90:
106:
114:
98:
2396:
190:. They were initially built as temporary structures, but due to their effectiveness they have become wider, longer, more numerous and more permanent. Originally few in number, they have multiplied over the years, from 18 in the early 1990s to at least 59 as of late 2017; in total they stretch over 34 kilometres (21 miles), with most located in Belfast. They have been increased in both height and number since the
43:
194:. Three-quarters of Belfast's estimated 97 peace lines and related structures (such as gates and closed roads) are in the north and west of the city. These are also the poorer and more disadvantaged areas of Belfast. 67% of deaths during the sectarian violence occurred within 500 metres (550 yd) of one of these "interface structures".
250:
agreed to develop a strategy regarding the removal of peace walls on 1 September 2011. At the end of 2011, several local community initiatives resulted in the opening of a number of interface structures for a trial period. A study was released in 2012 indicating that 69% of residents believe that the
265:
In 2017, the
Belfast Interface Project published a study entitled "Interface Barriers, Peacelines & Defensive Architecture" that identified 97 separate walls, barriers and interfaces in Belfast. A history of the development of these structures can be found at the Peacewall Archive.
208:
The peace lines range in length from a few hundred metres (yards) to over 5 kilometres (3 mi). They may be made of iron, brick, steel or a combination of the three and are up to 8 metres (25 feet) high. Some have gates in them (sometimes staffed by
277:
In
September 2019, a series of events were held in Belfast to mark the anniversary of 50 years of peace lines in the city. This included an international conference alongside other events to discuss the past and possible future of the peace lines.
273:
published its
Interface Programme, established to deliver the commitment made by the Northern Ireland Executive to remove all Interface structures by 2023 under the Together: Building a United Community Strategy.
369:
2351:
243:
areas of East
Belfast, the unionist Corcrain Road and the nationalist Obins Drive in Portadown and the unionist Fountain Estate and nationalist Bishop Street area of Derry.
1048:
636:
377:
1036:
821:
1227:
583:
258:
launched a Peace Walls funding programme to support local communities who want to work towards beginning to remove the peace walls. In May 2013, the
2434:
2399:
2372:
270:
559:"A Process for Removing Interface Barriers: A discussion paper proposing a five phase process for the removal of 'peace walls' in Northern Ireland"
527:
197:
The stated purpose of the peace lines is to minimise inter-communal violence between
Catholics (most of whom are nationalists who self-identify as
1505:
1449:
1085:
744:
52:
2358:
910:
887:
2459:
1248:
182:
Although temporary peace walls were built in
Belfast in the 1920s (in Ballymacarett) and 1930s (in Sailortown), the first peace lines of "
1883:
716:
2209:
1953:
1897:
1834:
876:
2444:
2250:
2243:
210:
961:
1680:
1206:
433:
74:
1582:
59:
If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
500:
2454:
2449:
2138:
2016:
1841:
1234:
688:
902:
27:
This article is about peace lines in
Northern Ireland. For the Korean marine boundary line, also known as the 'peace line', see
2269:
2159:
1946:
297:
1806:
1533:
1357:
1350:
1220:
1213:
255:
1045:
2429:
1869:
1652:
191:
1030:(established to deliver the commitment made by the Northern Ireland Executive to remove all Interface structures by 2023)
2439:
2424:
2330:
1918:
1589:
1378:
1343:
940:
2344:
2058:
1526:
1463:
1282:
1152:
462:"Beyond the peace lines: Conceptualising representations of parks as inclusionary spaces in Belfast, Northern Ireland"
187:
2124:
1255:
93:
A 5.5-metre-high (18-foot) peace line along
Springmartin Road in Belfast, with a fortified police station at one end
2337:
2323:
2202:
2145:
1995:
1315:
1241:
1078:
877:
Belfast’s ‘peace walls’: How the politics and policy of 1969-1971 shaped the city’s contemporary ‘interface areas.’
259:
2195:
1673:
1148:
1027:
795:
342:
2166:
2152:
1974:
1820:
1764:
1708:
1432:
1412:
1398:
1336:
1173:
1033:
89:
2365:
2223:
2131:
2044:
1848:
1792:
1617:
1603:
1554:
1498:
1371:
1133:
918:
593:
2037:
2009:
1750:
1596:
1308:
2188:
2079:
1981:
1925:
1862:
1771:
1638:
1561:
1071:
962:"A discussion paper proposing a five phase process for the removal of 'peace walls' in Northern Ireland"
535:
424:
Murtagh, Brendan (2017). "Urban alternatives and collaborative economics in
Belfast's contested space".
