161:
147:
44:, referring to processes where past events or decisions constrain later events or decisions. It can be used to refer to outcomes at a single point in time or to long-run equilibria of a process. Path dependence has been used to describe institutions, technical standards, patterns of economic or social development, organizational behavior, and more.
627:
path dependence within political science, draws partly on ideas from economics. Herman
Schwartz has questioned those efforts, arguing that forces analogous to those identified in the economic literature are not pervasive in the political realm, where the strategic exercise of power gives rise to, and
611:
Kathleen Thelen has criticized the application of QWERTY keyboard-style mechanisms to politics. She argues that such applications to politics are both too contingent and too deterministic. Too contingent in the sense that the initial choice is open and flukey, and too deterministic in the sense that
47:
In common usage, the phrase can imply two types of claims. The first is the broad concept that "history matters," often articulated to challenge explanations that pay insufficient attention to historical factors. This claim can be formulated simply as "the future development of an economic system is
342:
with skills in that business, which draws in more businesses seeking experienced employees. There may have been no reason to prefer one place to another before the industry developed, but as it concentrates geographically, participants elsewhere are at a disadvantage, and will tend to move into the
48:
affected by the path it has traced out in the past" or "particular events in the past can have crucial effects in the future." The second is a more specific claim about how past events or decisions affect future events or decisions in significant or disproportionate ways, through mechanisms such as
643:
which captures how initial environmental conditions leave a persistent mark (or imprint) on organizations and organizational collectives (such as industries and communities), thus continuing to shape organizational behaviours and outcomes in the long run, even as external environmental conditions
276:, but rather the nature of any equilibrium achieved depends partly on the process of getting there. Therefore, the outcome of a path-dependent process will often not converge towards a unique equilibrium, but will instead reach one of several equilibria (sometimes known as
196:
The standard gauge of railway tracks is another example of path dependence which explains how a seemingly insignificant event or circumstance can change the choice of technology over the long run despite contemporary knowhow showing such a choice to be inefficient.
442:
of neoclassical economics. Only "third-degree" path dependence—where switching gains are high, but transition is impractical—involves such a challenge. They argue that such situations should be rare for theoretical reasons, and that no real-world cases of
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path dependence can be weak (the efficiency of the chosen path is tied with some alternatives), semi-strong, (the chosen path is not the best but not worth fixing, or strong (the chosen path is highly inefficient, but we are unable to correct
1439:
path dependence can be weak (the efficiency of the chosen path is tied with some alternatives), semi-strong, (the chosen path is not the best but not worth fixing, or strong (the chosen path is highly inefficient, but we are unable to correct
1605:
755:
In socioeconomic systems, commercial fisheries' harvest rates and conservation consequences are found to be path dependent as predicted by the interaction between slow institutional adaptation, fast ecological dynamics, and diminishing
218:, despite the consensus among engineers being that wider gauges have increased performance and speed. The path to the adoption of the standard gauge began in the late 1820s when George Stephenson, a British engineer, began work on the
183:
The QWERTY keyboard is a prominent example of path dependence due to the widespread emergence and persistence of the QWERTY keyboard. QWERTY has persisted over time despite more efficient keyboard arrangements being developed –
735:
indicate path dependence: customers' needs in the present market often include the ability to read data or run programs from past generations of products. Thus, for instance, a customer may need not merely the best available
413:
can lead to a permanently higher unemployment rate because of the skills loss (or skill obsolescence) by the unemployed, along with a deterioration of work attitudes. In other words, cyclical unemployment may generate
287:, which in its simplest form assumed that only a single outcome could possibly be reached, regardless of initial conditions or transitory events. With path dependence, both the starting point and 'accidental' events (
222:. His experience with primitive coal tramways resulted in this gauge width being copied by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, then the rest of Great Britain, and finally by railroads in Europe and North America.
