Ecosystem service - Knowledge (XXG)

324: 1360: 801: 22: 820:, which articulate the consequences of our choices in comparable units of impact on human well-being. An especially challenging aspect of this process is that interpreting ecological information collected from one spatial-temporal scale does not necessarily mean it can be applied at another; understanding the dynamics of ecological processes relative to ecosystem services is essential in aiding economic decisions. Weighting factors such as a service's irreplaceability or bundled services can also allocate economic value such that goal attainment becomes more efficient. 4291: 4269: 1018:

species may impact or control many ecological processes; so much so that they are included on the list of "ecosystem engineers"—organisms that physically, biologically or chemically modify the environment around them in ways that influence the health of other organisms. Many of the ecological functions and processes performed or affected by shellfish contribute to human well-being by providing a stream of valuable ecosystem services over time by filtering out particulate materials and potentially mitigating water quality issues by controlling

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ecosystem, it is usually assumed that humans benefit from a combination of these services. The services offered by diverse types of ecosystems (forests, seas, coral reefs, mangroves, etc.) differ in nature and in consequence. In fact, some services directly affect the livelihood of neighboring human populations (such as fresh water, food or aesthetic value, etc.) while other services affect general environmental conditions by which humans are indirectly impacted (such as

279: 1332: 5486: 7004: 5880: 5316: 5870: 930:(PES), also known as payments for environmental services (or benefits), are incentives offered to farmers or landowners in exchange for managing their land to provide some sort of ecological service. They have been defined as "a transparent system for the additional provision of environmental services through conditional payments to voluntary providers". These programmes promote the conservation of 189: 5328: 888:, not dependence. Several tools and methodologies can help the private sector value and assess ecosystem services, including Our Ecosystem, the 2008 Corporate Ecosystem Services Review, the Artificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability (ARIES) project from 2007, the Natural Value Initiative (2012) and InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services & Tradeoffs, 2012) 1346: 1219:(geographic information system) technology and put online that will help for planners to choose the best grassland management solution for concrete grassland. It will look holistically at the processes in the countryside and help to find best grassland management solutions by taking into account both natural and socioeconomic factors of the particular site. 573:

organism to the other and from one ecosystem to the other. Nutrients are recycled through the life cycle of organisms as they die and decompose, releasing the nutrients into the neighboring environment. "The service of nutrient cycling eventually impacts all other ecosystem services as all living things require a constant supply of nutrients to survive".

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wood, charcoal, wood chips and roundwood used in an unprocessed form. Global production and trade of all major wood-based products recorded their highest ever values in 2018. Production, imports and exports of roundwood, sawnwood, wood-based panels, wood pulp, wood charcoal and pellets reached their maximum quantities since 1947 when

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Nutrient cycling is the movement of nutrients through an ecosystem by biotic and abiotic processes. The ocean is a vast storage pool for these nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The nutrients are absorbed by the basic organisms of the marine food web and are thus transferred from one

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experience conflict between different forest stakeholders. In addition, concerns for such global transactions include inconsistent compensation for services or resources sacrificed elsewhere and misconceived warrants for irresponsible use. As of 2001, another approach focused on protecting ecosystem

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has been a subject of extensive academic pursuit. From defining the problems to finding solutions that can be applied in practical and sustainable ways, there is much to overcome. Considering options must balance present and future human needs, and decision-makers must frequently work from valid but

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The economic valuation of ecosystem services also involves social communication and information, areas that remain particularly challenging and are the focus of many researchers. In general, the idea is that although individuals make decisions for any variety of reasons, trends reveal the aggregated

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micronutrients. The value of forest foods as a nutritional resource is not limited to low- and middle-income countries; more than 100 million people in the European Union (EU) regularly consume wild food. Some 2.4 billion people – in both urban and rural settings – use wood-based energy for cooking.

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started reporting global forest product statistics. In 2018, growth in production of the main wood-based product groups ranged from 1 percent (woodbased panels) to 5 percent (industrial roundwood). The fastest growth occurred in the Asia-Pacific, Northern American and European regions, likely due to

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Forests also provide non-wood forest products, including fodder, aromatic and medicinal plants, and wild foods. Worldwide, around 1 billion people depend to some extent on wild foods such as wild meat, edible insects, edible plant products, mushrooms and fish, which often contain high levels of key

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Daniel, T. C.; Muhar, A.; Arnberger, A.; Aznar, O.; Boyd, J. W.; Chan, K. M. A.; Costanza, R.; Elmqvist, T.; Flint, C. G.; Gobster, P. H.; Gret-Regamey, A.; Lave, R.; Muhar, S.; Penker, M.; Ribe, R. G.; Schauppenlehner, T.; Sikor, T.; Soloviy, I.; Spierenburg, M.; Taczanowska, K.; Tam, J.; von der

