Payún Matrú - Knowledge (XXG)

750:. Southwest from Pampas Onduladas lie the 181.2 kilometres (112.6 mi) long Los Carrizales lava flows, which have in part advanced to even larger distances than Pampas Onduladas but owing to a straighter course are considered to be shorter than the Pampas Onduladas lava flow, and the La Carbonilla lava flow which like Los Carrizales propagated southeastward and is located just west from the latter. Additional large lava flows are located in the western part of the field and resemble the Pampas Onduladas lava flow, such as the El Puente Formation close to the Rio Grande River of possibly recent age. Long lava flows have also been produced by volcanic centres directly south of Payún Matrú, including the 70–122 km (43–76 mi) long El Corcovo, Pampa de Luanco and Pampa de Ranquelcó flows. 609: 42: 938: 505: 445: 125: 457:(11,320 ft) Punta Sur and the approximately 3,700 m-high (12,100 ft) Cerro Matru or Payen. In the field however Cerro Matru appears smaller than Nariz. The caldera was once 8–9 km (5.0–5.6 mi) wide but erosion of its flanks and later activity have reduced its size and buried the rim below coulées, lava domes, lava flows and pumice cones that were emplaced after the caldera collapse. The exception are the northern and southern walls which are almost vertical; remnants of old 493: 118: 641:(5.333 million years ago until 11,700 years ago) Morados Grandes east and the cones around Pihuel volcano northeast of the field, respectively; the Guadalosos, La Mina and Montón de Cerros cones in the northern part of the field; and the Holocene cones in the eastern and western part of the field. Among these the Los Morados, Morado Sur and Volcán Santa María cones in the eastern and northeastern part of the field are uneroded and are probably of 723:

167–181 km (104–112 mi). The process by which such long lava flows form has been explained as "inflation" whereby lava forms a crust that protects it from heat loss; the so protected lava flow eventually inflates from the entry of new magma, forming a system of overlapping and interconnected lava flow lobes. Such lava flows are known as "sheet flows". Parts of the Pampas Onduladas lava flow have been buried by more recent lava flows.

699:(last 2.58 million years ago) lava flow on Earth, the Pampas Onduladas lava flow in the eastern and northern sector of the volcanic field. The flow originates on the eastern side of the volcanic field in the La Carbonilla fault and eventually splits up into a shorter ("Llancanelo lava flow", 60–63 km (37–39 mi) long) northwestern and the longer southeastern branch which reaches all the way to an 517: 1328:, which collapsed, producing the ignimbrites. Different layers of magma in the magma chamber were erupted during the course of the eruption and eventually the summit of the volcano collapsed as well, forming the caldera; activity continued and emplaced lava domes and lava flows in the caldera area. These post-caldera volcanic formations are subdivided into three separate 1117:, although its use was not widespread in the region perhaps owing to its low quality, the difficulty of accessing the volcanic complex and that human activity in Payunia only began comparatively late in the Holocene and mostly from the margins of the region. Further, Payun volcano is notable for large crystals of 1335:

Basaltic and trachyandesitic activity continued after the formation of the caldera. Morphology indicates that the El Rengo and Los Volcanes volcanic cones appear to be of Holocene age, while the Guadaloso vents formed during the Plio-Pleistocene. One age from the eastern side is 148,000 ± 9,000 years

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a maximum exposed thickness of 25 metres (82 ft); it covers an area of about 2,200 km (850 sq mi) on the northern and southern sides of Payún Matrú, and its volume is estimated to be about 25–33 km (6.0–7.9 cu mi). The event was probably precipitated by the entry of

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The formation of the caldera coincides with the eruption of the Portezuelo Ignimbrite/Portezuelo Formation and took place between 168,000 ± 4,000 and 82,000 ± 2,000 years ago. This ignimbrite formation where it is not buried by younger eruption products spreads radially around the caldera and reaches

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indicate that volcanic activity occurred within the last several centuries, although no eruptions have been observed since the European settlement. Future volcanic eruptions would be unlikely to constitute a hazard given the low population density of the area, although roads might be interrupted and

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that appears to have been an important influence on the development of the Payún Matrú complex in general. Fissural ridges and elongated chains of vents and cones highlight the control that lineaments exercise on the volcanic eruptions. In the summit area, pumice cones are aligned along the caldera

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Schimmelpfennig, Irene; Benedetti, Lucilla; Garreta, Vincent; Pik, Raphaël; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Burnard, Pete; Bourlès, Didier; Finkel, Robert; Ammon, Katja (15 May 2011). "Calibration of cosmogenic 36Cl production rates from Ca and K spallation in lava flows from Mt. Etna (38°N, Italy) and Payun

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volcanic activity is interpreted to be the consequence of flat slab subduction during the Miocene (23.03-5.333 million years ago) and Pliocene, and took place between twenty and five million years ago. Later during the Pliocene and Quaternary the slab steepened, and probably as a consequence

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sector. The unusually fast flowing lava under the influence of its low viscosity and of a favourable topography eventually accumulated to a volume of at least 7.2 km (1.7 cu mi), a surface area of about 739 km (285 sq mi) and depending on the measurement a length of

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The main Payún Matrú massif formed in about 600,000 years, with the oldest trachytic rocks dated to 700,000 years ago. It is comprised by the lavic and ignimbritic Pre-caldera Trachyte unit and consists of trachyandesitic to trachytic rocks, with trachyte being the most important component. The

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The climate at Payún Matrú is cold and dry with strong westerly winds. Annual temperature varies between 2 and 20 °C (36 and 68 °F) while the average temperature in the wider region is about 15 °C (59 °F) and the average annual precipitation amounts to 200–300 mm/a

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lies in the summit region of the shield and covers a surface area of about 56 square kilometres (22 sq mi). It is surrounded by several peaks, which clockwise from north include the 3,650 m-high (11,980 ft) Nariz/Punta del Payún, the Punta Media, the 3,450 m-high

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associated with them reinforce the dryness. In the westerly part of the volcanic field most precipitation falls during winter under the influence of the Andes, while the eastern part has most precipitation occurring during summer. The higher parts of Payún Matrú may have risen above the

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The first volcanic activity occurred west and east of Payún Matrú and involved the emission of olivine basalt lava flows. The long Pampas Onduladas lava flow was erupted 373,000 ± 10,000 years ago and buried parts of the 400,000 ± 100,000 years old Los Carrizales lava field; both have

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The geological history of the Payún Matrú volcanic field is poorly dated but the field has been active since Pliocene at least. The older volcanism appears to be located in the eastern part of the field where ages of 0.95 ± 0.5 to 0.6 ± 0.1 million years ago have been obtained by

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and the eastern Guadaloso and El Rengo groups. These fields are also known as West Payún Matrú or West Payén and East Payún Matrú or East Payén, respectively. Two further ruptures, known as "Chapua" and "Puente", have been identified east of Payún Matrú. All these groups include

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underground. Among these lineaments is the La Carbonilla fracture which runs in east–west direction and crops out in the eastern part of the field; in the central sector it is hidden by the caldera and in the western it is buried by lava flows. The La Carbonilla fracture is a

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Uneroded volcanic cones and dark basaltic lavas indicate that activity continued into the Holocene. Large lava flows were erupted during the Holocene and covered extensive areas, burying the vegetation and impeding human settlement of the region until the late Holocene.

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whose foot coincides with the 1,750 m (5,740 ft) elevation contour and which extends mainly east–west; rising about 2 km (1.2 mi) above the surrounding terrain it covers about 5,200 km (2,000 sq mi) of land with lava and has diverse

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composition. The Payun volcano formed around 265,000 ± 5,000 years ago within a timespan of about 2,000–20,000 years. Its inferred eruption rate of 0.004 km/ka (0.00096 cu mi/ka) is similar to typical volcanic arc eruption rates such as at

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Risso, Corina; Németh, Karoly; Martin, Ulrike (1 September 2006). "Geotopvorschläge für pliozäne bis rezente Vulkanfelder in Mendoza, Argentinien" [Proposed geosites on Pliocene to Recent pyroclastic cone fields in Mendoza, Argentina].

4699:"Three-dimensional electrical conductivity in the mantle beneath the Payún Matrú Volcanic Field in the Andean backarc of Argentina near 36.5°S: evidence for decapitation of a mantle plume by resurgent upper mantle shear during slab steepening" 1107:. The edifice of Payún Matrú acts as an obstacle to magmas ascending to the surface; this is why only evolved magmas are erupted in the caldera area of Payún Matrú while basic magmas reached the surface mainly outside of the main edifice. 588:

known as La Pasarela, where the structures of lava flows such as joints in the rocks and vesicles are clearly visible. The entire field covers an area of over 12,000 km (4,600 sq mi) and some of its flows have reached the

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Hernando, I. R.; Petrinovic, I. A.; Gutiérrez, D. A.; Bucher, J.; Fuentes, T. G.; Aragón, E. (15 October 2019). "The caldera-forming eruption of the quaternary Payún Matrú volcano, Andean back-arc of the southern volcanic zone".

