2145:
766:
77:
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the narrow interpretation of its branches and the expansive interpretation of provincial powers under section 92 of the
Constitution Act, 1867. Particularly limiting is the breadth of provincial power over property and civil rights under s. 92(13). Although the Emergency Branch and the National Concern Branch may be viewed as delimited federal competencies like the enumerated clauses under section 91 (see e.g.
1179:
Northern
Ireland with the following limitations, namely, that they shall not have power to make laws except in respect of matters exclusively relating to the portion of Ireland within their jurisdiction, or some part thereof, and (without prejudice to that general limitation) that they shall not have power to make laws in respect of the following matters in particular, namely:—"
36:
140:
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referred to good public administration, on the one hand, but also had echoes of what we now talk of as good governance, which incorporates the notion of appropriate self-governance by civil society actors, since one element of good government was thought to be its limitation to its appropriate sphere
487:
The "national concern" doctrine (sometimes referred to as "national dimensions") was an alternate means of applying the POGG powers that found use in the mid-20th century. It allowed
Parliament to legislate on matters that would normally fall to the provincial government when the issue became of such
426:
The gap branch is rarely relied on because there is so little left to default to the federal government after taking into account the enumerated provincial power over property and civil rights under section 92(13) which applies to any transaction, person or activity that is found within the province.
414:
POGG's gap-filling power covers issues such as drafting oversights and matters not within the boundaries of a province. Drafting oversights include things the drafters of the
Constitution forgot to think about but would unambiguously have allocated to Parliament if they had. For instance, section 92
459:
that the federal government could legislate with regard to alcohol, because even though this would probably have been considered provincial jurisdiction in ordinary circumstances, the federal government was acting to ensure order in Canada. This concept further evolved during the 1920s, when in the
397:
Although the text of the act gives
Parliament residuary powers to enact laws in any area that has not been allocated to the provincial governments, subsequent jurisprudence has limited the scope of the "peace, order, and good government" power. The limitation on the scope of this clause stems from
295:
and good government," which soon became part of the standard phraseology used in
British colonies to denote the residual power of the government. Although this phrase is used in the constitutional documents of several commonwealth countries, it has taken on a particular importance in the Canadian
1178:
That
Section 4(1) of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 as Enacted stated "Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Parliament of Southern Ireland and the Parliament of Northern Ireland shall respectively have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of Southern Ireland and
1023:
It actually wasn't, but it reminds me there's a very good way to distinguish between
America and Canada. In the Canadian Constitution it defines its objectives, this is the British North America Act of 1867, that's our constitution, it said, 'The purpose of this act' which was to make Canada one
372:
POGG is a head of power arising from opening words of section 91 and is distinct from the enumerated powers under that section. The broad language suggests to some although not to others that there is a comprehensive grant of residual legislative authority to the federal government. Although the
550:
In determining whether a matter has attained the required degree of singleness, distinctiveness and indivisibility that clearly distinguishes it from matters of provincial concern it is relevant to consider what would be the effect on extra‑provincial interests of a provincial failure to deal
405:
The powers under POGG must be interpreted in light of the subsequent jurisprudence on the limitations of the clause and the expansive powers of the provinces under their enumerated heads of power. If a matter does not fall within one of the enumerated classes in section 92, section 91, or the
546:
For a matter to qualify as a matter of national concern in either sense it must have a singleness, distinctiveness and indivisibility that clearly distinguishes it from matters of provincial concern and a scale of impact on provincial jurisdiction that is reconcilable with the fundamental
749:
538:
The national concern doctrine is separate and distinct from the national emergency doctrine of the peace, order and good government power, which is chiefly distinguishable by the fact that it provides a constitutional basis for what is necessarily legislation of a temporary nature;
542:
The national concern doctrine applies to both new matters which did not exist at
Confederation and to matters which, although originally matters of a local or private nature in a province, have since, in the absence of national emergency, become matters of national concern;
643:, the phrase is followed by the qualifier "in conformity with full respect for human rights, generally accepted principles of international law and Malta’s international and regional obligations in particular those assumed by the treaty of accession to the European Union".
500:
Their
Lordships do not doubt that some matters, in their origin local and provincial, might attain such dimensions as to affect the body politic of the Dominion, and to justify the Canadian Parliament in passing laws for their regulation or abolition in the interest of the
279:
Legal documents often contain a residual clause which expresses which entity will have authority over jurisdictions that have not otherwise been delineated or are in dispute. While specific authorities are often enumerated in legal documents as well, the designation of a
681:
wrote a separate judgement analyzing the power to make laws for the "peace, order and good government of New Zealand" under the New Zealand Constitution. Evatt held that laws dealing only with circumstances, persons or things outside of New Zealand, while not
739:
695:
478:
allowed Parliament to regulate inflation on the grounds that it posed a considerable economic problem for Canada. In that case, a great degree of deference was exercised in accepting what the federal government deemed to be an emergency.
