427:. It is endorsed where an individual lies and deceives so frequently that it is a defining or central characteristic of their interactions with others. Lying in such persons is described as both calculated and aimless, with deceiving others thought to have some intrinsic value to the individual. The lies are told with ease, even when the contradicting facts are readily assessable, and the person normally shows some pride in their ability to lie, and may even openly boast of it as a talent or gift. The PCL-R distinguishes pathological lying from manipulation, which it treats separately as the strategic use of deceit and misdirection for personal gain, often by exploiting or using someone.
399:. Taken together, these findings implicate dysfunction in the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, both of which are implicated in lie-telling in healthy individuals - the former across various types of lying (different subregions handling different kinds) and the latter only in feigning ignorance. The mechanisms of how lesions to these structures induce lying are unknown, but it has been suggested that reduced affective theory of mind and loss of sociomoral affect may induce the desire to lie, while impaired inhibitory control may prevent the regulation of such urges.
347:, mistreatment, or rejection by making empty threats of suicide or false accusations of abandonment. Pathological liars do not feel rejected; they have high levels of self-assurance that help them lie successfully. Unlike those with histrionic personality, pathological liars are more verbally dramatic than sexually flamboyant. Narcissists think they have achieved perfection and lack empathy for others. Pathological liars do not show these antisocial behaviors; they may lie because they think their life is not interesting enough.
354:. This diagnosis deals with people who lie deliberately about having physical or psychological disorders. Research or testing must be done to confirm a person does not in fact have a physical or other disorder. This may become troublesome because medical records are sealed to the public. People who pathologically lie tend to lie about their identities and history. Because the symptoms do not match, they may go undiagnosed. They could well be diagnosed under the catchall rubric of an
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prefrontal activation is normally increased during lie-telling. These findings, alongside data showing pathological liars are faster at generating and telling lies, have been taken to suggest that liars lack the cognitive control and socioaffective networks required for inhibiting truthful responses, monitoring behaviour and believability, and adjusting deceptions to fit changing facts may be more efficient in pathological liars.
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The stories are presented in a way that portrays the liar favorably. The liar "decorates their own person" by telling stories that present them as the hero or the victim. For example, they might be presented as being fantastically brave, as knowing or being related to many famous people, or as having
320:
is strongly tied to pathological lying. Pathological lying is represented in both the DSM-5 and ICD-11 alternative models of personality disorder which emphasise dimensions of personality dysfunction, rather than specific categorical disorders. "Deceitfulness", an aspect of the
Antagonism domain, is
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The average age of onset is before adulthood. Individuals with the condition tend to have average verbal skills as opposed to performance abilities. Thirty percent of subjects had a chaotic home environment, where a parent or other family member had a mental disturbance. Its occurrence was found by
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Curtis and Hart (2020) defined pathological lying as "a persistent, pervasive, and often compulsive pattern of excessive lying behavior that leads to clinically significant impairment of functioning in social, occupational, or other areas; causes marked distress; poses a risk to the self or others;
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Lying is the act of knowingly and intentionally or willfully making a false statement. Normal lies are defensive and told to avoid the consequences of truth telling. They are often white lies that spare another's feelings, reflect a pro-social attitude, and make civilized human contact possible.
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Pathological lying which begins early in development (e.g., as part of psychopathic personality rather than being acquired by brain injury or disease) appears to relate to increased prefrontal white matter and reduced prefrontal activation when telling lies, a significant finding given that
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Treanor KE. Defining, understanding, and diagnosing pathological lying (pseudologia fantastica): an empirical and theoretical investigation into what constitutes pathological lying . Wollongong, NSW: School of
Psychology, University of Wollongong; 2012. Available at:
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There are many consequences of being a pathological liar. Due to lack of trust, most pathological liars' relationships and friendships fail. If this continues, lying can become so severe as to cause legal problems, including, but not limited to, fraud.
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or even under "Other specified disorder of adult personality and behavior": "This category should be used for coding any specified disorder of adult personality and behavior that cannot be classified under any one of the preceding headings".
200:
tendency to lie. It involves a pervasive pattern of intentionally making false statements with the aim to deceive others, sometimes for no clear or apparent reason, and even if the truth is beneficial to the liar. People who engage in
335:, who experience none of those reactions. People affected by antisocial personality disorder lie for external personal gain in the forms of money, sex, and power. Pathological lying is strictly internal. The difference between
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Some psychiatrists distinguish compulsive from pathological lying, while others consider them equivalent. Others deny the existence of compulsive lying altogether; this remains an area of considerable controversy.
