:
1193:
1883:
1380:
1350:
1296:
776:
of 1790 was signed. The conditions of the Pact contributed to the subsequent final two partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
269:
2979:
2643:
1857:
1486:
1414:
780:
2784:
2371:
669:
was also satisfied despite the loss of Galicia to the Habsburg monarchy. By this "diplomatic document" Russia gained
439:
280:
1770:
1764:
1689:
751:
588:
147:
1910:
2494:
1826:
1622:
1494:
1184:
842:
552:
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the First Partition, as a protectorate of the Russian Empire (1773–1789)
543:
496:
285:
163:
139:
1577:, where the structure of the government of Poland, and of foreign influence over it, is used in several papers (
806:, fought against Polish forces supporting the constitution, believing that Russians would help them restore the
655:
548:
422:
retaliated by ordering enough Polish currency counterfeited to severely affect the Polish economy. Through the
334:
was developed, a policy of parliamentary procedure based on the assumption of the political equality of every "
709:
foreign trade. Through levying enormous customs duties, Prussia accelerated the collapse of the Commonwealth.
17:
1158:), became the revolutionaries of the 19th century, as desire for freedom became one of the defining parts of
2401:
1563:
1376:
803:
459:
391:, a symbol of Poland). The Commonwealth had been forced to rely on Russia for protection against the rising
323:
308:
155:
48:
31:
830:
692:
666:
388:
171:
167:
1684:
1501:, who criticized the immorality of the partitions. Nonetheless, most governments accepted the event as a
1477:
Nonetheless, other 19th century contemporaries were much more skeptical; for example, British jurist Sir
158:
when Russian and Prussian troops entered the Commonwealth and the partition treaty was signed during the
1573:
1459:
1260:
1159:
729:
1303:
The term "Fourth Partition of Poland" may refer to any subsequent division of Polish lands, including:
1279:
701:, oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1866, 282 cm × 487 cm (111 in × 192 in),
3103:, a multimedia guide created by Culture.pl to the 123-year period during which Poland was partitioned
1331:
1268:
849:
712:
After having occupied their respective territories, the three partitioning powers demanded that King
702:
670:
193:. In Polish, there are two separate words for the two meanings. The consecutive acts of dividing and
108:
2980:"Przywary niewolników pańszczyźnianych w XVIII-wiecznej Rzeczypospolitej w relacji Huberta Vautrina"
859:
The Russian part included 120,000 km (46,332 sq mi) and 1.2 million people with
2732:
1549:
1545:
1363:
1327:
1189:
853:
419:
411:
354:
297:
289:
181:, to mean the three parts that the partitioning powers divided the Commonwealth into, namely: the
2716:
2317:
Poland's Caribbean Tragedy: A Study of Polish Legions in the Haitian War of Independence 1802–1803
1795:
3079:
The Other East and Nineteenth-Century British Literature: Imagining Poland and the Russian Empire
2923:
2694:
2341:
1372:
1316:
1284:
1264:
1204:
1140:
788:
584:
531:
392:
257:
230:
186:
182:
128:
89:
85:
265:
418:, and Russia, and allowed Russian troops access to its western lands as bases against Prussia.
2991:
2953:
2887:
2881:
2858:
2819:
2788:
2742:
2738:
The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice
2712:
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2596:
2569:
2559:
2471:
2377:
2320:
2291:
2261:
2234:
2207:
2174:
2145:
2121:
2089:
2083:
2049:
2043:
2015:
1958:
1916:
1889:
1863:
1853:
1801:
1774:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1541:
1537:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1216:
697:
515:
467:
463:
415:
233:
in 1815, the borders of the three partitioned sectors were redrawn; the Austrians established
190:
143:
124:
81:
3009:
2545:
2465:
2009:
1421:
had degenerated to the point of being partitioned because the counterproductive principle of
2686:
2503:
2423:
2197:
2079:
1990:
1510:
1450:
1220:
1199:
Poland would be briefly resurrected—if in a smaller frame—in 1807, when Napoleon set up the
1155:
900:
864:
1291:
1211:
was created in its place. After the Congress, Russia gained a larger share of Poland (with
756:
75:
2528:
2203:
The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present
2170:
2085:
The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present
1389:
1368:
1323:
1312:
1271:
finally allowed and helped the restoration of Poland's full independence after 123 years.
