435:
503:
408:
373:
1289:
336:
in his experimental protocols, he typically placed a solution of a salt in a sealed glass tube, with a platinum wire in the solution as a negative pole, and another platinum wire above the surface of the liquid as a positive pole. In 1885, he experimented with reversing the polarity of the electric
1120:
In 1874 the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de
Boisbaudran found two previously unidentified lines in the atomic spectrum of a sample of sphalerite (a zinc sulfide, ZnS, mineral). Realizing he was on the verge of a discovery, Lecoq de Boisbaudran quickly prepared a large batch of the zinc mineral,
510:
Lecoq de
Boisbaudran experimented with the precipitation of rare earth compounds from water solution using potassium sulfate to induce precipitation. He then measured the spectra of solutions in which the liquid served as a positive pole. Lecoq de Boisbaudran noted a spectral band in the
259:
on the second floor of their home on the Rue de
Lusignan. In this laboratory, he repeated the experiments that he had studied in books. Through these experiments, he developed his theories of spectroscopy and made most of his discoveries, including the isolation of gallium.
442:
He continued his experiments using several hundred kilograms of crude zinc ore and in the same year isolated more than one gram of a near-pure metal by electrolysis of a solution of the metal in its form as a hydroxide compound, dissolved in
237:(1685), which officially sanctioned persecution of Protestants. The Lecoq de Boisbaudran family was of considerable fortune until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, after which much of their property was confiscated and sold.
451:
portion of the spectrum of the mineral sphalerite. In this way, he ruled out the possibility that the spectral characteristics were an accident of the extraction process, rather than being an indication of a new element.
581:
François Lecoq de
Boisbaudran (1838–1912) Laissons un moment la littérature et glissons-nous dans cette science ... Paul-Émile (dit François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran est né à Cognac le 18 avril 1838 dans la vieille demeure
427:. From it, he extracted several milligrams of gallium chloride. Using spectroscopic methods, he observed what appeared to be two previously unreported lines in the sample's spectrum, at wavelengths of 4170 and 4031
304:
Lecoq de
Boisbaudran made major contributions to the then-new science of spectroscopy, which relates to the interaction of light and matter. He applied spectroscopy to characterize elements, particularly the
316:
Boisbaudran developed new experimental apparatus and used these to carry out spectral analyses of various chemical elements. Through systematic experimentation, he analysed spectra of 35 elements, using the
481:
De
Boisbaudran calculated the atomic mass of gallium as 69.86, close to the currently accepted value of 69.723. Unknown to Lecoq de Boisbaudran, the existence of gallium had been predicted during 1871 by
998:
Lecoq de
Boisbaudran, Paul Émile (1875). "Caractères chimiques et spectroscopiques d'un nouveau métal, le gallium, découvert dans une blende de la mine de Pierrefitte, vallée d'Argelès (Pyrénées)".
240:
Paul-Émile (Francois) Lecoq de
Boisbaudran was a son of Paul Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1801–1870) and his wife Anne Louise. Paul Lecoq de Boisbaudran established a successful wine business in
279:, in which substances can exist in solution in higher concentrations than is possible under normal conditions. He showed that contact of supersaturated solutions with crystals of an
511:
yellow-green portion of the spectrum, indicative of a new element. In 1886 he succeeded in isolating a purified sample of the source of the new spectral band. He named the element
447:
solution. Later he prepared 75 grams of gallium using more than 4 tonnes of crude ore. He confirmed its spectral characteristics, consisting of two spectral lines in the
523:
Lecoq de
Boisbaudran contributed to the development of the periodic classification of elements. This contribution occurred when he proposed that the newly discovered element
247:
Anne Louise Lecoq de
Boisbaudran was well educated and taught her son Paul-Émile history and foreign languages, including English. He obtained the syllabus of the
341:
bands in the spectra providing further insight into the spectral characteristics of various chemical elements. Using this apparatus, he discovered the
1335:
178:
801:
251:, and he studied the books assigned in its courses. In this way, he was self-taught as a scientist. As such, de Boisbaudran is an example of an
1360:
1320:
1213:
1144:
837:
40:
313:. Theorizing that spectral frequencies relate to the atomic weight of an element, he recognized spectral trends based upon atomic masses.
