200:
in the same job, and distinct from the hiring discrimination against women trying to enter jobs. She argued that employers—consciously or unconsciously—take the sex composition of jobs into account when they set pay levels, acting as if jobs done by women can't be worth much. She argued that this bias reflects a general cultural devaluation of women and roles associated with women, and that institutional inertia cements this bias into wage structures. She also showed that when occupations feminize, their pay goes down.
461:
199:
England's research showed that both men and women earn less if they work in a predominantly female occupation, even after adjusting for differences between occupations in the skill and education they require. She called this a type of sex discrimination distinct from lack of equal pay for equal work
215:
recognized her with the Jessie
Bernard Award for Distinguished Scholarship on Gender. In 2010 the American Sociological Association's Section on Sociology of the Family recognized her with a Distinguished Career Award. In 2009 she was elected the Frances Perkins Fellow by the
140:(born 4 December 1949), is an American sociologist and Dean of Social Science at New York University Abu Dhabi. Her research has focused on gender inequality in the labor market, the family, and sexuality. She has also studied class differences in
1214:
Kilbourne, Barbara; England, Paula; Farkas, George; Beron, Kurt; Weir, Dorothea (November 1994). "Return to skills, compensating differentials, and gender bias: effects of occupational characteristics on the wages of white women and men".
658:
Kilbourne, Barbara; England, Paula; Farkas, George; Beron, Kurt; Weir, Dorothea (November 1994). "Return to skills, compensating differentials, and gender bias: effects of occupational characteristics on the wages of white women and men".
1553:
1546:
1539:
1322:
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England, Paula; Farkas, George; Kilbourne, Barbara; Dou, Thomas (August 1988). "Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: findings from a model with fixed effects".
590:
England, Paula; Farkas, George; Kilbourne, Barbara; Dou, Thomas (August 1988). "Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: findings from a model with fixed effects".
1330:
217:
2370:
1393:
Armstrong, Elizabeth; England, Paula; Fogarty, Alison (June 2012). "Accounting for women's orgasm and sexual enjoyment in college hookups and relationships".
1049:
Armstrong, Elizabeth; England, Paula; Fogarty, Alison (June 2012). "Accounting for women's orgasm and sexual enjoyment in college hookups and relationships".
1356:
Levanon, Asaf; England, Paula; Allison, Paul (December 2009). "Occupational feminization and pay: assessing casual dynamics using 1950–2000 census data".
896:
Levanon, Asaf; England, Paula; Allison, Paul (December 2009). "Occupational feminization and pay: assessing casual dynamics using 1950–2000 census data".
538:
England, Paula (March 1984). "Wage appreciation and depreciation: a test of neoclassical economic explanations of occupational sex segregation".
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England, Paula; Budig, Michelle J. (1998). "Gary Becker on the family: his genius, impact, and blind spots". In
Clawson, Dan (ed.).
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England has also studied how gender norms structure the college hookup culture, which features nonrelational sex.
803:
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England, Paula (Summer 1982). "The failure of human capital theory to explain occupational sex segregation".
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England, Paula (March 1989). "A feminist critique of rational-choice theories: implications for sociology".
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awarded her the
Harriet Presser award for research on gender and demography. In 2018 she was elected to the
181:
1798:
2345:
1643:
1006:"She left, he left: how employment and satisfaction affect women's and men's decisions to leave marriages"
812:
754:
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England, Paula (1995). "The failure of human capital theory to explain occupational sex segregation". In
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England, Paula (1995). "A feminist critique of rational-choice theories: implications for sociology". In
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692:"The effect of the sex composition of jobs on starting wages in an organization: findings from the NLSY"
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England, Paula (1993). "The separative self: androcentric bias in neoclassical assumptions". In
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England, Paula (2003). "Separative and soluble selves: dichotomous thinking in economics". In
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Budig, Michelle J.; England, Paula (April 2001). "The wage penalty for motherhood".
735:
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2146:
1786:
1684:
835:
798:
927:
Musick, Kelly; England, Paula; Edgington, Sarah; Kangas, Nicole (December 2009).
561:
England, Paula (Summer 1985). "Occupational segregation: rejoinder to
Polachek".
2289:
2205:
2032:
1811:
2164:
2098:
1997:
1099:
1082:"Cohort trends in premarital births: what role for the retreat from marriage?"
427:
England, Paula (2006). "Toward gender equality: progress and bottlenecks". In
385:. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 99–111.
1408:
1064:
826:
1450:
1431:
1080:
England, Paula; Wu, Lawrence L.; Shafer, Emily
Fitzgibbons (December 2013).