1248:
1208:
1200:
1167:
1148:
1135:
427:
246:
2761:
2414:
Cygan, Mary (1998). "Inventing Polonia: Notions of Polish American Identity, 1870–1990".
1912:
Poland-Lithuania's Last King and English Culture: Stanisław August Poniatowski, 1732–1798
1474:
stressed degeneration of Catholic Poland and the need to "civilize" it by its neighbors.
430:, Empress Catherine the Great forced a constitution on the Commonwealth at the so-called
304:
1506:
1490:
1467:
1446:
1308:
1252:
1171:
884:
807:
722:
639:
604:
596:
565:
508:
482:
363:
132:
3110:
3062:
2961:
2461:
1442:
1405:
1358:
1244:
1224:
815:
643:
619:
576:
454:
387:), because all three states used a black eagle as a state symbol (in contrast to the
2780:
2677:
Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (1952). "Old Russia, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe".
2521:
1143:, Russia controlled 82% of the pre-1772 Commonwealth's territory (this includes its
3072:
2498:
1521:
1502:
1498:
1424:
1346:
1342:
1240:
1144:
471:
346:
329:
1417:, and their 20th century followers, argued that partitions were justified, as the
523:
2809:
2163:
1952:
1520:
Several scholars focused on the economic motivations of the partitioning powers.
426:
whom Russia controlled and the Russian Minister to Warsaw, ambassador and Prince
368:), namely Prussia, Austria and Russia, signed a secret agreement to maintain the
2230:
A Man of Honour: Adam Czartoryski as a Statesman of Russia and Poland, 1795–1831
1525:
1431:
868:
811:
784:
626:, was proud of wresting as large a share as he did, with the rich salt mines of
431:
177:
In English, the term "Partitions of Poland" is sometimes used geographically as
159:
1235:(Lwów/Lviv) became centers of Polish culture and education. Meanwhile, Prussia
2914:
Wagner, W. J. (1992). "May 3, 1791, and the Polish constitutional tradition".
2662:
2427:
1455:
1435:
896:
791:
then at high tide in France, Russian forces invaded the Commonwealth in 1792.
651:
396:
194:
2995:
2957:
2663:"Записка о древней и новой России в ее политическом и гражданском отношениях"
1532:. In the 18th century the Russian peasants were escaping from Russia to the
825:
Targowica confederates, who did not expect another partition, and the king,
686:
631:
527:
404:
120:
2774:
1529:
819:
659:
647:
580:
569:
1805:
575:
Frederick II of Prussia was elated with his success; Prussia took most of
1607:
Administrative division of Polish–Lithuanian territories after partitions
1514:
1179:
612:
600:
504:
486:
478:
423:
335:
178:
2927:
2358:
2120:. Vol. I (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 394.
442:
and others). This new constitution undid the reforms made in 1764 under
2698:
1438:
1232:
1163:
860:
799:
682:
678:
674:
627:
519:
500:
475:
166:
took place on October 24, 1795, in reaction to the unsuccessful Polish
1568:, the Italian national anthem, contains a reference to the partition.
732:
was invited to present recommendations for a new constitution for the
30:"Fourth Partition" redirects here. For the 2013 documentary film, see
2815:
1513:), and reserved a place in its diplomatic corps for an Ambassador of
1259:. After the end of World War I, the Central Powers' surrender to the
1212:
892:
872:
608:
592:
561:
557:
530:. These territories had been a bone of contention between Poland and
435:
400:
316:
242:
238:
116:
2690:
1571:
The ongoing partitions of Poland were a major topic of discourse in
760:
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Second Partition (1793)
462:
and the political freedoms for Protestants, Orthodox Christians and
27:
18th-century forced partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3047:
Lewitter, Lucjan R. "The Partitions of Poland" in A. Goodwyn, ed.
1954:
Rousseau: 'The Social Contract' and Other Later Political Writings
1290:
1278:
1125:
763:
755:
691:
547:
303:
279:
1524:
noted that Prussia aimed to take control of the lucrative Baltic
717:
2045:
A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki
2011:
A Concise History of Poland: Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki
1745:
Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands
360:
In 1730, the neighbors of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (
300:
of Prussia (right) quarrelling over their territorial seizures
3059:
The second partition of Poland; a study in diplomatic history
2948:[Russian population exodus into the Rzeczpospolita].