406:
emergency or national concern branches, then it falls within the narrowly defined residual branch of POGG. The POGG power is best understood as a narrowly defined residual power limited to the following three branches.
377:(JCPC). The JCPC narrowed the scope of the clause to the three distinct branches which remain while also broadly interpreting the scope of provincial authority over property and civil rights under section 92(13) of the
415:
allocates responsibility for provincially incorporated companies to the legislatures but section 91 says nothing about federally incorporated companies: the gap branch allocates this jurisdiction to Parliament, per
419:, 1915. Matters not within the boundaries of a particular province include Canadian territorial lands and waters that are within provincial boundaries such as the seabed off the coast of Newfoundland, per
367:
It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make Laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada, in relation to all Matters......
719:, ordering the British government to allow the inhabitants to return to their former homes, condemned the depopulation of the islands in the name of "peace, order and good government" with the words:
586:
argued in his report to the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, the expression was used interchangeably in the 19th century by Canadian and Imperial officials with the expression
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Canadians and their Government – a resource guide full of information and a wide range of activities that allow young Canadians to learn more about their government and its institutions.
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should legislate. Specifically, the phrase appears in section 91 of the federal Act, which is part of the block of sections that divide legislative powers between the federal and
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582:, for example, contrasted POGG with the American tripartite motto to conclude Canadians generally believe in a higher degree of deference to the law. As Canadian historian
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797:
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D.G Creighton, British North America at Confederation: a Study Prepared for the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations (Ottawa, Queen's Printer 1939)
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held that the plenary power exists to the extent that even legislation removing all inhabitants from a territory is valid; this was later confirmed in the 2016
690:. A law that failed to satisfy that description would be beyond legislative power and invalid, but Evatt J noted that cases of this kind would be "very rare".
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was whether the matter "goes beyond local or provincial concern or interests and must from its inherent nature be the concern of the Dominion as a whole".
381:. The jurisprudence has been defined into three branches: Emergency Branch, Gap or Purely Residual Branch, and National Concern Branch, as defined in the
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264:
2183:
1419:
1414:
1256:
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HCA 55 that the grant of power to legislate 'for peace, order/welfare and good government' was a plenary power to legislate within/for the territory.
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1815:
1261:
734:
565:
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1144:"R (on the application of Bancoult (No 2)) (Appellant) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Respondent) – The Supreme Court"
655:
508:
446:
374:
1900:
1409:
99:
55:
1927:
912:
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962:
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345:. The now familiar phrase "peace, order and good government" was originally used in the British North America Act, 1867 (now known as the
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2124:
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to: "connote, in British constitutional language, the widest law-making powers appropriate to a sovereign". Likewise in Australia, the
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The phrase "peace, order and good government" appears in many 19th and 20th century British Acts of Parliament, such as the
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Despite its technical purpose, the phrase "peace, order and good government" has also become meaningful to Canadians. This
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Historically new subject matters, such as aeronautics, do not necessarily fall residually to the federal government, per
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referred not to its more narrow modern echoes, but to the protection of the common wealth, the general public good.
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After this case the doctrine was completely ignored until 1946 when Viscount Simons brought it back in the case of
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British North America at Confederation: A Study Prepared for the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations
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616:
1949:
1932:
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invalid could, in some cases, fail to satisfy the description of being for the peace, order and good government
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1125:"House of Lords – R (On The Application of Bancoult) V Secretary of State For Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs"
1088:"Union Steamship Company of Australia Pty Ltd v King [1988] HCA 55; (1988) 166 CLR 1 (26 October 1988)"
843:
470:
1124:
468:, to allow Parliament to intervene in matters of provincial jurisdiction. POGG was later used this way in the
733:(Agricola 30). He meant it as an irony; but here, it was an abject legal failure." Despite this, in 2008 the
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1944:
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residual nature of the clause remains, the scope of the clause has been limited by the jurisprudence of the
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715:, purportedly under his power to legislate for the "peace, order and good government" of the territory.
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257:
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2001:
632:
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356:
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It has been used by some scholars to make broad characterizations of Canada's political culture. US
2006:
1404:
1102:
779:
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R (on the application of Bancoult (No 2)) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
360:
297:
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Colonial and Post-colonial Constitutionalism in the Commonwealth: Peace, Order and Good Government
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2081:
2046:
1915:
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342:
17:
1996:
1959:
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958:
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effectively with the control or regulation of the intra‑provincial aspects of the matter.
