121:
PHQ-somatic, anxiety, depressive symptoms (PHQ-SADS) and includes questions regarding panic attacks (after the GAD-7 section). Though less commonly used, there are also brief versions of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 that may be useful as screening tools in some settings. In recent years, the PHQ-9 has been validated for use in adolescents, and a version for adolescents was also developed and validated (PHQ-A). Although these tests were originally designed as
331:
a diagnosis. Secondly, in order to attain more reliable and valid data, assessments need to address more current rather than previous symptoms. Thirdly, continuing to adhere to the "medically unexplained" requirement for symptoms makes it very difficult to make a diagnosis because it is extremely hard to ascertain if a symptom is or is not part of a larger medical condition (ex: chronic fatigue and depression).
1104:
The time period assessed by each scale could also be a limitation; the PHQ-9 asks about the last four weeks, whereas the GAD-7 focuses on the past two weeks, and the PHQ asks about various time periods from the last two weeks to the last six months. Depending on the time period in question, this may
330:
was derived from PHQ-15. The development of the PHQ-15 helped address three main problems in the assessment and diagnosis of somatoform disorders. Firstly, traditional methods of diagnosing somatoform disorders would only capture about 20% of true cases due to the number of symptoms required to meet
901:
The PHQ-9 is brief, free to use, and easy to score. It has good specificity, but the poor sensitivity could lead to false negatives, which is a problem for a screening tool. It is likely to perform best in samples where the prevalence of depressive disorders is high. To improve clinical utility,
2829:
Dear, Blake F.; Titov, Nickolai; Sunderland, Matthew; McMillan, Dean; Anderson, Tracy; Lorian, Carolyn; Robinson, Emma (2011-09-01). "Psychometric
Comparison of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Measuring Response during Treatment of Generalised
2269:
Persoons, Phillippe; Luyckx, Koen; Desloovere, Christian; Vandenberghe, Joris; Fischler, Benjamin (2003-09-01). "Anxiety and mood disorders in otorhinolaryngology outpatients presenting with dizziness: validation of the self-administered PRIME-MD Patient Health
Questionnaire and epidemiology".
120:
In addition to the PHQ, a nine-item version to assess symptoms of depression, a seven-item version to assess symptoms of anxiety (GAD-7), and a 15-item version to detect somatic symptoms (PHQ-15) have been developed and validated. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and the PHQ-15 were combined to create the
2884:
Han, Changsu; Pae, Chi-Un; Patkar, Ashwin A.; Masand, Prakash S.; Kim, Ki Woong; Joe, Sook-Haeng; Jung, In-Kwa (2009). "Psychometric
Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire–15 (PHQ–15) for Measuring the Somatic Symptoms of Psychiatric Outpatients".
2774:
Löwe, Bernd; Decker, Oliver; Müller, Stefanie; Brähler, Elmar; Schellberg, Dieter; Herzog, Wolfgang; Herzberg, Philipp Yorck (2008-03-01). "Validation and standardization of the
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population".
1108:
The scoring thresholds recommended are influenced by the samples in which they were validated and correspond with different levels of sensitivity and specificity, which may or may not match well with the intended use of the scale.
345:
The GAD-7 is a 7-item scale designed to assess symptoms of anxiety. Each item is scored on a 0-to-3 point scale ("not at all" to "nearly every day"). Cut points of 5, 10, and 15 correspond to mild, moderate, and severe anxiety.
758:
Covers DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, other anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, other depressive disorder, probable alcohol abuse or dependence, and somatoform and binge eating disorders
174:
in its diagnoses, which has led to its prominence in the primary care setting. This tool is used in a variety of different contexts, including clinical settings across the United States as well as research studies.
2183:
Löwe, Burnd; Spitzer; Gräfe; Kroenke; Quenter; Zipfel; Buchholz; Witte; Herzog (February 2004). "Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians' diagnoses".
325:
The
Patient Health Questionnaire 15 item (PHQ-15) contains the PHQ's somatic symptom scale. It is a well-validated measure, which asks whether symptoms are present and about their severity. A brief version, the
2570:
Löwe, Bernd; Kroenke, Kurt; Herzog, Wolfgang; Gräfe, Kerstin (2004-07-01). "Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)".
