634:, from the Malay and Indonesian word for forest, consists of shrubs and tall thin trees and appear in the center of large peatlands. The diversity of woody species, like trees and shrubs, are far greater in tropical peatlands than in peatlands of other types. Peat in the tropics is therefore dominated by woody material from trunks of trees and shrubs and contain little to none of the sphagnum moss that dominates in boreal peatlands. It's only partly decomposed and the surface consists of a thick layer of leaf litter. Forestry in peatlands leads to drainage and rapid carbon losses since it decreases inputs of organic matter and accelerate the decomposition. In contrast to temperate wetlands, tropical peatlands are home to several species of fish. Many new, often endemic, species has been discovered but many of them are considered threatened.
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carbon dioxide and methane. By allowing oxygen to enter the peat column within a mire, drainage disrupts the balance between peat accumulation and decomposition, and the subsequent oxidative degradation results in the release of carbon into the atmosphere. As such, drainage of mires for agriculture transforms them from net carbon sinks to net carbon emitters. Although the emission of methane from mires has been observed to decrease following drainage, the total magnitude of emissions from peatland drainage is often greater as rates of peat accumulation are low. Peatland carbon has been described as "irrecoverable" meaning that, if lost due to drainage, it could not be recovered within time scales relevant to climate mitigation.
53:
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614:, drainage and burning. Drainage of tropical peatlands alters the hydrology and increases their susceptibility to fire and soil erosion, as a consequence of changes in physical and chemical compositions. The change in soil strongly affects the sensitive vegetation and forest die-off is common. The short-term effect is a decrease in biodiversity but the long-term effect, since these encroachments are hard to reverse, is a loss of habitat. Poor knowledge about peatlands' sensitive hydrology and lack of nutrients often lead to failing plantations, resulting in increasing pressure on remaining peatlands.
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table and the increased aeration will subsequently release carbon. Upon extreme drying, the ecosystem can undergo a state shift, turning the mire into a barren land with lower biodiversity and richness. The formation of humic acid occurs during the biogeochemical degradation of vegetation debris, animal residue, and degraded segments. The loads of organic matter in the form of humic acid is a source of precursors of coal. Prematurely exposing the organic matter to the atmosphere promotes the conversion of organics to carbon dioxide to be released in the atmosphere.
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333:. Indonesia, particularly on the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua, has one of the largest peatlands in the world, with an area of about 24 million hectares. These peatlands play an important role in global carbon storage and have very high biodiversity. However, peatlands in Indonesia also face major threats from deforestation and forest fires. In the early 21st century, the world's largest tropical mire was found in the Central
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short time span as the cooling effects of sequestering carbon are offset by the emission of methane, which is a strong greenhouse gas. However, given the short "lifetime" of methane (12 years), it is often said that methane emissions are unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and
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of forest cover or for use as pasture or cropland. Agricultural uses for mires include the use of natural vegetation for hay crop or grazing, or the cultivation of crops on a modified surface. In addition, the commercial extraction of peat for energy production is widely practiced in
Northern European countries, such as Russia, Sweden, Finland, Ireland and the
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220:). Thus, while a bog is always acidic and nutrient-poor, a fen may be slightly acidic, neutral, or alkaline, and either nutrient-poor or nutrient-rich. All mires are initially fens when the peat starts to form, and may turn into bogs once the height of the peat layer reaches above the surrounding land. A
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Goldstein, Allie; Turner, Will R.; Spawn, Seth A.; Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J.; Cook-Patton, Susan; Fargione, Joseph; Gibbs, Holly K.; Griscom, Bronson; Hewson, Jennifer H.; Howard, Jennifer F.; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Page, Susan; Koh, Lian Pin; Rockström, Johan; Sanderman, Jonathan; Hole, David G.
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In their natural state, peatlands are resistant to fire. Drainage of peatlands for palm oil plantations creates a dry layer of flammable peat. As peat is carbon dense, fires occurring in compromised peatlands release extreme amounts of both carbon dioxide and toxic smoke into the air. These fires add
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The biotic and abiotic factors controlling
Southeast Asian peatlands are interdependent. Its soil, hydrology and morphology are created by the present vegetation through the accumulation of its own organic matter, building a favorable environment for this specific vegetation. This system is therefore
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release even more carbon dioxide. The economic value of a tropical peatland was once derived from raw materials, such as wood, bark, resin, and latex, the extraction of which did not contribute to large carbon emissions. In
Southeast Asia, peatlands are drained and cleared for human use for a variety
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as well as in areas of high altitude. Tropical mires largely form where high precipitation is combined with poor conditions for drainage. Tropical mires account for around 11% of peatlands globally (more than half of which can be found in
Southeast Asia), and are most commonly found at low altitudes,
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Often, restoration is done by blocking drainage channels in the peatland, and allowing natural vegetation to recover. Rehabilitation projects undertaken in North
America and Europe usually focus on the rewetting of peatlands and revegetation of native species. This acts to mitigate carbon release in
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The exchange of carbon between the peatlands and the atmosphere has been of current concern globally in the field of ecology and biogeochemical studies. The drainage of peatlands for agriculture and forestry has resulted in the emission of extensive greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, most notably
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Compared with untilled cropland, wetlands can sequester around two times the carbon. Carbon sequestration can occur in constructed wetlands as well as natural ones. Estimates of greenhouse gas fluxes from wetlands indicate that natural wetlands have lower fluxes, but man-made wetlands have a greater
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stores. Peatlands contain the highest amounts of soil organic carbon of all wetland types. Wetlands can become sources of carbon, rather than sinks, as the decomposition occurring within the ecosystem emits methane. Natural peatlands do not always have a measurable cooling effect on the climate in a
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Peatlands are used by humans in modern times for a range of purposes, the most dominant being agriculture and forestry, which accounts for around a quarter of global peatland area. This involves cutting drainage ditches to lower the water table with the intended purpose of enhancing the productivity
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are able to store very large amounts of water, making them an essential component in the peat environment, contributing to an increased amount of carbon storage due to the resulting anaerobic condition. If the peatland is dried from long-term cultivation and agricultural use, it will lower the water
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The total area of mires has declined globally due to drainage for agriculture, forestry and peat harvesting. For example, more than 50% of the original
European mire area which is more than 300,000 km has been lost. Some of the largest losses have been in Russia, Finland, the Netherlands, the United
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can reveal the age of the peat. The dredging and destruction of a peatland will release the carbon dioxide that could reveal irreplaceable information about the past climatic conditions. Many kinds of microorganisms inhabit peatlands, due to the regular supply of water and abundance of peat forming
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above the water table level. Therefore, changes in water table level influence the size of these methane production and consumption zones. Increased soil temperatures also contribute to increased seasonal methane flux. A study in Alaska found that methane may vary by as much as 300% seasonally with
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and from the litter and peat via heterotrophic respiration. In their natural state, mires are a small atmospheric carbon dioxide sink through the photosynthesis of peat vegetation, which outweighs their release of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, most mires are generally net emitters of methane
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provide an environment where organic carbon is stored in living plants, dead plants and peat, as well as converted to carbon dioxide and methane. Three main factors give wetlands the ability to sequester and store carbon: high biological productivity, high water table and low decomposition rates.
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to release into the atmosphere. Due to their naturally high moisture content, pristine mires have a generally low risk of fire ignition. The drying of this waterlogged state means that the carbon-dense vegetation becomes vulnerable to fire. In addition, due to the oxygen deficient nature of the
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Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth's terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks. The use of this land by humans, including draining and harvesting of tropical peat forests, results in the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In
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in many low-income countries and has provided economic opportunities for communities. With palm oil as a leading export in countries such as
Indonesia and Malaysia, many smallholders have found economic success in palm oil plantations. However, the land selected for plantations are typically
703:. Forest and land was cleared by burning and 4000 km of channels drained the area. Drought and acidification of the lands led to bad harvest and the project was abandoned in 1999. Similar projects in China have led to immense loss of tropical marshes and fens due to rice production.