1844:
In particular, we suggest moving away from historical case studies of supposedly path-dependent processes to focus on more controlled research designs[,] such as simulations, experiments, and counterfactual
382:
manufacturers. Some of the factories that closed as a result, could later have been operated at a (cash-flow) profit after dollar depreciation, but reopening would have been too expensive. This is an example of
129:
Sony, the original developer of
Betamax, did not let pornography companies license their technology for mass production, which meant that nearly all pornographic motion pictures released on video used VHS
716:: mutations occurring in the past have had long-term effects on current life forms, some of which may no longer be adaptive to current conditions. For instance, there is a controversy about whether the
513:
Recent methodological work in comparative politics and sociology has adapted the concept of path dependence into analyses of political and social phenomena. Path dependence has primarily been used in
2080:[Some test subjects] adopted a strategy once and for all[,] and insisted on using it[,] even when the configurations could not be efficiently played with the strategy adopted.
323:
is an example of this phenomenon, has been re-asserted, questioned, and continues to be argued. Economic debate continues on the significance of path dependence in determining how standards form.
225:
There are tradeoffs involved in the choice of rail gauge between the cost of constructing a line (which rises with wider gauges) and various performance metrics, including maximum speed, low
138:(e.g. having a longer recording time). In this interpretation, path dependence had little to do with VHS's success, which would have occurred even if Betamax had established an early lead.
257:
Path dependence theory was originally developed by economists to explain technology adoption processes and industry evolution. The theoretical ideas have had a strong influence on
472:
analyzed how the growth of a firm both organically and through acquisition is strongly influenced by the experience of its managers and the history of the firm's development.
447:
locked-in inefficiencies exist. Vergne and Durand qualify this critique by specifying the conditions under which path dependence theory can be tested empirically.
402:
is partly determined by past experience with inflation, since experience determines expected inflation and this is a major determinant of realized inflation.
367:, so a concentration of producers (initially formed by accident and agglomeration) can trigger the emergence of many dependent businesses in the same region.
315:
layout in typewriters still used in computer keyboards). He called this "path dependence", and said that inferior standards can persist simply because of the
704:
from damage if the word needed to be moved around within or between lines. This would be done even if the period did not belong to the text being quoted.
1814:"The Missing Link Between the Theory and Empirics of Path Dependence: Conceptual Clarification, Testability Issue, and Methodological Implications"
684:, for example, some customs persist, although the reason for their existence no longer applies; for example, the placement of the period inside a
569:
1478:
Paul David and Brian Arthur published several papers that are now regarded as the foundation of path dependency (David 1985; Arthur 1989, 1990).
249:, all of which are broader than Stephenson's choice, show that there is nothing inherent to the 1435 mm gauge that led to its global success.
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contribute to lock-in, and more subtly, to design compromises for independently developed products, if they attempt to be compatible. Also see
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967:"Path-dependency and Path-creation Perspectives on Migration Trajectories: The Economic Experiences of Vietnamese Migrants in Slovakia1"
2229:. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 119–120 (constitutional transitivity as alternative to path dependence on the status quo).
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The other path-dependent process deals with reactive sequences where a primary event sets off a temporally-linked and causally-tight
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as generally is the case for branching processes [in Path dependence, its critics and the quest for 'historical economics']
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Most generally, path dependence means that where we go next depends not only on where we are now, but also upon where we have been.
2355:
Hargreaves Heap, Shawn (1980), "Choosing the Wrong 'Natural' Rate: Accelerating
Inflation or Decelerating Employment and Growth?"
272:
There are many models and empirical cases where economic processes do not progress steadily toward some pre-determined and unique
2513:
219:
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514:
261:. A common expression of the concept is the claim that predictable amplifications of small differences are a disproportionate
1111:
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It was the inferior playing time that led to the demise of the
Betamax, not the fact that it was first or second or third.
291:) can have significant effects on the ultimate outcome. In each of the following examples it is possible to identify some
188:
is an example of this. However, there is still debate about the validity of this being a true example of path dependence.