2222:
Löwe, Bernd; Gräfe, Kerstin; Zipfel, Stephan; Witte, Steffen; Loerch, Bernd; Herzog, Wolfgang (2004). "Diagnosing ICD-10 Depressive
Episodes: Superior Criterion Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire".
2320:
Wittkampf, Karin A.; Naeije, Leonie; Schene, Aart H.; Huyser, Jochanan; van Weert, Henk C. (2007-09-01). "Diagnostic accuracy of the mood module of the
Patient Health Questionnaire: a systematic review".
117:. The length of the original assessment limited its feasibility; consequently, a shorter version, consisting of 11 multi-part questions - the Patient Health Questionnaire was developed and validated.
1695:
Adewuya, Abiodun O.; Ola, Bola A.; Afolabi, Olusegun O. (2006-11-01). "Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression amongst
Nigerian university students".
985:
The GAD-7 is brief, free to use, and easy to score. It is sensitive to change following treatment. There is some evidence that elderly people may require some help to complete the scale accurately.
2084:
Kroenke, Kurt; Strine, Tara W.; Spitzer, Robert L.; Williams, Janet B. W.; Berry, Joyce T.; Mokdad, Ali H. (2009-04-01). "The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population".
276:
The
Patient Health Questionnaire 4 item (PHQ-4) combines the PHQ-2 with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 (GAD-2), an ultra-brief anxiety screener containing the first two questions from the
229:
The Patient Health Questionnaire 2 item (PHQ-2) is an ultra-brief screening instrument containing the first two questions from the PHQ-9. Two screening questions to assess the presence of a
1649:
Chen, Teddy M.; Huang, Frederick Y.; Chang, Christine; Chung, Henry (2006-07-01). "Using the PHQ-9 for Depression Screening and Treatment Monitoring for Chinese Americans in Primary Care".
1240:
Kroenke, Kurt; Spitzer, Robert L.; Williams, Janet B. W.; Löwe, Bernd (2010-07-01). "The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review".
2371:
Manea, Laura; Gilbody, Simon; McMillan, Dean (2015-01-01). "A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression".
140:
The original Patient Health Questionnaire contains five modules; these contain questions about depressive, anxiety, somatoform, alcohol, and eating disorders. Designed for use in the
132:
resources; no fees or permissions are required for using or copying the measures. Additionally, the measures have been validated in a number of different populations internationally.
2478:
van Ravesteijn, Hiske; Wittkampf, Karin; Lucassen, Peter; van de Lisdonk, Eloy; van den Hoogen, Henk; van Weert, Henk; Huijser, Jochanan; Schene, Aart; van Weel, Chris (2009-05-01).
1105:
or may not require a revision (i.e., if you are interested in depression over the last six months, you might alter the instructions), which could impact the validity of the measure.
1042:
Although the PHQ-15 is currently being used in major studies in several European countries and Australia. there is evidence that it does not perform as well in Hispanic populations.
237:, and a positive response to either question indicates further testing is required. This version of the PHQ has been shown to have good diagnostic sensitivity but poor specificity.
847:
Higher PHQ-9 scores were correlated with greater self-reported disability days, clinic visits, health-care utilization, as well as difficulties in activities and relationships.
773:
Construct validity has not been fully established, and more substantial evidence of convergent and discriminant validity would be helpful. Validity is consistent with PRIME-MD.
2535:
Schat, Aaron C. H.; Kelloway, E. Kevin; Desmarais, Serge (2005). "The Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ): Construct Validation of a Self-Report Scale of Somatic Symptoms".
862:.94) in primary care settings suggests good discriminative validity in populations that are generally not depressed, but it may not perform as well in clinical populations.
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3256:
1021:
PHQ-15 scores correlated with medically unexplained symptom counts (r=.52) measured via an independent psychiatric review and with the General Health Questionnaire-15.
3206:
2135:
Kroenke, K; Spitzer, RL; Williams, JB; Löwe, B (July 2010). "The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: A systematic review".
662:
Two large studies with convenience and random samples used. One research studies (N=906) in clinical sample and one research study (N=6000) in nonclinical sample.
3374:
3324:
952:
for detecting generalized anxiety disorder was .91, for panic disorder AUC= .85 for panic disorder, AUC=.83 for social anxiety disorder, and AUC=.83 for PTSD.