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Peatlands are found around the globe, although are at their greatest extent at high latitudes in the
Northern Hemisphere. Peatlands are estimated to cover around 3% of the globe's surface, although estimating the extent of their cover worldwide is difficult due to the varying accuracy and
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carbon sequestration capacity. The carbon sequestration abilities of wetlands can be improved through restoration and protection strategies, but it takes several decades for these restored ecosystems to become comparable in carbon storage to peatlands and other forms of natural wetlands.
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The largest accumulation of mires constitutes around 64% of global peatlands and is found in the temperate, boreal and subarctic zones of the
Northern Hemisphere. Mires are usually shallow in polar regions because of the slow rate of accumulation of dead organic matter, and often contain
184:
For botanists and ecologists, the term peatland is a general term for any terrain dominated by peat to a depth of at least 30 cm (12 in), even if it has been completely drained (i.e., a peatland can be dry). A peatland that is still capable of forming new peat is called a
671:/ha. Burning events in tropical peatlands are becoming more frequent due to large scale drainage and land clearance and in the past 10 years, more than 2 million ha was burnt in Southeast Asia alone. These fires last typically for 1–3 months and release large amounts of CO
2772:
Kirpotin, Sergey N.; Antoshkina, Olga A.; Berezin, Alexandr E.; Elshehawi, Samer; Feurdean, Angelica; Lapshina, Elena D.; Pokrovsky, Oleg S.; Peregon, Anna M.; Semenova, Natalia M.; Tanneberger, Franziska; Volkov, Igor V.; Volkova, Irina I.; Joosten, Hans (2021-11-01).
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Wösten, J. H. M.; Van Den Berg, J.; Van Eijk, P.; Gevers, G. J. M.; Giesen, W. B. J. T.; Hooijer, A.; Idris, Aswandi; Leenman, P. H.; Rais, Dipa
Satriadi (March 2006). "Interrelationships between Hydrology and Ecology in Fire Degraded Tropical Peat Swamp Forests".
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Biodiversity and sustainability of tropical peatlands : proceedings of the International Symposium on Biodiversity, Environmental Importance and Sustainability of Tropical Peat and Peatlands, held in Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, 4-8 September
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in subarctic regions, thus delaying thawing during summer, as well as inducing the formation of permafrost. As the global climate continues to warm, wetlands could become major carbon sources as higher temperatures cause higher carbon dioxide emissions.
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The peatland forests harvested for palm oil production serve as above- and below-ground carbon stores, containing at least 42,069 million metric tonnes (Mt) of soil carbon. Exploitation of this land raises many environmental concerns, namely increased
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in peatlands has increased significantly worldwide particularly in the tropical regions. This can be attributed to a combination of drier weather and changes in land use which involve the drainage of water from the landscape. This resulting loss of
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highlights peatlands as key ecosystems to be conserved and protected. The convention requires governments at all levels to present action plans for the conservation and management of wetland environments. Wetlands are also protected under the 1971
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The global distribution of tropical peatlands is concentrated in Southeast Asia where agricultural use of peatlands has been increased in recent decades. Large areas of tropical peatland have been cleared and drained for the production of food and
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Despite accounting for just 3% of Earth's land surfaces, peatlands are collectively a major carbon store containing between 500 and 700 billion tonnes of carbon. Carbon stored within peatlands equates to over half the amount of carbon found in the
878:. However, continued drainage will result in increased release of carbon, contributing to global warming. As of 2016, it was estimated that drained peatlands account for around 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and forestry.
396:: peat depths of above 10 m have been commonly recorded in temperate regions (many temperate and most boreal mires were removed by ice sheets in the last Ice Age), and above 25 m in tropical regions. When the absolute decay rate of peat in the
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Chemistry, Gierlach-Hladon, T., Karol Marcinkowski Univ. of Medical Sciences, Poznan (Poland). Dept. of Inorganic and Analytical; Environment, Szajdak, L., Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan (Poland). Inst. for Agricultural and Forest (2010).
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Noon, Monica L.; Goldstein, Allie; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Roehrdanz, Patrick R.; Cook-Patton, Susan C.; Spawn-Lee, Seth A.; Wright, Timothy Maxwell; Gonzalez-Roglich, Mariano; Hole, David G.; Rockström, Johan; Turner, Will R. (January 2022).
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where precipitation is very high i.e., in maritime climates inland near the coasts of the north-east and south Pacific, and the north-west and north-east Atlantic. In the sub-tropics, mires are rare and restricted to the wettest areas.
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sinks. Hence, peatlands do result in cooling of the Earth's climate over a longer time period as methane is oxidised quickly and removed from the atmosphere whereas atmospheric carbon dioxide is continuously absorbed. Throughout the
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Palm oil plantations have replaced much of the forested peatlands in Southeast Asia. Estimates now state that 12.9 Mha or about 47% of peatlands in Southeast Asia were deforested by 2006. In their natural state, peatlands are
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Members of the Initiative are working together within their respective areas of expertise to improve the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of peatlands. The Initiative is therefore contributing to several
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and have had a net cooling effect, sequestering 5.6 to 38 grams of carbon per square metre per year. On average, it has been estimated that today northern peatlands sequester 20-30 grams of carbon per square meter per year.
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emissions, caused primarily by these fires. With a warming climate these burnings are expected to increase in intensity and number. This is a result of a dry climate together with an extensive rice farming project, called
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position of a peatland is the main control of its carbon release to the atmosphere. When the water table rises after a rainstorm, the peat and its microbes are submerged under water inhibiting access to oxygen, reducing
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methodologies of land surveys from many countries. Mires occur wherever conditions are right for peat accumulation: largely where organic matter is constantly waterlogged. Hence the distribution of mires is dependent on
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Silvius, M., Kaat, A.H., Van de Bund and Hooijer, A. 2006. Peatland degradation fuels climate change. An unrecognised and alarming source of greenhouse gases. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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binding per mol of released methane, which is a function that counteracts global warming. Tropical peatlands are suggested to contain about 100 Gt carbon, corresponding to more than 50% of the carbon present as
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vulnerable to changes in hydrology or vegetation cover. These peatlands are mostly located in developing regions with impoverished and rapidly growing populations. These lands have become targets for commercial
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by 30–100 t/ha/year if the water table is lowered by only 1 m. The draining of peatlands is likely the most important and long-lasting threat to peatlands globally, but is especially prevalent in the tropics.
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United Nations Environment Programme. Global Environment Facility. Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research. Global Environment Centre (Malaysia), publisher. Wetlands International, publisher. (2008).
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Environment, Szajdak, L., Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan (Poland). Inst. for Agricultural and Forest; Improvement, Szatylowicz, J., Warsaw Univ. of Life Sciences (Poland). Dept. of Environmental (2010).
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emissions are estimated to be 2 Gt per year, equal to 7% of global fossil fuel emissions. These emissions get bigger with drainage and burning of peatlands and a severe fire can release up to 4000 t of
766:. Nakaikemi Wetland in southwest Honshu, Japan is more than 50,000 years old and has a depth of 45 m. The Philippi Peatland in Greece has probably one of the deepest peat layers with a depth of 190m.
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Frolking, Steve; Talbot, Julie; Jones, Miriam C.; Treat, Claire C.; Kauffman, J. Boone; Tuittila, Eeva-Stiina; Roulet, Nigel (December 2011). "Peatlands in the Earth's 21st century climate system".