992:
973:
247:
Households, Employment, and Gender: A Social, Economic, and
Demographic view
1192:
1117:
1041:
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727:
690:
England, Paula; Reid, Lori L.; Kilbourne, Barbara Stanek (November 1996).
553:
1436:
978:
1430:
Armstrong, Elizabeth A.; Hamilton, Laura; England, Paula (August 2010).
1004:
Sayer, Liana; England, Paula; Allison, Paul; Kangas, Nicole (May 2011).
972:
Armstrong, Elizabeth A.; Hamilton, Laura; England, Paula (August 2010).
642:
1371:
1275:
946:
911:
776:
719:
634:
613:
840:"When does gender trump money?: Bargaining and time in household work"
582:
530:
362:. Aldershot, England Brookfield, Vermont, USA: Edward Elgar. pp.
333:. Aldershot, England Brookfield, Vermont, USA: Edward Elgar. pp.
1505:"National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected"
192:, and New York University Abu Dhabi. She served as president of the
1267:
768:
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691:
605:
1230:
1023:
857:
801:(November 2002). "Wages of virtue: the relative pay of care work".
674:
574:
522:
1323:"Paula England: Why female-dominated jobs systematically pay less"
160:
in 1972, and a PhD in 1975, also from the
University of Chicago.
873:
England, Paula (August 2005). "Emerging theories of care work".
1535:
454:
929:"Education differences in intended and unintended fertility"
412:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 33–59.
308:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37–53.
483:
435:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 245–264.
1487:"Sociology of the Family's Distinguished Career Award"
383:
Required reading: sociology's most influential books
156:
in the year 1971, an MA in Social
Sciences from the
2174:
2013:
1846:
1671:
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71:
48:
30:
23:
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152:England got a BA in Sociology and Psychology from
306:Beyond economic man feminist theory and economics
1331:American Academy of Political and Social Science
834:Bittman, Michael; England, Paula; Sayer, Liana;
218:American Academy of Political and Social Science
86:for Distinguished Career in Gender Scholarship
1547:
431:; Brinton, Mary C.; Grusky, David B. (eds.).
410:Feminist economics today: beyond economic man
8:
1554:
1540:
1532:
20:
1449:
1152:data sheet (Paula S. England; b. 12/4/49)
1107:
1031:
991:
954:
816:
758:
709:
168:England has served as a professor at the
486:by adding descriptive text and removing
1293:Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence
1131:
270:Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence
243:England, Paula; Farkas, George (1986).
75:Gender inequality in the labour market
433:The declining significance of gender?
7:
2371:American Sociological Review editors
1432:"Is hooking up bad for young women?"
974:"Is hooking up bad for young women?"
889:10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122317
1189:"CURRICULUM VITAE - PAULA ENGLAND"
251:. New York: Aldine Publishing Co.
64:(MA, 1972; PhD in Sociology, 1975)
14:
1564:American Sociological Association
1491:American Sociological Association
1473:American Sociological Association
797:England, Paula; Budig, Michelle;
222:Population Association of America
213:American Sociological Association
196:from August 2014 to August 2015.
194:American Sociological Association
84:American Sociological Association
838:; Matheson, George (July 2003).
459:
16:American sociologist (born 1949)
1469:"Paula England Award Statement"
1297:. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
274:. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
1:
1218:American Journal of Sociology
1011:American Journal of Sociology
845:American Journal of Sociology
662:American Journal of Sociology
2356:University of Chicago alumni
1509:National Academy of Sciences
1396:American Sociological Review
1255:American Sociological Review
1052:American Sociological Review
746:American Sociological Review
593:American Sociological Review
226:National Academy of Sciences
2376:21st-century American women
2366:American women sociologists
2351:New York University faculty
1526:Profile page: Paula England
789:Also presented at the 1999
2392:
876:Annual Review of Sociology
563:Journal of Human Resources
511:Journal of Human Resources
178:University of Pennsylvania
170:University of Texas-Dallas
1100:10.1007/s13524-013-0241-1
131:
90:
1409:10.1177/0003122412445802
1065:10.1177/0003122412445802
827:10.1525/sp.2002.49.4.455
623:The American Sociologist
1830:Leonard S. Cottrell Jr.
1763:Robert Morrison MacIver
1697:William Fielding Ogburn
1590:Franklin Henry Giddings
1451:10.1525/ctx.2010.9.3.22
1289:England, Paula (1992).
993:10.1525/ctx.2010.9.3.22
488:less pertinent examples
266:England, Paula (1992).
182:Northwestern University
144:and nonmarital births.