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trait encompassing pathological lying in the DSM-5's model, while the current ICD-11 trait domain of
Dissociality (analogous to DSM-5 Antagonism) holds pathological lying to be a behavioural expression of the
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Lagemann, T., Wolf, M., Ritter, D., Doucette, S., von Kummer, R., & Lewitzka, U. (2012). Cingulate cortex aplasia and callosal dysgenesia combined with schizencephaly in a patient with chronic lying.
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for pathological lying has contributed to the controversy surrounding its definition. But efforts have been made to establish diagnostic criteria based on research and assessment data, aligning with the
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for the behavior cannot be readily discerned clinically: e.g., long-lasting extortion or habitual spousal battery might cause a person to lie repeatedly, without the lying being pathological.
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Boes, A. D., Grafft, A. H., Joshi, C., Chuang, N. A., Nopoulos, P., & Anderson, S. W. (2011). Behavioral effects of congenital ventromedial prefrontal cortex malformation.
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Jiang, W., Liu, H., Liao, J., Ma, X., Rong, P., Tang, Y., & Wang, W. (2013). A functional MRI study of deception among offenders with antisocial personality disorders.
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Abe, N., Suzuki, M., Tsukiura, T., Mori, E., Yamaguchi, K., Itoh, M., & Fujii, T. (2006). Dissociable roles of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in deception.
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Yang, Y., Raine, A., Narr, K. L., Lencz, T., LaCasse, L., Colletti, P., & Toga, A. W. (2007). Localisation of increased prefrontal white matter in pathological liars.
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Pathological lying shows a complex relationship with brain function. Compulsive lying has been reported in multiple neurological disorders, including early lesions of the
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Poletti, M., Borelli, P., & Bonuccelli, U. (2011). The neuropsychological correlates of pathological lying: evidence from behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.
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model to explain this concept. While theories have explored potential causes, the precise factors contributing to pathological lying have yet to be determined.
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Roxanas, M. G., Massey, J. S., & Chaganti, J. (2014). Antisocial behaviour and lying: a neuropsychiatric presentation of agenesis of the corpus callosum.
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Zheltyakova, M., Kireev, M., Korotkov, A., & Medvedev, S. (2020). Neural mechanisms of deception in a social context: an fMRI replication study.
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the study to be equal in women and men. Forty percent of cases reported central nervous system abnormality such as epilepsy, abnormal EEG findings,
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Bagby, R. M., & Widiger, T. A. (2020). Assessment of the ICD-11 dimensional trait model: An introduction to the special section.
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Newmark N, Adityanjee, Kay J (1999). "Pseudologia fantastica and factitious disorder: review of the literature and a case report".
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Yang, Y., Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., Lacasse, L., & Colletti, P. (2005). Prefrontal white matter in pathological liars.
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Eslinger, P. J., Flaherty-Craig, C. V., & Benton, A. L. (2004). Developmental outcomes after early prefrontal cortex damage.
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231:(DSM). Various theories have been proposed to explain the causes of pathological lying, including stress, an attempt to shift
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Curtis, D.A. & Hart, C.L. (2022). Pathological Lying:Theory, Research, and
Practice. American Psychological Association.
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Yin, L., & Weber, B. (2019). I lie, why don't you: Neural mechanisms of individual differences in self‐serving lying.
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Pathological lying can be described as an habituation of lying: someone consistently lies for no obvious personal gain.
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Hardie TJ, Reed A (July 1998). "Pseudologia fantastica, factitious disorder and impostership: a deception syndrome".
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Curtis, D.A. & Hart, C. L. (2020). Pathological Lying: Theoretical and
Empirical Support for a Diagnostic Entity
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have shown that pathological liars exhibit arousal, stress, and guilt from their deception. This is different from
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The only diagnosis in the current system where a symptom of purposeless, internally motivated deception occurs is
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Dike CC (1 June 2008). "Pathological lying: symptom or disease? Living with no permanent motive or benefit".
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Grey JS, Durns T, Kious BM (May 2020). "Pseudologia
Fantastica: An Elaborate Tale of Combat-related PTSD".
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for "fantastic pseudology"), is a chronic behavior characterized by the habitual or
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Pathological lying, accusation and swindling: a study in forensic psychology
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Hart CL; Curtis DA (2020). "What Is
Pathological Lying?". Psychology Today
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Dike CC, Baranoski M, Griffith EE (2005). "Pathological lying revisited".
1999:
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How to Spot a
Pathological Liar - Master the Art of Unmasking Deception
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Curtis, D.A. (2023). Why
Pathological Lying Is a Psychological Disorder
1083:, "Weh' dem, der lügt! Beitrag zum Problem der Pseudologia phantastica"
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Lying. (n.d.). Dictionary.com
Unabridged. Retrieved September 26, 2011
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The phenomenon was first described in medical literature in 1890 by
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lying often claim to be unaware of the motivations for their lies.