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and Rosa Weigert called attention to "ecological systems" in their environmental science textbook and "the most subtle and dangerous threat to man's existence ... the potential destruction, by man's own activities, of those ecological systems upon which the very existence of the human species

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to reduce the harmful impacts of climate hazards including shifting patterns or levels of rainfall, changes in maximum and minimum temperatures, stronger storms, and increasingly variable climatic conditions. EbA measures can be implemented on their own or in combination with engineered approaches

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production and restoration. A keystone species, low in the food chain, bivalve shellfish such as oysters support a complex community of species by performing a number of functions essential to the diverse array of species that surround them. There is also increasing recognition that some shellfish

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of ecosystem service providers. In some cases, banks for handling such credits have been established and conservation companies have even gone public on stock exchanges, defining an evermore parallel link with economic endeavors and opportunities for tying into social perceptions. However, crucial

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There are questions regarding the environmental and economic values of ecosystem services. Some people may be unaware of the environment in general and humanity's interrelatedness with the natural environment, which may cause misconceptions. Although environmental awareness is rapidly improving in

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Four different types of ecosystem services have been distinguished by the scientific body: regulating services, provisioning services, cultural services and supporting services. An ecosystem does not necessarily offer all four types of services simultaneously; but given the intricate nature of any

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Daily, Gretchen C.; Söderqvist, Tore; Aniyar, Sara; Arrow, Kenneth; Dasgupta, Partha; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Folke, Carl; Jansson, AnnMari; Jansson, Bengt-Owe; Kautsky, Nils; Levin, Simon; Lubchenco, Jane; Mäler, Karl-Göran; Simpson, David; Starrett, David; Tilman, David; Walker, Brian (21 July 2000).

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As of 2012, there was a discussion as to how the concept of cultural ecosystem services could be operationalized, how landscape aesthetics, cultural heritage, outdoor recreation, and spiritual significance to define can fit into the ecosystem services approach. who vote for models that explicitly

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A peer-reviewed study published in 1997 estimated the value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital to be between US$ 16 and $ 54 trillion per year, with an average of US$ 33 trillion per year. However, Salles (2011) indicated 'The total value of biodiversity is infinite, so having

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Sea sports are very popular among coastal populations: surfing, snorkeling, whale watching, kayaking, recreational fishing ... a lot of tourists also travel to resorts close to the sea or rivers or lakes to be able to experience these activities, and relax near the water. The United Nations

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Primary production refers to the production of organic matter, i.e., chemically bound energy, through processes such as photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. The organic matter produced by primary producers forms the basis of all food webs. Further, it generates oxygen (O2), a molecule necessary to

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produce a large type and variety of timber products, including roundwood, sawnwood, panels, and engineered wood, e.g., cross-laminated timber, as well as pulp and paper. Besides the production of timber, forestry activities may also result in products that undergo little processing, such as fire

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An estimated $ 125 trillion to $ 140 trillion is added to the economy each year by all ecosystem services. However, many of these services are at risk due to climate and other anthropogenic impacts. Climate-driven shifts in biome ranges is expected to cause a 9% decline in ecosystem services on

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or resources like water. Another approach that has become increasingly popular during the 1990s is the marketing of ecosystem services protection. Payment and trading of services is an emerging worldwide small-scale solution where one can acquire credits for activities such as sponsoring the

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As of 2012, many companies were not fully aware of the extent of their dependence and impact on ecosystems and the possible ramifications. Likewise, environmental management systems and environmental due diligence tools are more suited to handle "traditional" issues of pollution and natural

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The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report 2005 defined ecosystem services as benefits people obtain from ecosystems and distinguishes four categories of ecosystem services, where the so-called supporting services are regarded as the basis for the services of the other three categories.

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Supporting services are the services that allow for the other ecosystem services to be present. They have indirect impacts on humans that last over a long period of time. Several services can be considered as being both supporting services and regulating/cultural/provisioning services.

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forests protect coastal shorelines from tidal erosion or erosion by currents; a process that was studied after the 1999 cyclone that hit India. Villages that were surrounded with mangrove forests encountered less damages than other villages that were not protected by mangroves.

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Raudsepp-Hearne, Ciara; Peterson, Garry D.; Tengö, Maria; Bennett, Elena M.; Holland, Tim; Benessaiah, Karina; MacDonald, Graham K.; Pfeifer, Laura (September 2010). "Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why Is Human Well-being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade?".

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and to assist collecting and fusing the input from stakeholders. This study was about siting wave energy devices off the Oregon Coast, but presents a general method for managing uncertain spatial science and stakeholder information in a decision making environment.

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The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) is a classification scheme developed to accounting systems (like National counts etc.), in order to avoid double-counting of Supporting Services with others Provisioning and Regulating Services.