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1922:
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1954:
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771:
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R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex parte Bancoult (No 2)
712:
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The above branches of the power are currently governed by the principles stated by
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R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex p Bancoult (No 1)
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helps provide direction to future decision-makers and in emerging issue areas.
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1312:
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761:
671:
The Trustees Executors and Agency Co. Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation
249:
650:
AC 900, 923, the words "peace, order and good government" contained in the
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A similar phrase, "peace, welfare, and good government", had been used the
147:
This article, specifically sections dealing with the Canadian Constitution
1210:
History of the doctrine in Australian Commonwealth and State constitutions
1103:"Peace, Order and Good Government: A Limitation on Legislative Competence"
858:"'Welfare' of a Nation: The Origins of 'Peace, Order and Good Government'"
669:
However, in New Zealand, those powers are not considered as unlimited. In
421:
Reference Re Seabed and Subsoil of Continental Shelf Offshore Newfoundland
1214:
241:
1075:
724:
330:
and is often used to describe the principles upon which that country's
226:
1190:
Canada's Constitution Act, 1867 – Section 91: Powers of the Parliament
794:(first case analyzing the term decided by the Supreme Court of Canada)
651:
465:
245:
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is sometimes said to define Canadian values in a way comparable to “
221:) is an expression used in law to express the legitimate objects of
1175:. Third ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000.
296:
constitution due to repeated disputes about the nature of residual
309:
1024:
dominion, 'was to provide for peace, order, and good government.'
703:
struck down an ordinance made in 1971 by the Commissioner of the
445:
under the emergency branch of POGG. This began in 1882, when the
1039:. Third ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000.
2103:
2028:
1978:
1877:
1574:
1520:
1351:
1279:
1218:
491:
The doctrine originated from a statement by Lord Watson in the
464:, it was stated that POGG could be invoked in times of war and
291:
and good government," but this eventually evolved into "peace,
133:
70:
29:
547:
distribution of legislative power under the Constitution;
1195:
Peace, Order and Good Government at Marianopolis College
27:
Political-philosophical phrase in Commonwealth countries
1522:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
154:
95:
904:
Essential Readings in Canadian Constitutional Politics
654:
Constitution Order-in-Council (1946) were said by the
1809:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
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1824:
1808:
1615:
1606:
1461:
1428:
1395:
1003:"Transcript of Charles Krauthammer in Conversation"
149:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
888:Canadian Constitutional Documents: A Legal History
727:who said: "They make a desert and call it peace –
430:Johannesson v West St Paul (Rural Municipality of)
86:deal primarily with Canada and do not represent a
488:importance that it concerned the entire country.
1825:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
1617:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
568:” (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France or “
355:, and it defines the principles under which the
287:At its origin, the preferred phrase was "peace,
798:Police power (United States constitutional law)
621:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900
536:
402:, AC 326 (PC)), the clause remains residuary.
365:
267:", a spiritually analogous phrase found in the
1329:Report on the Affairs of British North America
901:Peter H. Russell; Christian Leuprecht (2011).
1230:
711:to make way for an American military base at
84:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
957:. Toronto: Irwin Law Inc. pp. 259–261.
907:. University of Toronto Press. p. 316.
1323:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
728:
400:AG Canada v AG Ontario (Labour Conventions)
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2100:
2025:
1975:
1874:
1612:
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1425:
1392:
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1282:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
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570:life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
512:, A.C. 193 (P.C.). The test as stated in
265:life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
195:Learn how and when to remove this message
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:, without removing the technical details.
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1598:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
1491:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
932:. Toronto: Irwin Law Inc. p. 254.
809:
707:expelling the entire population of the
509:Ontario v. Canada Temperance Foundation
447:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
375:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1173:Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches
1037:Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches
1001:Krauthammer, Charles (13 March 2015).
1928:Individual ministerial responsibility
159:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1496:Matters of a local or private nature
240:, most notably the constitutions of
2125:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
730:Solitudinem faciunt pacem appellant
2105:Provincial constitutions of Canada
2031:Interpretation of the Constitution
862:The Library of Parliament (Canada)
588:peace, welfare and good government
531:R. v. Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd.
520:Current approach to interpretation
25:
1896:Cabinet collective responsibility
1438:Peace, order, and good government
1076:Constitution of Malta, Article 65
955:Constitutional Law, Third Edition
930:Constitutional Law, Third Edition
609:New Zealand Constitution Act 1852
449:(then the supreme authority over
410:The Gap or Purely Residual Branch
323:"paix, ordre et bon gouvernement"
215:peace, order, and good government
45:This article has multiple issues.