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32:"Pseudologia fantastica" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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Pathological lying is an item of the interpersonal facet of the
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The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
300:(DSM), although only as a symptom of other disorders such as
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Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse XIX 1933 Heft 4
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1375:"When Does Compulsive Lying Become a Pathological Disorder"
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King BH, Ford CV (January 1988). "Pseudologia fantastica".
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Skeem JL, Polaschek DL, Patrick CJ, Lilienfeld SO (2011).
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Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
339:(BPD) and pathological liars is that BPD patients try to
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Defining characteristics of pathological lying include:
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Griffith EE, Baranoski M, Dike CC (1 September 2005).
39:"Mythomaniac" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Community reinforcement approach and family training
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Pseudologia fantastica, mythomania, compulsive lying
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1001:"The Truth About Compulsive and Pathological Liars"
263:and occurs for longer than 6 months" (p. 63).
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951:(1 ed.). American Psychological Association.
948:Pathological Lying: Theory, Research, and Practice
870:Pathological Lying: Theory, Research, and Practice
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387:regions, disruptions to the functioning of the
235:to an internal one, and issues related to low
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312:, not as a stand-alone diagnosis. The former
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617:"Pathological Lying: Symptom or Disease?"
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
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296:Pathological lying is listed in the
239:. Some researchers have suggested a
77:adding citations to reliable sources
2478:Discrimination against drug addicts
2340:Tobacco cessation clinics in India
1728:Psychopathic Personality Inventory
1048:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05068.x
798:https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3811/
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1250:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1233:The British Journal of Psychiatry
945:Curtis & Hart (August 2022).
283:great power, position, or wealth.
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2403:Low-threshold treatment programs
2270:Motivational enhancement therapy
356:unspecified personality disorder
310:histrionic personality disorders
53:
2483:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
2473:Category:Vaccines against drugs
1688:Antisocial personality disorder
1421:"How Psychopaths See the World"
817:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
375:connecting frontal cortex with
337:borderline personality disorder
254:and in 1891 by Anton Delbrück.
64:needs additional citations for
1470:Medicine, Science, and the Law
1351:Psychopathy checklist—revised.
1036:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
561:"Pathological Lying Revisited"
371:, developmental disruption of
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2106:Adverse childhood experiences
1738:Sadistic personality disorder
1519:10.1016/S0010-440X(99)90111-6
318:Haltlose personality disorder
34:Pseudologia Fantastica (song)
2335:Nicotine replacement therapy
2320:Intensive outpatient program
2308:Residential treatment center
2248:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1166:General Hospital Psychiatry,
979:. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger.
829:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000462
533:"What Is Pathological Lying"
415:-Revised (PCL-R), alongside
2556:Habit and impulse disorders
2551:Communication of falsehoods
1933:Internet addiction disorder
975:Healy MT, Healy W (2004) .
800:. Accessed December 2, 2019
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2368:List of twelve-step groups
1482:10.1177/002580249803800303
914:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190046
896:Curtis D (June 22, 2020).
714:Case Reports in Psychiatry
676:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190046
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2433:Supervised injection site
2363:Addiction recovery groups
2315:Heroin-assisted treatment
2275:Motivational interviewing
1353:Psychological assessment.
2116:Psychological dependence
1950:Digital media addictions
1507:Comprehensive Psychiatry
1321:10.1177/1529100611426706
1094:Psychological Assessment
615:Dike CC (June 1, 2008).
503:Psychological projection
2418:Needle exchange program
2408:Managed alcohol program
2386:Category:Harm reduction
1131:Australasian Psychiatry
2438:Tobacco harm reduction
2258:Contingency management
2225:Alcohol detoxification
1938:Internet sex addiction
1743:Sexual sadism disorder
1703:History of psychopathy
1672:Superficially charming
189:pseudologia fantastica
2500:Motivational salience
2428:Stimulant maintenance
2413:Moderation Management
2325:Methadone maintenance
1733:Psychopathy Checklist
1612:Anti-social behaviour
1419:Yong E (2018-03-12).
413:Psychopathy Checklist
373:white matter pathways
2423:Responsible drug use
2280:Motivational therapy
1945:Video game addiction
1708:Juvenile delinquency
1349:Hare, R. D. (2003).