1800:. New York: Polish Book Importing Company. pp. 286–288.
1625:
at the border of the Russian, Austrian and the German Empires
1612:
Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
414:(1756–1763), yet it sympathized with the alliance of France,
407:. Catherine had to use diplomacy to win Austria to her side.
3100:
2984:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio G. Ius
80:
The three partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: the
556:
In February 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in
2544:. History of Poland. University of Buffalo. Archived from
2398:
God's Playground: A History of Poland: 1795 to the Present
2118:
God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795
1593:
for examples) as a cautionary tale for the writers of the
438:
of some vocal opponents of his policies, including bishop
170:
the previous year. With this partition, the Commonwealth
1730:
Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe
1642:
Although the full name of the partitioned state was the
1618:
Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794)
1299:; division of Polish territories in the years 1939–1941.
353:, who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress
3093:
Rozbiory Polski w XVIII w. " ich uwarunkowania i skutki
2811:
History Takes Place: Istanbul. Dynamics of Urban Change
2776:
Poland. History, Culture and Society. Selected Readings
822:(and later Warsaw) as the capital of the new province.
742:(1782), which was to be his last major political work.
237:
in the Austrian partition, whereas the Russians gained
2946:"Zbiegostwo ludności Rosji w granice Rzeczypospolitej"
2319:. East European Monographs/Columbia University Press.
1283:
The partition of the Duchy of Warsaw according to the
1162:. Polish revolutionaries participated in uprisings in
618:
Despite token criticism of the partition from Empress
485:), which erupted in 1768 and resulted in massacres of
2619:
God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes
1381:
division of Poland between Nazi Germany and the USSR
123:
for 123 years. The partitions were conducted by the
62:
41:
2162:
1287:; division of Polish territories in the year 1815.
911:Cumulative division of the Commonwealth territory
507:and the protectorate over the Commonwealth to the
2565:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
1203:. After his defeat and the implementation of the
2489:
2487:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2048:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–103.
1330:into Austria, and the 1848 incorporation of the
2370:Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997).
2346:Journal of the International Napoleonic Society
2074:
2072:
2014:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–98.
1848:
1846:
1844:
1825:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from
1766:The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775
1747:. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 271.
1715:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
856:on the Second and Third Partitions of Poland.
18:Partitions of Lithuanian - Polish commonwealth
2660:
2376:. University of Michigan Press. p. 255.
2279:
2277:
2088:. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 133–.
1822:A Short History of Austria-Hungary and Poland
1561:
1326:" into Russia, the 1846 incorporation of the
410:The Commonwealth had remained neutral in the
8:
490:
380:
361:
223:
215:
207:
199:
3132:1790s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3127:1770s in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3040:Lewitter, L. R. "The Partitions of Poland"
2886:. Princeton University Press. p. 256.
2499:"The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation"
2165:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
1422:
447:
369:
339:
327:
162:on January 23, 1793 (without Austria). The
3081:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) pp. 14–40.
2192:
2190:
1957:. Cambridge University Press. p. ix.
1481:discussed the partition as a violation of
739:Considerations on the Government of Poland
3069:The Partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795
2315:Pachonski, Jan; Wilson, Reuel K. (1986).
1108:733,500 km (283,200 sq mi)
1100:463,200 km (178,800 sq mi)
1024:307,300 km (118,600 sq mi)
995:522,300 km (201,700 sq mi)
891:, under Russian military escort left for
142:was decided on August 5, 1772, after the
2741:. Oxford University Press. p. 101.
2679:American Slavic and East European Review
2622:. Oxford University Press. p. 283.
2470:. Oxford University Press. p. 661.
2233:. Oxford University Press. p. 330.
1915:. Oxford University Press. p. 169.
1713:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998).