3329:
3012:
Ph.D, Dror Ben-Zeev; Young, Michael A.; Madsen, Joshua W. (2009-08-01). "Retrospective recall of affect in clinically depressed individuals and controls".
393:
The Patient Health Questionnaire - Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-SADS) screens for somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms using PHQ-9,
2715:
García-Campayo, Javier; Zamorano, Enric; Ruiz, Miguel A.; Pardo, Antonio; Pérez-Páramo, María; López-Gómez, Vanessa; Freire, Olga; Rejas, Javier (2010).
1056:
states that the treatment sensitivity for the PHQ-15 has not been researched much, but there is some support that the PHQ-15 is sensitive to treatment.
3169:"A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation andstandardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the generalpopulation"
873:
A meta-analysis of 27 samples suggested that performance of the PHQ-9 is highly heterogeneous; pooled sensitivity is low and specificity is high.
409:
The PHQ-A is a four module self-report to evaluate depression, anxiety, substance use and eating disorders in adolescent primary care patients.
3249:
128:
The PHQ is available in over 20 languages, available on the PHQ website. Both the original Patient Health Questionnaire and later variants are
3301:
1945:
Kroenke, K; Spitzer, RL; Williams, JB (March 2002). "The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms".
1774:
1747:
1846:"A pilot evaluation of associations between displayed depression references on Facebook and self-reported depression using a clinical scale"
3296:
3286:
3114:"A Primer on Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis and Diagnostic Efficiency Statistics for Pediatric Psychology: We Are Ready to ROC"
1799:
3309:
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Hunt, Melissa; Auriemma, Joseph; Cashaw, Ashara C. A. (2003-02-01). "Self-Report Bias and Underreporting of Depression on the BDI-II".
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3242:
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2616:"Cut points on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) that predict response to cognitive-behavioral treatments for depression"
1118:
394:
340:
277:
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Sensitivity was 78% and specificity was 71% for a DSM-IV diagnosis of somatoform disorder, corresponding to an AUC of .76.
1153:
884:
In a treatment study using three medical outpatient cohorts, the PHQ-9 has been shown to be sensitive to change over time
354:
The PHQ-8 is an eight-item scale developed specifically to screen for depression in American epidemiological populations.
3265:
815:
The PHQ is free and can be completed independently by the patient; it assesses a wide array of mental health concerns.
171:
167:
1412:
Allgaier, Antje-Kathrin; Pietsch, Kathrin; Frühe, Barbara; Sigl-Glöckner, Johanna; Schulte-Körne, Gerd (2012-10-01).
3057:"Meta-analyses of agreement between diagnoses made from clinical evaluations and standardized diagnostic interviews"
3319:
3291:
3276:
2922:"Somatic Complaints in Primary Care: Further Examining the Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15)"
1124:
1098:
327:
320:
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Interian, Alejandro; Allen, Lesley A.; Gara, Michael A.; Escobar, Javier I.; Díaz-Martínez, Angélica M. (2006).
1087:
516:
Multiple convenience and random samples, as well as research studies in both clinical and nonclinical samples.
3055:
Rettew, David C.; Lynch, Alicia Doyle; Achenbach, Thomas M.; Dumenci, Levent; Ivanova, Masha Y. (2009-09-01).
589:
Multiple convenience and random samples, as well as research studies in both clinical and nonclinical samples
182:
were representative of offline symptoms. Results demonstrated that those who displayed depression symptoms on
1594:
Tsai, Fang-Ju; Huang, Yu-Hsin; Liu, Hui-Ching; Huang, Kuo-Yang; Huang, Yen-Hsun; Liu, Shen-Ing (2014-02-01).
445:
Multiple convenience and random samples, as well as research studies in both clinical and nonclinical sample
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settings. Some modules are used independently, and variants have been developed based on the original items.
698:
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613:
553:
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482:
469:
122:
1511:
Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F, Crengle S, Gunn J, Kerse, Ngaire, Fishman T, Falloon K, Hatcher S (July 2010).
886:
The PHQ-9 has been used in studies to effectively monitor change following cognitive behavioral treatment.