384:, peat is formed. This occurs due to the anoxic state of water-logged peat, which slows down decomposition. Peat-forming vegetation is typically also recalcitrant (poorly decomposing) due to high
137:) a year. Peat soils store over 600Gt of carbon, more than the carbon stored in all other vegetation types, including forests. This substantial carbon storage represents about 30% of the world's
778:, the conservation and restoration of wetlands and peatlands has large economic potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, providing benefits for adaptation, mitigation, and biodiversity.
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Peatlands are under threat by commercial peat harvesting, drainage and conversion for agriculture (notably palm oil in the tropics) and fires, which are predicted to become more frequent with
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Mitsch, William J.; Bernal, Blanca; Nahlik, Amanda M.; Mander, Ülo; Zhang, Li; Anderson, Christopher J.; Jørgensen, Sven E.; Brix, Hans (2013-04-01). "Wetlands, carbon, and climate change".
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Turetsky, Merritt R.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Jones, Miriam C.; Walter Anthony, Katey; Olefeldt, David; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Koven, Charles; McGuire, A. David; Grosse, Guido (2019-04-30).
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thus accelerating peat decomposition. Levels of methane emissions also vary with the water table position and temperature. A water table near the peat surface gives the opportunity for
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Ng, Peter K. L.; Tay, J. B.; Lim, Kelvin K. P. (1994), "Diversity and conservation of blackwater fishes in Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in the North Selangor peat swamp forest",
1072:), by protecting water-related ecosystems and facilitating improved water quality (SDG 6), and by ensuring conservation of ecosystems and threatened species, protecting life on land (
934:, risk of fires, and a decrease in biodiversity. Greenhouse gas emissions for palm oil planted on peatlands is estimated to be between the equivalent of 12.4 (best case) to 76.6 t CO
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of a mineral soil forests, terrestrialisation of lakes, or primary peat formation on bare soils on previously glaciated areas. A peatland that is actively forming peat is called a
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release via respiration. Carbon dioxide release increases when the water table falls lower, such as during a drought, as this increases the availability of oxygen to the aerobic
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Kingdom, Poland and Belarus. A catalog of the peat research collection at the University of Minnesota Duluth provides references to research on worldwide peat and peatlands.
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686:-event in 1997-1998 more than 24,400 km of peatland was lost to fires in Indonesia alone from which 10,000 km was burnt in Kalimantan and Sumatra. The output of CO
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was estimated to 0.81–2.57 Gt, equal to 13–40% of that year’s global output from fossil fuel burning. Indonesia is now considered the 3rd biggest contributor to global CO
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and temperature, although terrain relief is a major factor as waterlogging occurs more easily on flatter ground and in basins. Peat formation typically initiates as a
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are strictly anaerobic organisms and produce methane from organic matter in anoxic conditions below the water table level, while some of that methane is oxidised by
3053:"Global distribution of soil organic carbon – Part 1: Masses and frequency distributions of SOC stocks for the tropics, permafrost regions, wetlands, and the world"
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99:, peatlands are unusual landforms that derive mostly from biological rather than physical processes, and can take on characteristic shapes and surface patterning.
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Page, Susan; Hoscilo, Agata; Langner, Andreas; Tansey, Kevin; Siegert, Florian; Limin, Suwido; Rieley, Jack (2009), "Tropical peatland fires in Southeast Asia",
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Laurance, William F.; Koh, Lian P.; Butler, Rhett; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Neidel, J. David; Consunji, Hazel; Mateo Vega, Javier (April 2010).
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Hooijer, A., Silvius, M., Wösten, H. and Page, S. 2006. PEAT-CO2, Assessment of CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia. Delft Hydraulics report Q3943.
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2349:. 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 5–9 November 2001, Singapore. Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing (CRISP), University of Singapore.
630:. These forests occur on the margin of peatlands with a palm rich flora with trees 70 m tall and 8 m in girth accompanied by ferns and epiphytes. The third,
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vegetation, the peat fires can smolder beneath the surface causing incomplete combustion of the organic matter and resulting in extreme emissions events.
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has increasingly become one of the world's largest crops. In comparison to alternatives, palm oil is considered to be among the most efficient sources of
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392:, accumulating peat elevates the ground surface above the original topography. Mires can reach considerable heights above the underlying mineral soil or
259:. Like fens, swamps are typically of higher pH level and nutrient availability than bogs. Some bogs and fens can support limited shrub or tree growth on
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Palm oil plantation in Kunak, Malaysia. Peatlands in South East Asia are being converted to palm oil plantation, releasing as much as 76.6 tonnes of CO
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Hashim, Zulkifli; Subramaniam, Vijaya; Harun, Mohd Haniff; Kamarudin, Norman (June 2018). "Carbon footprint of oil palm planted on peat in Malaysia".
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Kayranli, Birol; Scholz, Miklas; Mustafa, Atif; Hedmark, Åsa (2010-02-01). "Carbon Storage and Fluxes within Freshwater Wetlands: a Critical Review".
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both in tropical and boreal/temperate peatlands. Fire events are predicted to become more frequent with the warming and drying of the global climate.
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Christanis, Kimon (2016). "The Philippi Peatland (Greece)". In Finlayson, C. Max; Milton, G. Randy; Prentice, R. Crawford; Davidson, Nick C. (eds.).
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and timber for export in primarily developing nations. This releases stored carbon dioxide and preventing the system from sequestering carbon again.
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400:(the lower, water-saturated zone of the peat layer) matches the rate of input of new peat into the catotelm, the mire will stop growing in height.
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When undertaken in such a way that preserves the hydrological state of a mire, the anthropogenic use of mires' resources can avoid significant
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WHITING, GARY J.; CHANTON, JEFFREY P. (November 2001). "Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration".
602:. Small scale encroachment on the other hand, is linked to poverty and is so widespread that it also has negatively impacts these peatlands.
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Dargie, Greta C.; Lewis, Simon L.; Lawson, Ian T.; Mitchard, Edward T. A.; Page, Susan E.; Bocko, Yannick E.; Ifo, Suspense A. (2017-01-11).
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189:, while drained and converted peatlands might still have a peat layer but are not considered mires as the formation of new peat has ceased.
91:. Peatlands arise because of incomplete decomposition of organic matter, usually litter from vegetation, due to water-logging and subsequent
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938:/ha (worst case). Tropical peatland converted to palm oil plantation can remain a net source of carbon to the atmosphere after 12 years.
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and hydrological conditions are necessary to provide an abundant water source for the wetland. Fully water-saturated wetland soils allow
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the short term before the new growth of vegetation provides a new source of organic litter to fuel the peat formation in the long term.
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glaciers, but in contrast tropical peatlands are much older. Total northern peat carbon stocks are estimated to be 1055 Gt of carbon.
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1953:"Short-term response of methane fluxes and methanogen activity to water table and soil warming manipulations in an Alaskan peatland"
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Of all northern circumpolar countries, Russia has the largest area of peatlands and contains the largest peatland in the world, The
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Peatlands are important for studying past climate because they are sensitive to changes in the environment and can reveal levels of
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McCalmont, Jon; Kho, Lip Khoon; Teh, Yit Arn; Lewis, Kennedy; Chocholek, Melanie; Rumpang, Elisa; Hill, Timothy (2 February 2021).
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Records of past human behaviour and environments can be contained within peatlands. These may take the form of human artefacts, or
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zones mires are typically more scattered due to historical drainage and peat extraction, but can cover large areas. One example is
288:, climate, parent material, biota, and time. The type of mire – bog, fen, marsh or swamp – depends also on each of these factors.
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is located on a slope, flat, or in a depression and gets most of its water from the surrounding mineral soil or from groundwater (
530:
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3741:"New UN initiative aims to save lives and cut climate change by protecting peatlands - United Nations Sustainable Development"
114:. All types of mires share the common characteristic of being saturated with water, at least seasonally with actively forming
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Decreased biodiversity due to deforestation and drainage makes these ecosystem more vulnerable and less resilient to change.