221:
988:
1722:
1631:
1540:
1519:
1405:
1180:
558:
247:
228:
2295:
2281:
2107:
1967:
1491:
1364:
1196:
1140:
153:
138:
105:
1988:
1827:
1736:
1694:
1659:
1624:
1547:
481:
156:
130:
113:
941:"Belfast's Peacelines: An Analysis of Urban Borders, Design and Social Space in a Divided City"
109:
The peace line at Bombay Street/Cupar Way in
Belfast, seen from the predominantly Catholic side
97:
2288:
2216:
1813:
1575:
1329:
1322:
906:
883:
667:
641:
439:
429:
142:
28:
317:
1785:
1262:
1060:(BBC News web page detailing the various peace lines across Northern Ireland as of mid-2009)
891:
473:
217:
134:
428:. Grichting, Anna, Zebich-Knos, Michele (editors). London: Anthem Press. pp. 181–194.
2386:
2302:
2178:
1939:
1298:
1057:
1052:
1040:
1024:(An interactive map locating all Interface barriers in Northern Ireland, surveyed in 2017)
968:
721:
607:
588:
149:
145:
34:
Separation barriers in Northern Ireland separating nationalist and unionist neighbourhoods
1021:
399:
246:
In 2008, a public discussion began about how and when the peace lines could be removed.
2419:
2379:
2309:
292:
287:
202:
160:
101:
The peace line along Cupar Way in Belfast, seen from the predominantly Protestant side
2413:
2086:
485:
461:
232:
2065:
2023:
1477:
1129:
1094:
923:
663:
505:
236:
220:
now take groups of tourists around Belfast's peace lines, trouble spots and famous
198:
183:
2117:
898:. Edited by Bobic and Haghighi, Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group, New York).
847:
170:
The majority of peace walls are located in Belfast, but they also exist in other
240:
2316:
1904:
1018:(An archive of photos, maps, texts and links relating to Belfast's Peacelines)
501:"Will Belfast ever have a Berlin Wall moment and tear down its 'peace walls'?"
227:
The most prominent peace lines in the past few years separate the nationalist
944:
443:
993:
17:
895:
693:
612:
186:" era were built in 1969, following the outbreak of civil unrest and the
881:
The Routledge Handbook of Architecture, Urban Space and Politics, Vol I,
477:
262:
committed to the removal of all peace lines by mutual consent by 2023.
171:
164:
174:
with more than 32 kilometres (20 miles) of walls in Northern Ireland.
1015:
796:"Department of Justice Interface Programme – Department of Justice"
770:
343:"Department of Justice Interface Programme | Department of Justice"
201:) and Protestants (most of whom are unionists who self-identify as
112:
104:
96:
88:
55:
contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
717:"Robinson and McGuinness want "peace walls" down within 10 years"
689:"Northern Ireland: Cash Boost For Plan To Bring Down Peace Walls"
1067:
1063:
919:"Peace but no love as Northern Ireland divide grows ever wider"
251:
peace walls are still necessary because of potential violence.
213:) that allow passage during daylight but are closed at night.
36:
989:"Despite peace, Belfast walls are growing in size and number"
745:"Interface Barriers, Peacelines and Defensive Architecture"
903:
Interface Barriers, Peacelines and Defensive Architecture
216:
In recent years, they have become locations for tourism.
2233:
2176:
2105:
2096:
2024:
Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC
1430:
1388:
1296:
1272:
1194:
1163:
1119:
1110:
1101:
608:"Belfast City Council agrees to act on peace walls"
318:"Cages around houses: Life at Belfast's peace wall"
822:"Together: Building a United Community (T:BUC)"
637:"£2m to tear down Northern Ireland peace walls"
159:neighbourhoods. They have been built at urban
1079:
370:"Launch of North Belfast Peace Walls Project"
8:
1028:NI Department of Justice Interface Programme
584:"Belfast's peace walls may be set to tumble"
400:"Interfaces Map | Belfast Interface Project"
913:, Belfast 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017
2102:
1385:
1269:
1116:
1107:
1086:
1072:
1064:
148:neighbourhoods from predominantly British
901:Belfast Interface Project (2 June 2017).