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within the ignimbrites, such as in the western sector where yardangs reach heights of 8 m (26 ft) and widths of 100 m (330 ft). The total volume of this shield is about 240 km (58 cu mi).

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Hernando, I. R.; Franzese, J. R.; Llambías, E. J.; Petrinovic, I. A. (21 May 2014). "Vent distribution in the Quaternary Payún Matrú Volcanic Field, western Argentina: Its relation to tectonics and crustal structures".

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Bernardi, Mauro I.; Bertotto, Gustavo W.; Orihashi, Yuji; Sumino, Hirochika; Ponce, Alexis D.; Bernardi, Mauro I.; Bertotto, Gustavo W.; Orihashi, Yuji; Sumino, Hirochika; Ponce, Alexis D. (September 2019).

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Hernando, I. R.; Petrinovic, I. A.; D'Elia, L.; Guzmán, S.; Páez, G. N. (1 March 2019). "Post-caldera pumice cones of the Payún Matrú caldera, Payenia, Argentina: Morphology and deposits characteristics".

957:; the first two lie north of Payún Matrú and the last south. These fields are subdivided on the basis of geochemical differences and consist of two stratovolcanoes (Payún Matrú itself and Nevado) and many 1367:

43,000–41,000 ± 3,000 years ago, surface exposure dating, El Puente Formation. Basaltic lava flows of this formation reach ages of about 320,000 ± 5,000 years, implying a prolonged history of emplacement.

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takes place; in the past flat slab subduction occurred farther south as well and had noticeable influence on magma chemistry. In general, the mode of subduction in the region over time has been variable.

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Marchetti, David W.; Hynek, Scott A.; Cerling, Thure E. (1 February 2014). "Cosmogenic 3He exposure ages of basalt flows in the northwestern Payún Matru volcanic field, Mendoza Province, Argentina".

482:. It is also known as Payun Liso, Payún and Payún Liso. This volcano rises 1.8 km (1.1 mi) from the southern side of Payún Matrú, 10 km (6.2 mi) away from the caldera. It has a 288:

period, and generated lava fields such as Pampas Onduladas, the Payún Matrú shield volcano and the Payun volcano. After the formation of the caldera, volcanism continued both within the caldera as

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Corbalán, Valeria; Debandi, Guillermo; Kubisch, Erika (1 October 2013). "Thermal ecology of two sympatric saxicolous lizards of the genus Phymaturus from the Payunia region (Argentina)".

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especially in areas where the flow encountered obstacles in the topography. There is some variation in its appearance between a wide, leveled initial proximal sector and a more sinuous

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age has been defined as well. The eastern volcanism is also known as the Pre-caldera basaltic unit; a western counterpart to it is probably buried beneath younger eruption products.

961:. The volcanic field is part of the larger Payunia volcanic province, which covers an area of about 36,000 km (14,000 sq mi) in the Provinces of La Pampa, Mendoza and 758:

Apart from the lake in the caldera, the area of Payún Matrú is largely devoid of permanent water sources, with most water sites that draw in humans being either temporary so-called "

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during the Miocene has folded and deformed the basement, creating basins and uplifted basement blocks, and the Malargüe fold and thrust belt underlies part of the volcanic field.

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Giesso, M.; Durán, V.; Neme, G.; Glascock, M. D.; Cortegoso, V.; Gil, A.; Sanhueza, L. (2011). "A Study of Obsidian Source Usage in the Central Andes of Argentina and Chile".

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to underneath Payún Matrú; it may indicate that magma erupted in the volcanic field originates at such depths which would explain the ocean island basalt-like composition.

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Pasquarè, Giorgio; Bistacchi, Andrea; Mottana, Annibale (1 September 2005). "Gigantic individual lava flows in the Andean foothills near Malargüe (Mendoza, Argentina)".

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in the east. The estimated volumes of the entire Payún Matrú volcano are as large as 350 km (84 cu mi); the volcanic edifice was generated mostly through

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Germa, A.; Quidelleur, X.; Gillot, P. Y.; Tchilinguirian, P. (1 April 2010). "Volcanic evolution of the back-arc Pleistocene Payun Matru volcanic field (Argentina)".

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volcanic suite with some variation between the various volcanic centres; Los Volcanes is formed mainly by calc-alkaline magmas while Payun and Payún Matrú are more

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with blocky surfaces. Some flows have reached the Rio Grande River west of Payún Matrú, damming it; the river later cut through and formed table-like landforms and

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1,470 ± 120 years before present, thermoluminescence dating on Volcán Santa María although a much older age of 496,000 ± 110,000 years ago has also been given.

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Morado Sur consists of two aligned cones that formed in the same eruption and are covered with reddish deposits; it also features several vents and lava flows.

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and flows, and outside of it with the formation of scoria cones and lava flows east and especially west of Payún Matrú. Volcanic activity continued into the

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observations indicate the presence of a "plume"-like structure that rises from 200–400 km (120–250 mi) depth close to the edge of the Nazca Plate

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Perucca, Laura P.; Moreiras, Stella M. (1 January 2009), Latrubesse, Edgardo M. (ed.), "Natural Hazards and Human-Exacerbated Disasters in Latin America",

746:, it is one of only a few Quaternary lava flows that reached a length of over 100 km (62 mi) and it has been compared to some long lava flows on 1065:, but not all phenocryst phases can be found in every rock formation. Magma temperatures of 1,122–1,276 °C (2,052–2,329 °F) have been inferred. 5088: 4476:"Fissural volcanism, polygenetic volcanic fields, and crustal thickness in the Payen Volcanic Complex on the central Andes foreland (Mendoza, Argentina)" 4056: 645:

age. These cones are the source of conspicuous black lava flows in the western part of the field; some lava flows are over 30 km (19 mi) long.

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Hernando, Irene Raquel; Petrinovic, Ivan Alejandro; Llambías, Eduardo Jorge; D'Elia, Leandro; González, Pablo Diego; Aragón, Eugenio (1 February 2016).

4021:"Geochronological, morphometric and geochemical constraints on the Pampas Onduladas long basaltic flow (Payún Matrú Volcanic Field, Mendoza, Argentina)" 3922:"Evolución morfológica y morfométrica de los conos volcánicos monogenéticos de los campos volcánicos de Payún Matrú, Llancanelo y Cuenca del Río Salado" 561:

units; the vents in the Los Volcanes group are spread across two separate belts. Wind-driven ash transport has formed ash tails at individual vents.

504: 4865: 977:, generating more than eight hundred monogenetic cones although historical eruptions have not been observed. Further south are the Chachahuen and 74: 4797:

Rossotti, Andrea; Massironi, Matteo; Boari, Elena; Bertotto, Gustavo Walter; Francalanci, Lorella; Bistacchi, Andrea; Pasquarè, Giorgio (2008).

3955:"Electrical conductivity beneath the Payún Matrú Volcanic Field in the Andean back-arc of Argentina near 36.5°S: Insights into the magma source" 3879:[Volcanology and geochronology of extensive Neogene-Quaternary basaltic lava flows in southeastern Payenia, central-western Argentina]. 5782: 3673: 4936:"Volcanology and inflation structures of an extensive basaltic lava flow in the Payenia Volcanic Province, extra-Andean back arc of Argentina" 3953:

Burd, Aurora; Booker, John; Pomposiello, Cristina; Favetto, Alicia; Larsen, Jimmy; Giordanengo, Gabriel; Orozco Bernal, Luz (1 January 2008).

341:, in Argentina. The area is inhospitable due to the lack of usable water and high elevation. Nevertheless, there are many paved roads such as 5762: 1958: 4215:"The role of magma mixing and mafic recharge in the evolution of a back-arc quaternary caldera: The case of Payún Matrú, Western Argentina" 3375:"Morphological and Genetic Divergence within the Phymaturus payuniae Clade (Iguania: Liolaemidae), with the Description of Two New Species" 3373:

Lobo, Fernando; Barrasso, Diego A.; Hibbard, Thomas; Quipildor, Matías; Slodki, Demian; Valdecantos, Soledad; Basso, Néstor G. (May 2021).