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Generally, whenever the inputs of carbon into the soil from dead organic matter exceed the carbon outputs via organic matter
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542:, Scotland. This old bog is no longer forming peat because the vegetation has been changed, and therefore it is not a mire.
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Northern peatlands are associated with boreal and subarctic climates. Northern peatlands were mostly built up during the
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Peatlands have unusual chemistry that influences, among other things, their biota and water outflow. Peat has very high
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is a mire that, due to its raised location relative to the surrounding landscape, obtains all its water solely from
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3505:"Short- and long-term carbon emissions from oil palm plantations converted from logged tropical peat swamp forest"
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as the world's largest terrestrial organic carbon stock and to prevent it from being emitted into the atmosphere.
682:-related drought, an increasing problem since 1982 as a result of developing land use and agriculture. During the
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Wetlands make up about 5-8% of Earth's terrestrial land surface but contain about 20-30% of the planet's 2500 Gt
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969:. Drainage of peatlands due to climatic factors may also increase the risk of fires, presenting further risk of
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Yu, Zicheng; Beilman, D. W.; Frolking, S.; MacDonald, G. M.; Roulet, N. T.; Camill, P.; Charman, D. J. (2011).
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Turetsky, M. R.; Treat, C. C.; Waldrop, M. P.; Waddington, J. M.; Harden, J. W.; McGuire, A. D. (2008-09-01).
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molecules compared with methane and nitrous oxide, peatlands have had a net cooling effect on the atmosphere.
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ecosystems are at an increased risk to extreme climate conditions and are less likely to recover from fires.
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Hooijer, A.; Page, S.; Canadell, J. G.; Silvius, M.; Kwadijk, J.; Wösten, H.; Jauhiainen, J. (2010-05-12).
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with high water tables making for an inefficient soil. To create viable soil for plantation, the mires in
2526:. Strack, Maria., International Peat Society. Jyväskylä, Finland: IPS, International Peat Society. 2008.
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909:, requiring only 0.26 hectares of land to produce 1 ton of oil. Palm oil has therefore become a popular
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Tarnocai, C.; Stolbovoy, V. (2006-01-01), Martini, I. P.; Martínez Cortizas, A.; Chesworth, W. (eds.),
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Tarnocai, C.; Stolbovoy, V. (2006-01-01), Martini, I. P.; Martínez Cortizas, A.; Chesworth, W. (eds.),
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in the atmosphere. Accumulation rates of carbon during the last millennium were close to 40 g C/m/yr.
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2775:"Great Vasyugan Mire: How the world's largest peatland helps addressing the world's largest problems"
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Tropical peatland vegetation varies with climate and location. Three different characterizations are
426:
2732:"Chapter 2 Northern Peatlands: their characteristics, development and sensitivity to climate change"
2635:"Chapter 2 Northern Peatlands: their characteristics, development and sensitivity to climate change"
2569:
Yu, Zicheng; Loisel, Julie; Brosseau, Daniel P.; Beilman, David W.; Hunt, Stephanie J. (July 2010).
2099:
2044:
1068:), by avoiding health impacts associated with serious air pollution from burning drained peatlands (
300:. Very large swathes of Canada, northern Europe and northern Russia are covered by boreal mires. In
4600:
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is an effort made by leading experts and institutions formed in 2016 by 13 founding members at the
747:. 65% of mires in Estonia have been strongly affected or damaged by human activity in recent years.
84:
1881:"Holocene radiative forcing impact of northern peatland carbon accumulation and methane emissions"
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Ecology and Conservation of Southeast Asian Marine and Freshwater Environments including Wetlands
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1990:
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although they can also be found in mountainous regions, for example in South America, Africa and
312:
Mires can be extensive in the tropics, typically underlying tropical rainforest (for example, in
255:
are characterized by their forest canopy or the presence of other tall and dense vegetation like
168:
658:. The majority of this carbon was released from peat rather than overlying tropical rainforest.
642:
167:
A valley mire creates a level ground surface in otherwise dramatic topography. Upper Bigo Bog,
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1982:
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1390:
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Indonesia is one of the countries suffering from peatland fires, especially during years with
654:, releasing the same amount of carbon as 13-40% of the mean annual global carbon emissions of
301:
244:
146:
3404:"Improving the Performance of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil for Nature Conservation"
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1972:
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1357:
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1116:
553:
330:
3603:
Granath, Gustaf; Moore, Paul A.; Lukenbach, Maxwell C.; Waddington, James M. (2016-06-27).
2025:"Peat formation conditions and peat properties: A study of two ombrotrophic bogs in Latvia"
369:
onto the peat in exchange for H ions. Water passing through peat declines in nutrients and
349:
4657:
4620:
4495:
4432:
4190:
4185:
4041:
3932:
2902:
2131:
2101:
Physico-chemical properties of humic acids isolated from an Eriophorum-Sphagnum raised bog
2076:
1362:
1345:
1247:
1230:
518:
256:
163:
57:
1714:"Carbon sequestration in peatland: patterns and mechanisms of response to climate change"
1678:"An Author Catalog of the Peat Research Collection at the University of Minnesota Duluth"
3784:
3620:
3578:
3520:
3471:
3280:
3233:"Long-term effect of forest drainage on the peat carbon stores of pine mires in Finland"
3191:
3144:
3068:
2692:
2586:
2493:
1968:
1841:
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1615:
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706:
Drainage, which also increases the risk of burning, can cause additional emissions of CO
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4377:
4051:
3645:
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2807:
991:
966:
802:
763:
623:
430:
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157:
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149:, including minimising flood risk and erosion, purifying water and regulating climate.
130:
107:
46:
3711:
2743:
2646:
2501:
2347:
Fire impacts and carbon release on tropical peatlands in central Kalimantan, Indonesia
735:
442:
sequestration over millennia, and because of the longer atmospheric lifespan of the CO
4667:
4580:
4334:
3905:
3564:
3420:
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3388:
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2716:
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1541:
1494:
902:
565:
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381:
233:
217:
205:
103:
92:
3037:
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2872:
2834:. Jeglum, J. K., Bennett, Keith D. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2676:
1994:
1745:
1557:
4565:
4351:
4266:
4001:
3991:
3954:
3885:
3860:
3669:"The natural world can help save us from climate catastrophe | George Monbiot"
3605:"Mitigating wildfire carbon loss in managed northern peatlands through restoration"
831:
662:
The tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia only cover 0.2% of earths land area but CO
655:
611:
599:
557:
473:
321:
229:
209:
142:
102:
The formation of peatlands is primarily controlled by climatic conditions such as
2308:
858:, releasing water during dry periods to sustain nearby freshwater ecosystems and
362:
228:
or hydrarch (hydroseral) succession, resulting in pond-filling yields underfoot.
4590:
4585:
4452:
4442:
4341:
4230:
4220:
4203:
4090:
4071:
3900:
3890:
3880:
2393:"'94 International Conference on Wetland Environment and Peatland Utilization".
2370:
1053:
in Marrakech, Morocco. The mission of the Initiative is to protect and conserve
859:
811:
797:
786:
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700:
485:
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334:
317:
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138:
122:
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to greenhouse gas emissions while also causing thousands of deaths every year.