1182:Journal of neurology
727:10.1155/2017/8961256
88:"Pathological lying"
73:improve this article
2347:Twelve-step program
2230:Drug detoxification
2111:Physical dependence
1769:George E. Partridge
1287:Human brain mapping
1111:Brain and cognition
631:on January 10, 2013
627:(7). Archived from
498:Munchausen syndrome
473:Compulsive behavior
352:factitious disorder
345:fear of abandonment
277:internal motivation
222:diagnostic criteria
2505:Incentive salience
2493:Inhibitory control
2468:Category:Addiction
2458:Addiction medicine
2253:Relapse prevention
2190:Tanning dependence
1764:Hervey M. Cleckley
1657:Pathological lying
1627:Diminished empathy
1216:Scientific Reports
589:on 13 January 2013
453:, head trauma, or
431:Pathological liars
329:Lie detector tests
184:Pathological lying
157:Pathological lying
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1394:Psychiatric Times
1381:. March 12, 2021.
986:978-1-4191-4030-3
958:978-1-4338-3622-0
879:978-1-4338-3622-0
621:Psychiatric Times
493:Impostor syndrome
417:superficial charm
391:, and a putative
369:prefrontal cortex
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16:(Redirected from
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323:Lack of Empathy
294:
269:
267:Characteristics
260:
252:G. Stanley Hall
241:biopsychosocial
152:
145:
134:
128:
125:
82:
80:
70:
58:
47:
37:
28:
27:Mental disorder
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2579:
2577:
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2553:
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2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2378:Harm reduction
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2356:Support groups
2353:
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2337:
2327:
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2255:
2244:
2242:
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2227:
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2219:
2218:Detoxification
2212:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2155:Benzodiazepine
2152:
2147:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
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2100:
2093:
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2018:
2005:
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2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
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1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1927:
1926:
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1920:
1912:
1910:Palatable food
1907:
1906:
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1900:
1891:
1889:
1883:
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1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
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1828:
1827:
1814:
1812:
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1804:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1774:Robert D. Hare
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
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1751:
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1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1681:Related topics
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1667:Shallow affect
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
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1565:
1558:
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1544:
1543:
1536:
1535:External links
1533:
1532:
1531:
1502:
1476:(3): 198–201.
1465:
1460:
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1411:
1384:
1379:United We Care
1366:
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823:(3): 241–245.
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2391:Drug checking
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2028:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
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1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1948:
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1939:
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1928:
1924:
1921:
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1916:
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1911:
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1817:
1816:Reinforcement
1810:
1805:
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1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
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1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Lack of guilt
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
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1610:
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1603:
1597:
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1528:
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1508:
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1479:
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1471:
1466:
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1459:
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1454:
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1346:
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1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:(3): 95–162.
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1256:(2), 174-175.
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1239:(4), 320-325.
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1205:(2), 192-199.
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1171:(3), 320-e11.
1170:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:BMC neurology
1143:
1140:
1137:(5), 461-466.
1136:
1132:
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1120:
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1103:
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865:
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514:
509:
506:
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501:
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496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:Confabulation
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
460:
458:
456:
455:CNS infection
452:
443:
441:
437:
430:
428:
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291:
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266:
264:
257:
255:
253:
248:
246:
245:developmental
242:
238:
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230:
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206:
204:
199:
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185:
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143:
140:
132:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90: –
89:
85:
84:Find sources:
78:
74:
68:
67:
62:This article
60:
56:
51:
50:
45:
43:
35:
30:
19:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2013:
1972:
1914:Sex-related
1656:
1652:Manipulative
1632:Disinhibited
1513:(2): 89–95.
1510:
1506:
1473:
1469:
1428:. Retrieved
1425:The Atlantic
1424:
1414:
1400:(7): 67–73.
1397:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1270:
1267:Neuroscience
1266:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:, 2009-2013.
1185:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1117:(1), 84-103.
1114:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1072:
1039:
1035:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
976:
947:
940:
908:(2): 62–69.
905:
901:
869:
820:
816:
767:
763:
717:
713:
703:
669:(2): 62–69.
666:
662:
633:. Retrieved
629:the original
624:
620:
591:. Retrieved
587:the original
570:
564:
554:
542:. Retrieved
536:
447:
444:Epidemiology
438:
434:
410:
401:
366:
363:Neurobiology
349:
327:
322:
306:narcissistic
297:
295:
286:
270:
261:
249:
226:
207:
203:pathological
188:
187:
183:
182:
135:
126:
116:
109:
102:
95:
83:
71:Please help
66:verification
63:
41:
29:
2239:Behavioral
2150:Barbiturate
2145:Amphetamine
1923:Pornography
1918:Intercourse
1852:Amphetamine
1818:disorders:
1662:Remorseless
1577:Psychopathy
1222:(1), 10713.