1092:141,400 km (54,600 sq mi)
1084:128,900 km (49,800 sq mi)
1059:215,000 km (83,000 sq mi)
1053:120,000 km (46,000 sq mi)
1030:215,000 km (83,000 sq mi)
1018:250,200 km (96,600 sq mi)
989:211,200 km (81,500 sq mi)
909:
624:Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg
583:) that stood between its possessions in
2568:. Oxford University Press. p. 84.
2342:"Polish Projects of Napoleon Bonaparte"
2042:Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001).
2008:Jerzy Lukowski; W. H. Zawadzki (2001).
1888:. Penguin Classics. 2001. p. 528.
1862:. Oxford University Press. p. 44.
1758:
1756:
1754:
1659:
1635:
1047:48,000 km (19,000 sq mi)
1041:47,000 km (18,000 sq mi)
1012:57,100 km (22,000 sq mi)
983:93,000 km (36,000 sq mi)
977:36,300 km (14,000 sq mi)
971:81,900 km (31,600 sq mi)
899:on November 25, 1795; next he left for
2939:
2937:
2883:A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840
2721:. T. & J. W. Johnson. p. 819.
2592:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780
1971:from the original on February 16, 2017
1794:Corwin, Edward Henry Lewinski (1917).
1728:Batt, Judy; Wolczuk, Kataryna (2002).
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1207:treaty in 1815, the Russian-dominated
863:, the Prussian part (new provinces of
241:from Prussia and formed an autonomous
38:
3035:Bibliography of the history of Poland
2973:
2971:
2855:"History of Polish-Iranian relations"
2287:Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform
2257:Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe
1295:The partition of Poland according to
253:
7:
2169:. Oxford University Press. pp.
2142:Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
1396:Reasons, legality and justifications
2718:Commentaries Upon International Law
1493:, British historian and politician
1367:refers to the 1807 creation of the
646:embracing parts of the counties of
481:and peasant rebellion in the east (
252:In Polish historiography, the term
2880:Holborn, Hajo (December 1, 1982).
1371:as the fourth partition, the 1815
798:, pro-Russian conservative Polish
796:War in Defense of the Constitution
376:Alliance of the Three Black Eagles
25:
2944:Czajewski, Jerzy (October 2004).
2648:History of the Downfall of Poland
2542:"The Constitution of May 3, 1791"
2522:The Army of Grand Duchy of Warsaw
2441:Lopata, Helena Znaniecka (1994).
1251:was proposed and accepted by the
150:occurred in the aftermath of the
3050:The New Cambridge Modern History
1951:Gourevitch, Victor, ed. (1997).
1151:), Austria 11%, and Prussia 7%.
74:
47:
2404:. 2005. pp. 218, 225, 284, 321.
1797:The political History of Poland
1322:the 1832 incorporation of the "
1061:
1037:
1026:
1002:
991:
967:
3122:Military occupations of Poland
1940:. Nelson Cengage. p. 139.
1644:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1534:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1419:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
734:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
146:lost the war with Russia. The
113:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
55:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
1859:The Russian Empire, 1801–1917
1462:, as Russian writers such as
1188:, participated widely in the
518:annexed a small territory of
197:of Poland are referred to as
1936:von Guttner, Darius (2015).
1909:Butterwick, Richard (1998).
1410:balance of power equilibrium
1194:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
889:Stanisław August Poniatowski
827:Stanisław August Poniatowski
351:Stanisław August Poniatowski
254:"Fourth Partition of Poland"
3044:(Dec 1958) 8#12 pp 813–820.
2843:. I. B. Tauris. p. 25.
2359:Gods, Heroes, & Legends
2340:Fedosova, Elena I. (1998).
2161:Johnson, Lonnie R. (1996).
1614:in the course of partitions
1487:Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim
1379:as the sixth, and the 1939
1311:, the 1815 division of the
768:1793 Russian campaign medal
3148:
3032:
2839:Prazmowska, Anita (2010).
2762:Poland The First Partition
2595:. Routledge. p. 548.
2589:Russell, Geoffrey (2003).
2206:. Routledge. p. 133.
1819:Steed, H. Wickham (1914).
1771:Cambridge University Press
1209:Congress Kingdom of Poland
840:
804:Confederation of Targowica
752:Second Partition of Poland
749:
677:embracing the counties of
589:Margraviate of Brandenburg
541:
315:, St. Nicholas Cathedral,
249:in the Russian partition.