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Coastal and estuarine ecosystems act as buffer zones against natural hazards and environmental disturbances, such as floods, cyclones, tidal surges and storms. The role they play is to " a portion of the impact and thus its effect on the land".

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Costanza, Robert; d'Arge, Ralph; de Groot, Rudolf; Farber, Stephen; Grasso, Monica; Hannon, Bruce; Limburg, Karin; Naeem, Shahid; O'Neill, Robert V.; Paruelo, Jose; Raskin, Robert G.; Sutton, Paul; van den Belt, Marjan (May 1997).

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data and analyses can be used to assess the health and extent of land cover classes that provide ecosystem services, which aids in planning, management, monitoring of stakeholders' actions, and communication between stakeholders.

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Pivotal cultural values attaching to the natural/cultivated environment rely on an area's unique character that cannot be addressed by methods that use universal scientific parameters to determine ecological structures and

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to support water resource management decisions in the Middle Rio Grande basin of New Mexico. This study focused on modeling the stakeholder inputs across a spatial decision, but ignored uncertainty. Another study used

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Balvanera, Patricia; Daily, Gretchen C.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Ricketts, Taylor H.; Bailey, Sallie-Anne; Kark, Salit; Kremen, Claire; Pereira, Henrique (16 March 2001). "Conserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services".

516:, ...) and the vegetation it supports – trees, root mats, etc. – retain large amounts of water (surface water, snowmelt, rain, groundwater) and then slowly releases them back, decreasing the likeliness of floods. 631:

If a natural/cultivated environment has symbolic meanings and cultural values the object of these values are not ecosystems but shaped phenomena like mountains, lakes, forests, and, mainly, symbolic landscapes.

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CBD (2009). Connecting Biodiversity and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Report of the Second Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Biodiversity and Climate Change. Montreal, Technical Series No. 41, 126

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Cultural services relate to the non-material world, as they benefit the benefit recreational, aesthetic, cognitive and spiritual activities, which are not easily quantifiable in monetary terms. They include:

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In Baltic countries scientists, nature conservationists and local authorities are implementing integrated planning approach for grassland ecosystems. They are developing an integrated planning tool based on

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link ecological structures and functions with cultural values and benefits. Likewise, there has been a fundamental critique of the concept of cultural ecosystem services that builds on three arguments:

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Although monetary pricing continues with respect to the valuation of ecosystem services, the challenges in policy implementation and management are significant and considerable. The administration of

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Contingent valuation: Service demand may be elicited by posing hypothetical scenarios that involve some valuation of alternatives (e.g. visitors willing to pay for increased access to national parks)

2891: 150:(MA), ecosystem services are "the benefits people obtain from ecosystems". The MA also delineated the four categories of ecosystem services into provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural. 6034: 960:

incomplete information. Existing legal policies are often considered insufficient since they typically pertain to human health-based standards that are mismatched with necessary means to protect

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and the drying of springs. Modern ideas of ecosystem services probably began when Marsh challenged in 1864 the idea that Earth's natural resources are unbounded by pointing out changes in

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creates a high level of biological activity, which has attracted human activity for thousands of years. Coasts also create essential material for organisms to live by, including estuaries,

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Górriz-Mifsud, Elena; Varela, Elsa; Piqué, Míriam; Prokofieva, Irina (February 2016). "Demand and supply of ecosystem services in a Mediterranean forest: Computing payment boundaries".

1006:) has led to the suggested merging of objectives for maximizing their mutual success. This may be particularly strategic when employing networks that permit the flow of services across 3461: 477:

can quickly erode pollination services through the loss of species. The remaining species are unable to compensate this. The results of this study also indicate that the proportion of

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By 2010, there had evolved various working definitions and descriptions of ecosystem services in the literature. To prevent double-counting in ecosystem services audits, for instance,

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Walter V. Reid, H. A. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being - A Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Washington DC: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board. Retrieved from

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ornamental resources (including fashion, handicrafts, jewelry, pets, worship, decoration, and souvenirs like furs, feathers, ivory, orchids, butterflies, aquarium fish, shells, etc.)

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Cultural values do result not from properties produced by ecosystems but are the product of a specific way of seeing within the given cultural framework of symbolic experience.

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preferences of a society, from which the economic value of services can be inferred and assigned. The six major methods for valuing ecosystem services in monetary terms are:

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Badola, Ruchi; Hussain, S. A. (March 2005). "Valuing ecosystem functions: an empirical study on the storm protection function of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, India".

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dimensions of protecting the environment and is designed to guide institutions through multidisciplinary information and jargon, helping to direct strategic choices.