2361:Whitman College alumni
1644:James P. Lichtenberger
2341:American sociologists
2284:Eduardo Bonilla-Silva
2230:Patricia Hill Collins
2212:Cynthia Fuchs Epstein
2123:Seymour Martin Lipset
2105:William Julius Wilson
2039:Hubert M. Blalock Jr.
1896:Robin M. Williams Jr.
1860:Dorothy Swaine Thomas
1799:Carl Cleveland Taylor
1739:Henry Pratt Fairchild
1614:George Elliott Howard
1596:Albion Woodbury Small
1584:William Graham Sumner
1142:. Library of Congress
232:Selected bibliography
174:University of Arizona
158:University of Chicago
62:University of Chicago
2117:James Samuel Coleman
1962:Arnold Marshall Rose
1787:Rupert Bayless Vance
1650:Ulysses G. Weatherly
1608:George Edgar Vincent
1602:Edward Alsworth Ross
359:Gender and economics
330:Gender and economics
2254:Cecilia L. Ridgeway
2236:Evelyn Nakano Glenn
2141:Maureen T. Hallinan
2081:Matilda White Riley
2051:William Foote Whyte
1818:E. Franklin Frazier
1528:New York University
1493:. October 29, 2010.
554:10.1093/sf/62.3.726
484:improve the article
190:New York University
186:Stanford University
2296:Christine Williams
2069:James F. Short Jr.
2027:John Milton Yinger
2021:Alfred McClung Lee
1914:Robert E. L. Faris
1866:Samuel A. Stouffer
1781:George A. Lundberg
1656:Charles A. Ellwood
1562:Presidents of the
1372:10.1353/sof.0.0264
1165:"Paula England CV"
947:10.1353/sof.0.0278
912:10.1353/sof.0.0264
635:10.1007/BF02697784
2323:
2322:
2224:Arne L. Kalleberg
2218:Frances Fox Piven
2194:William T. Bielby
2129:William A. Gamson
2111:Stanley Lieberson
1980:William H. Sewell
1950:Charles P. Loomis
1872:Florian Znaniecki
1715:Luther L. Bernard
1709:Emory S. Bogardus
1679:John Lewis Gillin
1626:Frank W. Blackmar
1578:Lester Frank Ward
1337:on August 6, 2016
1304:978-0-202-30349-9
505:
504:
442:978-0-87154-370-7
429:Blau, Francine D.
419:978-0-226-24207-1
392:978-1-55849-153-3
373:978-1-85278-843-8
344:978-1-85278-843-8
315:978-0-226-24208-8
290:Chapters in books
281:978-0-202-30349-9
258:978-0-202-30323-9
135:
134:
92:Scientific career
2383:
2308:Cecilia Menjívar
2248:Erik Olin Wright
2159:Alejandro Portes
1992:Mirra Komarovsky
1986:William J. Goode
1944:Wilbert E. Moore
1932:George C. Homans
1908:Howard P. Becker
1890:Robert K. Merton
1854:Robert C. Angell
1838:
1807:
1775:Dwight Sanderson
1757:Edwin Sutherland
1751:Frank H. Hankins
1733:F. Stuart Chapin
1721:Edward B. Reuter
1691:John M. Gillette
1556:
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1353:
1347:
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1342:
1333:. Archived from
1321:(June 1, 2010).
1315:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1286:
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1279:
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1243:
1242:
1211:
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1200:
1191:. Archived from
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1169:
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1154:
1149:
1147:
1140:"England, Paula"
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1111:
1094:(6): 2075–2104.
1076:
1045:
1035:
1018:(6): 1982–2018.
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423:
406:Ferber, Marianne
402:Nelson, Julie A.
396:
377:
348:
319:
302:Ferber, Marianne
298:Nelson, Julie A.
285:
273:
262:
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138:Paula S. England
107:Doctoral advisor
44:
41:December 4, 1949
40:
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2319:
2314:Prudence Carter
2242:Randall Collins
2200:Michael Burawoy
2170:
2093:Herbert J. Gans
2009:
1974:Reinhard Bendix
1968:Ralph H. Turner
1938:Pitirim Sorokin
1920:Paul Lazarsfeld
1842:
1832:
1824:Talcott Parsons
1801:
1769:Stuart A. Queen
1745:Ellsworth Faris
1667:
1638:Edward C. Hayes
1632:James Q. Dealey
1566:
1560:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1498:
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1475:. June 3, 2009.
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1268:10.2307/2095848
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1195:on July 7, 2015
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760:10.1.1.512.8060
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49:Alma mater
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43:(age 74)
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25:Paula England
22:
19:
2302:Aldon Morris
2272:Ruth Milkman
2265:
2175:2001–present
2147:Neil Smelser
1878:Donald Young
1685:W. I. Thomas
1508:
1499:
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1444:(3): 22–27.