152:Polish–Russian War of 1792
29:
2661:
2428:10.1017/S0361233300006335
2290:. Berghahn. p. 180.
2260:. Routledge. p. 60.
1763:Scott, Hamish M. (2001).
1732:. Routledge. p. 153.
1717:. Routledge. p. 156.
1495:Thomas Babington Macaulay
1257:Regency Kingdom of Poland
1185:For our freedom and yours
1182:and, under the slogan of
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
843:Third Partition of Poland
544:First Partition of Poland
336:gentleman/Polish nobleman
286:first partition of Poland
97:
73:
66:
46:
2841:Poland: A Modern History
2227:Zawadzki, W. H. (1993).
1995:Encyclopaedia Britannica
781:May Constitution of 1791
470:of 1768–1772, formed in
3054:(1965) pp. 333–59.
2616:Davies, Norman (2005).
2402:Oxford University Press
2116:Davies, Norman (2005).
1743:Sinkoff, Nancy (2004).
1690:Encyclopædia Britannica
1564:Il Canto degli Italiani
1377:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1375:as the fifth, the 1918
1351:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1339:1939 division of Poland
1217:an insurrection in 1831
673:, and lands in eastern
522:and in 1770 it annexed
313:Allegory of Dead Poland
156:Targowica Confederation
32:Fourth Partition (film)
1991:"Alexander Bezborodko"
1685:"Partitions of Poland"
1623:Three Emperors' Corner
1562:
1423:
1300:
1297:the German–Soviet Pact
1288:
1215:) and, after crushing
1131:
769:
761:
705:
703:Royal Castle in Warsaw
667:Catherine II of Russia
591:, as well as Ermland (
553:
491:
448:
381:
370:
362:
340:
328:
319:
301:
224:
216:
208:
200:
2978:Kimla, Piotr (2011).
2818:: Jovis. p. 94.
2284:Dowe, Dieter (2001).
2254:Auer, Stefan (2004).
1938:The French Revolution
1829:on September 24, 2007
1574:The Federalist Papers
1460:Russian Enlightenment
1294:
1282:
1129:
767:
759:
730:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
695:
622:, Austrian statesman
611:(but not the city of
595:), northern areas of
551:
440:Józef Andrzej Załuski
307:
283:
3117:Partitions of Poland
2548:on December 5, 2008.
2198:Piotr Stefan Wandycz
2080:Piotr Stefan Wandycz
1885:The Story of My Life
1773:. pp. 181–182.
1538:once dire conditions
1408:stated, because the
1332:Grand Duchy of Posen
1269:Treaty of Versailles
1255:of World War I: the
850:Alexander Bezborodko
774:Polish–Prussian Pact
468:Confederation of Bar
322:During the reign of
309:Włodzimierz Tetmajer
294:Joseph II of Austria
105:Partitions of Poland
42:Partitions of Poland
3091:Krzysztof Wroński,
2964:on January 3, 2005.
2861:on January 22, 2019
1550:partition of Poland
1263:, the chaos of the
912:
831:Kościuszko Uprising
736:, resulting in the
698:Rejtan at Sejm 1773
658:, less the city of
511:for armed support.
460:Orthodox Christians
355:Catherine the Great
298:Frederick the Great
290:Catherine the Great
168:Kościuszko Uprising
3010:"L'Inno nazionale"
2785:University of Łódź
2713:Phillimore, Robert
2560:Schroeder, Paul W.
2527:2005-12-14 at the
1854:Seton-Watson, Hugh
1328:Republic of Kraków
1317:Congress of Vienna
1301:
1289:
1285:Congress of Vienna
1265:Russian Revolution
1205:Congress of Vienna
1192:(particularly the
1160:Polish romanticism
1141:Congress of Vienna
1132:
910:
770:
762:
706:
634:. To Austria fell
554:
393:Kingdom of Prussia
320:
302:
292:of Russia (left),
231:Congress of Vienna
213:), while the term
187:Prussian Partition
183:Austrian Partition
129:Kingdom of Prussia
90:Prussian Partition
86:Austrian Partition
3067:Lukowski, Jerzy.