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Quoc Vo, Tuan; Kuenzer, C.; Oppelt, N. (August 2015). "How remote sensing supports mangrove ecosystem service valuation: A case study in Ca Mau province, Vietnam".

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Siirola, John; Tidwell, Vincent; Benz, Zachary; Stansbury, Melanie; Richards, Elizabeth; Turnley, Jessica; Warrender, Christina; Morrow, James (1 February 2012).

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can stabilize and enhance the provision of pollination services. The presence of such ecosystem elements functions almost like an insurance policy for farmers.

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sustain animals and humans. On average, a human consumes about 550 liter of oxygen per day, whereas plants produce 1,5 liter of oxygen per 10 grams of growth.

4336:– Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (includes studies from all over the world, but only coastal ecosystems relevant to the Gulf of Mexico) 1590: 868:

Hedonic pricing: Service demand may be reflected in the prices people will pay for associated goods (e.g. coastal housing prices exceed that of inland homes)

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provision. These services make it possible for the ecosystems to continue providing services such as food supply, flood regulation, and water purification.

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Heikkila, Tanya (2004). "Institutional boundaries and common-pool resource management: A comparative analysis of water management programs in California".

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Campos C., Adolfo; Hernández, María E.; Moreno-Casasola, Patricia; Cejudo Espinosa, Eduardo; Robledo R., Alezandra; Infante Mata, Dulce (December 2011).

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Kistenkas, Frederik H.; Bouwma, Irene M. (February 2018). "Barriers for the ecosystem services concept in European water and nature conservation law".

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Gorriz-Misfud, Elena; Secco, L; Pisani, E (2016). "Exploring the interlinkages between governance and social capital: A dynamic model for forestry".

816:'. Many efforts to inform decision-makers of current versus future costs and benefits now involve organizing and translating scientific knowledge to 5908: 4364: 5903: 3789:

Bastien-Olvera, B. A.; Conte, M. N.; Dong, X.; Briceno, T.; Batker, D.; Emmerling, J.; Tavoni, M.; Granella, F.; Moore, F. C. (18 December 2023).

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our contemporary world, ecosystem capital and its flow are still poorly understood, threats continue to impose, and we suffer from the so-called '

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control. In following years, variations of the term were used, but eventually 'ecosystem services' became the standard in scientific literature.

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in the water. As of 2018, the concept of ecosystem services had not been properly implemented into international and regional legislation yet.

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Avoided cost: Services allow society to avoid costs that would have been incurred in the absence of those services (e.g. waste treatment by

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positive economic growth in these areas. Over 40% of the territory in the European Union is covered by forests. This region has grown via

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Farber, Stephen C.; Costanza, Robert; Wilson, Matthew A. (June 2002). "Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services".

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is said to provide substantial ecosystem services to local communities, including benefits to carbon storage, resiliency to climate, and

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DeFries, Ruth S.; Foley, Jonathan A.; Asner, Gregory P. (June 2004). "Land-use choices: balancing human needs and ecosystem function".

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Kremen, Claire (May 2005). "Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology?: Ecology of ecosystem services".

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that had previously provided the city with the ecosystem service of water purification. Once the input of sewage and pesticides to the

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near housing in Scotland. The filtering and cleaning of surface and waste water by natural vegetation is a form of ecosystem service.

6857: 4813: 1488: 1448: 804: 299: 2379: 2349: 1604: 3587: 3025: 84:, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. Evaluations of ecosystem services may include assigning an economic value to them. 6481: 5192: 5149: 4389: 800: 7028: 5934: 5652: 5187: 4869: 4798: 4737: 4530: 4422: 2745:"The Tragedy of the Commons: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality" 1026: 649: 147: 131: 3994: 1582: 5773: 5109: 5007: 4542: 3472: 2956: 927: 913: 653: 4243:

Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP). 1970. Man's Impact on the Global Environment. MIT Press, Cambridge. 319pp.

2998: 2002: 1161:. The process of making ecosystem services decisions must consider the interaction of many types of information, honor all 726:

Coasts and their adjacent areas on and offshore are an important part of a local ecosystem. The mixture of fresh water and

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Barbier, Edward B.; Hacker, Sally D.; Kennedy, Chris; Koch, Evamaria W.; Stier, Adrian C.; Silliman, Brian R. (May 2011).

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Travel cost: Service demand may require travel, whose costs can reflect the implied value of the service (e.g. value of

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was estimated at $ 1–1.5 billion, which contrasted dramatically with the estimated $ 6–8 billion cost of constructing a

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Provisioning services consist of all "the products obtained from ecosystems". The following services are also known as

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is said to provide about $ 110 million in ecosystem services per year, $ 40 million more than if no base was present.

