19:
27:
41:
distresses that occur on the surface of pavements. Different types of pavements develop different cracks. Type of cracking is also correlated with the type of climate and traffic. Sometimes the cracks are aggregated using an index such as
121:
157:
182:
Piryonesi, S. Madeh; El-Diraby, Tamer E. (March 2020) . "Data
Analytics in Asset Management: Cost-Effective Prediction of the Pavement Condition Index".
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108:
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1661:
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18:
791:
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781:
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110:
The
Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads
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416:
1523:
860:
751:
351:
117:
1244:
224:"Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys (Designation: D6433-07)"
1566:
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987:
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1518:
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1422:
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1032:
967:
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796:
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724:
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619:
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391:
230:
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62:
43:
1482:
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1216:
1166:
905:
786:
624:
596:
581:
566:
436:
431:
421:
1339:
1101:
1017:
1012:
927:
730:
685:
527:
333:
328:
197:
22:
Cracking along the road axis possibly due to poor construction and formation of a cold joint
201:
1576:
1536:
1447:
1437:
1407:
1397:
1382:
1344:
1300:
1126:
1116:
1047:
663:
366:
1546:
1508:
1477:
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1136:
678:
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293:
223:
26:
1681:
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1367:
1334:
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972:
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714:
673:
591:
467:
301:
209:
1581:
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1472:
1427:
1387:
1377:
1372:
1329:
1211:
1206:
1131:
1057:
1027:
919:
900:
830:
668:
576:
318:
38:
1551:
1196:
1186:
1161:
1086:
997:
945:
895:
700:
632:
601:
147:"Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program"
1541:
1417:
1290:
1226:
1191:
1171:
1052:
1022:
992:
932:
880:
532:
83:
Edge cracking (caused because of poor drainage or lack of support at the edge)
46:, and sometimes they are merged with other distresses and are reported using
1412:
1259:
1146:
1106:
1096:
1091:
982:
850:
845:
695:
614:
571:
522:
512:
507:
497:
1605:
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1432:
1181:
1176:
1037:
1002:
950:
940:
586:
561:
386:
1503:
1487:
1314:
1156:
1007:
517:
492:
1610:
1280:
690:
653:
25:
17:
329:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
259:
290:
263:
1121:
58:
Some of the most important types of crack are as follows:
65:, also known as alligator cracking and fatigue cracking
1619:
1590:
1496:
1313:
1273:
1235:
1077:
1066:
918:
805:
722:
713:
641:
546:
460:
342:
309:
300:
68:Block cracking (caused by shrinkage of asphalt)
275:
8:
1074:
719:
306:
282:
268:
260:
107:Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh (November 2019).
96:
240:from the original on December 15, 2022
1378:Median / Central reservation
163:from the original on November 6, 2022
127:from the original on December 4, 2022
7:
102:
100:
74:Longitudinal cracking—non-wheel path
194:American Society of Civil Engineers
1296:Risk compensation (road transport)
202:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000512
14:
250:Michigan Technological University
185:Journal of Infrastructure Systems
1662:Glossary of road transport terms
71:Longitudinal cracking—wheel path
37:refers to a variety of types of
154:Federal Highway Administration
1:
1644:Pavement performance modeling
1634:International roughness index
80:Reflection cracking at joints
1639:Present serviceability index
1433:Sidewalk / Pavement
978:Diamond grinding of pavement
1611:Underpass / Tunnel
1606:Overpass / Flyover
1360:High-occupancy vehicle lane
1250:Driving under the influence
324:Freeway / Motorway
1714:
538:Highway systems by country
1657:
1649:Granular base equivalency
1468:Traffic signal preemption
876:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
782:Single-point urban (SPUI)
1629:Pavement condition index
1355:High-occupancy toll lane
1350:Contraflow lane reversal
1325:Barrier transfer machine
48:Pavement Condition Index
483:Express-collector setup
1667:Road types by features
1562:Raised pavement marker
1529:Constant-slope barrier
1453:Traffic directionality
1443:Street running railway
866:Protected intersection
31:
23:
1524:Concrete step barrier
861:Offset T-intersection
118:University of Toronto
29:
21:
1698:Pavement engineering
1567:Road surface marking
1265:Single-vehicle crash
988:Full depth recycling
886:Seagull intersection
1393:Pedestrian crossing
956:Reinforced concrete
792:Three-level diamond
503:Two-lane expressway
488:Farm-to-market road
77:Transverse cracking
1423:Runaway truck ramp
1245:Driver's education
1033:Rubberized asphalt
968:Crocodile cracking
891:Split intersection
659:Hierarchy of roads
620:Single carriageway
231:ASTM International
63:Crocodile cracking
32:
30:Alligator cracking
24:
1688:Pavement distress
1675:
1674:
1483:Wide outside lane
1309:
1308:
1286:Automotive safety
1167:Road slipperiness
914:
913:
762:Diverging diamond
709:
708:
625:Single-track road
567:Bicycle boulevard
86:Slippage cracking
54:Types of cracking
1705:
1519:Cat's eye (road)
1340:Complete streets
1112:Dead Man's Curve
1075:
1013:Pavement milling
928:Asphalt concrete
871:Quadrant roadway
812:
734:
720:
686:Street hierarchy
334:Elevated highway
307:
284:
277:
270:
261:
254:
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179:
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151:
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137:
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126:
115:
104:
1713:
1712:
1708:
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1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1653:
1621:
1615:
1586:
1577:Traffic barrier
1537:F-Shape barrier
1492:
1448:Traffic calming
1408:Reversible lane
1398:Pedestrian zone
1383:Motorcycle lane
1345:Contraflow lane
1317:time allocation
1316:
1305:
1301:Underride guard
1269:
1231:
1117:Expansion joint
1079:
1069:
1062:
1048:Stamped asphalt
910:
841:Continuous flow
814:
810:
809:
801:
735:
731:grade-separated
728:
727:
705:
664:Private highway
637:
542:
456:
338:
296:
288:
258:
257:
243:
241:
237:
226:
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149:
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113:
106:
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98:
93:
56:
12:
11:
5:
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1569:
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1547:Jersey barrier
1544:
1539:
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1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Unused highway
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1458:Traffic island
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
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1375:
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1362:
1357:
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1327:
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1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
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1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1255:Drowsy driving
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:Level crossing
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1064:
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1060:
1055:
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1005:
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985:
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975:
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965:
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948:
943:
938:
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922:
916:
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903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
836:Channelization
833:
828:
823:
821:3-way junction
817:
815:
806:
803:
802:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
736:
723:
717:
715:Road junctions
711:
710:
707:
706:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
682:
681:
679:business route
676:
666:
661:
656:
651:
645:
643:
639:
638:
636:
635:
630:
627:
622:
617:
612:
609:
607:Primitive road
604:
599:
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584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
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543:
541:
540:
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530:
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510:
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478:County highway
475:
473:Collector road
470:
464:
462:
458:
457:
455:
454:
449:
447:United Kingdom
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
382:Czech Republic
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
346:
340:
339:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
313:
311:Limited-access
304:
298:
297:
289:
287:
286:
279:
272:
264:
256:
255:
215:
174:
138:
95:
94:
92:
89:
88:
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84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
55:
52:
35:Pavement crack
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1710:
1699:
1696:
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1689:
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1668:
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1637:
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1599:
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1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:Noise barrier
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Cable barrier
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:Traffic lanes
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Refuge island
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Living street
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Climbing lane
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1237:Human factors
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1202:Traffic light
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Oversize load
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Manhole cover
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:Crushed stone
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
921:
917:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:Michigan left
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
813:
808:Intersections
804:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:Directional T
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
732:
726:
721:
718:
716:
712:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
680:
677:
675:
674:special route
672:
671:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
640:
634:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
592:Frontage road
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
552:
551:
549:
545:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Arterial road
466:
465:
463:
459:
453:
452:United States
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
347:
345:
341:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
314:
312:
308:
305:
303:
302:Types of road
299:
295:
292:
285:
280:
278:
273:
271:
266:
265:
262:
251:
236:
232:
225:
219:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:
178:
175:
159:
156:. June 2003.