293:
In 1874 Lecoq de Boisbaudran found that certain crystal faces dissolve more rapidly than other crystal faces. Specifically, he found that
474:. Lecoq de Boisbaudran denied this suggestion in an article in 1877. He published an account of his investigations on the new element in
1355:
1186:
361:
466:, in honor of his native land of France. It was later suggested that Lecoq de Boisbaudran had named the element after himself, since
1113:
1088:
982:
388:. He identified the presence of a new element by using spectroscopy to observe its characteristic sharp optical absorption lines.
1365:
853:
DeKosky, Robert K. (1973). "Spectroscopy and the Elements in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Work of Sir William Crookes".
263:
Lecoq de Boisbaudran married Jeannette Nadault-Valette (1852–1926) on 27 December 1897. They had no children. He developed
1022:
280:
655:
491:
22:
290:
salts can be dissolved to create a supersaturated solution. These investigations were carried out from 1866 to 1869.
396:
434:
327:
Spectres lumineux : spectres prismatiques et en longueurs d'ondes destinés aux recherches de chimie minérale
218:
555:(1879) and the Prix Lacaze of 10,000 francs (1879). In 1888 he was elected a foreign member of the British
248:
234:
925:
Spectres lumineux : spectres prismatiques et en longueurs d'ondes destinés aux recherches de chimie
419:
in 1875. Beginning in 1874, Lecoq de Boisbaudran investigated a sample of 52 kg of the mineral ore
594:
395:
from which it was isolated. The mineral itself was earlier named for a Russian mine official, Colonel
1330:
1325:
1031:
773:
310:
1340:
444:
267:
of the joints, and failing health hindered his work after 1895. He died in 1912, at the age of 74.
256:
182:
705:
Ramsay, W. (1913). "Obituary notices: Paul Émile (dit François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran, 1838–1912".
548:
878:
870:
306:
1350:
1254:
1209:
1203:
1182:
1176:
1140:
1134:
1109:
1084:
1017:
978:
939:
897:
833:
827:
761:
490:. De Boisbaudran's discovery of gallium was significant support for Mendeleev's theory of the
233:'s position as the established religion of France. The Edict of Nantes was overturned by the
1078:
1345:
1039:
862:
781:
714:
544:
483:
283:
202:
163:
528:
325:
of samples of the elements. The results of his early investigations were published in his
276:
222:
1178:
Mapping the spectrum : techniques of visual representation in research and teaching
1035:
777:
629:
1299:
732:
448:
385:
338:
275:
Lecoq de Boisbaudran's early investigations focused on understanding the phenomenon of
241:
60:
1020:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some elements predicted by Mendeleeff".
1314:
1303:
969:
963:
882:
556:
333:
318:
298:
940:"Recherches sur le samarium, radical d'une terre nouvelle extraite de la samarskite"
39:
1121:
from which he isolated a gram of a new element. He called this new element gallium.
415:
A significant achievement of Lecoq de Boisbaudran was his discovery of the element
322:
286:
causes the substance to precipitate from the solution. He further showed that many
226:
186:
139:
1080:
A well-ordered thing : Dmitrii Mendeleev and the shadow of the periodic table
502:
244:, benefiting from the hard work of the entire family including young Paul-Émile.
230:
21:"Lecoq de Boisbaudran" redirects here. For the artist and drawing teacher, see
1162:
The periodic system of chemical elements: A history of the first hundred years
866:
552:
512:
420:
407:
392:
372:
357:
349:
342:
294:
252:
214:
174:
115:
103:
1229:
532:
428:
287:
264:
210:
198:
135:
543:
For his accomplishments, Lecoq de Boisbaudran was awarded the Cross of the
718:
424:
381:
353:
345:
170:
99:
1043:
874:
416:
166:
159:
95:
1108:(Enhanced., 9th ed.). Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. p. 312.