1441:
1435:
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1339:. Retrieved
1335:the original
1326:
1313:
1292:
1284:
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1222:
1216:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1183:
1173:February 10,
1171:. Retrieved
1159:
1151:
1144:. Retrieved
1134:
1091:
1085:
1056:
1050:
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1009:
986:(3): 22–27.
983:
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629:(1): 14–28.
626:
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493:
482:Please help
470:may contain
469:
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246:
211:In 1999 the
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202:
198:
167:
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137:
136:
91:
18:
2336:1949 births
2290:Mary Romero
2206:Troy Duster
2033:Amos Hawley
1833: [
1812:Louis Wirth
1802: [
1604:(1914–1915)
1598:(1912–1913)
1592:(1910–1911)
1586:(1908–1909)
1580:(1906–1907)
883:: 381–399.
2330:Categories
2165:Joe Feagin
2099:Joan Huber
1998:Peter Blau
1327:AAPSS news
1126:References
1087:Demography
697:Demography
476:irrelevant
58:(BA, 1971)
37:1949-12-04
2014:1976–2000
1847:1951–1975
1672:1926–1950
1571:1906–1925
1417:146476877
1380:154788436
1239:145799264
1146:August 3,
1073:146476877
920:154788436
866:143271334
813:CiteSeerX
755:CiteSeerX
683:145799264
651:143743641
472:excessive
148:Education
101:Sociology
1437:Contexts
1118:24072609
1042:21932472
979:Contexts
965:23436948
785:15060907
736:24596884
643:27698446
478:examples
451:Articles
408:(eds.).
304:(eds.).
1341:May 29,
1276:2095848
1199:May 29,
1109:4682872
1033:3347912
956:3578704
777:2657415
728:8939422
720:2061784
614:2095848
364:361–384
356:(ed.).
327:(ed.).
2316:(2023)
2310:(2022)
2304:(2021)
2298:(2020)
2292:(2019)
2286:(2018)
2280:(2017)
2274:(2016)
2268:(2015)
2262:(2014)
2256:(2013)
2250:(2012)
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2238:(2010)
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2131:(1994)
2125:(1993)
2119:(1992)
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2101:(1989)
2095:(1988)
2089:(1987)
2083:(1986)
2077:(1985)
2071:(1984)
2065:(1983)
2059:(1982)
2053:(1981)
2047:(1980)
2041:(1979)
2035:(1978)
2029:(1977)
2023:(1976)
2006:(1975)
2000:(1974)
1994:(1973)
1988:(1972)
1982:(1971)
1976:(1970)
1970:(1969)
1964:(1969)
1958:(1968)
1952:(1967)
1946:(1966)
1940:(1965)
1934:(1964)
1928:(1963)
1922:(1962)
1916:(1961)
1910:(1960)
1904:(1959)
1898:(1958)
1892:(1957)
1886:(1956)
1880:(1955)
1874:(1954)
1868:(1953)
1862:(1952)
1856:(1951)
1839:(1950)
1826:(1949)
1820:(1948)
1814:(1947)
1808:(1946)
1795:(1945)
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1771:(1941)
1765:(1940)
1759:(1939)
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1747:(1937)
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1729:(1934)
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1717:(1932)
1711:(1931)
1705:(1930)
1699:(1929)
1693:(1928)
1687:(1927)
1681:(1926)
1664:(1925)
1658:(1924)
1652:(1923)
1646:(1922)
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207:Awards
98:Fields
80:Awards
1837:]
1806:]
1457:Text.
1413:S2CID
1376:S2CID
1272:JSTOR
1235:S2CID
1168:(PDF)
1069:S2CID
999:Text.
916:S2CID
862:S2CID
781:S2CID
773:JSTOR
732:S2CID
716:JSTOR
679:S2CID
647:S2CID
639:JSTOR
610:JSTOR
579:JSTOR
527:JSTOR
335:42–58
237:Books
1343:2015
1299:ISBN
1201:2015
1175:2024
1148:2014
1114:PMID
1038:PMID
961:PMID
724:PMID
437:ISBN
414:ISBN
387:ISBN
368:ISBN
339:ISBN
310:ISBN
276:ISBN
253:ISBN
164:Work
31:Born
1446:doi
1405:doi
1368:doi
1264:doi
1227:doi
1223:100
1104:PMC
1096:doi
1061:doi
1028:PMC
1020:doi
1016:116
988:doi
951:PMC
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850:109
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791:AEA
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