373:. Therefore, mires are typically nutrient-poor and acidic unless the inflow of
4550:
4246:
4210:
4076:
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3944:
3937:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3372:
3288:
3021:
2978:
2700:
2677:"Rapid expansion of northern peatlands and doubled estimate of carbon storage"
2450:
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27:
Wetland terrain without forest cover, dominated by living, peat-forming plants
3636:
3548:
3489:
3429:
3380:
3209:
3160:
3104:"Peatlands, climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation | Ramsar"
3086:
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2986:
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2798:
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2509:
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2414:
2224:
2023:
Kuske, E; Silamikele, Inese; Kalnina, Laimdota; Klavins, Maris (2010-01-01).
1986:
1904:
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1371:
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such as palm oil. Large-scale drainage of these plantations often results in
433:, while losses of carbon dioxide occur through living plants via autotrophic
4372:
4346:
4081:
3895:
3870:
3850:
3077:
3052:
2271:
1597:"Age, extent and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex"
1413:
Our Earth's Changing Land: An Encyclopedia of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change
1054:
910:
855:
851:
839:
835:
626:
present in the littoral zones and deltas of salty water, followed inland by
591:
225:
3654:
3556:
3480:
3456:"Current and future CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia"
3455:
3437:
3217:
2816:
2256:. Rieley, Jack, 1941–, Page, Susan, 1957–. Cardigan, UK: Samara Pub. 1997.
1849:
1759:
Leng, Lee Yit; Ahmed, Osumanu Haruna; Jalloh, Mohamadu Boyie (2019-03-01).
1639:
425:, and can be damaged by excess nitrogen from agriculture or rainwater. The
413:. Peatlands interact with the atmosphere primarily through the exchange of
1677:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4367:
4319:
4314:
4297:
4155:
4100:
4016:
3979:
3974:
3152:
2595:
2570:
1977:
1952:
1936:
1919:
982:
898:
807:
752:
578:
502:
459:
325:
126:
17:
3766:"Carbon, biodiversity and land-use in the Central Congo Basin Peatlands"
1623:
267:
is a type of wetland within which vegetation is rooted in mineral soil.
4595:
4575:
4140:
4105:
3927:
3829:
2406:
1665:. International Mire Conservation Group and International Peat Society.
987:
974:
923:
906:
843:
781:
744:
607:
481:
418:
393:
260:
224:
is a floating (quaking) mire, bog, or any peatland being in a stage of
80:
3628:
3539:
3529:
3504:
4329:
4120:
4110:
4006:
1713:
1515:"Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool"
1513:
PAGE, SUSAN E.; RIELEY, JOHN O.; BANKS, CHRISTOPHER J. (2011-01-04).
1179:. Bennett, Keith D. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
970:
847:
647:
385:
172:
3248:
1120:
810:(the past 12,000 years), peatlands have been persistent terrestrial
125:
on land. Covering around 3 million km globally, they sequester 0.37
1486:
275:
4170:
4125:
4115:
4095:
4046:
4011:
3986:
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951:
885:
734:
641:
529:
348:
297:
274:
248:
240:
162:
63:
51:
4324:
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4021:
2935:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from
2917:
1022:
547:
535:
493:
vegetation. These microorganisms include but are not limited to
429:
of carbon dioxide takes place at the surface via the process of
115:
88:
3802:
3783:
572:
addition, fires occurring on peatland dried by the draining of
3964:
3875:
956:
Satellite image of peat fire in Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2021
914:
substantial carbon stores that promote biodiverse ecosystems.
793:
conditions to manifest, storing carbon but releasing methane.
714:
Peatlands release the greenhouse gas methane which has strong
699:, started in the 1990s, which converted 1 Mha of peatlands to
610:, paper pulp production and conversion to plantations through
573:
197:
193:
2046:
Impact of drainage on hydrophobicity of fen peat-moorsh soils
1296:"Why Saving World's Peatlands Can Help Stabilize the Climate"
232:
types of quagmire may be called quaking bog (quivering bog).
2675:
Nichols, Jonathan E.; Peteet, Dorothy M. (21 October 2019).
513:
Peat contains a substantial amount of organic matter, where
156:. The destruction of peatlands results in release of stored
3798:
370:
3688:"UNEP supports project to restore peatlands in Indonesia"
2571:"Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum"
2207:
Assessment on peatlands, biodiversity, and climate change
2153:"Carbon sequestration in peat bogs as a source of income"
1801:"Northern Ireland's peatlands face 'toxic' nitrogen risk"
477:
wetter and warmer soil conditions due to climate change.
337:, covering 145,500 km and storing up to 10 kg of carbon.
160:
into the atmosphere, further exacerbating climate change.
30:"Mire" and "Quagmire" redirect here. For other uses, see
3313:"Mapping the irrecoverable carbon in Earth's ecosystems"
1473:
Gorham, Eville (1857). "The Development of Peat Lands".
1028:
Peat extraction is forbidden in Chile since April 2024.
361:
due to its high organic matter content: cations such as
324:). Tropical peat formation is known to occur in coastal
3265:"Protecting irrecoverable carbon in Earth's ecosystems"
1767:. Climate change impacts on environmental geosciences.
1761:"Brief review on climate change and tropical peatlands"
1572:"Restoring Indonesian peatlands, protecting our planet"
1387:
Creating and Restoring Wetlands From Theory to Practice
990:
through combustion has led to significant emissions of
488:, metals from the atmosphere, and pollen. For example,
145:. In their natural state, peatlands provide a range of
141:, underscoring their critical importance in the global
3712:"Ley 21660 sobre protección ambiental de las turberas"
1346:"Peatlands and Global Change: Response and Resilience"
1231:"Peatlands and Global Change: Response and Resilience"
4641:
3129:"Peatlands and Their Role in the Global Carbon Cycle"
3051:
Köchy, M.; Hiederer, R.; Freibauer, A. (2015-04-16).
3176:"Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release"
2439:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
830:
Studies highlight the critical role of peatlands in
279:
PEATMAP showing the global distribution of peatlands
4533:
4478:
4419:
4391:
4360:
4307:
4279:
4239:
3843:
3836:
2618:Joosten H.; Tanneberger F.; Moen, A., eds. (2017).
2010:
Przewodnik do oznaczania torfów i osadów jeziornych
1879:Frolking, Steve; Roulet, Nigel T. (25 April 2007).
926:of Indonesia and Malaysia are drained and cleared.
3794:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 703.
3361:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
718:. However, subtropical wetlands have shown high CO
1025:is supporting peatland restoration in Indonesia.
1010:United Nations Convention of Biological Diversity
3579:"Climate change threatening buried UK treasures"
2365:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 263–287,
1064:(SDGs), by keeping carbon stocks in the ground (
646:Satellite image of burning tropical peat swamp,
4401:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
2622:. Schweizerbart Science Publishers. Stuttgart.
251:are generally not considered to be peatlands.
4486:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
4411:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
3814:
377:(bringing in supplementary cations) is high.
8:
3133:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
2341:Boehm, H.-D. V., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O.
2237:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1437:https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/3014/1/SFS205.pdf
2931:. Contribution of Working Group III to the
1712:Belyea, Lisa R.; Malmer, Nils (July 2004).
4425:
3840:
3821:
3807:
3799:
2303:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 203–218,
1350:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1235:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
438:and nitrous oxide. Due to the continued CO
236:types can be named with the term quagfen.
3644:
3538:
3528:
3479:
3419:
3328:
3199:
3076:
2806:
2738:, vol. 9, Elsevier, pp. 17–51,
2641:, vol. 9, Elsevier, pp. 17–51,
2594:
2137:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2082:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1976:
1935:
1776:
1361:
1246:
1229:Page, S.E.; Baird, A.J. (November 2016).
1701:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
650:. In 1997 alone, 73000 ha of swamp
577:of reasons, including the production of
87:from decaying plants, forming layers of
4648:
2736:Developments in Earth Surface Processes
2639:Developments in Earth Surface Processes
1830:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
1416:. Vol. 2. Greenwood. p. 463.