786:
206:
64:
902:
Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
1000:
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences
944:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences
524:
501:
456:
433:
406:
371:
82:
309:. He developed a theoretical framework of spectroscopy, based on
1205:
Making 20th century science : how theories became knowledge
463:
595:"Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran | French chemist | Britannica"
297:
faces are less readily soluble than cubic faces in the case of
826:
Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Virginia (2014).
904:. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 270–271
634:(6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
356:(1890). In 1885, he also spectroscopically characterized
656:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Yttrium and Johan Gadolin"
255:. With the support of his family, he assembled a modest
515:, meaning "difficult to obtain" in the Greek language.
197:
Lecoq de Boisbaudran was a member of a noble family of
1136:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements
391:
He named his new element "samarium" after the mineral
360:
in 1885, an element previously discovered in 1880 by
829:
The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side
802:"Paul Emile Lecoq De Boisbauran | Encyclopedia.com"
131:
111:
90:
71:
46:
30:
968:
962:
654:Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (2008).
551:from the French Academy of Sciencies (1872), the
527:was a member of a new, previously unrecognized,
438:Spectre electrique du Chlorure de Gallium, 1877
1083:. Princeton University Press. pp. 36–38.
855:The British Journal for the History of Science
579:. Millau: Maury Imprimeur. 1982. p. 204.
217:, a population that was devastated during the
185:and was one of the pioneers of the science of
1208:. Oxford University Press. pp. 161–166.
1181:. Oxford University Press. pp. 118–120.
8:
158:(18 April 1838 – 28 May 1912), was a French
1104:Ebbing, Darrell; Gammon, Steven D. (2010).
455:He named his discovery "gallium", from the
229:to the Huguenots even though it maintained
755:
753:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
423:obtained from the Pierrefitte mine in the
177:. He developed methods for separation and
27:
1072:
1070:
1068:
785:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
531:of elements that came to be known as the
1139:. Oxford University Press. p. 130.
832:. Oxford University Press. p. 213.
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
1302:, a publication from 1913, now in the
1077:Gordin, Michael D. (11 December 2018).
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
568:
470:is the Latin translation of the French
7:
1294:This article incorporates text from
1259:L'Année scientifique et industrielle
577:Regards sur Cognac / Ville de Cognac
760:Gardiner, J. H. (31 October 1912).
519:Periodic classification of elements
337:current. In this way, he obtained
321:, electric spark or both to induce
14:
972:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
898:"Kinetic theories of gravitation"
162:known for his discoveries of the
1336:Discoverers of chemical elements
1287:
1255:"Academies et Societes Savantes"
1059:Sur un nouveau metal, le gallium
476:Sur un nouveau metal, le gallium
380:Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovered
38:
1057:Lecoq de Boisbaudran, (1877).
961:Hammond, C. R. (29 June 2004).
923:Lecoq de Boisbaudran, (1874).
152:Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
32:Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
938:Boisbaudran, Lecoq de (1879).
384:in 1879 after first isolating
1:
1023:Journal of Chemical Education
631:The discovery of the elements
156:François Lecoq de Boisbaudran
107:Contributions to spectroscopy
1361:20th-century French chemists
1321:19th-century French chemists
1160:Spronsen, J. W. van (1969).
977:(81st ed.). CRC press.
213:. The Huguenots were French
896:Taylor, William B. (1877).
628:Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956).
492:periodicity of the elements
362:J. C. Galissard de Marignac
225:(1598) granted substantial
23:Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran
1382:
1356:People from Cognac, France
1202:Brush, Stephen G. (2015).
927:. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
397:Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets
20:
18:French chemist (1838–1912)
1175:Hentschel, Klaus (2002).
867:10.1017/S0007087400012553
762:"M. Lecoq De Boisbaudran"
145:
124:
37:
1164:. Elsevier. p. 250.