2916:The Polish Review
2893:978-0-691-00796-0
2467:Europe: A History
2373:A Study of Crisis
2150:978-83-227-2620-4
2144:. 2007 page. 318
2127:978-0-19-925339-5
2095:978-0-415-25490-8
2055:978-0-521-55917-1
2021:978-0-521-55917-1
1997:. April 17, 2024.
1964:978-0-521-42446-2
1595:U.S. Constitution
1591:Federalist No. 39
1587:Federalist No. 22
1583:Federalist No. 19
1579:Federalist No. 14
1483:international law
1479:Robert Phillimore
1472:Alexander Pushkin
1464:Gavrila Derzhavin
1334:into Prussia; and
1190:Spring of Nations
1178:fought alongside
1121:
1120:
654:and the whole of
516:Habsburg monarchy
464:Eastern Catholics
326:(1632–1648), the
191:Russian Partition
144:Bar Confederation
125:Habsburg monarchy
101:
100:
88:(green), and the
82:Russian Partition
16:(Redirected from
3139:
3101:Where Is Poland?
3097:
3077:McLean, Thomas.
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2960:. Archived from
2941:
2932:
2931:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2857:. Archived from
2851:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2659:N. M. Karamzin.
2657:
2651:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2531:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2504:Sarmatian Review
2491:
2482:
2481:
2458:
2447:
2446:
2443:Polish Americans
2438:
2432:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2168:
2158:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1760:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1681:
1647:
1640:
1567:
1542:unlike in Russia
1485:; German jurist
1451:Nikolay Karamzin
1428:
1373:Treaty of Vienna
1364:God's Playground
1349:pursuant to the
1324:Congress Kingdom
1275:Fourth Partition
1221:uprising of 1863
1156:Great Emigration
931:Total remaining
913:
901:Saint Petersburg
865:New East Prussia
746:Second Partition
607:), and parts of
494:
451:
412:Seven Years' War
384:
373:
367:
343:
333:
284:Allegory of the
227:
219:
211:
203:
148:Second Partition
78:
51:
39:
21:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3088:
3052:: vol 8 1763–93
3037:
3031:
3029:Further reading
3026:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:. p. 110.
2772:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2691:10.2307/2491975
2676:
2675:
2671:
2658:
2654:
2650:(Moscow, 1863).
2644:Sergey Solovyov
2641:
2637:
2630:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2540:Bucki, Carl L.
2539:
2538:
2534:
2529:Wayback Machine
2520:
2516:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2460:
2459:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2396:Norman Davies.
2395:
2391:
2384:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2298:
2283:
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2275:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1762:
1761:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1603:
1559:
1415:Sergey Solovyov
1398:
1369:Duchy of Warsaw
1313:Duchy of Warsaw
1277:
1249:Austria-Hungary
1201:Duchy of Warsaw
1172:Imperial Russia
1168:Austrian Empire
1149:Congress Poland
1136:Napoleonic Wars
1074:
1069:
881:
845:
839:
837:Third Partition
754:
748:
638:and Auschwitz (
546:
540:
538:First Partition
487:Polish noblemen
428:Nicholas Repnin
278:
247:Congress Poland
172:ceased to exist
164:Third Partition
140:First Partition
93:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3087:
3086:External links
3084:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3065:
3057:Lord, Robert.
3055:
3045:
3033:Main article:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3012:. Quirinale.it
3001:
2967:
2933:
2922:(4): 383–395.
2906:
2892:
2872:
2846:
2831:
2825:978-3868593686
2824:
2800:
2794:978-8392310945
2793:
2765:
2754:
2747:
2733:Korman, Sharon
2724:
2704:
2685:(3): 171–188.
2669:
2652:
2635:
2628:
2608:
2601:
2581:
2574:
2551:
2532:
2514:
2495:Nowak, Andrzej
2483:
2476:
2462:Davies, Norman
2448:
2445:. Transaction.