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1086:
598:, flooding, fire, and deterioration of
4506:Meadowview Biological Research Station
4438:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
3745:United Nations Sustainable Development
3231:Minkkinen, Kari; Laine, Jukka (1998).
2898:
2888:
2867:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–6.
2547:
2277:
2230:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2127:
2117:
2072:
2062:
1344:Page, S.E.; Baird, A.J. (2016-11-01).
1224:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
965:Some peatlands are being dried out by
3449:
3447:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3098:
3096:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2179:
2177:
1823:
1821:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1363:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085520
1289:
1287:
1248:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085520
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
866:Drainage for agriculture and forestry
7:
1271:"Wetlands Types and Classifications"
1175:Rydin, Håkan; Jeglum, J. K. (2013).
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
118:, while having their own ecosystem.
71:, one of the largest fens in Estonia
4501:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
3237:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1697:Rydin, Håkan; Jeglum, John (2006).
981:In recent years, the occurrence of
121:Peatlands are the largest natural
25:
3686:Environment, U. N. (2020-08-10).
2502:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.530501.x
1920:"Carbon storage: When peat dries"
404:Carbon storage and methanogenesis
353:The carbon cycle within peatlands
4651:
4626:
4625:
4614:
3720:Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional
3421:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01448.x
1897:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01339.x
1738:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00783.x
1661:Joosten, H.; Clarke, D. (2002).
1542:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x
1037:This section is an excerpt from
842:are unique habitats for diverse
618:Biology and peat characteristics
3997:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2873:10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_147-1
1957:Journal of Geophysical Research
1663:Wise use of mires and peatlands
1475:The Quarterly Review of Biology
2104:. University of Latvia Press.
2049:. University of Latvia Press.
1918:Brown, Alastair (2011-12-20).
1450:"Peatlands and climate change"
1321:"Peatlands and climate change"
1:
4521:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
4511:Society of Wetland Scientists
2744:10.1016/S0928-2025(06)09002-X
2647:10.1016/S0928-2025(06)09002-X
2620:Mires and Peatlands of Europe
2209:. Global Environment Centre.
1062:Sustainable Development Goals
998:Management and rehabilitation
243:can also be peatlands (e.g.:
192:There are two types of mire:
4136:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
2929:Mitigation of Climate Change
2575:Geophysical Research Letters
2524:Peatlands and climate change
2395:Chinese Geographical Science
2309:10.1007/978-94-011-0958-1_20
776:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
4406:National Wetlands Inventory
2371:10.1007/978-3-540-77381-8_9
1385:Craft, Christopher (2022).
1047:Global Peatlands Initiative
1039:Global Peatlands Initiative
1032:Global Peatlands Initiative
538:from derelict blanket bog,
505:species are most abundant.
56:A variety of mire types in
4720:
4491:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
3330:10.1038/s41893-021-00803-6
3201:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4
2922:"Summary for Policymakers"
2791:10.1007/s13280-021-01520-2
1836:(4): 289–294. 2001-07-01.
1389:(2nd ed.). Elsevier.
1294:STRUZIK, ED (2021-09-16).
1036:
1001:
638:Greenhouse gases and fires
545:
388:and low nutrient content.
40:
29:
4674:Environmental terminology
4609:
4428:
3373:10.1007/s11367-017-1367-y
3289:10.1038/s41558-020-0738-8
3022:10.1007/s10980-012-9758-8
2979:10.1007/s13157-009-0003-4
2701:10.1038/s41561-019-0454-z
2451:10.1080/07900620500405973
1778:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.12.018
770:Impacts on global climate
36:Quagmire (disambiguation)
4470:Wetland indicator status
2832:The biology of peatlands
1699:The Biology of Peatlands
1177:The Biology of Peatlands
932:greenhouse gas emissions
876:greenhouse gas emissions
716:global warming potential
464:anaerobic microorganisms
359:cation-exchange capacity
4181:Freshwater swamp forest
3791:Encyclopædia Britannica
3078:10.5194/soil-1-351-2015
2933:Sixth Assessment Report
818:Peatlands insulate the
83:whose soils consist of
4516:Wetlands International
4287:List of wetland plants
3481:10.5194/bg-7-1505-2010
2830:Rydin, Håkan. (2013).
2554:: CS1 maint: others (
2284:: CS1 maint: others (
1850:10.1080/02827580120112
1448:IUCN (November 2021).
1410:Geist, Helmut (2006).
1319:IUCN (November 2021).
957:
895:
748:
659:
543:
354:
280:
176:
72:
61:
4161:Salt pannes and pools
3509:Global Change Biology
3317:Nature Sustainability
3269:Nature Climate Change
2401:(1): 95. March 1994.
2363:Tropical Fire Ecology
1924:Nature Climate Change
1885:Global Change Biology
1718:Global Change Biology
1522:Global Change Biology
1109:Environmental Reviews
955:
889:
854:, and act as natural
846:, including specific
755:after the retreat of
741:Lahemaa National Park
738:
697:the Mega Rice Project
645:
533:
352:
345:Biochemical processes
278:
166:
67:
55:
32:Mire (disambiguation)
3408:Conservation Biology
3153:10.1029/2011EO120001
2596:10.1029/2010gl043584
2008:Tobolski, K (2000).
1978:10.1029/2007jg000496
1937:10.1038/nclimate1360
1765:Geoscience Frontiers
1004:Peatland restoration
882:Palm oil plantations
652:was burned in Borneo
4621:Wetlands portal
4252:Constructed wetland
3837:Types and landforms
3621:2016NatSR...628498G
3521:2021GCBio..27.2361M
3472:2010BGeo....7.1505H
3281:2020NatCC..10..287G
3192:2019Natur.569...32T
3145:2011EOSTr..92...97Y
3069:2015SOIL....1..351K
2693:2019NatGe..12..917N
2587:2010GeoRL..3713402Y
2494:2001TellB..53..521W
1969:2008JGRG..113.0A10T
1842:2001SJFR...16..289.
1730:2004GCBio..10.1043B
1624:10.1038/nature21048
1616:2017Natur.542...86D
1534:2011GCBio..17..798P
764:Great Vasyugan Mire
497:, algae, bacteria,
365:are preferentially
271:Global distribution
4684:Freshwater ecology
4465:Salt marsh die-off
4383:Salt marsh dieback
4292:List of fen plants
4131:Palustrine wetland
4032:Intertidal wetland
4027:Interdunal wetland
3609:Scientific Reports
2407:10.1007/bf02664953
1828:"News and Views".
958:
896:
749:
731:Northern peatlands
660:
624:mangrove woodlands
585:Tropical peatlands
544:
355:
281:
177:
169:Rwenzori Mountains
147:ecosystem services
73:
62:
4679:Fluvial landforms
4639:
4638:
4541:Aquatic ecosystem
4529:
4528:
4448:Ramsar Convention
4275:
4274:
4257:Converted wetland
4199:Peat swamp forest
4062:Inland salt marsh
3629:10.1038/srep28498
3530:10.1111/gcb.15544
3515:(11): 2361–2376.
3010:Landscape Ecology
2785:(11): 2038–2049.
2681:Nature Geoscience
1396:978-0-12-823981-0
1015:Ramsar Convention
992:greenhouse gasses
838:stability. These
834:conservation and
774:According to the
245:peat swamp forest
16:(Redirected from
4711:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4647:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4601:Will-o'-the-wisp
4534:Related articles
4426:
4226:Whitewater river
4176:Coniferous swamp
4057:Freshwater marsh
3950:Clearwater river
3866:Blackwater river
3841:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3785:"Quagmire"
3770:
3769:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3675:. April 3, 2019.
3665:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3542:
3532:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3466:(5): 1505–1514.