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
1022:Belfast Interface Project Interfaces Map
269:In September 2017, the Northern Ireland
426:The social ecology of border landscapes
309:
235:areas of West Belfast; the nationalist
1450:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
1228:Irish People's Liberation Organisation
664:"Peace Walls 'As Contentious As Ever'"
499:Geoghegan, Peter (29 September 2015).
967:. Macaulay Associates. Archived from
117:Gates in a peace line in West Belfast
7:
455:
453:
2210:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
2251:Social Democratic and Labour Party
2244:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
592:. 3 September 2011. Archived from
137:that separate predominantly Irish
25:
1046:Ethnic Interface in North Belfast
2395:
2394:
2139:Irish Republican Socialist Party
1954:Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting
875:James O’Leary (28 October 2022)
635:McAdam, Noel (18 January 2012).
41:
2435:The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
2160:Republican Socialist Collective
1947:Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting
1197:Irish republican paramilitaries
987:Shawn Pogatchnik (3 May 2008).
943:. mspacenyc.com. Archived from
404:www.belfastinterfaceproject.org
298:Segregation in Northern Ireland
1835:IRA attacks in the Netherlands
1590:Dublin & Monaghan bombings
1583:Ulster Workers' Council strike
1358:Ulster Volunteer Service Corps
1299:Ulster loyalist paramilitaries
917:Paul Brown (4 February 2002).
256:International Fund for Ireland
1:
1870:Attack on Derryard checkpoint
769:O'Leary, James (2 May 2019).
192:Good Friday Agreement of 1998
1919:Downing Street mortar attack
1884:South Armagh sniper campaign
1681:Jonesborough Gazelle downing
1379:Woodvale Defence Association
1344:Ulster Protestant Volunteers
557:Macaulay, Tony (July 2008).
2460:Military history of Belfast
1527:Abercorn Restaurant bombing
1283:Direct Action Against Drugs
1263:Irish Revolutionary Brigade
1153:Ulster Special Constabulary
960:Tony Macaulay (July 2008).
879:Chapter 13 (pp 203-219) in
532:Northern Ireland Foundation
188:1969 Northern Ireland riots
2476:
2203:Progressive Unionist Party
2146:Communist Party of Ireland
1996:Downing Street Declaration
1653:Reavey and O'Dowd killings
1316:Ulster Defence Association
1058:Forty years of peace lines
488:– via Research Gate.
260:Northern Ireland Executive
26:
2445:Walls in Northern Ireland
2264:
2196:Democratic Unionist Party
1842:Aughanduff Lynx shootdown
1674:La Mon restaurant bombing
1506:Balmoral showroom bombing
1149:Royal Ulster Constabulary
749:Belfast Interface Project
2153:Irish Independence Party
2108:Irish republican parties
2017:Crossmaglen Lynx downing
1821:Milltown Cemetery attack
1709:Republican hunger strike
1534:Beginning of direct rule
1399:Ulster Protestant Action
1337:Loyalist Volunteer Force
466:The Town Planning Review
368:Donaghy, Brendan (ed.).
2455:21st century in Belfast
2450:20th century in Belfast
2366:Special Category Status
2224:Ulster Democratic Party
2179:Ulster loyalist parties
1849:Ballygawley bus bombing
1793:Remembrance Day bombing
1618:Miami Showband killings
1604:Birmingham pub bombings
1372:Protestant Action Force
1249:Republican Action Force
1134:Ulster Defence Regiment
2010:Loughinisland massacre
1807:Start of peace process
1751:Brighton hotel bombing
1597:Guildford pub bombings
1309:Ulster Volunteer Force
118:
110:
102:
94:
2189:Ulster Unionist Party
2080:Good Friday Agreement
1982:Shankill Road bombing
1898:Augher Lynx shootdown
1863:Deal barracks bombing
1772:Anglo-Irish Agreement
1639:Balcombe Street siege
1562:Sunningdale Agreement
1112:State security forces
939:Margrethe C. Lauber.