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that perform the four categories of ecosystem services in several ways. Firstly, their provisioning services include

3581:"Valuation of Ecosystem Services from Shellfish Restoration, Enhancement and Management: A Review of the Literature" 3055: 3019:

Hanson, C, J Ranganathan, C Iceland, and J Finisdore. (2008) The Corporate Ecosystem Services Review (Version 1.0).

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cultural (including use of nature as motif in books, film, painting, folklore, national symbols, advertising, etc.)

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Daily, G. C. 1997. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington. 392pp.

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Chan, Kai M. A.; Shaw, M. Rebecca; Cameron, David R.; Underwood, Emma C.; Daily, Gretchen C. (31 October 2006).

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Ehrlich, P. R., and A. Ehrlich. 1981. Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species.

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As of 2005 Local to regional collective management efforts were considered appropriate for services like crop

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Gibson, Clark C.; Williams, John T.; Ostrom, Elinor (February 2005). "Local Enforcement and Better Forests".

3159:"RC18-1605 Project Overview. Value and Resiliency of Ecosystem Services on Department of Defense (DoD) Lands" 7043: 6582: 6471: 5563: 5455: 5430: 5410: 5320: 5094: 4937: 4747: 4719: 4442: 4432: 4350: 4201: 1969: 1281:

drew attention to the critical role of the ecosystem in processing wastes and recycling nutrients. In 1970,

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Regulating services are the "benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes". These include:

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and colleagues' later work and that of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment lumped all of these together as

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Dietz, Thomas; Ostrom, Elinor; Stern, Paul C. (12 December 2003). "The Struggle to Govern the Commons".

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debate about what is the total value of nature is actually pointless because we can't live without it'.

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also has targets aimed at enhancing the use of ecosystem services for sustainable tourism especially in

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Daily, Gretchen C. (December 2000). "Management objectives for the protection of ecosystem services".

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For example, as of 2013, there had been interest in the valuation of ecosystem services provided by

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Ehrlich, P. R., and A. Ehrlich. 1970. Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology.

3435: 1246:. Recognition of how ecosystems could provide complex services to humankind date back to at least 1166: 1162: 1092: 981: 836: 5869: 6981: 6966: 6896: 6852: 6742: 6328: 6233: 5988: 5873: 5627: 5079: 5074: 4709: 4671: 4628: 4547: 4148: 4140: 3629: 3510: 3395: 3333: 3272: 2922: 2725: 2230: 2187: 2064: 1900: 1830: 1790: 1724: 1667: 1337: 1317: 1242: 1190: 1074: 1029:

has a target to ensure the conservation, restoration, and sustainable use of ecosystem services.

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Pretty, Jules (12 December 2003). "Social Capital and the Collective Management of Resources".

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Chichilnisky, Graciela; Heal, Geoffrey (February 1998). "Economic returns from the biosphere".

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spiritual and historical (including use of nature for religious or heritage value or natural)

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methods to exercise econometric models of landowner decisions in a study of the effects of

48:. These ecosystems, when functioning well, offer such things as provision of food, natural 6920: 6886: 6772: 6752: 6662: 6311: 6277: 6211: 6008: 5993: 5692: 5679: 5657: 5642: 5553: 5465: 5047: 4957: 4942: 4808: 4773: 4582: 4283:

The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief

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help to turn animal wastes into organic material that can be reused by primary producers.

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raw materials (including lumber, skins, fuelwood, organic matter, fodder, and fertilizer)

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Costa Rica sustainable resource management: Successfully tackling tropical deforestation

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Classifying Ecosystem Services for Economic Valuation: The case of forest water services

6961: 6908: 6818: 6737: 6722: 6717: 6669: 6557: 6353: 6301: 6284: 6118: 5838: 4972: 4889: 4823: 4818: 4537: 4515: 4450: 4399: 4373: 3965:"Empirical methods for modeling landscape change, ecosystem services, and biodiversity" 3580: 3556: 3529: 3029: 2539: 2504: 2480: 2445: 2274:"Nutrient Cycles: Recycling in Ecosystems, The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles – ScienceAid" 2273: 1409: 1351: 1313: 1259: 1207: 1185: 969: 771: 731: 704: 542: 534: 442: 426: 308: 206: 198: 161: 104: 3444: 2875: 1551: 964:

and services. In 2000, to improve the information available, the implementation of an

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Ecosystem services or eco-services are defined as the goods and services provided by

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While the notion of human dependence on Earth's ecosystems reaches to the start of

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Ecosystem services decisions require making complex choices at the intersection of

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science and education (including use of natural systems for school excursions, and

336: 60:. Ecosystem services are grouped into four broad categories of services. There are 3498: 2926: 2769: 2744: 2571:

What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation of six different conceptions

1879:

The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief

1855: 188: 4217:: W. L. Thomas, editor. Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Volume 2). 4032: 3903: 3668: 3546: 2957:"Valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services: Why put economic values on Nature?" 2840: 2298: 2182: 2157: 1655: 1077:

as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse

449:

improved to levels that met government standards. The cost of this investment in

417:, where the quality of drinking water had fallen below standards required by the 6823: 6767: 6589: 6567: 6562: 6429: 6306: 6272: 6260: 6148: 6071: 5605: 5500: 4833: 4828: 4793: 4656: 3964: 2994: 1400:

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

1374: 986: 976: 935: 735: 680: 618:

therapeutic (including eco-therapy, social forestry and animal assisted therapy)

565: 561: 399: 234: 49: 26: 5365: 3807: 2972: 2123:

Molnar, Michelle; Clarke-Murray, Cathryn; Whitworth, John; Tam, Jordan (2009).

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Factor income: Services provide for the enhancement of incomes (e.g. improved

767: 751: 739: 716: 605: 601: 513: 438: 264: 254: 120: 4136: 3816: 1262:

in the Mediterranean. It was not until the late 1940s that three key authors—

6813: 6695: 6503: 6498: 6476: 6365: 6358: 6177: 6172: 6079: 6056: 5261: 5207: 4661: 3311: 3260: 3052:"ARIES :: ARtificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability" 2721: 2529: 2470: 1719: 1298: 1117: 1100: 1014: 817: 743: 478: 413:

An example for water purification as an ecosystem service is as follows: In

382: 143: 45: 30: 3834: 3565: 3506: 3329: 3268: 2980: 2778: 2548: 2489: 2106: 1663: 1061:

and their services to reduce the vulnerability of human communities to the

835:

Replacement cost: Services could be replaced with human-made systems (e.g.

289:, providing fuel, soil protection, shade, and even well-being to travelers. 4200:

Leopold, A. 1949. A Sand County Almanac and Sketches from Here and There.

4113:"Deforestation, Erosion, and Forest Management in Ancient Greece and Rome" 3216:

Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action

257:(including pharmaceuticals, chemical models, and test and assay organisms) 6940: 6508: 6434: 6375: 6370: 6318: 6228: 6199: 6192: 6182: 6113: 6087: 6083: 6075: 5622: 5054: 4046: 3077: 3051: 1108: 763: 727: 517: 6808: 6604: 6599: 6545: 6451: 6380: 6223: 6024: 5027: 4144: 3633: 3604:

Jones; Lawton, and Shachak (1994). "Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers".

3320: 3103: 1565: 1302: 1255: 1158: 1154: 1146: 1104: 855: 829: 759: 750:

also support a diversity of plants, animals and insects crucial to the

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of chemicals, together with biotic recycling via root systems and soil

430: 393: 268: 230: 202: 124: 88: 34: 4317: 3364: 1710: 6657: 6622: 6446: 6402: 6250: 6048: 4691: 3184:

Tacconi, L (2012). "Redefining payments for environmental services".

2918: 2446:"Contributions of cultural services to the ecosystem services agenda" 1886: 1816: 1776: 1096: 865:

experience is at least what a visitor is willing to pay to get there)

260: 246:

genetic resources (including crop improvement genes, and health care)

77: 5919: 4128: 3927: 3764:"How much is nature worth? $ 125 trillion, according to this report" 3625: 1550:

Ojea, Elena; Chiabai, Aline; Martin-Ortega, Julia (September 2010).

1312:

The ecosystem services concept has continued to expand and includes

4303: 4281: 4213:

Sears, P. B. 1956. "The processes of environmental change by man."

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http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf

6690: 6530: 6456: 6243: 3134:"Assessing Ecosystem Service Benefits from Military Installations" 2060: 1306: 1247: 946: 919: 799: 747: 556: 466: 344: 332: 322: 286: 277: 238: 187: 20: 4342: 4322: 2892:"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital" 993:. In particular, many forest-rich developing countries suffering 6635: 6491: 6486: 6466: 6340: 6291: 6135: 4191:

Vogt, W. 1948. Road to Survival. William Sloan: New York. 335pp.

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risk, and supply cleaned water better than degraded habitats do.

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has been suggested (ESF), which integrates the biophysical and

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Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings

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Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered

1605:"Defining, valuing and providing ecosystem goods and services" 1274:—promoted recognition of human dependence on the environment. 1216: 328: 134:(MA) in the early 2000s has made this concept better known. 3791:"Unequal climate impacts on global values of natural capital" 119:) and flood control. Lastly, their cultural services include 3026:"Ecosystem Services Review | World Resources Institute" 1603:

Brown, Thomas C.; John C. Bergstrom; John B. Loomis (2007).