1005:Psychologia
577:: 342–349.
544:11 November
508:Kleptomania
488:Gaslighting
468:Child lying
421:grandiosity
407:Psychopathy
343:with their
333:psychopaths
237:self-esteem
162:Other names
44:(TV series)
42:Mythomaniac
2545:Categories
2463:Allen Carr
2303:Drug rehab
2294:Treatment
2210:management
2206:Treatment
2140:Alcoholism
2121:Withdrawal
2091:Dependence
2009:Epigenetic
1961:mechanisms
1894:Financial
1887:Behavioral
1824:dependence
1748:Sociopathy
1723:Narcissism
1698:Dark triad
1591:In fiction
1430:2021-07-16
1406:A180555438
1042:(1): 1–6.
1010:28 January
635:August 28,
515:References
302:antisocial
258:Definition
214:psychiatry
210:psychology
198:compulsive
176:Psychiatry
99:newspapers
2241:therapies
2130:Disorders
1832:Addiction
1820:addiction
1642:Impulsive
1637:Grandiose
1064:221390958
845:218691784
393:phenocopy
316:disorder
292:Diagnosis
171:Specialty
129:June 2017
2530:Category
2451:See also
2296:programs
2175:Nicotine
2165:Cannabis
2160:Caffeine
2099:Concepts
1959:Cellular
1903:Shopping
1898:Gambling
1872:Nicotine
1584:Contexts
1527:10080254
1329:26167886
1273:, 90-98.
932:36101870
837:32421295
776:16186198
746:28573061
695:36101870
583:16186198
461:See also
385:parietal
377:temporal
218:disorder
2170:Cocaine
1857:Cocaine
1847:Alcohol
1622:Callous
1498:9402077
1490:9717367
1337:8521465
1154:, 1-11.
1100:(1), 1.
1056:3279719
923:9176035
737:5442346
720:: 1–5.
686:9176035
593:7 April
325:facet.
113:scholar
2180:Opioid
2136:Drugs
2062:HDAC10
1877:Opioid
1525:
1496:
1488:
1404:
1335:
1327:
1062:
1054:
983:
955:
930:
920:
876:
843:
835:
774:
744:
734:
693:
683:
581:
423:, and
381:limbic
314:ICD-10
308:, and
115:
108:
101:
94:
86:
2561:Lying
2072:SIRT2
2067:SIRT1
2057:HDAC9
2052:HDAC5
2047:HDAC4
2041:HDAC3
2034:HDAC2
2027:HDAC1
2000:NF-κB
1995:GluR2
1980:c-Fos
1974:ΔFosB
1494:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1060:S2CID
841:S2CID
573:(3).
194:Latin
120:JSTOR
106:books
2208:and
1990:CREB
1985:Cdk5
1840:Drug
1822:and
1617:Bold
1523:PMID
1486:PMID
1402:Gale
1325:PMID
1052:PMID
1012:2017
981:ISBN
953:ISBN
928:PMID
874:ISBN
833:PMID
772:PMID
742:PMID
718:2017
691:PMID
637:2009
595:2019
579:PMID
546:2020
451:ADHD
383:and
341:cope
212:and
92:news
2076:...
2015:G9a
1515:doi
1478:doi
1317:doi
1271:244
1254:190
1237:187
1186:258
1044:doi
918:PMC
910:doi
825:doi
732:PMC
722:doi
681:PMC
671:doi
395:of
275:An
208:In
75:by
2547::
1521:.
1511:40
1509:.
1492:.
1484:.
1474:38
1472:.
1423:.
1398:25
1396:.
1377:.
1331:.
1323:.
1313:12
1311:.
1307:.
1291:40
1289:,
1278:^
1269:,
1252:,
1235:,
1220:10
1218:,
1203:16
1201:,
1184:,
1169:34
1152:11
1150:,
1135:22
1133:,
1122:^
1115:55
1113:,
1098:32
1096:,
1079:,
1058:.
1050:.
1040:77
1038:.
1020:^
1003:.
967:^
926:.
916:.
904:.
900:.
888:^
853:^
839:.
831:.
821:26
819:.
805:^
784:^
768:33
766:.
754:^
740:.
730:.
716:.
712:.
689:.
679:.
665:.
661:.
645:^
625:25
623:.
619:.
603:^
571:33
569:.
563:.
535:.
523:^
457:.
419:,
379:,
304:,
1808:e
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1794:v
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1529:.
1517::
1500:.
1480::
1433:.
1408:.
1339:.
1319::
1066:.
1046::
1014:.
989:.
961:.
934:.
912::
906:2
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