3314:
2717:"Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool"
935:
1414:"Screening for Depression in Adolescents: Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire in Pediatric Care"
3200:
1068:
385:
311:
268:
221:
62:
42:
1359:"The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review"
1086:
All versions of the PHQ are self reports and, consequently, are subject to inherent biases, including
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949:
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669:
596:
523:
452:
66:
3168:
1844:
Moreno MA, Christakis DA, Egan KG, Jelenchick LA, Cox E, Young H, Villiard H, Becker T (July 2012).
1358:
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1970:
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1012:
925:
838:
764:
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Löwe B, Wahl I, Rose M, Spitzer C, Glaesmer H, Wingenfeld K, Schneider A, Brähler E (Apr 2010).
2614:
Schueller, Stephen M.; Kwasny, Mary J.; Dear, Blake F.; Titov, Nickolai; Mohr, David C. (2015).
1991:
Gierk, B; Kohlmann, S; Kroenke, K; Spangenberg, L; Zenger, M; Brähler, E; Löwe, B (March 2014).
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One study which used the PHQ-9, examined if college student displays of depression symptoms on
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2014:
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1623:
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1596:"Patient Health Questionnaire for School-Based Depression Screening Among Chinese Adolescents"
1544:
1493:
1443:
1435:
1386:
1378:
1339:
1321:
1265:
1257:
1185:
74:
70:
2416:"Psychometric comparison of PHQ-9 and HADS for measuring depression severity in primary care"
1764:
1513:"Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population"
3180:
3141:
3125:
3084:
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2004:
1954:
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1607:
1534:
1524:
1485:
1425:
1370:
1329:
1313:
1249:
1175:
995:
974:
The GAD-7 showed good sensitivity to treatment effects in two randomized-controlled trials.
912:
825:
750:
1595:
86:
59:
1812:
1317:
1162:"Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study"
166:
related criteria based on the mood module from the original PRIME-MD. The PHQ-9 is both
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3146:
3113:
3089:
3056:
2751:
2716:
2640:
2631:
2615:
2512:
2479:
2448:
2415:
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2334:
2148:
1922:
1897:
1870:
1845:
1821:
1794:
1738:
Blacker D (2009). "Psychiatric Rating Scales". In Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P (eds.).
1539:
1512:
1374:
1334:
1301:
1253:
1166:
398:
230:
162:
The PHQ-9 (DEP-9 in some sources), a tool specific to depression, scores each of the 9
2898:
2584:
2283:
2197:
1489:
3363:
3041:
2009:
1992:
1958:
1913:
1053:
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scored higher on the PHQ-9, suggesting that those who display depression symptoms on
129:
2998:
2867:
2812:
2663:
Spitzer, Robert L.; Kroenke, Kurt; Williams, Janet B. W.; Löwe, Bernd (2006-05-22).
2252:
2164:
2035:
Spitzer, Robert L.; Kroenke, Kurt; Williams, Janet B. W.; Löwe, Bernd (2006-05-22).
1974:
1455:
1398:
1357:
Kroenke, Kurt; Spitzer, Robert L.; Williams, Janet B. W.; Löwe, Bernd (2010-07-01).
1277:
2121:
1635:
902:
meta-analyses suggest increasing cut score to 10 or higher to improve sensitivity.
141:
2843:
2788:
2681:
2664:
2053:
2036:
2974:
2414:
Cameron, Isobel M; Crawford, John R; Lawton, Kenneth; Reid, Ian C (2008-01-01).
1993:"The Somatic Symptom Scale–8 (SSS-8): A Brief Measure of Somatic Symptom Burden"
548:
One study in Nigerian university students with found ranges between .83 and .92
3234:
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3184:
3025:
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2921:
2097:
1861:
1708:
145:
90:
82:
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1716:
1670:
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1619:
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1382:
1325:
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validity, it has also been validated in many different clinical populations.
3129:
1898:"Case-finding instruments for depression: Two questions are as good as many"
234:
3192:
3155:
3098:
2990:
2947:
2906:
2859:
2804:
2760:
2698:
2649:
2600:
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2521:
2457:
2400:
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2156:
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2018:
1966:
1879:
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1611:
1548:
1497:
1447:
1390:
1343:
1269:
1189:
2733:
2431:
1931:
858:
An average sensitivity of .77 and specificity of .94 (corresponding to an
187:
183:
179:
1574:"Instructions for Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and GAD-7 Measures"
365:
Patient Health Questionnaire - Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms
2665:"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7"
2037:"A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7"
370:
296:
253:
206:
78:
27:
2236:
1015:(e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)
928:(e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)
889:
A meta analysis stated that the PHQ-9 had good treatment sensitivity.