1201:

to both model the uncertainty in the scientific information

891:

To provide an example of a cost comparison: The land of the

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10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0249:LCBHNA]2.0.CO;2

1236:

existence, the term 'natural capital' was first coined by

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www.serdp-estcp.org Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

44:

are the various benefits that humans derive from healthy

2569:. New York; Kirchhoff, T./Trepl, L./Vicenzotti, V. 2012: 5232:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

2423:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1687:"The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services" 1809:

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings

1297:, which listed services including insect pollination, 1053:(EBA or EbA) encompasses a broad set of approaches to 2995:"Our Ecosystem – Mapping & Data Sharing Software" 2615:

Westcott, Morgan; Wendy Anderson, Eds (4 June 2021).

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Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Main report

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of coastal ecosystems include inspirational aspects,

311:, just 60% of the yearly forest growth is harvested. 3919:"Decision insight into stakeholder conflict for ERN" 2603: 1636: 1634: 1632: 683:, raw materials, biochemical and genetic resources. 6939: 6797: 6678: 6538: 6529: 6339: 6134: 6047: 6017: 5966: 5957: 5713: 5493: 5403: 5221: 5158: 4930: 4857: 4766: 4718: 4690: 4647: 4601: 4568: 4441: 4398: 4111:Hughes, J. Donald; Thirgood, J. V. (1 April 1982). 1513:"Estimating Ecosystem Services in Southern Ontario" 1169:, proposal proponents, decision makers, residents, 457:plant plus the $ 300 million annual running costs. 4330:for modeling impacts on aquatic ecosystem services 2118: 2116: 980:protection of carbon sequestration sources or the 1184:One analytical study modeled the stakeholders as 1477:Ecosystems and human well-being : synthesis 1437:Ecosystems and human well-being : synthesis 774:, sea turtles, marine mammals, and coral reefs. 485:available for wild bees within 1–2 km of a 3986:Ullman D. G.; K. Halsey; C. Goldfinger (2013). 2509:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2450:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1642:"The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value". 307:by roughly 0.4% year in recent decades. In the 5256:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 3530:"Conservation Planning for Ecosystem Services" 3209: 3207: 3132:James Kagan, Mark Borsuk (18 September 2019). 2380:"BBC – GCSE Bitesize: Inhaled and exhaled air" 2080: 2078: 103:. Secondly, their supporting services include 68:, such as the control of climate and disease. 5935: 5381: 4358: 2590:. New York; Backhaus, G./Murungi, J. (eds.): 1857:Global forest products facts and figures 2018 770:, and mangroves. Coasts provide habitats for 404:Disturbance regulation, i.e. flood protection 164:'s original definition distinguished between 111:. Thirdly, their regulating services include 8: 4294: This article incorporates text from a 4272: This article incorporates text from a 4097: 4095: 3586:. Prepared for Pacific Shellfish Institute. 2617:"5.2 Recreation and Adventure Tourism in BC" 796:The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity 421:, authorities opted to restore the polluted 155:The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity 64:, such as the production of food and water. 4328:Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) system 4182:. Little, Brown and Company: Boston. 217pp. 1128:of individuals and institutions to address 951:Ecosystem services in urban and rural areas 734:) in estuaries provides many nutrients for 6801: 6535: 5963: 5942: 5928: 5920: 5388: 5374: 5366: 5327: 4365: 4351: 4343: 4165:Marsh, G. P. 1864 (1965). Man and Nature. 4047:"About the project | LIFE Viva Grass" 679:include forest products, marine products, 419:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 5267:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 3926: 3824: 3806: 3555: 3545: 3434: 3353:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 3319: 2768: 2538: 2528: 2479: 2469: 2181: 1970:"Over 40% of the EU covered with forests" 1718: 1564: 699:and disease regulation and buffer zones. 5295:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 4298:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 4276:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 3988:"Managing Eco-System Services Decisions" 2794:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1474:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). 1434:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). 1295:Study of Critical Environmental Problems 660:Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services 533:Supporting services include for example 3456: 3454: 3127: 3125: 2584:Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape 2563:Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape 2125:"Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services" 1426: 1395:Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction 1293:was introduced in a 1970 report of the 985:for implementation are clearly defined 469:by bees is required for 15–30% of U.S. 4865:Corporate environmental responsibility 3945: 3934: 3714:"Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystems" 2633: 2622: 2503:Kirchhoff, Thomas (13 November 2012). 1580:The Ecological and Economic Foundation 1532: 1521: 25:An example of an ecosystem service is 16:Benefits provided by intact ecosystems 7059:Environmental social science concepts 4286:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. 3593:from the original on 3 December 2013. 