608: 4611:"The role of collapsing and cone rafting on eruption style changes and final cone morphology: Los Morados scoria cone, Mendoza, Argentina" 3978: 2410: 1141:

climate with hot summers especially at lower elevations and cold winters especially at higher elevations. The climate is dry owing to the

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composition has been active here for millions of years accompanied by the formation of several polygenetic volcanoes and volcanoes like

4593: 4883:"Constraints on the Origin and Evolution of Magmas in the Payún Matrú Volcanic Field, Quaternary Andean Back-arc of Western Argentina" 4798: 4324:"A morphological and morphometric analysis of a high density cinder cone volcanic field – Payun Matru, south-central Andes, Argentina" 3937: 3876: 3611: 3181: 3088: 5767: 1320:

magma in the magma chamber and its incomplete mixing with pre-existent magma chamber melts, or by tectonic processes; the resulting

682:. It is 180 m (590 ft) high and is associated with an area called "El Sandial", where lava bombs have left traces such as 117: 3877:"Volcanología y geocronología de extensos flujos basálticos neógeno cuaternarios del sureste de Payenia, centro-oeste de Argentina" 345:

which passes west of the field, and National Route 186 which runs around its northern and eastern parts. The volcano is within the

4578:"Morfología compleja y dinámica de los conos monogenéticos Los Morados Sur en el campo volcánico Payún Matrú, Malargüe, Mendoza" 5757: 4836:"Volcanic stratigraphy and evidence of magma mixing in the Quaternary Payun Matru volcano, andean backarc in western Argentina" 1345: 1092: 768:

in the field and most of the precipitation quickly seeps into the permeable or sandy ground. The whole massif is surrounded by

5062:(Bachelor of Science (Honours)). Wollongong, Australia: School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Wollongong. 4934:

Sumino, Hirochika; Orihashi, Yuji; Ponce, Alexis Daniel; Bertotto, Gustavo Walter; Bernardi, Mauro Ignacio (30 January 2019).

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predominate; these have often rough surfaces and are difficult to traverse. The lower slopes are more gentle and covered by

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Massironi, M; Pasquarè, G; Giacomini, Lorenza; Frigeri, Alessandro; Bistacchi, Andrea; Federico, Costanzo (1 June 2007).

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On the southeast and east Los Morados is bordered by a lapilli plain, the Pampas Negras, which was formed by fallout of

67: 1262: 1219: 954: 239: 180: 4799:"Very long pahoehoe inflated basaltic lava flows in the Payenia volcanic province (Mendoza and la Pampa, Argentina)" 1416:

6,900 ± 650 years before present, thermoluminescence dating on the Guadalosos cones on an eastward running fracture.

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515 ± 50 years before present, thermoluminescence dating on Morado Sur cone and on the Pampas Negras lapilli field.

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Inbar, Moshe; Risso, Corina (2001b). "Holocene yardangs in volcanic terrains in the southern Andes, Argentina".

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between 168,000 and 82,000 years ago, a high compound volcano (known as Payun or Payun Liso), and two groups of

4020: 1589: 946: 922:, however; one proposed mechanism is that a Miocene change in the subduction regimen led to the development of 832: 231: 5614: 649:

Los Morados is a complex of scoria cones and vents of different ages which during its emplacement underwent a

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Espanon, Venera R.; Chivas, Allan R.; Phillips, David; Matchan, Erin L.; Dosseto, Anthony (1 December 2014).

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Pampas Onduladas lava flow reaches a length of 167–181 km (104–112 mi) and is the world's longest

41: 950: 807:. The volcanic belt is not continuous and is interrupted by gaps where the subduction is shallower and the 516: 235: 5296: 1512: 1495: 1272: 376: 368: 334: 203: 168: 840: 835:) in the region, but a long hiatus separates them from the recent volcanic activity which started in the 296:

until about 515 years ago; oral tradition of local inhabitants contains references to earlier eruptions.

5286: 5246: 4835: 1413:<7,000 years ago, potassium-argon dating, trachyandesitic lava flow in the western part of the field. 923: 573: 384: 380: 5609: 5554: 349:. Owing to the variety of volcanic landforms, the province was included in the 2010 Tentative List of 5649: 5619: 5589: 5549: 5486: 5471: 5361: 5223: 5097: 4894: 4710: 4622: 4490: 4421: 4376: 4335: 4286: 4226: 4177: 4129: 4081: 4032: 3811: 3639: 919: 812: 804: 661: 654: 625: 598: 557:

cones. These edifices are up to 225 m (738 ft) high and are associated with lava flows and

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Matrú's highest active point field is the 3,796 m (12,454 ft) high, conical, eroded Payun

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Various dating methods have yielded various ages for late Pleistocene-Holocene volcanic eruptions:

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Evolución volcánica y petrológica del volcán Payún Matrú, retroarco andino del sudeste de Mendoza

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volcanism in the land above increased, reaching a peak between eight and five million years ago.

715: 621: 262: 3974: 711: 5697: 5654: 5629: 5491: 5168: 5133: 5118: 5002: 4967: 4922: 4857: 4810: 4738: 4677: 4640: 4585: 4552: 4516: 4437: 4392: 4302: 4252: 4193: 4155: 4107: 4048: 4007: 3996:"Impacto del volcanismo holocénico sobre el poblamiento humano del sur de Mendoza (Argentina)" 3929: 3908: 3827: 3657: 3607: 3394: 3229: 3177: 3094: 3084: 1954: 1743: 1251: 1072:

volcanism, implying a deep origin of the magma although a shallow origin cannot be ruled out.

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15,200 ± 900 years ago, potassium-argon dating, lava flow on the northwesterly-westerly side.

5712: 5702: 5624: 5604: 5559: 5436: 5401: 5163: 5138: 5040: 5023: 5013: 4957: 4947: 4912: 4902: 4847: 4760: 4728: 4718: 4669: 4630: 4577: 4508: 4498: 4429: 4384: 4343: 4294: 4242: 4234: 4185: 4145: 4137: 4097: 4089: 4040: 3998:[Impact of Holocene volcanism on human settlement of southern Mendoza (Argentina)]. 3898: 3888: 3819: 3647: 3599: 3386: 3221: 1946: 1945:. IAVCEI Proceedings in Volcanology. Vol. 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. p. 93. 1733: 1725: 1321: 1305: 1292: 1227: 1171: 1088: 931: 873: 861: 700: 638: 558: 338: 285: 207: 3921: 3248:"Payún volcano, Altiplano de Payún Matru, Malargüe Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina" 1275:. Lava flows have been subdivided into the older Puente Group and the younger Tromen Group 5529: 5501: 5366: 5188: 5128: 4834:

Sato, Kei; Gonzalez, Pablo D.; Llambias, Eduardo J.; Hernando, Irene R. (5 January 2012).

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26,000 ± 2,000 years ago, potassium-argon dating, not the same as the 26,000 ± 5,000 flow.

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might form in rivers. It is considered Argentina's 24th most dangerous volcano out of 38.

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with diverse morphologies distributed in a western Los Volcanes group that reaches to the

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Pomposiello, M. C.; Favetto, A.; Mackie, R.; Booker, J. R.; Burd, A. I. (1 August 2014).

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7,000 ± 1,000 years ago, potassium-argon dating, Escorial del Matru within the caldera.

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Spakman, W.; González, P. D.; Frei, R.; Aragón, E.; Hernando, I. R. (1 January 2014).

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2,000 ± 2,000 years ago, surface exposure dating, young looking lava flow in the west.

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massif may have formed a tall edifice like the Payun volcano before caldera collapse.

5746: 5669: 5664: 5644: 5276: 5148: 4773: 4689: 4652: 4450: 4314: 4238: 4205: 4189: 4044: 3954: 3669: 3406: 3225: 2225: 2223: 2133: 2131: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1440: 1235: 1100: 1050: 1018: 994: 808: 683: 533: 483: 479: 433: 4404: 2081: 2079: 2077: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 5717: 5679: 5456: 5396: 5321: 5039:(Doctoral). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2310: 2308: 2306: 1729: 1247: 1178: 1006: 777: 773: 542: 429: 372: 4347: 4214: 3081:

Electromagnetic methods in applied geophysics. Vol. 2, Applications, Parts A and B

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data from south of the region indicate that the climate has been stable since the

1137:(7.9–11.8 in/year). Generally, the area of Payún Matrú is characterized by a 4433: 4298: 4093: 3628:"Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina" 1382:

28,000 ± 5,000 years ago, potassium-argon dating, lava flow on the westerly side.

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37,000 ± 3,000 years ago, surface exposure dating, close to the Rio Grande River.

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open to the north and it has a volume of about 40 km (9.6 cu mi).