841:(e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)
767:(e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)
707:
Kappa = .60 when administration was done within 2 weeks of first test
1529:
1430:
1413:
1004:
163:
114:
3072:
2495:
1300:
Kroenke, Kurt; Spitzer, Robert L; Williams, Janet B W (2017-05-31).
920:
Covers seven of the core symptoms for generalized anxiety disorder.
125:
they can also be administered by trained health care practitioners.
1093:
The influence of these biases can mitigated by following up with a
621:
The interviewer vs. self-rated correlation ranges from .83 and .84
477:
Kappas range from .64-.81 for depression. Kappa for anxiety is .83
562:
Correlation between administrations done within 48 hours was .84.
380:
306:
263:
216:
157:
37:
16:
Multiple-choice questionnaire used to screen for mental disorders
3222:
2480:"Detecting somatoform disorders in primary care with the PHQ-15"
794:
No published studies formally checking validity generalization.
3238:
1003:
Scores correspond well to DSM-IV somatoform diagnoses from the
693:
No published studies formally checking inter-rater reliability
490:
No published studies formally checking test-retest reliability
804:
No published studies formally checking treatment sensitivity.
1795:"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure"
963:
Validity has been established across multiple populations.
1740:
Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry
1472:
Johnson, Jeffery; Harris; Spitzer; Williams (March 2002).
833:
Covers the DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder.
1896:
Whooley MA, Avins AL, Miranda J, Browner WS (July 1997).
938:(r= .72) and the anxiety subscale of the SCL-90 (r=.74).
3061:
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
1766:
Clinical Psycho-Oncology: An International Perspective
717:
No published studies formally checking repeatability.
573:
No published studies formally checking repeatability.
1891:
1889:
1793:
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (September 2001).
784:
AUCs range from .89 to .92 for detecting depression
646:
No published studies formally checking repeatability
500:
No published studies formally checking repeatability
2030:
2028:
1850:
Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research
3339:
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS)
1986:
1984:
379:
369:
364:
305:
295:
290:
262:
252:
247:
215:
205:
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113:), a diagnostic tool developed in the mid-1990s by
36:
26:
21:
1474:"The patient health questionnaire for adolescents"
235:loss of interest or pleasure in routine activities
3330:Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
144:setting, it lacks coverage for disorders seen in
1067:The PHQ-15 is easy to use, free, and has a high
2217:
2215:
1101:, the gold standard for diagnostic assessment.
737:Rating* (adequate, good, excellent, too good*)
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
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1558:
426:Rating* (adequate, good, excellent, too good)
3310:Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS-11)
3250:
8:
3306:Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS)
3205:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1581:Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Screeners
3297:Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)
3287:Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
1763:Luigi Grassi; Michelle Riba (18 May 2012).
3257:
3243:
3235:
3370:Depression screening and assessment tools
3145:
3088:
2937:
2750:
2732:
2680:
2639:
2537:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
2511:
2447:
2052:
2008:
1921:
1869:
1820:
1538:
1528:
1429:
1333:
1179:
464:reported at .88 for measuring depression
401:symptoms question from the original PHQ.
358:Somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms
291:Patient Health Questionnaire 15 item
727:
416:
248:Patient Health Questionnaire 4 item
201:Patient Health Questionnaire 2 item
2420:The British Journal of General Practice
1769:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 23–.
1136:
93:. It is the self-report version of the
3375:Anxiety screening and assessment tools
3198:
2879:
2877:
2824:
2822:
2710:
2708:
1690:
1688:
361:
287:
244:
241:4-item depression and anxiety screener
197:
18:
3302:Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
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1788:
1786:
1235:
1233:
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1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1007:and General Health Questionnaire-15.
672:(Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)
599:(Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)
526:(Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)
455:(Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)
7:
1902:Journal of General Internal Medicine
1813:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
1800:Journal of General Internal Medicine
1467:
1465:
1318:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
1306:Journal of General Internal Medicine
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1199:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
73:tool for mental health disorders of
2721:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
3335:Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)
3112:Youngstrom, Eric A. (2014-03-01).