1128:
2035:
887:
1566:. European Summer School in Industrial Dynamics (ESSID). l'Institute d'Etudes Scientifique de Cargèse (Corse), France.
692:, pieces of terminal punctuation, such as the comma and period, are comparatively small and delicate (as they must be
508:
230:
1736:
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Our reading of the evidence is that there are as yet no proven examples of third degree path dependence in markets.
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chain of events that is nearly uninterruptible. These reactive sequences have been used to link such things as the
335:
320:
185:
31:
2528:
1452:
Stack, Martin; Gartland, Myles (2003). "Path
Creation, Path Dependency, and Alternative Theories of the Firm".
912:"Migration to Open-Standard Interorganizational Systems: Network Effects, Switching Costs, and Path Dependency"
777:
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development and consolidation that is difficult to reverse. As in economics, the generic drivers are: lock-in,
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521:, whether they be social, political, or cultural. There are arguably two types of path-dependent processes:
451:
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30:
This article is about path dependence in economics and social sciences. For a similar topic in physics, see
2213:
1700:. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press for Queen's School of Policy Studies. p. 230.
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Tracks across continents, paths through history: the economic dynamics of standardization in railway gauge
2256:
2163:. Contemporary Mathematics. Vol. 395. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. pp. 29–38.
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Shaping the
Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America
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395:
426:, around which 'cyclical' unemployment is said to move without influencing the "natural" rate itself.
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once the initial choice is made, an unavoidable path inevitably forms from which there is no return.
597:
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135:
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344:
2159:
Bryant, Robert L. (2006). "Geometry of manifolds with special holonomy: '100 years of holonomy'".
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that "evolves as a consequence (function of) the process's own history". This is also known as a
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Encyclopedia of Law and
Economics, Volume I. The History and Methodology of Law and Economics
1735:
Liebowitz, S.; Margolis, S. (September 2000). Bouckaert, Boudewijn; De Geest, Gerrit (eds.).
1407:
Encyclopedia of Law and
Economics, Volume I. The History and Methodology of Law and Economics
1404:
Liebowitz, S.; Margolis, S. (September 2000). Bouckaert, Boudewijn; De Geest, Gerrit (eds.).
1192:
1161:
1154:
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Path dependence may arise or be hindered by a number of important factors, these may include
2480:"Down the Wrong Path: Path Dependence, Increasing Returns, and Historical Institutionalism".
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The critical juncture framework has been used to explain the development and persistence of
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Global
Networks and Local Linkages: The Paradox of Cluster Development in an Open Economy
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between countries, among other things. Scholars such as
Kathleen Thelen caution that the
2440:
Pierson, Paul (2000). "Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics".
2392:
2340:
2242:"Conceptualizing Continuity and Change: The Composite-Standard Model of Path Dependence"
2109:
2033:
Marquis, Christopher; Tilcsik, András (2013). "Imprinting: Toward A Multilevel Theory".
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of later circumstances, and, in the "strong" form, that this historical hang-over is
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101:
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2092:
Tekwa, Edward W.; Fenichel, Eli P.; Levin, Simon A.; Pinsky, Malin L. (2019-01-08).
2010:
1993:
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406:
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This dynamic vision of economic evolution is very different from the tradition of
160:
2479:
2467:"Path Dependence in Spatial Networks: The Standardization of Railway Track Gauge"
1288:"Path Dependence in Spatial Networks: The Standardization of Railway Track Gauge"
792:
444:
266:
2169:
879:
700:.) Placing the full-height quotation mark on the outside protected the smaller
17:
2449:
Politics in Time: Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis
2376:
1886:
1578:
1338:
1233:
Liebowitz, S. J.; Margolis, Stephen E. (April 1990). "The Fable of the Keys".