896:10.4324/9781003112464
564:. Macaulay Associates
271:Department of Justice
254:In January 2012, the
116:
108:
100:
92:
2430:Geography of Belfast
2373:Shoot-to-kill policy
2132:Republican Sinn Féin
2066:Second IRA ceasefire
1723:Droppin Well bombing
1632:Tullyvallen massacre
1499:McGurk's Bar bombing
1406:Ulster Service Corps
1039:14 June 2011 at the
826:The Executive Office
596:on 3 September 2011.
248:Belfast City Council
2440:Separation barriers
2425:Politics of Belfast
2282:Irish republicanism
1975:Bishopsgate bombing
1968:Warrington bombings
1765:Newry mortar attack
1492:Operation Demetrius
1365:Down Orange Welfare
1141:Force Research Unit
1051:16 May 2011 at the
771:"Peacewall Archive"
478:10.3828/tpr.2019.13
131:separation barriers
2352:Punishment attacks
2125:Official Sinn Féin
2045:Manchester bombing
1989:Greysteel massacre
1828:Corporals killings
1737:Maze Prison escape
1695:Warrenpoint ambush
1660:Kingsmill massacre
1625:Bayardo Bar attack
1555:Old Bailey bombing
1548:Operation Motorman
1351:Ulster Third Force
616:. 2 September 2011
460:Mell, Ian (2019).
239:from the unionist
119:
111:
103:
95:
2407:
2406:
2289:Irish nationalism
2260:
2259:
2217:UK Unionist Party
2098:Political parties
2038:Docklands bombing
1814:Operation Flavius
1576:M62 coach bombing
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1413:Orange Volunteers
1330:Ulster Resistance
1323:Red Hand Commando
1292:
1291:
1190:
1189:
1016:Peacewall Archive
974:on 6 October 2011
947:on 20 August 2008
911:978-0-9548819-5-5
888:978-1-003-11246-4
852:Peacewall Archive
775:Peacewall Archive
642:Belfast Telegraph
85:
84:
77:
29:Syngman Rhee Line
16:(Redirected from
2467:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2253:
2246:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2103:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1926:Cappagh killings
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1786:Loughgall ambush
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1285:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1183:
1176:
1156:
1144:
1136:
1117:
1108:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1005:
1003:
1001:
983:
981:
979:
973:
966:
956:
954:
952:
935:
933:
931:
863:
862:
860:
858:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
828:. 23 August 2018
818:
812:
811:
809:
807:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
766:
760:
759:
757:
755:
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
713:
707:
706:
704:
702:
697:. 1 January 2012
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
604:
598:
597:
580:
574:
573:
571:
569:
563:
554:
548:
547:
545:
543:
538:on 25 April 2019
534:. Archived from
524:
518:
517:
515:
513:
496:
490:
489:
457:
448:
447:
421:
415:
414:
412:
410:
396:
390:
389:
387:
385:
376:. Archived from
374:Mediation Digest
365:
359:
358:
356:
354:
339:
333:
332:
330:
328:
314:
135:Northern Ireland
129:are a series of
80:
73:
69:
66:
60:
45:
44:
37:
21:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2468:
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2464:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2392:
2387:Five techniques
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2303:Ulster loyalism
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1940:Teebane bombing
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1207:Provisional IRA
1205:
1199:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1147:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1053:Wayback Machine
1041:Wayback Machine
1012:
999:
997:
986:
977:
975:
971:
964:
959:
950:
948:
938:
929:
927:
916:
872:
870:Further reading
867:
866:
856:
854:
848:"Peacewalls 50"
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
820:
819:
815:
805:
803:
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
768:
767:
763:
753:
751:
743:
742:
738:
728:
726:
722:The Irish Times
715:
714:
710:
700:
698:
687:
686:
682:
672:
670:
668:Ulster Research
662:
661:
657:
647:
645:
634:
633:
629:
619:
617:
606:
605:
601:
589:The Irish Times
582:
581:
577:
567:
565:
561:
556:
555:
551:
541:
539:
526:
525:
521:
511:
509:
498:
497:
493:
459:
458:
451:
436:
423:
422:
418:
408:
406:
398:
397:
393:
383:
381:
380:on 9 March 2016
367:
366:
362:
352:
350:
341:
340:
336:
326:
324:
316:
315:
311:
306:
284:
180:
167:and elsewhere.