3451:
3442:
3441:
3423:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3367:(6): 1201–1217.
3356:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3243:(9): 1267–1275.
3228:
3222:
3221:
3203:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2962:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2926:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2865:The Wetland Book
2860:
2854:
2853:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2358:
2352:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2201:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2159:. Archived from
2149:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1891:(5): 1079–1088.
1876:
1870:
1869:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1724:(7): 1043–1052.
1709:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1519:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1226:
1199:
1198:
1172:
1133:
1132:
1104:
924:tropical regions
856:water reservoirs
554:palaeoecological
509:Humic substances
490:carbon-14 dating
331:Papua New Guinea
158:greenhouse gases
21:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4615:
4613:
4605:
4525:
4496:Ducks Unlimited
4474:
4433:Clean Water Act
4415:
4393:Classifications
4387:
4356:
4303:
4271:
4235:
4186:Mangrove forest
3832:
3827:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3358:
3357:
3346:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3249:10.1139/x98-104
3230:
3229:
3225:
3186:(7754): 32–34.
3173:
3172:
3168:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2897:
2887:
2883:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2687:(11): 917–921.
2674:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2276:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2229:
2217:
2203:
2202:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2057:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1676:Sandy, John H.
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1610:(7639): 86–90.
1599:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1228:
1227:
1202:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1136:
1121:10.1139/a11-014
1115:(NA): 371–396.
1106:
1105:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1042:
1034:
1006:
1000:
963:
937:
893:
884:
868:
772:
733:
726:
721:
709:
693:
689:
674:
670:
665:
640:
620:
587:
550:
528:
519:Humic materials
511:
457:
445:
441:
406:
390:Topographically
347:
273:
182:
136:
58:Carbajal Valley
50:
45:character, see
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4571:Drainage basin
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4378:Paludification
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4330:Sapric or muck
4327:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4308:Soil mechanics
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Brackish marsh
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3778:
3777:External links
3775:
3772:
3771:
3757:
3732:
3718:(in Spanish).
3703:
3692:UN Environment
3678:
3660:
3595:
3570:
3495:
3460:Biogeosciences
3443:
3414:(2): 377–381.
3394:
3344:
3302:
3275:(4): 287–295.
3263:(April 2020).
3254:
3223:
3166:
3119:
3108:www.ramsar.org
3092:
3063:(1): 351–365.
3043:
3016:(4): 583–597.
3000:
2973:(1): 111–124.
2952:
2908:
2881:
2855:
2841:978-0199602995
2840:
2822:
2764:
2752:
2722:
2667:
2655:
2625:
2610:
2561:
2532:
2515:
2488:(5): 521–528.
2472:
2445:(1): 157–174.
2428:
2385:
2379:
2353:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2291:
2262:
2244:
2215:
2187:
2173:
2144:
2128:|journal=
2110:
2089:
2073:|journal=
2055:
2034:
2029:Mires and Peat
2015:
2000:
1963:(G3): G00A10.
1943:
1910:
1871:
1817:
1792:
1771:(2): 373–380.
1751:
1704:
1689:
1668:
1653:
1587:
1563:
1528:(2): 798–818.
1500:
1487:10.1086/401755
1481:(2): 145–166.
1465:
1440:
1429:
1422:
1402:
1395:
1377:
1336:
1311:
1283:
1262:
1200:
1186:978-0199602995
1185:
1134:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1030:
999:
996:
967:climate change
962:
959:
935:
891:
883:
880:
867:
864:
787:meteorological
771:
768:
739:Wooded bog in
732:
729:
724:
719:
707:
691:
687:
672:
668:
663:
639:
636:
619:
616:
586:
583:
534:Extraction of
527:
524:
510:
507:
484:, pollutants,
466:to flourish.
455:
443:
439:
431:photosynthesis
415:carbon dioxide
405:
402:
346:
343:
272:
269:
181:
178:
154:climate change
134:
131:carbon dioxide
108:paludification
85:organic matter
47:Glenn Quagmire
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4716:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Types of soil
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4659:
4649:
4645:
4632:
4624:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Riparian zone
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:Organizations
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4335:Tropical peat
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Várzea forest
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Polygonal bog
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3444:
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3177:
3170:
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3158:
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3146:
3142:
3139:(12): 97–98.
3138:
3134:
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3123:
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3109:
3105:
3099:
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2957:
2953:
2942:on 2022-08-07
2938:
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2882:9789400761735
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2533:9789529940110
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2216:9789834375102
2212:
2208:
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2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2185:
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2178:
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2163:on 2018-04-09
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2121:
2113:
2111:9789984451633
2107:
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2093:
2090:
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2078:
2066:
2058:
2056:9789984451633
2052:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
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1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
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1938:
1933:
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1925:
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1911:
1906:
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1423:9780313327841
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1011:
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954:
950:
948:
943:
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927:
925:
921:
915:
912:
908:
904:
903:vegetable oil
900:
888:
881:
879:
877:
872:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
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813:
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799:
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783:
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769:
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746:
742:
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728:
717:
712:
704:
702:
698:
685:
681:
676:
657:
653:
649:
644:
637:
635:
633:
629:
628:swamp forests
625:
617:
615:
613:
612:clear-cutting
609:
603:
601:
597:
593:
584:
582:
580:
575:
569:
567:
566:Baltic states
561:
559:
555:
549:
541:
537:
532:
526:Use by humans
525:
523:
520:
516:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
483:
478:
475:
474:methanotrophs
471:
467:
465:
461:
452:
447:
436:
432:
428:
427:sequestration
424:
423:nitrous oxide
420:
416:
412:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:decomposition
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
351:
344:
342:
338:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
289:
287:
277:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
234:Minerotrophic
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:minerotrophic
215:
211:
207:
206:precipitation
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
179:
174:
170:
165:
161:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:precipitation
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:is a type of
78:
70:
66:
59:
54:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4566:List of bogs
4421:Conservation
4352:Ombrotrophic
4296:
4267:Water-meadow
4191:
4135:
4002:Grass valley
3992:Flood-meadow
3955:Cypress dome
3886:Cataract bog
3861:Beach meadow
3789:
3760:
3749:. Retrieved
3747:. 2016-11-17
3744:
3735:
3724:. Retrieved
3722:. 2024-04-10
3715:
3706:
3695:. Retrieved
3691:
3681:
3673:The Guardian
3672:
3663:
3615:(1): 28498.
3612:
3608:
3598:
3587:. Retrieved
3585:. 2022-01-25
3582:
3573:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3463:
3459:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3364:
3360:
3323:(1): 37–46.
3320:
3316:
3305:
3272:
3268:
3257:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3111:. Retrieved
3107:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2970:
2966:
2944:. Retrieved
2937:the original
2928:
2911:
2864:
2858:
2831:
2825:
2782:
2778:
2767:
2757:, retrieved
2735:
2725:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2660:, retrieved
2638:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2523:
2518:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2326:
2300:
2294:
2252:
2247:
2206:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:the original
2156:
2147:
2100:
2092:
2045:
2037:
2028:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1833:
1829:
1809:. Retrieved
1807:. 2022-01-25
1804:
1795:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1656:
1607:
1603:
1590:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1525:
1521:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1457:. Retrieved
1454:www.iucn.org
1453:
1443:
1432:
1412:
1405:
1386:
1380:
1356:(1): 35–57.
1353:
1349:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1325:www.iucn.org
1324:
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:
1274:. Retrieved
1265:
1241:(1): 35–57.
1238:
1234:
1176:
1112:
1108:
1044:
1027:
1019:
1007:
980:
964:
944:
940:
928:
916:
897:
894:per hectare.