2632:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.05.009
2385:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.009
2335:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.06.004
2149:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
1375:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
1254:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
1160:, et al. (10 November 1999).
14:
3349:Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
2963:Journal of Personality Assessment
301:PHQ-15, PHQ Somatic Symptom Scale
3345:Wechsler Depression Rating Scale
3320:Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
3292:Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
3282:Burns Depression Checklist (BDC)
2225:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
2010:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179
1959:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
1914:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1997.00076.x
3277:Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
3118:Journal of Pediatric Psychology
1090:and poor retrospective recall.
190:are experiencing them offline.
3342:Raskin Depression Rating Scale
2573:Journal of Affective Disorders
2186:Journal of Affective Disorders
2086:Journal of Affective Disorders
1742:(9th ed.). p. 1042.
1697:Journal of Affective Disorders
1119:Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7
341:Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7
278:Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7
1:
2899:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70859-x
2669:Archives of Internal Medicine
2585:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00198-8
2284:10.1016/s0163-8343(03)00072-0
2198:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00237-9
2041:Archives of Internal Medicine
1490:10.1016/s1054-139x(01)00333-0
3266:Rating scales for depression
3230:Interactive version of PHQ-9
2844:10.1080/16506073.2011.582138
2789:10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093
2682:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
2054:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
1478:Journal of Adolescent Health
740:Explanation with references
52:Patient Health Questionnaire
22:Patient Health Questionnaire
2975:10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_10
2832:Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
2620:General Hospital Psychiatry
2373:General Hospital Psychiatry
2323:General Hospital Psychiatry
2272:General Hospital Psychiatry
2137:General Hospital Psychiatry
1363:General Hospital Psychiatry
1242:General Hospital Psychiatry
3391:
2549:10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.363
934:Scores correlate with the
338:
318:
194:2-item depression screener
155:
3272:
3185:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019
3026:10.1080/02699930802607937
2939:10.1176/appi.psy.47.5.392
2484:Annals of Family Medicine
2098:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026
1862:10.1007/s11414-011-9258-7
1709:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.021
1517:Annals of Family Medicine
1125:Somatic Symptom Scale - 8
1099:semi-structured interview
989:
906:
819:
744:
666:
593:
520:
449:
328:Somatic Symptom Scale - 8
321:Somatic Symptom Scale - 8
1663:10.1176/ps.2006.57.7.976
1583:. Pfizer. 16 April 2014.
1181:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
1037:Validity generalization
1026:Discriminative validity
957:Validity generalization
943:Discriminative validity
867:Validity generalization
852:Discriminative validity
789:Validity generalization
778:Discriminative validity
3315:M3 Checklist:Depression
699:Test-retest reliability
687:Inter-rater reliability
627:Test-retest reliability
614:Inter-rater reliability
554:Test-retest reliability
541:Inter-rater reliability
483:Test-retest reliability
470:Inter-rater reliability
397:, and PHQ-15, plus the
350:8-item depression scale
152:9-item depression scale
123:self-report inventories
1997:JAMA Internal Medicine
1947:Psychosomatic Medicine
1612:10.1542/peds.2013-0204
1418:Depression and Anxiety
1047:Treatment sensitivity
968:Treatment sensitivity
936:Beck Anxiety Inventory
878:Treatment sensitivity
799:Treatment sensitivity
535:range from .83 to .89
3130:10.1093/jpepsy/jst062
3014:Cognition and Emotion
2734:10.1186/1477-7525-8-8
2432:10.3399/bjgp08X263794
284:15-item somatic scale
63:self-report inventory
1651:Psychiatric Services
670:Internal consistency
597:Internal consistency
524:Internal consistency
453:Internal consistency
335:7-item anxiety scale
91:somatoform disorders
2830:Anxiety Disorder".
1088:social desirability
1013:Construct validity
926:Construct validity
839:Construct validity
765:Construct validity
65:that is used as a
3357:
3356:
2675:(10): 1092–1097.
2237:10.1159/000080393
2047:(10): 1092–1097.
1776:978-1-119-94109-5
1749:978-0-7817-6899-3
1079:
1078:
1061:Clinical utility
979:Clinical utility
895:Clinical utility
809:Clinical utility
721:
720:
533:Cronbach's alphas
391:
390:
317:
316:
274:
273:
227:
226:
48:
47:
3382:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3223:Official website
3210:
3204:
3196:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3020:(5): 1021–1040.