681:
639:, a distinct yet closely related concept to path dependence is the concept of
438:
of path dependence; some do not imply inefficiencies and do not challenge the
384:
146:
81:
2270:
2127:
2094:"Path-dependent institutions drive alternative stable states in conservation"
2019:
1970:
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1346:
1311:
1211:
1044:
992:
935:
2458:(based on the entry "Pfadabhängigkeit in der Wirtschaftsgeschichte", in the
2118:
1947:"The Critical Juncture Concept's Evolving Capacity to Explain Policy Change"
1619:
709:
632:
410:
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352:
277:
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events that disrupted the ongoing course, with irreversible consequences.
1755:
1424:
2423:
1924:
1514:
Liebowitz, S. J.; Margolis, S. E. (April 1990). "The Fable of the Keys".
1287:
728:
724:
693:
27:
Actions in the present are dependent on previous decisions or experiences
943:
910:
Zhu, Kevin; Kraemer, Kenneth L.; Gurbaxani, Vijay; Xu, Sean Xin (2006).
2334:"Path dependence, its critics and the quest for 'historical economics'"
1219:
1052:
1010:
697:
577:
108:
85:
1962:
1035:
334:
have noted that similar businesses tend to congregate geographically (
2494:"The missing link between the theory and empirics of path dependence"
927:
312:
292:
111:
to buy VHS players and rent more VHS tapes, until there was complete
1946:
1548:
we conclude that QWERTY is about as good a design as any alternative
1026:
604:
in path-dependent frameworks is subject to constant disruption from
2060:"The emergence of path-dependent behaviors in cooperative contexts"
1653:
1527:
1246:
911:
122:
of switching to VHS-production because they expected it to win the
2363:
Mahoney, James (2000). "Path Dependence in Historical Sociology".
2305:
423:
2350:
Evolution and Path Dependence in Economic Ideas: Past and Present
1859:
Evolution and path dependence in economic ideas: past and present
1601:"Emergence of Tempered Preferential Attachment from Optimization"
1104:
Economics and evolution : bringing life back into economics
1011:"Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics"
422:
differs from the prediction of a "natural" unemployment rate or
107:
observed more VHS rentals and stocked up on VHS tapes, leading
2161:
150 years of mathematics at Washington University in St. Louis
529:
framework, most notably utilized by Ruth and David Collier in
237:, a significantly broader gauge failed, the widespread use of
78:
740:, but rather the best available word processor that can read
378:
below the cost of production in many (previously successful)
712:
is considered by some to be path-dependent and historically
557:(the more a choice is made, the bigger its benefits), and
200:
More than half the world's railway gauges are 4 feet
450:
Technically, a path-dependent stochastic process has an
311:
that is first-to-market can become entrenched (like the
767:
in which the states depend on the physical paths taken.
363:
around sellers, and related businesses frequently form
2234:
Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy.
73:
is a key example of path dependence. Three mechanisms
2058:
Egidi, Massimo; Narduzzo, Alessandro (October 1997).
1994:"Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics"
1691:
Jen Nelles, Allison Bramwell and David Wolfe (2005).
359:
can occur (through rising local costs). Buyers often
1129:"Betamax Didn't Lose To VHS Because Of Adult Films"
673:A general type of path dependence is a typological
1153:
303:In economic development, it is said (initially by
1654:"Agglomeration Effects and Financial Performance"
2489:, unpublished website, with extensive references
2064:International Journal of Industrial Organization
1563:At Last, a Remedy for Chronic QWERTY-skepticism!
2391:Stephen E. Margolis and S.J. Liebowitz (2000),
2352:, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, England.
2098:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
840:Mahoney, James; Schensul, Daniel (2006-03-16).
561:(which creates forces sustaining the decision).
517:analyses of the development and persistence of
846:. Oxford University Press. pp. 454–471.
476:Conditions which give rise to path dependence
8:
1787:4. Evidence for Third-Degree Path Dependence
965:Baláž, Vladimir; Williams, Allan M. (2007).
1106:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2348:, in P. Garrouste and S. Ioannides (eds),
545:choices that set a specific trajectory of
418:. This structural hysteresis model of the
2500:, 47(4):736–59, with extensive references
2399:An evolutionary theory of economic change
2310:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2260:
2168:
2135:
2117:
2009:
1829:
1744:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. p. 985.