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volcanism crop out there. The caldera also contains a permanent lake known as "

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cover and flatten its northern and eastern slopes, while in the west and south

5584: 5416: 5411: 5371: 5341: 5251: 5218: 5213: 5173: 4635: 4610: 3823: 3390: 3252: 2668: 2666: 2573: 2571: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2210: 2208: 2206: 1852: 1850: 1511:

The magnetotelluric technique is a research technique, which exploits natural

1239: 1182: 1167: 1142: 1030: 1026: 915: 884: 739: 696: 409: 278: 219: 5055:

The History and Evolution of Payún Matrú Caldera, Mendoza Province, Argentina

4971: 4952: 4926: 4861: 4814: 4775:

Field Guide to Payún Matru and Llancanelo volcanic fields, Malargüe – Mendoza

4742: 4681: 4644: 4589: 4556: 4520: 4452:

The Payun-Matru lava field: a source of analogues for Martian long lava flows

4441: 4416:. Tracking the pace of Quaternary landscape change with cosmogenic nuclides. 4396: 4306: 4256: 4197: 4159: 4111: 4052: 4011: 3933: 3912: 3893: 3831: 3661: 3398: 3233: 3098: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1747: 89: 76: 5534: 5519: 5496: 5461: 5441: 5426: 5281: 5261: 4852: 3652: 3541: 3539: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 1482: 1430:

3,700 ± 300 years before present, pumice fallout in and east of the caldera.

1392: 1215: 1138: 1038: 1022: 974: 869: 743: 679: 617: 569: 458: 413: 289: 270: 137: 5143: 5018: 4609:

Németh, Karoly; Risso, Corina; Nullo, Francisco; Kereszturi, Gabor (2011).

2963: 2961: 674:

Volcán Santa María is a cone with a small crater and also covered with red

17: 2719: 2717: 2605: 2603: 1385:

26,000 ± 5,000 years ago, potassium-argon dating, close to the Rio Grande.

5722: 5659: 5599: 5569: 5476: 5406: 5336: 5331: 5301: 5271: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5183: 4723: 4698: 4545:"Payunia, campos volcánicos Llancanelo y Payún Matrú: Patrimonio mundial" 4503: 1350: 1300: 1288: 1155: 1146: 1125: 1118: 1110: 1062: 1014: 1010: 1002: 896: 881: 865: 836: 828: 565: 472: 452:

A 7–8 km-long (4.3–5.0 mi) and 480 m-deep (1,570 ft)

425: 405: 293: 254: 211: 4962: 3903: 1494:

The backarc volcanic province is one of the two volcanic systems of the

803:

at a rate of 66–80 mm/a (2.6–3.1 in/year), giving rise to the

5564: 5481: 5466: 5451: 5356: 5326: 5158: 5153: 5027: 4917: 4733: 4673: 4247: 4150: 4102: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 1529: 1231: 1195: 1177:

The vegetation in the volcanic field is mostly characterized by sparse

1159: 1054: 1046: 1042: 903: 877: 843:

and the andesitic Cerro El Zaino volcanics were emplaced. This kind of

824: 796: 731: 577: 546: 453: 437: 375:

and one of four eruptive belts in the Andes; the other three being the

364: 357: 258: 4512: 3247: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 1738: 710:

This compound lava flow moved over a gentle terrain and is covered by

242:

volcanic fields, form the Payenia province. It has been proposed as a

5639: 5579: 5446: 5381: 5351: 5311: 5291: 5256: 5228: 4474:

Mazzarini, F.; Fornaciai, A.; Bistacchi, A.; Pasquarè, F. A. (2008).

1329: 1223: 1214:

grasses. Payún Matrú is a refuge for a number of animals such as the

1199: 1181:

as well as herbaceous vegetation but few trees, and is classified as

982: 970: 965:

and is also known as the Payenia or Andino-Cuyana volcanic province.

719: 675: 642: 581: 350: 249:

Payún Matrú developed on sediment and volcanic rocks ageing from the

57: 4388: 3959:

Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics

3518: 3159: 3066: 3039: 2979: 2038: 993:

The volcanic field has produced rocks with composition ranging from

5066: 3755: 3199: 3135: 3051: 3027: 2868: 2810: 2546: 2544: 2314: 2229: 2137: 2122: 2017: 1989: 1987: 1928: 1789: 1642: 5306: 5193: 2991: 2904: 2375: 2363: 2297: 2085: 1820: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1499: 1317: 1210: 1190: 1149:

bearing winds from reaching Payún Matrú, and strong winds and the

936: 927: 907: 765: 607: 443: 156: 5053: 4772:

Risso, Corina; Nemeth, Karoly; Nullo, Francisco (14 April 2009).

3530: 2916: 2696: 2633: 2053: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 1452:

445 ± 50 years before present, lava domes on the caldera margin.

1186: 839:(5.333–2.58 million years ago). At that time, the basaltic 769: 747: 665: 532:

Aside from the caldera, the field contains about 300 individual

317: 5070: 3079:

Nabighian, Misac N., ed. (1991). "The Magnetotelluric Method".

1401:

16,000 ± 1,000 years ago, underlying the Los Morados lava flow.

1370:

41,000 ± 1,000 years ago, underlying the Los Morados lava flow.

3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3015: 3003: 2892: 2825: 2759: 2708: 2621: 2594: 2351: 2264: 2068: 1545:

A younger age of 4,860 ± 400 years ago has also been proposed.

1204: 892: 860:(1,600–1,000 million years ago) to Triassic rocks of the 831:(298.9 ±0.15 to 201.3 ±0.2 million years ago) volcanism ( 3444: 3442: 3440: 1655: 1653: 1651: 657:

and a lava flow-induced rafting and re-healing of its slopes.

4753:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften

3767: 3460: 3111: 2844: 2684: 2672: 2645: 2577: 2339: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2214: 1879: 1856: 1801: 5734:

Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south

2967: 2928: 2747: 2735: 1398:

20,000 ± 7,000 years ago, north of the Payún Matrú caldera.

1379:

37,000 ± 2,000 years ago, northwestern side of the caldera.

257:

periods. It consists of a large shield volcano capped by a

5060:

Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health – Honours Theses

2499: 2482: 2470: 2185: 2164: 811:

between the two plates missing. North of the Payún Matrú,

3545: 3147: 3123: 2409:. International Commission on Stratigraphy. August 2018. 1336:

ago, it comes from northeast of the Payún Matrú caldera.

906:

volcanic province, 200 km (120 mi) east of the

3728: 3726: 3296: 3294: 3292: 2723: 2657: 2609: 4999:

Payún Matru Volcanic Field, Argentina: Image of the Day

2148: 2146: 1941:

Blake, S. (1990). "Viscoplastic Models of Lava Domes".

1433:

3,400 ± 300 years before present, trachytic lava flows.

1376:

37,000 ± 1,000 years ago, La Planchada fallout deposit.

1103:. The magmas eventually reach the surface through deep 2794: 2792: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 856:

The basement rock underneath Payún Matrú is formed by

616:

The cones are aligned along easterly or northeasterly

284:

Volcanic activity at Payún Matrú commenced during the

3844: 3788: 3717: 3626:

Garcia, Sebastian; Badi, Gabriela (1 November 2021).

2110: 1528:

Evolved magmas are magmas which due to a settling of

3975:"Descripción Geológica de la Hoja 30 d, Payún-Matrú" 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 664:

and is being reworked by wind with the formation of

5688: 5510: 5237: 5104: 3920:Blazek, González; Lourdes, Verónica (1 June 2017). 3083:. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists. 1083:The magma ejected at Payún Matrú originates during 930:ascent, while other mechanisms envisage changes in 772:plains, which are simply volcanic rocks covered by 179: 167: 162: 148: 105: 66: 56: 51: 34: 3977:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional Minero Geológico. 1391:26,000 ± 1,000 years ago, potassium-argon dating, 1254:. Some lizards may have evolved on the volcanoes. 895:has been drilled close to the volcanic field from 868:(251.902 ± 0.024 to 66 million years ago) to 823:(older than 541 ± 0.1 million years ago) and 620:which correlate with geological structures in the 2550: 1993: 1772: 1688: 1029:. The volcanic rocks contain variable amounts of 764:" or ephemeral. Likewise, there are no permanent 320:". The field is sometimes also known as Payenia. 3360: 2535: 2241: 1498:, separate from the main volcanic system in the 1068:Volcanic rocks erupted at Payún Matrú resemble 985:volcano is located southwest from Payún Matrú. 399:Payún Matrú is a 15 km-wide (9.3 mi) 4219:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4170:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4025:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1711: 1709: 5082: 5037:Geología y petrografía del volcán Payun Matru 3994:Durán, Víctor; Mikkan, Raúl (December 2009). 3705: 2952: 2446: 2434: 1659: 914:. The volcanic activity still relates to the 759: 466: 8: 4803:Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 1439:1,705 ± 170 years before present, trachytic 945:Other volcanic fields in the region are the 387:. Other volcanoes in the region include the 360:have been identified at Payún Matrú itself. 3581: 3569: 3557: 3501: 3324: 3283: 2197: 2005: 1485:which has flowed sideward like a lava flow. 691:Pampas Onduladas and other giant lava flows 5089: 5075: 5067: 4458:. Exploring Mars and its Earth Analogues. 3448: 3431: 3336: 3174:A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences 2940: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2285: 1700: 910:and 530 km (330 mi) east of the 31: 5017: 4961: 4951: 4916: 4906: 4851: 4732: 4722: 4634: 4502: 4246: 4149: 4101: 3902: 3892: 3651: 2404:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart" 1737: 1291:age, respectively; a Chapua Formation of 926:and of faults that form the pathways for 776:sediments; the plains also feature small 695:Payún Matrú is the source of the longest 576:, while Holocene flows are more commonly 4279:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 4074:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 1407:9,000 years ago, potassium-argon dating. 1261: 780:which are also found in the lavic area. 4322:Inbar, M.; Risso, C. (1 January 2001). 3598:, vol. 13, Elsevier, p. 293, 3596:Developments in Earth Surface Processes 1563: 1474: 1193:-like. Representative plant genera are 637:Among the cones in Payún Matrú are the 612:Cinder cones on the La Carbonilla fault 488: 3856: 3732: 3300: 2724:Pasquarè, Bistacchi & Mottana 2005 2658:Pasquarè, Bistacchi & Mottana 2005 2610:Pasquarè, Bistacchi & Mottana 2005 2562: 2523: 2511: 2458: 2152: 1760: 754:Hydrography and non-volcanic landscape 4781:. 3rd International Maar Conference. 4369:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 3676:from the original on 23 November 2021 3379:South American Journal of Herpetology 3348: 3312: 2880: 2856: 2798: 2783: 2771: 2416:from the original on 7 September 2018 1978: 1841: 1671: 1621: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 371:, a 1,000 km (620 mi) long 7: 4868:from the original on 21 January 2019 4821:from the original on 24 January 2019 4596:from the original on 21 January 2019 4563:from the original on 21 January 2019 4483:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 4263:from the original on 19 October 2021 3940:from the original on 21 January 2019 3413:from the original on 6 December 2021 1189:are shallow and are mainly rocky to 391:, almost due west from Payún Matrú. 4059:from the original on 19 August 2016 3845:Marchetti, Hynek & Cerling 2014 3789:Marchetti, Hynek & Cerling 2014 3718:Marchetti, Hynek & Cerling 2014 2111:Marchetti, Hynek & Cerling 2014 1113:from Payún Matrú has been found in 1091:; the resulting melts then undergo 941:Geological context of the volcanoes 686:and aerodynamically deformed rocks. 124: 4978:from the original on 27 April 2019 3973:Díaz, González; F, Emilio (1972). 3260:from the original on 18 April 2019 25: 5045:20.500.12110/tesis_n1236_Llambias 4703:Geophysical Journal International 4354:from the original on 22 June 2019 3981:from the original on 22 June 2019 1481:A coulée is a particular type of 5035:Llambías, Eduardo Jorge (1964). 4765:10.1127/1860-1804/2006/0157-0477 4530:from the original on 5 July 2022 4239:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.01.008 4190:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.07.003 4045:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.018 3226:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00555.x 1395:lava flow in the La Calle group. 1145:effect of the Andes which block 515: 503: 491: 363:The active field is part of the 312:means "bearded", while the term 123: 116: 40: 5008:Hernando, Irene Raquel (2012). 4582:Boletín de Estudios Geográficos 3926:Boletín de Estudios Geográficos 3804:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2551:Risso, Németh & Martin 2006 1994:Risso, Németh & Martin 2006 1773:Risso, Németh & Martin 2006 1689:Risso, Németh & Martin 2006 918:of the Nazca Plate beneath the 4328:Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 4000:Intersecciones en Antropología 3361:Risso, Nemeth & Nullo 2009 2536:Risso, Nemeth & Nullo 2009 2242:Risso, Nemeth & Nullo 2009 1730:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.05.006 1463:List of volcanoes in Argentina 1166:landforms have been observed. 230:. Payún Matrú, along with the 1: 5783:Volcanoes of Mendoza Province 4576:Mikkan, Raúl (22 June 2017). 3604:10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10014-1 1515:to obtain information on the 1132:Climate, soils and vegetation 1099:material and magma mixing in 593:north of Payún Matrú and the 347:Reserva Provincial La Payunia 210:in Argentina. It lies in the 200:Reserva Provincial La Payunia 62:3,715 m (12,188 ft) 5763:Polygenetic shield volcanoes 4434:10.1016/j.quageo.2012.10.004 4299:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.12.017 4094:10.1016/j.jsames.2010.01.002 624:, and appear to reflect the 475:and by occasional rainfall. 448:View from within the caldera 4142:10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.003 3176:. OUP Oxford. p. 208. 1951:10.1007/978-3-642-74379-5_5 1266:Stratigraphy of Payún Matrú 1220:black-chested buzzard-eagle 955:Salado Basin volcanic field 902:Payún Matrú is part of the 788:West of South America, the 703:of the Salado River in the 522:Payún Matrú seen from space 324:Geography and geomorphology 304:In local dialect, the term 5799: 4551:(in Spanish) (33): 31–47. 3802:Matru (36°S, Argentina)". 1718:Journal of Thermal Biology 1360:44,000 ± 2,000 years ago, 989:Lava and magma composition 528:Payún Matrú volcanic field 356:and a number of potential 5731: 5012:(Doctoral) (in Spanish). 4636:10.2478/s13533-011-0008-4 3968:– via ResearchGate. 3824:10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.013 3706:Blazek & Lourdes 2017 3391:10.2994/SAJH-D-18-00082.1 2953:Blazek & Lourdes 2017 2447:Blazek & Lourdes 2017 2435:Blazek & Lourdes 2017 1660:Blazek & Lourdes 2017 1425:thermoluminescence dating 947:Llancanelo volcanic field 833:Choique Mahuida Formation 110: 39: 5768:Quaternary South America 4953:10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3180 4908:10.1093/petrology/egt066 4414:Quaternary Geochronology 3894:10.5027/andgeov46n3-3181 3172:Allaby, Michael (2013). 