2433:
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1982:
1963:
1943:
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1901:
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1628:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1558:
1555:
1540:had improved,
1511:Persian Empire
1507:Ottoman Empire
1491:Jules Michelet
1468:Denis Fonvizin
1397:
1394:
1355:
1354:
1335:
1320:
1309:Napoleonic era
1276:
1273:
1261:Western Allies
1253:Central Powers
1176:Polish legions
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1109:
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1101:
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943:
940:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:Total annexed
926:
923:
920:
917:
885:King of Poland
880:
877:
841:Main article:
838:
835:
808:Golden Liberty
750:Main article:
747:
744:
723:Partition Sejm
671:Polish Livonia
605:Netze District
597:Greater Poland
542:Main article:
539:
536:
509:Ottoman Empire
483:Koliyivshchyna
399:coast only in
364:Rzeczpospolita
277:
274:
133:Russian Empire
99:
98:
95:
94:
79:
71:
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64:
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3112:
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3094:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:online review
3070:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3042:History Today
3039:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:(in Polish).
2985:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2748:0-19-828007-6
2744:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2629:0-19-925339-0
2625:
2621:
2620:
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2609:
2604:
2602:0-415-30155-6
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2477:0-19-820171-0
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2469:
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2449:
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2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1922:0-19-820701-8
1918:
1914:
1913:
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1897:
1895:0-14-043915-3
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1887:
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1879:
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1869:0-19-822152-5
1865:
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1780:0-521-79269-X
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1576:
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1569:
1566:
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1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:gave for the
1547:
1543:
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1427:
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1411:
1407:
1406:Norman Davies
1404:As historian
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:Norman Davies
1352:
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1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:German Empire
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Russification
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
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1191:
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817:
816:South Prussia
813:
809:
805:
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766:
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745:
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645:
644:Lesser Poland
641:
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625:
621:
620:Maria Theresa
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Royal Prussia
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
550:
545:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:In 1769, the
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
488:
484:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:
455:Cardinal Laws
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Polish nobles
421:
417:
413:
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406:
402:
398:
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365:
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3016:November 17,
3014:. Retrieved
3004:
2990:(1): 87–97.
2987:
2983:
2962:the original
2949:
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2899:February 16,
2897:. Retrieved
2882:
2875:
2865:November 12,
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
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2084:
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1994:
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1973:. Retrieved
1953:
1946:
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1931:
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1821:
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1789:
1765:
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1738:
1729:
1723:
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1688:
1638:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1546:Catherine II
1522:Hajo Holborn
1519:
1503:fait acompli
1499:Edmund Burke
1476:
1425:liberum veto
1403:
1399:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1302:
1241:client state
1198:
1183:
1153:
1145:puppet state
1133:
1122:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1066:
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882:
875:and Kraków.
858:
854:Catherine II
846:
824:
793:
778:
771:
737:
727:
711:
707:
696:
664:
617:
574:
555:
513:
453:
449:liberum veto
444:Stanisław II
420:Frederick II
409:
379:
359:
347:vassal state
341:liberum veto
330:liberum veto
324:Władysław IV
321:
312:
251:
222:
214:
206:
198:
176:
137:
104:
102:
67:
36:
3096:(in Polish)
2422:: 209–246.
1975:February 8,
1536:(where the
1526:grain trade
1447:Kievan Rus'
1134:During the
922:To Prussia
919:To Austria
869:New Silesia
812:Grodno Sejm
785:Repnin Sejm
642:), part of
603:River (the
566:Częstochowa
432:Repnin Sejm
389:white eagle
160:Grodno Sejm
107:were three
3111:Categories
2950:Promemoria
2303:1848/1849.
2101:January 8,
2061:January 8,
2027:January 8,
1654:References
1517:(Poland).
1456:Ruthenians
1432:Belarusian
1307:after the
1237:Germanized
925:To Russia
916:Partition
852:, advised
789:Jacobinism
599:along the
382:Löwenwolde
371:status quo
288:, showing
195:annexation
131:, and the
109:partitions
68:Partitions
2996:0458-4317
2958:1509-9091
2416:Prospects
1833:August 3,
1449:). Thus,
1445:reigned (
1436:Ukrainian
897:abdicated
895:where he
879:Aftermath
728:In 1772,
714:Stanisław
687:Mstislavl
632:Wieliczka
528:Nowy Targ
524:Nowy Sącz
495:), Jews,
476:Ukrainian
405:Lithuania
385:'s Treaty
245:known as
221:(plural:
205:(plural:
121:Lithuania
3071:(1998);
2952:(6/15).