161:interface areas
81:
70:
64:
61:
58:
50:This article's
46:
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2380:HM Prison Maze
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2310:United Ireland
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2239:
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2234:
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1992:
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1905:Proxy bombings
1901:
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1238:
1235:Continuity IRA
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1181:Garda Síochána
1177:
1174:Defence Forces
1169:
1167:
1164:
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1137:
1125:
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1121:United Kingdom
1120:
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1010:External links
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1007:
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864:
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813:
802:. 31 July 2017
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472:(2): 195–218.
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349:. 31 July 2017
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1541:Bloody Friday
1538:
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1520:Bloody Sunday
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725:. 10 May 2013
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528:"Peace Walls"
523:
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435:9781783086719
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231:and unionist
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65:December 2019
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1478:Falls Curfew
1470:
1456:
1442:
1433:Major events
1214:Official IRA
1130:British Army
1103:Participants
1095:The Troubles
998:. Retrieved
992:
976:. Retrieved
969:the original
949:. Retrieved
945:the original
928:. Retrieved
924:The Guardian
922:
880:
855:. Retrieved
851:
842:
830:. Retrieved
825:
816:
804:. Retrieved
799:
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778:. Retrieved
774:
764:
752:. Retrieved
748:
739:
727:. Retrieved
720:
711:
699:. Retrieved
692:
683:
671:. Retrieved
658:
646:. Retrieved
640:
630:
618:. Retrieved
611:
602:
594:the original
587:
578:
566:. Retrieved
552:
540:. Retrieved
536:the original
531:
522:
510:. Retrieved
506:The Guardian
504:
494:
469:
465:
425:
419:
409:12 September
407:. Retrieved
403:
394:
382:. Retrieved
378:the original
373:
363:
351:. Retrieved
346:
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325:. Retrieved
321:
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245:
237:Short Strand
226:
215:
207:
196:
184:the Troubles
181:
169:
126:
122:
120:
86:
71:
62:
53:lead section
51:
2274:peace lines
2270:Segregation
1034:Peace Lines
673:23 November
241:Cluan Place
218:Black taxis
143:nationalist
127:peace walls
123:peace lines
18:Peace Lines
2414:Categories
2317:Free Derry
1390:Vigilantes
1274:Vigilantes
1000:6 February
978:6 February
951:6 February
930:6 February
568:6 February
353:1 November
304:References
229:Falls Road
157:Protestant
139:republican
2118:Sinn Féin
1877:1990–1997
1443:1967–1972
1256:Saor Éire
994:USA Today
729:5 January
486:150993274
444:985108699
2400:Category
2359:Finances
2296:Unionism
2059:NI riots
1464:NI riots
1242:Real IRA
1049:Archived
1037:Archived
832:13 April
806:13 April
694:HuffPost
613:BBC News
542:13 April
512:13 April
327:16 April
322:BBC News
282:See also
154:unionist
150:loyalist
146:Catholic
2345:Parades
1165:Ireland
800:Justice
754:18 June
347:Justice
203:British
178:History
172:regions
165:Belfast
2338:Murals
909:
886:
857:6 June
484:
442:
432:
384:4 July
222:murals
211:police
2420:Walls
2331:Flags
2324:Films
2167:Unity
972:(PDF)
965:(PDF)
780:2 May
701:2 May
648:2 May
620:2 May
562:(PDF)
482:S2CID
199:Irish
2073:1998
2052:1997
2031:1996
2003:1994
1961:1993
1933:1992
1912:1991
1891:1990
1856:1989
1800:1988
1779:1987
1758:1985
1744:1984
1730:1983
1716:1982
1702:1981
1688:1979
1667:1978
1646:1976
1611:1975
1569:1974
1513:1972
1485:1971
1471:1970
1457:1969
1221:INLA
1002:2010
980:2010
953:2010
932:2010
907:ISBN
884:ISBN
859:2020
834:2019
808:2019
782:2019
756:2021
731:2014
703:2013
675:2012
650:2013
622:2013
570:2010
544:2019
514:2019
440:OCLC
430:ISBN
411:2018
386:2013
355:2017
329:2021
121:The
892:doi
474:doi
205:).
163:in
152:or
141:or
133:in
125:or
2416::
991:.
921:.
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470:90
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452:^
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357:.
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72:(
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63:(
57:.
31:.
20:)
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