873:
869:
836:hydrological
832:biodiversity
829:
825:
817:
812:carbon sinks
795:
780:
773:
761:
750:
713:
705:
701:rice paddies
677:
661:
656:fossil fuels
631:
621:
604:
600:soil quality
588:
570:
562:
551:
512:
486:macrofossils
479:
468:
448:
407:
397:
379:
356:
339:
322:Amazon Basin
311:
290:
282:
264:
252:
238:
230:Ombrotrophic
221:
213:
210:ombrotrophic
201:
191:
186:
183:
151:
143:carbon cycle
123:carbon store
120:
111:
101:
76:
74:
42:
4591:Telmatology
4586:River delta
4453:Ramsar site
4443:Marsh organ
4342:Hydric soil
4221:Vernal pool
4204:Shrub swamp
4072:Tidal marsh
3901:Plateau bog
3891:Coastal bog
3881:Blanket bog
2899:|work=
2581:(13): n/a.
920:waterlogged
860:agriculture
798:soil carbon
757:Pleistocene
558:geochemical
517:dominates.
501:, of which
495:methanogens
470:Methanogens
451:water table
435:respiration
375:groundwater
335:Congo Basin
318:Congo Basin
306:blanket bog
139:soil carbon
97:coral reefs
60:, Argentina
4668:Categories
4551:Bog butter
4247:Bog garden
4240:Artificial
4211:Wet meadow
4077:High marsh
4067:Salt marsh
3970:Fen-meadow
3938:Alder carr
3921:Upland bog
3916:String bog
3911:Raised bog
3751:2017-12-16
3726:2024-09-11
3697:2020-08-11
3589:2022-01-25
3540:2164/17863
3113:2018-04-09
2946:2022-05-20
2759:2023-09-29
2662:2023-09-29
2263:1873692102
2167:2018-04-09
1811:2022-01-25
1683:2023-10-29
1581:2024-09-15
1459:2023-10-10
1330:2023-10-10
1305:2024-05-19
1081:References
1051:UNFCCC COP
1002:See also:
947:Homogenous
852:amphibians
840:ecosystems
820:permafrost
596:subsidence
592:cash crops
546:See also:
540:South Uist
515:humic acid
499:zoobenthos
411:atmosphere
314:Kalimantan
294:permafrost
286:topography
69:Avaste Fen
43:Family Guy
4704:Peatlands
4373:Hydrosere
4361:Processes
4347:Marsh gas
4192:Myristica
4082:Low marsh
3896:Kermi bog
3871:Bofedales
3851:Backswamp
3637:2045-2322
3565:231757053
3549:1354-1013
3490:1726-4189
3430:0888-8892
3389:115328269
3381:0948-3349
3339:244349665
3297:214718837
3210:0028-0836
3161:2324-9250
3087:2199-3971
3030:0921-2973
2987:0277-5212
2901:ignored (
2891:cite book
2850:840132559
2799:1654-7209
2717:204812279
2709:1752-0908
2605:0094-8276
2550:cite book
2542:404026180
2510:0280-6509
2467:154223494
2459:0790-0627
2423:195212972
2415:1002-0063
2280:cite book
2233:cite book
2225:933580381
2130:ignored (
2120:cite book
2075:ignored (
2065:cite book
1987:2156-2202
1930:(1): 22.
1905:1354-1013
1866:219716664
1858:0000-0000
1787:1674-9871
1648:205253362
1632:0028-0836
1550:1354-1013
1495:129085635
1372:1543-5938
1300:Yale E360
1257:1543-5938
1195:840132559
1129:1181-8700
1055:peatlands
983:wildfires
911:cash crop
803:radiative
791:anaerobic
785:Suitable
574:peat bogs
560:records.
326:mangroves
302:temperate
247:), while
226:hydrosere
18:Peatlands
4699:Wetlands
4689:Pedology
4658:Wetlands
4631:Category
4561:Bog-wood
4556:Bog iron
4546:Bog body
4368:Halosere
4320:Histosol
4315:Acrotelm
4298:Sphagnum
4156:Reed bed
4101:Moorland
3980:Rich fen
3975:Poor fen
3830:Wetlands
3655:27346604
3583:BBC News
3557:33528067
3438:20184655
3218:31040419
3038:11939685
2995:25306339
2967:Wetlands
2920:(2022).
2817:33677811
2482:Tellus B
2345:(2001).
2272:37815652
1995:18756489
1805:BBC News
1746:39994255
1640:28077869
1558:86121682
899:Palm oil
808:Holocene
782:Wetlands
753:Holocene
579:palm oil
503:sphagnum
482:isotopes
460:microbes
398:catotelm
367:adsorbed
261:hummocks
222:quagmire
129:(Gt) of
127:gigatons
77:peatland
41:For the
4596:Turbary
4576:Estuary
4151:Pothole
4141:Pocosin
4106:Mudflat
3945:Ciénega
3928:Callows
3844:Natural
3646:4921962
3617:Bibcode
3517:Bibcode
3468:Bibcode
3277:Bibcode
3188:Bibcode
3141:Bibcode
3065:Bibcode
2808:8497674
2689:Bibcode
2583:Bibcode
2490:Bibcode
1965:Bibcode
1838:Bibcode
1726:Bibcode
1612:Bibcode
1530:Bibcode
988:biomass
975:methane
907:biofuel
848:insects
844:species
745:Estonia
684:El Niño
608:logging
419:methane
394:bedrock
257:papyrus
249:marshes
95:. Like
81:wetland
4644:Portal
4166:Slough
4121:Pakihi
4111:Muskeg
4037:Kettle
4007:Guelta
3716:bcn.cl
3653:
3643:
3635:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3488:
3436:
3428:
3387:
3379:
3337:
3295:
3216:
3208:
3180:Nature
3159:
3085:
3036:
3028:
2993:
2985:
2879:
2848:
2838:
2815:
2805:
2797:
2750:
2715:
2707:
2653:
2603:
2540:
2530:
2508:
2465:
2457:
2421:
2413:
2377:
2315:
2270:
2260:
2223:
2213:
2108:
2053:
2012:. PWN.
1993:
1985:
1903:
1864:
1856:
1785:
1744:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1604:Nature
1556:
1548:
1493:
1420:
1393:
1370:
1276:20 May
1255:
1193:
1183:
1127:
1074:SDG 15
1066:SDG 13
971:carbon
648:Borneo
632:padang
386:lignin
316:, the
298:palsas
253:Swamps
241:swamps
173:Uganda
93:anoxia
4262:Swale
4231:Yaéré
4194:swamp
4171:Swamp
4126:Palsa
4116:Oasis
4096:Misse
4047:Marsh
4017:Igapó
4012:Hamun
3987:Flark
3960:Dambo
3856:Bayou
3561:S2CID
3385:S2CID
3335:S2CID
3293:S2CID
3034:S2CID
2991:S2CID
2940:(PDF)
2925:(PDF)
2779:Ambio
2713:S2CID
2463:S2CID
2419:S2CID
2343:et al
1991:S2CID
1862:S2CID
1742:S2CID
1644:S2CID
1600:(PDF)
1576:UNOPS
1554:S2CID
1518:(PDF)
1491:S2CID
1070:SDG 3
961:Fires
265:marsh
239:Some
212:). A
180:Types
4458:List
4325:Peat
4280:Life
4146:Pond
4091:Mere
4042:Lagg
4022:Ings
3933:Carr
3651:PMID
3633:ISSN
3553:PMID
3545:ISSN
3486:ISSN
3434:PMID
3426:ISSN
3377:ISSN
3214:PMID
3206:ISSN
3157:ISSN
3083:ISSN
3057:Soil
3026:ISSN
2983:ISSN
2918:IPCC
2903:help
2877:ISBN
2846:OCLC
2836:ISBN
2813:PMID
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