2928:25778591
2735:(1996).
2715:(1854).
2562:(1996).
2525:Archived
2497:(1997).
2464:(1996).
2200:(2001).
2082:(2001).
1969:Archived
1856:(1967).
1601:See also
1528:through
1515:Lehistan
1443:Rurikids
1341:between
1267:and the
1180:Napoleon
800:magnates
716:and the
665:Empress
652:Sandomir
640:Oświęcim
587:and the
579:(except
505:Volhynia
492:szlachta
209:rozbiory
189:and the
179:toponymy
154:and the
3061:(1915)
2699:2491975
1698:June 8,
1390:Polonia
1343:Germany
1315:at the
1243:of the
1233:Lemberg
1229:Galicia
1164:Prussia
1033:29.31%
998:71.21%
861:Vilnius
833:began.
818:, with
794:In the
683:Polotsk
679:Vitebsk
675:Belarus
656:Galicia
628:Bochnia
609:Kuyavia
585:Prussia
532:Hungary
501:Podolia
497:Uniates
479:Cossack
416:Austria
276:History
235:Galicia
201:rozbiór
111:of the
57:in 1772
3063:online
2994:
2956:
2926:
2890:
2822:
2816:Berlin
2791:
2745:
2697:
2642:E.g.,
2626:
2599:
2572:
2474:
2380:
2323:
2294:
2264:
2237:
2210:
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2173:–128.
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2052:
2018:
1961:
1919:
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1806:626738
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1777:
1694:. 2008
1692:Online
1557:Legacy
1530:Gdańsk
1505:. The
1497:, and
1470:, and
1347:Russia
1213:Warsaw
1166:, the
1104:63.15%
1096:19.28%
1088:17.57%
1062:29.31%
1056:16.36%
1027:41.90%
1021:34.11%
992:28.79%
986:12.68%
974:11.17%
893:Grodno
873:Lublin
820:Poznań
802:, the
660:Kraków
648:Kraków
593:Warmia
581:Gdańsk
570:Kraków
562:Tyniec
558:Vienna
446:. The
436:Kaluga
401:Latvia
397:Baltic
378:" (or
317:Kalisz
243:polity
239:Warsaw
225:zabory
185:, the
127:, the
117:Poland
92:(blue)
2924:JSTOR
2695:JSTOR
1630:Notes
1080:Total
1050:6.54%
1044:6.41%
1015:7.78%
980:4.95%
636:Zator
613:Toruń
601:Noteć
520:Spisz
268:, or
260:, or
217:zabór
3018:2013
2992:ISSN
2954:ISSN
2901:2012
2888:ISBN
2867:2019
2820:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2781:Łódź
2743:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2511:(1).
2509:XVII
2472:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2103:2013
2090:ISBN
2063:2013
2050:ISBN
2029:2013
2016:ISBN
1977:2017
1959:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1890:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1835:2007
1802:OCLC
1775:ISBN
1700:2011
1439:serf
1434:and
1345:and
1337:the
1247:and
1170:and
1112:100%
1067:None
1038:1795
1003:1793
968:1772
960:Area
954:Area
948:Area
942:Area
936:Area
883:The
867:and
779:The
718:Sejm
685:and
650:and
630:and
568:and
526:and
503:and
403:and
296:and
270:1939
266:1846
264:and
262:1832
258:1815
138:The
119:and
103:The
53:The
2687:doi
2646:'s
2424:doi
2171:127
1361:in
1196:).
1147:of
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472:Bar
3113::
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1993:.
1967:.
1843:^
1769:.
1753:^
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1597:.
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1585:,
1581:,
1466:,
1223:,
1174:.
1073:0%
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662:.
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2998:.
2930:.
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2828:.
2797:.
2751:.
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2689::
2667:.
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2605:.
2578:.
2480:.
2430:.
2426::
2386:.
2348:.
2329:.
2270:.
2243:.
2216:.
2183:.
2130:.
2105:.
2065:.
2031:.
1979:.
1925:.
1898:.
1872:.
1837:.
1808:.
1783:.
1702:.
1353:.
1319:;
1009:—
1006:—
957:%
951:%
945:%
939:%
489:(
34:.
20:)
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