3009:
3003:
3002:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2736:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2317:
2304:
2303:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2092:(1–3): 163–173.
2081:
2075:
2074:
2056:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1606:(2): e402–e409.
1591:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1530:10.1370/afm.1139
1508:
1502:
1501:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1433:
1431:10.1002/da.21971
1409:
1403:
1402:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1297:
1282:
1281:
1237:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1150:
996:Content validity
913:Content validity
826:Content validity
751:Content validity
728:
681:reported at .80
679:Cronbach's alpha
635:Reported as .83
608:reported at .92
606:Cronbach's alpha
462:Cronbach's alpha
417:
405:Adolescent scale
362:
288:
245:
198:
19:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3268:
3263:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3197:
3173:J Affect Disord
3166:
3163:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3073:10.1002/mpr.289
3054:
3053:
3049:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2496:10.1370/afm.985
2477:
2476:
2465:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2370:
2369:
2358:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2034:
2033:
2026:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1556:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1424:(10): 906–913.
1411:
1410:
1406:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1299:
1298:
1285:
1239:
1238:
1197:
1174:(18): 1737–44.
1152:
1151:
1138:
1134:
1115:
1084:
726:
415:
407:
360:
352:
343:
337:
323:
286:
243:
196:
160:
154:
138:
60:multiple-choice
17:
12:
11:
5:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3216:
3215:External links
3213:
3212:
3211:
3179:(1–2): 86–95.
3162:
3161:
3124:(2): 204–221.
3104:
3067:(3): 169–184.
3047:
3004:
2953:
2932:(5): 392–398.
2926:Psychosomatics
2912:
2893:(6): 580–585.
2887:Psychosomatics
2873:
2838:(3): 216–227.
2818:
2783:(3): 266–274.
2766:
2704:
2655:
2626:(5): 470–475.
2606:
2562:
2543:(4): 363–381.
2527:
2490:(3): 232–238.
2463:
2426:(546): 32–36.
2406:
2356:
2329:(5): 388–395.
2305:
2278:(5): 316–323.
2258:
2231:(6): 386–390.
2211:
2192:(2): 131–140.
2170:
2127:
2076:
2024:
2003:(3): 399–407.
1980:
1937:
1885:
1856:(3): 295–304.
1836:
1807:(9): 606–613.
1782:
1775:
1755:
1748:
1730:
1703:(1–2): 89–93.
1684:
1657:(7): 976–981.
1641:
1586:
1554:
1503:
1484:(3): 196–204.
1461:
1404:
1369:(4): 345–359.
1349:
1312:(9): 606–613.
1283:
1248:(4): 345–359.
1195:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1111:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1001:
998:
993:
987:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:
947:
946:Too excellent
944:
940:
939:
932:
929:
922:
921:
918:
915:
910:
904:
903:
899:
896:
892:
891:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
864:
863:
856:
855:Too excellent
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
835:
834:
831:
828:
823:
817:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
800:
796:
795:
792:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
775:
774:
771:
768:
761:
760:
756:
753:
748:
742:
741:
738:
735:
732:
725:
722:
719:
718:
715:
713:
712:Repeatability
709:
708:
705:
702:
695:
694:
691:
689:
683:
682:
676:
673:
667:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
648:
647:
644:
643:Not published
641:
640:Repeatability
637:
636:
633:
630:
623:
622:
619:
616:
610:
609:
603:
600:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
575:
574:
571:
570:Not published
568:
567:Repeatability
564:
563:
560:
557:
550:
549:
546:
543:
537:
536:
530:
527:
521:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
502:
501:
498:
496:
495:Repeatability
492:
491:
488:
486:
479:
478:
475:
472:
466:
465:
459:
456:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
414:
411:
406:
403:
389:
388:
383:
377:
376:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
351:
348:
339:Main article:
336:
333:
315:
314:
309:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
285:
282:
272:
271:
266:
260:
259:
256:
250:
249:
242:
239:
231:depressed mood
225:
224:
219:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
195:
192:
156:Main article:
153:
150:
137:
134:
46:
45:
40:
34:
33:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3387:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:(4): 345–59.