1590:Global Volcanism Program 1532:have lost part of their 333:Payún Matrú lies in the 261:, formed during a major 218:, and was formed by the 4853:10.5027/andgeoV39N1-a08 4348:10.1127/zfg/45/2001/321 3653:10.30909/vol.04.S1.2148 3582:Durán & Mikkan 2009 3570:Durán & Mikkan 2009 3558:Durán & Mikkan 2009 3502:Durán & Mikkan 2009 3325:Inbar & Risso 2001b 3284:Inbar & Risso 2001b 3016:Pomposiello et al. 2014 2893:Pomposiello et al. 2014 2826:Pomposiello et al. 2014 2198:Inbar & Risso 2001b 2006:Inbar & Risso 2001b 1595:Smithsonian Institution 1517:electrical conductivity 1362:surface exposure dating 1244:South American gray fox 880:lava flows such as the 5758:Mountains of Argentina 5511:Southern Volcanic Zone 5297:Andagua volcanic field 5105:Northern Volcanic Zone 3449:Inbar & Risso 2001 3432:Inbar & Risso 2001 3337:Inbar & Risso 2001 2941:Inbar & Risso 2001 2286:Inbar & Risso 2001 1701:Inbar & Risso 2001 1513:electromagnetic fields 1496:Southern Volcanic Zone 1273:potassium-argon dating 1267: 942: 760: 613: 564:Older lava flows have 467: 449: 377:Northern Volcanic Zone 369:Southern Volcanic Zone 5689:Austral Volcanic Zone 5615:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle 5287:Huambo volcanic field 5238:Central Volcanic Zone 5052:Manton, Ryan (2012). 4543:Mikkan, Raúl (2014). 2869:Mazzarini et al. 2008 2811:Mazzarini et al. 2008 2697:Massironi et al. 2007 2634:Massironi et al. 2007 2315:Mazzarini et al. 2008 1265: 1093:crystal fractionation 981:volcanoes, while the 959:monogenetic volcanoes 951:Nevado volcanic field 940: 924:extensional tectonics 819:There is evidence of 662:Strombolian eruptions 611: 447: 385:Austral Volcanic Zone 381:Central Volcanic Zone 5778:Subduction volcanoes 5773:Quaternary volcanoes 5753:Andean Volcanic Belt 5224:Licto volcanic field 5019:10.35537/10915/55190 4887:Journal of Petrology 4584:(in Spanish) (108). 4504:10.1029/2008GC002037 3928:(in Spanish) (107). 3531:Hernando et al. 2019 3519:Hernando et al. 2016 3473:Rossotti et al. 2008 3160:Hernando et al. 2016 3067:Hernando et al. 2016 3040:Hernando et al. 2016 3004:Bernardi et al. 2019 2992:Hernando et al. 2014 2980:Hernando et al. 2016 2917:Hernando et al. 2019 2905:Hernando et al. 2014 2760:Bernardi et al. 2019 2709:Bernardi et al. 2019 2622:Rossotti et al. 2008 2595:Rossotti et al. 2008 2376:Hernando et al. 2019 2364:Hernando et al. 2014 2352:Rossotti et al. 2008 2298:Hernando et al. 2014 2265:Rossotti et al. 2008 2086:Hernando et al. 2014 2069:Rossotti et al. 2008 2054:Hernando et al. 2019 2039:Hernando et al. 2016 1943:Lava Flows and Domes 1821:Hernando et al. 2019 1124:which originated in 969:volcanism of mainly 813:flat slab subduction 805:Andean volcanic belt 655:Strombolian activity 584:. One of these is a 354:World Heritage Sites 228:South American Plate 216:Andean Volcanic Belt 27:Volcano in Argentina 4899:2014JPet...55..209H 4715:2014GeoJI.198..812B 4627:2011CEJG....3..102N 4495:2008GGG.....9.9002M 4426:2014QuGeo..19...67M 4381:2001ESPL...26..657I 4340:2001ZGm....45..321I 4291:2019JSAES..90..453H 4231:2016JVGR..311..150H 4182:2019JVGR..384...15H 4134:2014Tectp.622..122H 4086:2010JSAES..29..717G 4037:2014JVGR..289..114E 3816:2011GeCoA..75.2611S 3644:2021Volca...4S..21G 3546:Spakman et al. 2014 3461:Espanon et al. 2014 3434:, pp. 324–325. 3148:Spakman et al. 2014 3124:Spakman et al. 2014 3054:, pp. 723–724. 2685:Espanon et al. 2014 2673:Espanon et al. 2014 2646:Espanon et al. 2014 2578:Espanon et al. 2014 2485:, pp. 114–115. 2340:Espanon et al. 2014 2215:Espanon et al. 2014 1802:Espanon et al. 2014 1775:, pp. 485–487. 1115:archeological sites 1070:ocean island basalt 920:South America Plate 841:El Cenizo Formation 801:South America Plate 734:and the Toomba and 335:Malargüe Department 244:World Heritage Site 204:Malargüe Department 86: / 5610:Carrán-Los Venados 5555:Nevados de Chillán 5540:Descabezado Grande 4724:10.1093/gji/ggu145 4674:10.1007/BF02904761 2968:Sumino et al. 2019 2929:Sumino et al. 2019 2748:Sumino et al. 2019 2736:Sumino et al. 2019 2500:Németh et al. 2011 2483:Németh et al. 2011 2471:Németh et al. 2011 2186:Németh et al. 2011 2165:Németh et al. 2011 1419:4,670 ± 450 years 1268: 1095:, assimilation of 943: 726:Together with the 614: 603:Hawaiian eruptions 450: 185:445 ± 50 years ago 52:Highest point 5740: 5739: 5550:Nevado de Longaví 5492:Cueros de Purulla 5472:Cordón del Azufre 5134:Nevado del Tolima 5003:Earth Observatory 4662:Rendiconti Lincei 3756:Germa et al. 2010 3349:Díaz & F 1972 3313:Díaz & F 1972 3200:Germa et al. 2010 3136:Germa et al. 2010 3052:Germa et al. 2010 3028:Germa et al. 2010 2881:Díaz & F 1972 2857:Díaz & F 1972 2799:Díaz & F 1972 2784:Díaz & F 1972 2772:Díaz & F 1972 2514:, pp. 88–89. 2230:Germa et al. 2010 2138:Germa et al. 2010 2123:Germa et al. 2010 2018:Germa et al. 2010 1979:Díaz & F 1972 1960:978-3-642-74381-8 1929:Germa et al. 2010 1842:Díaz & F 1972 1790:Germa et al. 2010 1672:Díaz & F 1972 1643:Germa et al. 2010 1622:Díaz & F 1972 1469:Explanatory notes 1252:Southern viscacha 912:Peru-Chile Trench 899:of Mesozoic age. 872:sediments of the 705:La Pampa Province 626:tectonic stresses 510:The Payun volcano 498:The Payun volcano 471:" that is fed by 343:National Route 40 189: 188: 90:36.422°S 69.241°W 16:(Redirected from 5790: 5735: 5605:Mocho-Choshuenco 5139:Nevado del Huila 5098:Andean volcanoes 5091: 5084: 5077: 5068: 5063: 5048: 5031: 5021: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4965: 4955: 4930: 4920: 4910: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4855: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4768: 4746: 4736: 4726: 4693: 4656: 4638: 4615:Open Geosciences 4605: 4603: 4601: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4549:Tiempo y Espacio 4539: 4537: 4535: 4529: 4506: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4445: 4408: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4318: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4250: 4209: 4163: 4153: 4115: 4105: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4015: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3916: 3906: 3896: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3847:, p. 69,73. 3842: 3836: 3835: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3771: 3768:Sato et al. 2012 3765: 3759: 3753: 3736: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3655: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3505: 3499: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3287: 3281: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3112:Burd et al. 2008 3109: 3103: 3102: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2845:Burd et al. 2008 2842: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2598: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2408: 2400: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2318: 2312: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2268: 2262: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2218: 2212: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2089: 2083: 2072: 2066: 2057: 2051: 2042: 2036: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1982: 1976: 1965: 1964: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1883: 1880:Burd et al. 2008 1877: 1860: 1857:Sato et al. 2012 1854: 1845: 1839: 1824: 1818: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1713: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1646: 1640: 1625: 1619: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1581: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1526: 1520: 1509: 1503: 1492: 1486: 1479: 1346:indigenous tribe 1322:Plinian eruption 1306:Mount St. Helens 1293:Plio-Pleistocene 1172:Late Pleistocene 1017:. They define a 1005:trachyandesite, 934:characteristics. 