1628:
1618:
1413:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. p. 985.
1391:An evolutionary theory of economic change
1074:Liebowitz, S.; Margolis, Stephen (2000).
1034:
982:
374:appreciated, lowering the world price of
1599:D'Souza, Raissa M.; et al. (2007).
134:An alternative analysis is that VHS was
2393:"Path Dependence, Lock-In, and History"
2359:90(359) (Sept): 611–20 (ISSN 0013-0133)
1325:Puffert, Douglas J. (December 2000). .
852:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270439.003.0024
823:
570:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
214: inches (143.5 cm), known as
2487:"QWERTY, Lock-in, and Path Dependence"
2411:Quarterly Journal of Political Science
1913:Quarterly Journal of Political Science
1783:Stephen E. Margolis; S. J. Liebowitz.
1560:David, Paul A. (5–12 September 1999).
1371:
1360:
843:Historical Context and Path Dependence
493:Dynamic increasing returns to adoption
2456:"Path Dependence in Economic History"
1186:
1184:
1015:The American Political Science Review
7:
2492:Vergne, J. P. and R. Durand (2010),
2460:Handbuch zur evolutorischen Ă–konomik
2435:The Theory of the Growth of the Firm
1652:Jennen, M.; Verwijmeren, P. (2009).
1004:
1002:
905:
903:
873:
871:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
466:The Theory of the Growth of the Firm
2408:(January 2006). "Path dependence".
2226:Social Choice and Individual Values
1286:Puffert, Douglas J. (1 July 2002).
434:Liebowitz and Margolis distinguish
2223:Arrow, Kenneth J. (1963), 2nd ed.
1998:Annual Review of Political Science
1812:Vergne, J. P.; Durand, R. (2010).
1193:"Clio and the Economics of QWERTY"
783:Imprinting (organizational theory)
345:increasing its relative efficiency
338:); opening near similar companies
25:
2442:American Political Science Review
2397:Nelson, R. and S. Winter (1982),
1102:Hodgson, Geoffrey Martin (1993).
1076:Encyclopedia of Law and Economics
1831:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00913.x
1292:Explorations in Economic History
1235:The Journal of Law and Economics
984:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2007.00403.x
656:has been observed in behavioral
220:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
159:
145:
136:better-adapted to market demands
2249:Journal of Theoretical Politics
2011:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.369
1577:Puffert, Douglas (2008-02-10).
1327:The Journal of Economic History
1156:Re-thinking the Network Economy
572:with welfare expansion, or the
484:Durability of capital equipment
65:Videocassette recording systems
2475:, University of Chicago Press.
1466:10.1080/00213624.2003.11506597
759:In physics and mathematics, a
750:embrace, extend and extinguish
355:in the idealized case, though
75:independent of product quality
56:effects, or other mechanisms.
1:
2498:Journal of Management Studies
2451:, Princeton University Press.
2236:University of Michigan Press.
2076:10.1016/S0167-7187(97)00007-6
1904:Page, Scott E. (2006-01-26).
1818:Journal of Management Studies
1389:Nelson, R; Winter, S (1982).
2454:Puffert, Douglas J. (1999),
2332:David, Paul A. (June 2000).
2214:Resources in other libraries
2036:Academy of Management Annals
1861:. Edward Elgar. p. 19.
1516:Journal of Law and Economics
1200:The American Economic Review
888:Economic History Association
580:with the development of the
370:In the 1980s, the US dollar
2401:, Harvard University Press.
1393:. Harvard University Press.
744:files. Such limitations in
720:is a leftover trait or not.
509:Historical institutionalism
233:). While the attempts with
231:double-stack rail transport
2550:
1606:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
1454:Journal of Economic Issues
813:Tyranny of small decisions
628:transforms, institutions.