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:(2): 258–66.
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1908:(7): 439–45.
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1523:(4): 348–53.
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
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2886:
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2777:Medical Care
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1069:discriminant
990:
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820:
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701:(stability)
651:
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556:(stability)
505:
485:(stability)
434:
429:Explanation
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142:primary care
139:
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55:
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1302:"The PHQ-9"
1158:Williams JB
1082:Limitations
629:(stability
413:Reliability
146:psychiatric
3364:Categories
1600:Pediatrics
1154:Spitzer RL
1132:References
1095:structured
1073:convergent
1029:Excellent
982:Excellent
830:Excellent
781:Excellent
734:Criterion
659:Excellent
586:Excellent
513:Excellent
442:Excellent
423:Criterion
319:See also:
115:Pfizer Inc
109:isorders (
75:depression
71:diagnostic
3138:0146-8693
3081:1557-0657
3042:144033759
3034:0269-9931
2983:0022-3891
2852:1650-6073
2797:0025-7079
2743:1477-7525
2691:0003-9926
2593:0165-0327
2504:1544-1717
2440:0960-1643
2393:1873-7714
2343:0163-8343
2292:0163-8343
2106:1573-2517
2063:0003-9926
1717:0165-0327
1671:1075-2730
1620:0031-4005
1440:1520-6394
1383:0163-8343
1326:0884-8734
1262:1873-7714
1018:Adequate
870:Variable
770:Adequate
559:Adequate
280:(GAD-7).
168:sensitive
97:ary Care
67:screening
3193:19616305
3156:23965298
3099:19701924
2999:22024156
2991:12584064
2948:16959927
2907:19996228
2868:25918813
2860:21770844
2813:16052239
2805:18388841
2761:20089179
2699:16717171
2650:26077754
2601:15183601
2557:16248686
2522:19433840
2458:18186994
2401:25439733
2351:17888804
2300:12972222
2253:22830312
2245:15479995
2206:14706723
2165:34713999
2157:20633738
2114:18752852
2071:16717171
2019:24276929
1975:28701848
1967:11914441
1880:21863354
1831:11556941
1725:16857265
1679:16816282
1628:24446447
1549:20644190
1498:11869927
1456:40022177
1448:22753313
1399:34713999
1391:20633738
1344:11556941
1278:34713999
1270:20633738
1190:10568646
1113:See also
1050:Unknown
731:Measure
724:Validity
420:Measure
375:PHQ-SADS
371:Synonyms
297:Synonyms
254:Synonyms
207:Synonyms
188:Facebook
184:Facebook
180:Facebook
172:specific
136:Versions
111:PRIME-MD
28:Synonyms
3147:3936258
3090:6878243
2752:2831043
2641:4558333
2513:2682971
2449:2148236
2122:3568107
1932:9229283
1923:1497134
1871:3266445
1822:1495268
1636:7039662
1540:2906530
1335:1495268
1127:(SSS-8)
1121:(GAD-7)
386:69729-2
312:69728-4
269:69724-3
222:55757-9
83:alcohol
79:anxiety
58:) is a
43:69723-5
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1332:
1324:
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1260:
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991:PHQ-15
656:Norms
652:PHQ-15
583:Norms
510:Norms
439:Norms
233:and a
164:DSM-IV
105:ental
89:, and
87:eating
3038:S2CID
2995:S2CID
2864:S2CID
2809:S2CID
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2249:S2CID
2161:S2CID
2118:S2CID
1971:S2CID
1632:S2CID
1577:(PDF)
1452:S2CID
1395:S2CID
1274:S2CID
1064:Good
1000:Good
971:Good
960:Good
931:Good
917:Good
908:GAD-7
898:Good
881:Good
844:Good
821:PHQ-9
812:Good
755:Good
704:Good
675:Good
632:Good
618:Good
602:Good
579:GAD-7
545:Good
529:Good
506:PHQ-9
474:Good
458:Good
399:panic
395:GAD-7
381:LOINC
307:LOINC
264:LOINC
258:PHQ-4
217:LOINC
211:PHQ-2
158:PHQ-9
38:LOINC
3325:MINI
3207:link
3189:PMID
3152:PMID
3134:ISSN
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2015:PMID
1963:PMID
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