18:Peace, Order, and Good Government
2184:Governance of the British Empire
2156:
2155:
2143:
1257:List of constitutional documents
1168:. Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1939.
856:Lithwick, Dara (26 April 2017).
764:
138:
75:
34:
1107:Melbourne University Law Review
1007:Conversations with Bill Kristol
701:High Court of England and Wales
613:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865
53:or discuss these issues on the
1365:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
1262:Amendments to the Constitution
1200:POGG at constitutional-law.net
1059:"British Settlements Act 1887"
705:British Indian Ocean Territory
637:Government of Ireland Act 1920
326:) is sometimes abbreviated as
269:US Declaration of Independence
1:
2012:Other unsuccessful amendments
629:Hong Kong Letters Patent 1917
603:Elsewhere in the Commonwealth
263:It is often contrasted with "
229:. The phrase appears in many
2077:Interjurisdictional immunity
1901:Disallowance and reservation
1553:Statute of Westminster, 1931
1159:General and cited references
953:Monahan, Patrick J. (2006).
928:Monahan, Patrick J. (2006).
791:Johannesson v. West St. Paul
617:British Settlements Act 1887
566:liberté, égalité, fraternité
417:John Deere Plow Co v Wharton
1453:Matters excepted from s. 92
673:(1933) 49 CLR 220, Justice
495:(1896), wherein he stated:
483:The National Concern Branch
213:jurisdictions, the phrase "
98:, discuss the issue on the
2225:
2204:Canadian political phrases
2042:Indigenous self-government
1532:British North America Acts
1318:Constitutional Act of 1791
1308:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1303:Constitution of New France
1129:publications.parliament.uk
864:. The Parliament of Canada
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1950:Parliamentary sovereignty
1891:At His Majesty's pleasure
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1486:Administration of justice
1481:Property and civil rights
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823:. Routledge. p. 95.
1387:Fathers of Confederation
1267:Quasi-constitutional law
844:Constitution of Barbados
817:Hakeem O. Yusuf (2013).
572:” in the United States.
471:Anti-Inflation Reference
393:Interpretation doctrines
2115:Constitution of Alberta
2057:Equal authenticity rule
1945:Parliamentary privilege
1382:London Conference, 1866
1370:Quebec Conference, 1864
679:High Court of Australia
476:Supreme Court of Canada
383:Supreme Court of Canada
298:federal power in Canada
2199:Political catchphrases
2189:Constitution of Canada
2120:Constitution of Quebec
2072:Implied Bill of Rights
1906:Responsible government
1608:Constitution Act, 1982
1588:Fulton–Favreau formula
1558:Newfoundland Act, 1949
1548:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
1476:Works and undertakings
1397:Constitution Act, 1867
1246:Constitution of Canada
785:Implied Bill of Rights
755:
729:
664:Union Steamship v King
648:Ibrelebbe v. The Queen
553:
493:Local Prohibition case
462:Board of Commerce case
441:Parliament may invoke
387:Re: Anti-Inflation Act
379:Constitution Act, 1867
370:
363:levels of government.
348:Constitution Act, 1867
1981:Constitutional debate
1293:Iroquois constitution
884:"The Union Act, 1840"
721:
641:Constitution of Malta
625:South Africa Act 1909
580:Seymour Martin Lipset
514:Temperance Foundation
2209:Federalism in Canada
2002:Charlottetown Accord
1298:Mi'kmaq constitution
1101:Killey, Ian (1989).
633:West Indies Act 1962
456:Russell v. The Queen
437:The Emergency Branch
357:Parliament of Canada
104:create a new article
96:improve this article
2007:Calgary Declaration
1405:Canadian federalism
1142:The Supreme Court.
780:Canadian federalism
599:of responsibility.
353:Imperial Parliament
2087:Dialogue principle
2047:Pith and substance
1916:King-in-Parliament
1841:Part VII – General
1538:Manitoba Act, 1870
1443:Trade and commerce
1375:Quebec Resolutions
1313:Quebec Act of 1774
1063:legislation.gov.uk
1013:on 12 January 2019
846:: Section 48 § (1)
709:Chagos Archipelago
556:Sociological value
474:of 1976, when the
343:Province of Canada
234:Acts of Parliament
223:legislative powers
2194:Canadian identity
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1335:Act of Union 1840
1164:Creighton, D. G.
914:978-1-4426-0368-4
830:978-1-135-08157-7
717:Lord Justice Laws
351:) enacted by the
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339:Act of Union 1840
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684:prima facie
577:sociologist
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2178:Categories
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1464:Section 92
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1017:12 January
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660:High Court
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100:talk page
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623:, the
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615:, the
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460:1922
314:order
310:peace
293:order
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328:POGG
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