623:'s influential attempt to
506:
487:Technical interrelatedness
405:A transitory high rate of
229:(desirable, especially in
29:
2232:Arthur, W. Brian (1994),
2209:Resources in your library
1992:Thelen, Kathleen (1999).
1339:10.1017/S0022050700026322
1078:. E. Elgar. p. 981.
592:, labor incorporation in
319:they have built up. That
32:Path dependence (physics)
2433:Penrose, E. T., (1959),
2271:10.1177/0951629807071016
1951:European Policy Analysis
1670:10.1177/0042098010363495
1152:Liebowitz, Stan (2002).
778:Critical juncture theory
596:, and the variations in
430:Types of path dependence
2514:Competition (economics)
2485:Shalizi, Cosma (2001),
2377:10.1023/A:1007113830879
2240:Boas, Taylor C (2007).
2119:10.1073/pnas.1806852116
1620:10.1073/pnas.0606779104
1191:David, Paul A. (1985).
971:International Migration
652:The path dependence of
606:institutional evolution
452:asymptotic distribution
416:structural unemployment
394:If the economy follows
391:, and irreversibility.
285:neo-classical economics
2300:Collier, Ruth Berins;
2170:10.1090/conm/395/07414
1304:10.1006/exeh.2002.0786
1127:M.Admin (2014-03-05).
1009:Pierson, Paul (2000).
648:Individuals and groups
602:historical determinism
515:comparative-historical
351:follows a statistical
259:evolutionary economics
1495:"The Curse of QWERTY"
688:in U.S. spelling. In
660:with individuals and
637:organizational theory
574:Industrial Revolution
396:adaptive expectations
2424:10.1561/100.00000006
1945:Hogan, John (2019).
1925:10.1561/100.00000006
1857:David, Paul (2005).
1160:. New York. p.
788:Innovation butterfly
761:non-holonomic system
625:rigorously formalize
598:economic development
299:Economic development
192:Railway track gauges
71:videotape format war
40:is a concept in the
2110:2019PNAS..116..689T
1891:eh.net Encyclopedia
440:policy implications
118:A VCR manufacturer
60:Commercial examples
2478:Schwartz, Herman.
2437:, New York: Wiley.
2365:Theory and Society
1885:Puffert, Douglas.
878:Puffert, Douglas.
559:self-reinforcement
555:increasing returns
533:. In the critical
490:Increasing returns
459:stochastic process
389:switching barriers
88:from a negligible
82:achieved dominance
77:could explain how
50:increasing returns
2195:Library resources
1963:10.1002/epa2.1057
1906:"Path Dependence"
1887:"Path Dependence"
1868:978-1-84064-081-6
1785:"Path Dependence
1751:978-1-85898-984-6
1707:978-1-55339-047-3
1664:(12): 2683–2703.
1613:(15): 6112–6117.
1579:"Path Dependence"
1500:Discover Magazine
1420:978-1-85898-984-6
1269:"The QWERTY myth"
1171:978-0-8144-0649-6
1085:978-1-85898-984-6
880:"Path Dependence"
654:emergent strategy
551:positive feedback
541:conditions allow
531:political science
527:critical juncture
365:business clusters
357:negative feedback
321:QWERTY vs. Dvorak
227:center of gravity
186:QWERTY vs. Dvorak
54:positive feedback
16:(Redirected from
2541:
2427:
2388:
2357:Economic Journal
2347:
2345:
2339:. Archived from
2338:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2281:. Archived from
2264:
2246:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2121:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1927:. Archived from
1910:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1833:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1754:. Archived from
1743:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1710:. Archived from
1699:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1423:. Archived from
1412:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1159:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1038:
1006:
997:
996:
986:
962:
956:
955:
928:10.2307/25148771
907:
898:
897:
895:
894:
875:
866:
865:
837:
803:Opportunity cost
340:attracts workers
326:Economists from
307:in 1985) that a
278:absorbing states
213:
212:
208:
205:
172:Keyboard layouts
163:
149:
124:standards battle
120:bandwagon effect
21:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2529:Decision theory
2504:
2503:
2482:, undated mimeo
2404:
2362:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2262:10.1.1.466.8147
2244:
2239:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2203:
2202:
2200:Path dependence
2198:
2191:
2186:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1845:investigation."