486:, who gave it the name
219:French Wars of Religion
507:
439:
412:
377:
235:Edict of Fontainebleau
1366:Rare earth scientists
1306:in the United States.
1133:Emsley, John (2011).
733:"History of the town"
505:
437:
410:
375:
806:www.encyclopedia.com
719:10.1039/CT9130300742
707:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
311:molecular vibrations
1036:1932JChEd...9.1605W
778:1912Natur..90..255G
445:potassium hydroxide
307:rare-earth elements
257:chemical laboratory
249:École Polytechnique
183:rare earth elements
1044:10.1021/ed009p1605
1018:Weeks, Mary Elvira
599:www.britannica.com
508:
440:
413:
378:
1215:978-0-19-997815-1
1146:978-0-19-960563-7
1106:General chemistry
839:978-0-19-938334-4
772:(2244): 255–256.
539:Awards and honors
221:(1561–1598). The
164:chemical elements
149:
148:
126:Scientific career
120:
1373:
1296:Obituary notices
1291:
1290:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1030:(9): 1605–1619.
1014:
1008:
1007:
995:
989:
988:
976:
966:
958:
952:
951:
935:
929:
928:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
893:
887:
886:
850:
844:
843:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:10.1038/090255a0
757:
748:
747:
745:
743:
729:
723:
722:
702:
667:
666:
660:
651:
636:
635:
625:
610:
609:
607:
605:
591:
585:
584:
573:
545:Legion of Honour
484:Dmitri Mendeleev
203:French provinces
118:
78:
56:
54:
42:
28:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1311:
1310:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1016:
1015:
1011:
997:
996:
992:
985:
960:
959:
955:
937:
936:
932:
922:
921:
917:
907:
905:
895:
894:
890:
852:
851:
847:
840:
825:
824:
820:
810:
808:
800:
799:
795:
759:
758:
751:
741:
739:
737:Ville de Cognac
731:
730:
726:
704:
703:
670:
665:(Spring): 8–11.
658:
653:
652:
639:
627:
626:
613:
603:
601:
593:
592:
588:
575:
574:
570:
565:
541:
529:chemical series
521:
500:
405:
370:
277:supersaturation
273:
223:Edict of Nantes
195:
106:
86:
80:
76:
67:
58:
52:
50:
33:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1300:William Ramsay
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1246:
1221:
1214:
1194:
1188:978-0198509530
1187:
1167:
1152:
1145:
1125:
1114:
1096:
1089:
1064:
1049:
1009:
990:
983:
964:"The Elements"
953:
930:
915:
888:
861:(4): 400–423.
845:
838:
818:
793:
749:
724:
668:
637:
611:
586:
567:
566:
564:
561:
540:
537:
520:
517:
499:
496:
404:
401:
386:samarium oxide
369:
366:
339:phosphorescent
272:
269:
194:
191:
154:, also called
147:
146:
143:
142:
133:
129:
128:
122:
121:
113:
109:
108:
92:
91:Known for
88:
87:
81:
79:(aged 74)
73:
69:
68:
59:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1378:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1304:public domain
1301:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:9780538497527
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1090:9780691172385
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:. Paris: s.n.