862:San Rafael Block 763: 701:alluvial terrace 639:Plio-Pleistocene 538:Rio Grande River 519: 507: 495: 470: 389:Laguna del Maule 339:Mendoza Province 286:Plio-Pleistocene 208:Mendoza Province 152: 127: 126: 120: 101: 100: 98: 97: 96: 95:-36.422; -69.241 91: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 44: 32: 21: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5733: 5727: 5690: 5684: 5512: 5506: 5502:Ojos del Salado 5432:Aguas Calientes 5239: 5233: 5129:Nevado del Ruiz 5106: 5100: 5095: 5051: 5034: 5007: 4995: 4990: 4981: 4979: 4933: 4880: 4871: 4869: 4833: 4824: 4822: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4749: 4696: 4659: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4478: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4411: 4389:10.1002/esp.207 4366: 4357: 4355: 4321: 4275: 4266: 4264: 4212: 4166: 4118: 4071: 4062: 4060: 4018: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3941: 3919: 3873: 3869: 3867:General sources 3864: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3739: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3508: 3500: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3290: 3282: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2832: 2824: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2321: 2313: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2271: 2263: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2221: 2213: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2092: 2084: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2045: 2037: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1977: 1968: 1961: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1886: 1878: 1863: 1855: 1848: 1840: 1827: 1819: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1715: 1714: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1649: 1641: 1628: 1620: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1583: 1582: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1534:magnesium oxide 1527: 1523: 1510: 1506: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1459: 1326:eruption column 1279:, which are of 1260: 1134: 1085:partial melting 1074:Magnetotelluric 1035:alkali feldspar 991: 858:Mesoproterozoic 854: 794:Antarctic Plate 786: 756: 693: 651:sector collapse 591:Llancanelo Lake 574:pressure ridges 530: 523: 520: 511: 508: 499: 496: 463:trachyandesitic 397: 331: 326: 316:translates as " 302: 251:Mesoproterozoic 206:, south of the 150: 144: 143: 142: 141: 140: 135: 134: 133: 132: 128: 94: 92: 88: 85: 80: 77: 75: 73: 72: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5796: 5794: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5745: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5422:Purico complex 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5049: 5032: 5005: 4994: 4993:External links 4991: 4989: 4988: 4946:(2): 279–299. 4940:Andean Geology 4931: 4893:(1): 209–239. 4878: 4846:(1): 158–179. 4840:Andean Geology 4831: 4809:(1): 131–149. 4794: 4769: 4759:(3): 477–490. 4747: 4709:(2): 812–827. 4694: 4668:(3): 127–135. 4657: 4621:(2): 102–118. 4606: 4573: 4540: 4471: 4446: 4409: 4375:(6): 657–666. 4364: 4334:(3): 321–343. 4319: 4273: 4210: 4164: 4122:Tectonophysics 4116: 4080:(3): 717–730. 4069: 4016: 4006:(2): 295–310. 3991: 3970: 3950: 3917: 3887:(3): 490–525. 3881:Andean Geology 3870: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3793: 3772: 3770:, p. 166. 3760: 3758:, p. 723. 3737: 3722: 3710: 3708:, p. 102. 3687: 3618: 3613:978-0444531179 3612: 3586: 3584:, p. 307. 3574: 3572:, p. 305. 3562: 3560:, p. 301. 3550: 3548:, p. 212. 3535: 3523: 3521:, p. 153. 3506: 3504:, p. 300. 3477: 3475:, p. 141. 3465: 3463:, p. 126. 3453: 3451:, p. 324. 3436: 3424: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3339:, p. 326. 3329: 3327:, p. 659. 3317: 3305: 3288: 3286:, p. 658. 3271: 3239: 3204: 3202:, p. 729. 3189: 3183:978-0199653065 3182: 3164: 3162:, p. 163. 3152: 3150:, p. 234. 3140: 3138:, p. 728. 3128: 3126:, p. 211. 3116: 3104: 3090:978-1560802686 3089: 3071: 3069:, p. 167. 3056: 3044: 3042:, p. 154. 3032: 3030:, p. 724. 3020: 3018:, p. 822. 3008: 3006:, p. 496. 2996: 2994:, p. 122. 2984: 2982:, p. 151. 2972: 2957: 2945: 2943:, p. 323. 2933: 2921: 2909: 2907:, p. 123. 2897: 2895:, p. 814. 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2830: 2828:, p. 813. 2815: 2803: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2762:, p. 492. 2752: 2740: 2728: 2726:, p. 129. 2713: 2711:, p. 519. 2701: 2689: 2687:, p. 128. 2677: 2675:, p. 125. 2662: 2660:, p. 132. 2650: 2648:, p. 120. 2638: 2626: 2624:, p. 138. 2614: 2612:, p. 130. 2599: 2597:, p. 132. 2582: 2580:, p. 114. 2567: 2555: 2553:, p. 485. 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2502:, p. 104. 2487: 2475: 2473:, p. 107. 2463: 2451: 2449:, p. 100. 2439: 2427: 2380: 2378:, p. 461. 2368: 2366:, p. 127. 2356: 2354:, p. 145. 2344: 2342:, p. 116. 2319: 2302: 2300:, p. 132. 2290: 2288:, p. 325. 2269: 2267:, p. 133. 2246: 2234: 2232:, p. 721. 2219: 2217:, p. 117. 2202: 2200:, p. 662. 2190: 2188:, p. 105. 2169: 2167:, p. 103. 2157: 2142: 2140:, p. 725. 2127: 2125:, p. 720. 2115: 2090: 2088:, p. 124. 2073: 2071:, p. 134. 2058: 2043: 2041:, p. 152. 2022: 2020:, p. 727. 2010: 2008:, p. 660. 1998: 1996:, p. 487. 1983: 1966: 1959: 1933: 1931:, p. 719. 1884: 1861: 1859:, p. 160. 1846: 1825: 1823:, p. 454. 1806: 1804:, p. 115. 1794: 1792:, p. 717. 1777: 1765: 1753: 1705: 1703:, p. 331. 1693: 1691:, p. 486. 1676: 1664: 1647: 1645:, p. 718. 1626: 1607: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1538: 1521: 1504: 1487: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441:volcanic bombs 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1421:before present 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1342:Oral tradition 1259: 1256: 1133: 1130: 1101:magma chambers 999:trachyandesite 997:over basalts, 995:alkali basalts 990: 987: 889:Andean orogeny 853: 850: 785: 782: 755: 752: 738:lava flows in 692: 689: 688: 687: 684:impact craters 672: 669: 658: 568:surfaces with 534:volcanic vents 529: 526: 525: 524: 521: 514: 512: 509: 502: 500: 497: 490: 436:, grooves and 401:shield volcano 396: 393: 330: 327: 325: 322: 301: 298: 214:region of the 196:shield volcano 187: 186: 183: 177: 176: 174:Shield volcano 171: 165: 164: 160: 159: 154: 146: 145: 136: 130: 129: 122: 121: 115: 114: 113: 112: 111: 108: 107: 103: 102: 70: 64: 63: 60: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5795: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5645:Michinmahuida 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5487:San Francisco 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397:Aucanquilcha‎ 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5277:Hualca Hualca 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107:(6° N – 3° S) 5103: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4784: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4461: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3859:, p. 90. 3858: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3794: 3791:, p. 69. 3790: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3735:, p. 89. 3734: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3720:, p. 73. 3719: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3533:, p. 29. 3532: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3366: 3363:, p. 21. 3362: 3357: 3354: 3351:, p. 22. 3350: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3315:, p. 20. 3314: 3309: 3306: 3303:, p. 34. 3302: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3114:, p. 93. 3113: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2955:, p. 88. 2954: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2919:, p. 17. 2918: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2886: 2883:, p. 82. 2882: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2859:, p. 81. 2858: 2853: 2850: 2847:, p. 90. 2846: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2801:, p. 19. 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2786:, p. 17. 2785: 2780: 2777: 2774:, p. 18. 2773: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2565:, p. 43. 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2538:, p. 18. 2537: 2532: 2529: 2526:, p. 99. 2525: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2461:, p. 87. 2460: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2437:, p. 99. 2436: 2431: 2428: 2412: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2244:, p. 25. 2243: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2155:, p. 88. 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2113:, p. 67. 2112: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2056:, p. 19. 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1981:, p. 16. 1980: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1882:, p. 91. 1881: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1844:, p. 15. 1843: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1763:, p. 31. 1762: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1674:, p. 24. 1673: 1668: 1665: 1662:, p. 90. 