1811:
1810:
1806:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1680:. ssrn 1009226.
1651:
1650:
1646:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1369:
1359:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1172:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1027:10.2307/2586011
1008:
1007:
1000:
964:
963:
959:
909:
908:
901:
892:
890:
877:
876:
869:
862:
839:
838:
825:
821:
774:
765:physical system
702:cast metal sort
670:
650:
618:
511:
505:
500:
498:Social sciences
478:
432:
328:Alfred Marshall
301:
255:
210:
206:
203:
201:
194:
181:
179:QWERTY keyboard
176:
175:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:
166:Dvorak keyboard
164:
155:
154:
153:
152:QWERTY keyboard
150:
67:
62:
42:social sciences
38:Path dependence
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Path dependency
15:
12:
11:
5:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Market failure
2516:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2471:_____ (2009),
2469:
2465:_____ (2001),
2463:
2452:
2447:_____ (2004),
2445:
2438:
2431:
2406:Page, Scott E.
2402:
2395:
2389:
2371:(4): 507–548.
2360:
2353:
2346:on 2014-03-24.
2329:
2316:
2302:Collier, David
2297:
2237:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2151:
2104:(2): 689–694.
2084:
2070:(6): 677–709.
2050:
2025:
2004:(1): 369–404.
1984:
1957:(2): 170–189.
1937:
1934:on 2016-06-29.
1896:
1877:
1867:
1849:
1804:
1775:
1750:
1727:
1706:
1683:
1644:
1591:
1569:
1552:
1528:10.1086/467198
1506:
1493:(April 1997).
1491:Diamond, Jared
1482:
1444:
1419:
1396:
1381:
1333:(4): 933–960.
1317:
1298:(3): 282–314.
1278:
1260:
1247:10.1086/467198
1225:
1206:(2): 332–337.
1180:
1170:
1144:
1119:
1112:
1094:
1084:
1066:
1021:(2): 251–267.
998:
957:
899:
867:
860:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
810:
808:Ratchet effect
805:
800:
798:Network effect
795:
790:
785:
780:
773:
770:
769:
768:
757:
753:
742:Microsoft Word
738:word processor
733:legacy systems
721:
707:
706:
705:
669:
668:Other examples
666:
649:
646:
617:
614:
590:welfare states
586:
585:
562:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
477:
474:
431:
428:
376:tradable goods
349:network effect
300:
297:
254:
251:
216:standard gauge
193:
190:
180:
177:
171:
170:
165:
158:
157:
156:
151:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
132:
131:
127:
116:
113:vendor lock-in
98:network effect
90:early adoption
66:
63:
61:
58:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Markov models
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2319:
2317:9780268077105
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2288:on 2008-09-05
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:(1): 87–115.
1918:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1761:on 2010-12-06
1757:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1717:on 2016-06-04
1713:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:Urban Studies
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1430:on 2010-12-06
1426:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1275:. April 1999.
1274:
1273:The Economist
1270:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1134:
1133:KnowledgeNuts
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:MIS Quarterly
913:
906:
904:
900:
889:
885:
881:
874:
872:
868:
863:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
824:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
746:compatibility
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
718:panda's thumb
715:
711:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
676:
672:
671:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
647:
645:
642:
638:
634:
629:
626:
622:
616:Organizations
615:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:Latin America
591:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:deterministic
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:institutional
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
522:
520:
516:
510:
502:
497:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
481:
475:
473:
471:
470:Edith Penrose
467:
462:
460:
457:
453:
448:
446:
441:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
420:labour market
417:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
377:
373:
372:exchange rate
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:hub, further
341:
337:
336:"agglomerate"
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
243:Russian gauge
240:
239:Iberian gauge
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
198:
191:
189:
187:
178:
162:
148:
139:
137:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
105:rental stores
103:
102:videocassette
99:
95:
94:
93:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
64:
59:
57:
55:
51:
45:
43:
39:
33:
19:
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2472:
2459:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2415:
2409:
2398:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2341:the original
2321:. Retrieved
2306:
2290:. Retrieved
2283:the original
2255:(1): 33–54.