155:
148:
142:
139:
123:
119:
112:
111:
103:
101:
97:
90:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
59:
53:
51:
49:
45:
40:
36:
28:
20:
16:
1582:Traffic cone
1572:Rumble strip
1473:Truck bypass
1428:Shared space
1388:Passing lane
1373:Managed lane
1330:Bicycle lane
1212:Washboarding
1207:Traffic sign
1132:Hairpin turn
901:Texas U-turn
831:Box junction
725:Interchanges
669:Route number
577:Country lane
319:Bike freeway
248:– via
244:December 15,
242:. Retrieved
218:
189:
183:
177:
167:December 15,
165:. Retrieved
141:
131:December 15,
129:. Retrieved
109:
57:
34:
33:
15:
1620:Performance
1552:Kassel kerb
1509:Botts' dots
1497:Demarcation
1197:Storm drain
1162:Road debris
1087:Aquaplaning
1080:environment
1068:Road safety
946:Cobblestone
896:Superstreet
701:Winter road
649:Concurrency
642:Other terms
633:Sunken lane
602:Main street
547:Local roads
44:Crack index
1682:Categories
1622:indicators
1591:Structures
1542:Guard rail
1418:Road verge
1291:Seat belts
1227:Snowsquall
1192:Speed bump
1172:Road train
993:Glassphalt
933:Bioasphalt
906:Turnaround
881:Roundabout
811:(at-grade)
777:Roundabout
742:Cloverleaf
597:Green lane
533:Trunk road
461:Main roads
344:By country
91:References
1693:Pavements
1413:Road diet
1315:Space and
1260:Road rage
1147:Oil spill
1107:Crosswind
1097:Black ice
1092:Avalanche
1018:Permeable
851:Jughandle
846:Hook turn
752:Free-flow
696:Toll road
615:Side road
572:Boulevard
528:Super two
523:Ring road
498:Link road
397:Hong Kong
352:Australia
294:hierarchy
210:213782055
1601:Causeway
1438:Shoulder
1274:Vehicles
1222:Whiteout
1182:Rockfall
1177:Roadkill
1102:Bleeding
1078:Road and
1038:Sealcoat
963:Corduroy
951:Concrete
941:Chipseal
920:Surfaces
772:Raindrop
587:Driveway
582:Dead end
562:Backroad
513:2+2 road
508:2+1 road
432:Portugal
422:Pakistan
235:Archived
233:. 2015.
158:Archived
122:Archived
39:pavement
1504:Bollard
1488:Woonerf
1217:Washout
1157:Pothole
1070:factors
1058:Texture
1028:Plastic
1008:Macadam
797:Trumpet
747:Diamond
518:Parkway
493:Highway
407:Ireland
387:Germany
377:Croatia
357:Belgium
116:(PhD).
1597:Bridge
1281:Airbag
1053:Tarmac
998:Gravel
826:Bowtie
767:Parclo
691:Stroad
654:Detour
629:Street
557:Avenue
442:Taiwan
427:Poland
392:Greece
367:Canada
362:Brazil
208:
1023:Plank
937:Brick
787:Stack
553:Alley
437:Spain
417:Nepal
412:Italy
402:India
372:China
238:(PDF)
227:(PDF)
206:S2CID
192:(1).
161:(PDF)
150:(PDF)
125:(PDF)
114:(PDF)
1533:Curb
1364:Lane
1127:Ford
1043:Sett
983:Dirt
611:Road
291:Road
246:2022
169:2022
133:2022
1187:Rut
1122:Fog
1003:Ice
198:doi
1684::
229:.
204:.
196:.
190:26
188:.
152:.
120:.
99:^
50:.
733:)
729:(
283:e
276:t
269:v
252:.
212:.
200::
171:.
135:.
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