1661: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1585:"Payún Matru" 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1324:generated an 1323: 1319: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:Darwin's rhea 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:clinopyroxene 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:calc-alkaline 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 939: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 887:basalts. The 886: 883: 879: 875: 874:Neuquén Basin 871: 867: 863: 859: 851: 849: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 814: 810: 809:asthenosphere 806: 802: 798: 795: 791: 783: 781: 779: 778:closed basins 775: 771: 767: 762: 753: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 690: 685: 681: 677: 673: 670: 667: 663: 659: 656: 652: 648: 647: 646: 644: 640: 635: 632: 627: 623: 619: 610: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543:fissure vents 539: 535: 527: 518: 513: 506: 501: 494: 489: 487: 485: 484:summit crater 481: 480:stratovolcano 476: 474: 469: 464: 460: 455: 446: 442: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 394: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 328: 323: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 299: 297: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 184: 182: 181:Last eruption 178: 175: 172: 170: 169:Mountain type 166: 161: 158: 155: 153: 147: 139: 119: 109: 104: 99: 71: 69: 65: 61: 59: 55: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5595:Quetrupillán 5457:Llullaillaco 5322:Huaynaputina 5059: 5054: 5036: 5009: 4980:. Retrieved 4963:11336/112439 4943: 4939: 4890: 4886: 4870:. Retrieved 4843: 4839: 4823:. Retrieved 4806: 4802: 4786:. Retrieved 4783:ResearchGate 4782: 4774: 4756: 4752: 4706: 4702: 4665: 4661: 4618: 4614: 4598:. Retrieved 4581: 4565:. Retrieved 4548: 4532:. Retrieved 4486: 4482: 4463:. Retrieved 4460:ResearchGate 4459: 4451: 4417: 4413: 4372: 4368: 4356:. Retrieved 4331: 4327: 4282: 4278: 4265:. Retrieved 4222: 4218: 4173: 4169: 4125: 4121: 4077: 4073: 4061:. Retrieved 4028: 4024: 4003: 3999: 3983:. Retrieved 3962:. Retrieved 3958: 3942:. Retrieved 3925: 3904:11336/115178 3884: 3880: 3852: 3840: 3810:(10): 2619. 3807: 3803: 3796: 3763: 3713: 3678:. Retrieved 3635: 3631: 3621: 3595: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3526: 3468: 3456: 3427: 3415:. Retrieved 3382: 3378: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3262:. Retrieved 3251: 3242: 3217: 3214:Archaeometry 3213: 3207: 3173: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3080: 3074: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2970:, p. 6. 2948: 2936: 2931:, p. 7. 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2871:, p. 4. 2864: 2852: 2813:, p. 2. 2806: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2750:, p. 4. 2743: 2731: 2704: 2699:, p. 2. 2692: 2680: 2653: 2641: 2636:, p. 1. 2629: 2617: 2558: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418:. Retrieved 2371: 2359: 2347: 2317:, p. 5. 2293: 2237: 2193: 2160: 2118: 2013: 2001: 1942: 1936: 1797: 1768: 1756: 1721: 1717: 1696: 1667: 1624:, p. 9. 1598:. Retrieved 1588: 1541: 1524: 1519:underground. 1507: 1490: 1477: 1355: 1338: 1334: 1314: 1310: 1297: 1269: 1209: 1203: 1194: 1176: 1135: 1122:pseudomorphs 1109: 1087:of enriched 1082: 1067: 1033:, including 1007:trachybasalt 992: 979:Auca Mahuida 944: 901: 855: 845:calcalkaline 818: 799:beneath the 787: 757: 725: 709: 694: 636: 615: 595:Salado River 563: 551:scoria cones 531: 477: 451: 432:has created 430:Wind erosion 428:lava flows. 398: 373:volcanic arc 367:area of the 362: 332: 313: 309: 305: 303: 283: 267:scoria cones 248: 246:since 2011. 240:Salado Basin 226:beneath the 191: 190: 151:Parent range 29: 5691:(49°–55° S) 5675:Mate Grande 5525:Tupungatito 5513:(33°–46° S) 5392:Olca-Paruma 5387:Irruputuncu 5377:Tata Sabaya 5317:Pichu Pichu 5247:Quimsachata 5240:(14°–27° S) 5124:Cerro Bravo 5028:10915/55190 4918:11336/27734 4734:11336/18337 4534:3 September 4285:: 453–462. 4248:11336/44275 4225:: 150–169. 4151:11336/32388 4128:: 122–134. 4103:11336/98912 4031:: 114–129. 3857:Mikkan 2017 3733:Mikkan 2017 3301:Mikkan 2014 2563:Mikkan 2014 2524:Mikkan 2017 2512:Mikkan 2017 2459:Mikkan 2017 2153:Mikkan 2017 1761:Mikkan 2014 1344:by a local 1330:lithofacies 1285:Pleistocene 1281:Pleistocene 1164:periglacial 1151:evaporation 1139:continental 1059:plagioclase 1031:phenocrysts 1027:shoshonitic 967:Monogenetic 821:Precambrian 790:Nazca Plate 728:Þjórsá Lava 716:lava tumuli 599:Strombolian 586:slot canyon 559:pyroclastic 555:strombolian 422:Pleistocene 410:Ignimbrites 281:lava flow. 275:Pleistocene 224:Nazca Plate 192:Payún Matrú 131:Payún Matrú 93: / 68:Coordinates 46:Payún Matrú 35:Payún Matrú 18:Payun Matru 5747:Categories 5635:Hornopirén 5620:Casablanca 5590:Villarrica 5585:Sollipulli 5545:Cerro Azul 5417:Licancabur 5412:Sairecabur 5372:Guallatiri 5362:Parinacota 5342:Purupuruni 5252:Auquihuato 5219:Tungurahua 5214:Chimborazo 5174:Reventador 5149:Doña Juana 5001:at NASA's 4872:20 January 4825:24 January 4788:20 January 4600:20 January 4567:20 January 4513:11383/7012 4489:(9): n/a. 4465:20 January 4358:20 January 4267:9 February 3985:20 January 3964:20 January 3944:20 January 3680:6 December 3638:(S1): 26. 3417:7 December 3253:Mindat.org 1739:11336/1420 1724:(7): 385. 1553:References 1277:formations 1240:Pampas fox 1216:armadillos 1183:xerophytic 1168:Palynology 1143:rainshadow 1025:-rich and 916:subduction 885:Patagonian 740:Queensland 712:lava rises 697:Quaternary 680:lava bombs 653:, intense 618:lineaments 570:lava tubes 414:lava domes 290:lava domes 279:Quaternary 271:lava flows 232:Llancanelo 220:subduction 81:69°14′28″W 78:36°25′19″S 5655:Corcovado 5575:Lonquimay 5535:Calabozos 5520:Tupungato 5497:Incahuasi 5462:Lastarria 5442:Chiliques 5282:Sabancaya 5262:Sara Sara 5179:Pichincha 5114:Paipa-Iza 4972:0718-7106 4927:0022-3530 4862:0718-7106 4815:0004-4822 4743:0956-540X 4690:126951874 4682:1720-0776 4653:129580369 4645:2391-5447 4590:0374-6186 4557:0719-0867 4521:1525-2027 4442:1871-1014 4420:: 67–75. 4397:1096-9837 4315:135210762 4307:0895-9811 4257:0377-0273 4206:198405888 4198:0377-0273 4176:: 15–30. 4160:0040-1951 4112:0895-9811 4063:21 August 4053:0377-0273 4012:1850-373X 3934:0374-6186 3913:0718-7106 3832:0016-7037 3670:240436373 3662:2610-3540 3632:Volcanica 3407:235543849 3399:1808-9798 3385:(1): 63. 3234:1475-4754 3220:(1): 16. 3099:778681058 1748:0306-4565 1558:Citations 1483:lava dome 1393:rhyolitic 1351:lava dams 1301:hawaiitic 1258:Eruptions 1126:fumaroles 1039:amphibole 1023:potassium 975:Agua Poca 897:sediments 870:Paleogene 744:Australia 459:andesitic 406:landforms 138:Argentina 106:Geography 58:Elevation 5723:Fueguino 5708:Aguilera 5660:Mentolat 5570:Callaqui 5407:Zapaleri 5337:Yucamane 5332:Tutupaca 5302:Chachani 5272:Coropuna 5267:Solimana 5209:Quilotoa 5204:Cotopaxi 5199:Illiniza 5184:Antisana 4982:27 April 4976:Archived 4866:Archived 4819:Archived 4594:Archived 4561:Archived 4525:Archived 4405:55861170 4352:Archived 4261:Archived 4057:Archived 3979:Archived 3938:Archived 3674:Archived 3411:Archived 3258:Archived 2738:, Fig 1. 2411:Archived 1530:crystals 1457:See also 1289:Holocene 1160:ice ages 1156:snowline 1147:moisture 1119:hematite 1111:Obsidian 1063:sanidine 1015:rhyolite 1011:trachyte 1003:basaltic 971:basaltic 882:Tertiary 866:Mesozoic 837:Pliocene 829:Triassic 792:and the 761:toscales 622:basement 566:pahoehoe 473:snowmelt 438:yardangs 426:Holocene 383:and the 358:geosites 329:Regional 294:Holocene 263:eruption 255:Tertiary 212:back-arc 5698:Lautaro 5650:Chaitén 5630:Calbuco 5565:Copahue 5482:Peinado 5467:Lazufre 5452:Socompa 5357:Taapaca 5327:Ticsani 5169:Cayambe 5159:Azufral 5154:Galeras 5119:Romeral 4895:Bibcode 4711:Bibcode 4623:Bibcode 4491:Bibcode 4422:Bibcode 4377:Bibcode 4336:Bibcode 4287:Bibcode 4227:Bibcode 4178:Bibcode 4130:Bibcode 4082:Bibcode 4033:Bibcode 3812:Bibcode 3640:Bibcode 2420:13 July 1232:guanaco 1224:condors 1196:Opuntia 1158:during 1097:crustal 1055:olivine 1047:biotite 1043:apatite 963:Neuquén 904:backarc 878:Miocene 825:Permian 797:subduct 784:Geology 774:aeolian 732:Iceland 582:canyons 578:aa lava 549:cones, 547:lapilli 454:caldera 418:coulées 365:backarc 337:of the 259:caldera 253:to the 222:of the 202:of the 198:in the 163:Geology 5718:Burney 5713:Reclus 5703:Viedma 5680:Hudson 5640:Huequi 5625:Osorno 5580:Llaima 5560:Antuco 5447:Aracar 5437:Lascar 5427:Pacana 5402:Azufre 5382:Isluga 5352:Tacora 5347:Casiri 5312:Ubinas 5292:Ampato 5257:Firura 5229:Sangay 5164:Chiles 5144:Puracé 4970: 4925: 4860: 4813: 4741: 4688: 4680: 4651: 4643: 4588: 4555: 4519: 4440: 4403: 4395: 4313: 4305: 4255: 4204: 4196: 4158: 4110: 4051: 4010: 3932: 3911: 3830: 3668: 3660: 3610: 3405: 3397: 3264:28 May 3232: 3180: 3097: 3087: 1957: 1746: 1600:28 May 1200:cactus 1179:bushes 1162:, and 1105:faults 1089:mantle 983:Tromen 949:, the 932:mantle 766:rivers 736:Undara 720:distal 676:scoria 643:recent 468:Laguna 434:flutes 379:, the 351:UNESCO 273:. 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