2252:
2248:
2233:
2224:
2199:
2160:
2154:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2034:
2028:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1929:the original
1916:
1912:
1899:
1890:
1880:
1872:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1799:
1792:. Retrieved
1786:
1778:
1769:
1763:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1737:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1693:
1686:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1572:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1498:
1485:
1477:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1432:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1406:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1363:cite journal
1330:
1326:
1320:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1203:
1199:
1175:
1155:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1122:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1075:
1069:
1018:
1014:
977:(2): 37–67.
974:
970:
960:
919:
915:
891:. Retrieved
883:
842:
651:
630:
621:Paul Pierson
619:
610:
587:
582:steam engine
519:institutions
512:
503:Institutions
479:
465:
463:
449:
435:
433:
407:unemployment
404:
393:
369:
332:Paul Krugman
325:
308:
302:
282:
271:
256:
247:Indian gauge
235:Brunel gauge
224:
199:
195:
182:
133:
123:
74:
68:
46:
37:
36:
2039:: 193–243.
1241:(1): 1–25.
922:: 515–539.
793:Historicism
696:for proper
658:experiments
631:Especially
525:One is the
456:non-ergodic
274:equilibrium
267:inefficient
2508:Categories
2292:2007-10-20
2189:References
1824:(4): 736.
1765:2010-05-20
1721:2010-05-20
1460:(2): 487.
1434:2010-05-20
1372:|url=
1138:2019-08-06
1113:0472105221
1036:1814/23648
893:2022-03-10
861:0199270430
714:contingent
690:metal type
682:typography
641:imprinting
543:contingent
539:antecedent
507:See also:
385:hysteresis
305:Paul David
2418:(1): 88.
2385:145564738
2257:CiteSeerX
2128:0027-8424
2020:1094-2939
1979:159425364
1971:2380-6567
1840:107050516
1678:154044026
1474:155562359
1347:0022-0507
1312:0014-4983
1212:0002-8282
1061:154860619
1045:0003-0554
993:1468-2435
936:0276-7783
731:markets,
710:Evolution
686:quotation
633:sociology
411:recession
409:during a
400:inflation
398:, future
353:power law
253:Economics
2304:(1991).
2279:11323786
2146:30567975
1639:17395721
1536:14262869
1522:: 1–26.
1355:13721300
1255:14262869
944:25148771
772:See also
756:returns.
729:software
725:computer
694:x-height
644:change.
535:juncture
468:(1959),
309:standard
2444:, June.
2179:2206889
2137:6329967
2106:Bibcode
2045:2198954
1630:1839059
1544:1069950
1374:value (
1220:1805621
1053:2586011
952:2182978
884:E-H.net
723:In the
698:kerning
675:vestige
578:England
445:private
361:cluster
347:. This
209:⁄
130:format.
109:renters
86:Betamax
2534:Memory
2383:
2323:6 July
2314:
2277:
2259:
2197:about
2177:
2144:
2134:
2126:
2043:
2018:
1977:
1969:
1865:
1838:
1794:20 May
1748:
1704:
1676:
1637:
1627:
1584:20 May
1542:
1534:
1472:
1417:
1370:Check
1353:
1345:
1310:
1253:
1218:
1210:
1168:
1110:
1082:
1059:
1051:
1043:
991:
950:
942:
934:
858:
662:groups
317:legacy
313:QWERTY
293:random
92:lead:
2381:S2CID
2344:(PDF)
2337:(PDF)
2286:(PDF)
2275:S2CID
2245:(PDF)
1975:S2CID
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