1060:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
986:
984:0-8493-0485-7
980:
975:
974:
971:
965:
957:
954:
949:
945:
941:
934:
931:
926:
919:
916:
903:
899:
892:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
846:
841:
835:
831:
830:
822:
819:
807:
803:
797:
794:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
756:
754:
750:
738:
734:
728:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
669:
664:
657:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
638:
633:
632:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
612:
600:
596:
590:
587:
583:
578:
572:
569:
562:
560:
558:
557:Royal Society
554:
550:
547:(1876), the
546:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
518:
516:
514:
504:
497:
495:
493:
489:
488:eka-aluminium
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
453:
450:
446:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
409:
402:
400:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
335:
334:spark spectra
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:Bunsen burner
314:
312:
308:
302:
300:
299:ammonium alum
296:
291:
289:
285:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
261:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
117:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
94:Discovery of
93:
89:
84:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:18 April 1838
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
24:
16:
1297:
1293:
1267:. Retrieved
1262:
1258:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1230:"Davy Medal"
1224:
1204:
1197:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1105:
1099:
1079:
1058:
1052:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1003:
999:
993:
973:
970:
956:
947:
943:
933:
924:
918:
906:. Retrieved
901:
891:
858:
854:
848:
828:
821:
809:. Retrieved
805:
796:
769:
765:
740:. Retrieved
736:
727:
710:
706:
662:
630:
602:. Retrieved
598:
589:
580:
576:
571:
549:Bordin Prize
542:
522:
509:
487:
480:
475:
471:
467:
459:
454:
441:
414:
390:
379:
331:
326:
323:luminescence
315:
303:
292:
274:
262:
246:
239:
227:civil rights
196:
187:spectroscopy
179:purification
155:
151:
150:
140:spectroscopy
125:
77:(1912-05-28)
15:
1331:1912 deaths
1326:1838 births
1269:28 December
1265:: 507. 1880
1239:28 December
742:29 December
713:: 742–744.
663:The Hexagon
533:noble gases
352:(1886) and
343:lanthanides
332:To observe
281:isomorphous
231:Catholicism
215:Protestants
75:28 May 1912
1341:Dysprosium
1315:Categories
1006:: 493–495.
950:: 212–214.
582:familiale.
563:References
553:Davy Medal
513:dysprosium
506:Dysprosium
498:Dysprosium
421:sphalerite
393:samarskite
358:gadolinium
350:dysprosium
301:crystals.
295:octahedral
253:autodidact
175:dysprosium
116:Davy Medal
104:dysprosium
53:1838-04-18
908:4 January
883:146534210
429:angstroms
288:anhydrous
265:ankylosis
211:Angoumois
201:from the
199:Huguenots
193:Biography
136:Chemistry
1351:Samarium
478:(1877).
462:meaning
425:Pyrenees
382:samarium
376:Samarium
368:Samarium
354:europium
348:(1880),
346:samarium
329:(1874).
271:Research
171:samarium
100:samarium
85:, France
1346:Gallium
1282:Sources
1032:Bibcode
875:4025503
774:Bibcode
417:gallium
411:Gallium
403:Gallium
181:of the
167:gallium
160:chemist
96:gallium
1292:
1212:
1185:
1143:
1112:
1087:
981:
881:
873:
836:
766:Nature
472:le coq
468:gallus
460:Gallia
449:violet
242:Cognac
207:Poitou
132:Fields
119:(1879)
112:Awards
65:France
61:Cognac
1298:, by
879:S2CID
871:JSTOR
811:2 May
659:(PDF)
604:2 May
525:argon
457:Latin
83:Paris
1271:2019
1241:2019
1234:NNDB
1210:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1085:ISBN
979:ISBN
910:2020
834:ISBN
813:2023
744:2019
606:2023
464:Gaul
284:salt
209:and
173:and
102:and
72:Died
47:Born
1040:doi
863:doi
782:doi
715:doi
711:103
205:of
1317::
1263:24
1261:.
1257:.
1232:.
1118:.
1067:^
1038:.
1026:.
1004:81
1002:.
967:.
948:89
946:.
942:.
900:.
877:.
869:.
857:.
804:.
780:.
770:90
768:.
764:.
752:^
735:.
709:.
671:^
661:.
640:^
614:^
597:.
559:.
535:.
494:.
431:.
399:.
364:.
189:.
169:,
138:,
98:,
63:,
1273:.
1243:.
1218:.
1191:.
1149:.
1093:.
1046:.
1042::
1034::
1028:9
987:.
912:.
885:.
865::
859:6
842:.
815:.
790:.
784::
776::
746:.
721:.
717::
608:.
55:)
51:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
