302:. Guesde was a former anarchist who had converted to Marxism, and the POF was fiercely orthodox. She attended the POF's first congress at Le Havre as a delegate for the workers of Valence. Although, she became unliked and banished from the POF meetings due to her strong and radical feminism. Further, her feminism caused trouble with the French authorities. In 1881 she was imprisoned for her role in a demonstration on behalf of the Russian refugee
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306:. Since Mink's family had strong connections and citizenship to Russia, the French government threatened to deport her. To avoid this, she married a fellow revolutionary, the mechanic Maxime NĂ©gro and had two sons with him: Lucifer-Blanqui-Vercingetorix-RĂ©volution (who was born in 1882 and died in infancy) and Spartacus-Blanqui-RĂ©volution (born in 1884, renamed Maxime by a civil tribunal).
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marriage to, nor that of her divorce from, Bohdanowicz are known. Possibly marriage turned Adèle's thoughts toward the oppression of women. In 1867, she moved to Paris, where she gave language courses and worked as a seamstress. She also associated with Polish patriotic organisations and with revolutionary socialist circles.
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and other prominent feminists, she organised a Women's Union and participated in the
Commune's committee on women's rights. As always, she tirelessly advanced the argument that the struggle for feminism must be linked to the struggle for socialism. Paule Mink also made several tours to the provinces
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In 1870, Napoléon III went to war with
Germany. As much a French as a Polish patriot, Paule Mink actively assisted in the French war effort and apparently distinguished herself to such an extent by her engagement at Auxerre that she was offered the Legion of Honour, one of France's highest awards.
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sometime in the 1850s. As a young woman she was married to a Polish aristocrat, Prince
Bohdanowicz, with whom she had two daughters, Anna and Wanda. Nothing much is known about this epoch in her life, but the marriage seems not to have been a happy one and ended in divorce. Neither the date of her
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Adèle first burst on the public scene in 1868, when she began speaking and writing about women's issues and socialism. She was convinced that the emancipation of women could only be fully accomplished through the abolition of capitalism. She contributed to the venerable journal
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in 1893. That year, Mink ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in elections for the
National Assembly. Mink was also one of the founders of the feminist organisation 'Women's Solidarity', to which she belonged until 1900. In the late 1890s, she was an outspoken
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and was a prominent revolutionary orator at the republican clubs of St. Sulpice and NĂ´tre Dame. She was a member of the
Committee of Vigilance of Montmartre and organised a free school for the poor at the church of St.-Pierre. With
217:. Adèle was now calling herself 'Paule Mink' or 'Minck' (she used both spellings) and became a tireless orator at socialist and feminist meetings. She was also active in providing aid to Polish refugees from the Russian empire.
317:. However, Marxists and Blanquists collaborated increasingly closely, and in any case Mink seems not to have had a sectarian bent. In later years she again worked as an organizer for the POF, and she contributed to
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went badly for Napoléon III, and in late 1870, his government fell. Paule Mink was then in Paris and became active in the defence of the besieged city. She supported the uprising of the
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Adèle
Paulina Mekarska was born on 9 November 1839, in Clermont-Ferrand. Her father, Count Jean Nepomucène Mekarski, was a Polish officer who had gone into exile after the unsuccessful
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to drum up support for the Paris
Commune in other cities; somehow she always managed to get through the German siege. She was absent on one of these tours during the Bloody Week (
138:. Her mother was an aristocrat, Jeanne-Blanche Cornelly de la Perrière. Adèle's parents were enlightened liberals who apparently became adherents of the utopian socialism of
349:. Her funeral was the occasion for a large demonstration of socialists, anarchists and feminists and ended in a violent brawl with the police.
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and others. In addition to her journalism and political activism, she wrote stories, poems and plays. Two of her plays were performed at the
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also participated. Because of the broad range of opinions, the group decided to focus on the subject of improving girls' education.
110:; November 9, 1839 – April 18, 1901) was a French feminist and socialist revolutionary of Polish descent. She participated in the
275:. She attended the fifth international Peace Congress at Lausanne. In spite of her associations with the anarchist followers of
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Like many refugees from the Paris
Commune, Paule Mink settled in Switzerland, where she associated with the anarchist leader
142:. Adèle was well-educated, mostly by private tutors. She had two younger brothers, Louis and Jules; both participated in the
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However, her love of France had not diminished her opposition to Napoléon III, and she refused the medal. The
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In the summer of 1880, a general amnesty allowed Mink to come back to Paris. She helped found the
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refugees, with whom she had collaborated in the
Commune, and read the writings of
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Mink died on 28 April 1901. Her remains were cremated and buried in
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Adèle became a republican and an opponent of the régime of
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France and Women, 1789-1914: Gender, Society and
Politics
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At some time, Adèle had a relationship with the painter
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Members of the International Workingmen's Association
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At some point in the 1880s Mink left the POF to join
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Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia.
213:). It was based on mutualist principles inspired by
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279:, she was not an anarchist. She was close to many
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27:French feminist and socialist revolutionary
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157:In 1866 a feminist group called the
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382:McMillan, James F. (2002-01-08).
211:Société fraternelle de l'ouvrière
207:Female Workers' Fraternal Society
165:. Members included Paule Minck,
435:'Mink, Paule (1839–1901).' In:
161:began to meet at the house of
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315:Socialist-Revolutionary Party
205:she founded the oddly-named
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478:French socialist feminists
146:and in the Paris Commune.
427:'Paule Mink (1839–1901).'
177:and his wife Noémie, Mme
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439:Farmington Hills, 2002.
144:Polish uprising of 1863
132:Polish uprising of 1830
347:Père-Lachaise cemetery
321:non-sectarian journal
215:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
108:Adèle Paulina Mekarska
53:Adèle Paulina Mekarska
431:Femmes de la Commune.
413:Ephemeride Anarchiste
292:French Workers' Party
140:Henri de Saint-Simon
235:Franco-Prussian War
199:First International
116:First International
418:2011-07-26 at the
311:Édouard Vaillant's
222:Jean-Baptiste Noro
201:. With her friend
183:Caroline de Barrau
463:French socialists
395:978-1-134-58957-9
331:Marguerite Durand
294:which was led by
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228:The Paris Commune
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80:(1901-04-28)
458:1901 deaths
453:1839 births
267:Later years
179:Jules Simon
175:Élie Reclus
114:and in the
18:Paule Minck
468:Communards
447:Categories
401:2014-10-23
353:References
340:Dreyfusard
313:Blanquist
195:La RĂ©forme
126:Early life
104:Paule Mink
59:1839-11-09
34:Paule Mink
327:La Fronde
285:Karl Marx
281:Blanquist
248:André Léo
203:André Léo
163:André Léo
416:Archived
88:, France
69:, France
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