2330:from the original on 28 December 2017 2005:from the original on 24 February 2018 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1743:"Tunza Eco-generation Eco-generation" 1469: 1467: 924:Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) 843:cost less than the construction of a 707:, biologically mediated habitats and 335:, forming the official source of the 192:Four categories of ecosystem services 7: 5238:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 2743:Hardin, Garrett (13 December 1968). 2390:from the original on 26 October 2017 2360:from the original on 22 October 2017 1120:or dykes), hybrid measures (such as 1025:Notwithstanding, the United Nations 4234:, San Francisco. 383pp. – see p.157 3138:Nicholas Institute, Duke University 893:United States Department of Defense 858:and improves the income of fishers) 854:increases the commercial take of a 792:Economic analysis of climate change 343:, hold back water thereby reducing 4880:Environmental full-cost accounting 3963:Lewis, David; Alig, Ralph (2009). 3460:Jessica Brown and Neil Bird 2010. 3415:Environmental Science & Policy 3054:. aries.integratedmodelling.org/. 1067:Convention on Biological Diversity 989:, which are often lacking in many 475:intensified agricultural practices 80:production. And finally there are 14: 4814:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 4000:from the original on 6 June 2013. 3110:from the original on 28 June 2012 3001:from the original on 17 June 2013 1995:"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment" 1069:(CBD) defines EBA as "the use of 608:, outdoor sports, and recreation) 7003: 7002: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5484: 5326: 5315: 5314: 5284:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 4289: 4267: 3084:from the original on 16 May 2016 3058:from the original on 7 June 2012 2955:Salles, Jean-Michel (May 2011). 2299:"ISBN1118506243 – Google zoeken" 2099:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00751.x 1483:. Washington, DC: Island Press. 1443:. Washington, DC: Island Press. 1358: 1344: 1330: 1250:(c. 400 BC) who understood that 1042:This section is an excerpt from 1037:Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) 1033:average at global scale by 2100 912:This section is an excerpt from 5653:Science, technology and society 4870:Corporate social responsibility 4799:Ocean thermal energy conversion 4738:Community-supported agriculture 4423:Human impact on the environment 4318:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 3739:"What is an ecosystem service?" 3712:US EPA, OAR (18 October 2022). 2681:US EPA, ORD (2 November 2017). 2350:"Oxygen and Human Requirements" 1919:"What is an ecosystem service?" 1027:Sustainable Development Goal 15 928:Payments for ecosystem services 805:Sustainable urban drainage pond 650:Sustainable Development Goal 14 148:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 132:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 52:of crops, clean air and water, 5110:Socially responsible marketing 3473:Overseas Development Institute 3392:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.07.013 3218:. Cambridge University Press. 3198:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.028 1881:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. 914:Payment for ecosystem services 703:of coastal ecosystems include 654:Small Island Developing States 1: 7064:Ecological economics concepts 5301:Sustainable Development Goals 5105:Socially responsible business 3499:10.1126/science.291.5511.2047 3445:10.1016/S1462-9011(00)00102-7 2876:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00088-5 2770:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 2354:www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu 2162:Hydrological Sciences Journal 1390:Ecological goods and services 1132:(such as the introduction of 1116:(such as the construction of 832:habitats avoids health costs) 7054:Forestry and the environment 5968:Pollution / quality 5397:Environmental social science 4300:license statement/permission 4278:license statement/permission 4033:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.04.007 3904:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.01.006 3669:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.02.013 3547:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040379 3080:. Natural Value Initiative. 2841:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.006 2573:. Landscape Research iFirst. 2253:National Wildlife Federation 2183:10.1080/02626667.2011.629786 1999:www.millenniumassessment.org 1656:10.1126/science.289.5478.395 1618:(2): 329–376. Archived from 966:Ecosystem Services Framework 5436:Environmental communication 5130:Sustainability organization 4915:Standards and certification 4506:Social return on investment 4219:University of Chicago Press 3892:Forest Policy and Economics 3106:. Natural Capital Project. 2586:, London; Schama, S. 1995: 2565:, London; Schama, S. 1995: 91:and coastal ecosystems are 7082: 5421:Environmental anthropology 4555:Systemic change resistance 4085:Schumacher, E. F. (1973). 3808:10.1038/s41586-023-06769-z 2973:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.03.008 2207:Environmental Conservation 1264:Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr 1051:Ecosystem-based adaptation 1044:Ecosystem-based adaptation 1041: 911: 781: 723:, science and education. 496: 429:area was reduced, natural 385:regulates prey populations 237:), crops, wild foods, and 6998: 6804: 6539:Types / location 5864: 5482: 5310: 4733:Climate-smart agriculture 4380: 4117:Journal of Forest History 3021:World Resources Institute 2582:Cf. Cosgrove, D.E. 1984: 2561:Cf. Cosgrove, D.E. 1984: 2227:10.1017/S0376892905001967 1612:Natural Resources Journal 1380:Diversity-function debate 1141:Land use change decisions 1126:strengthen the capacities 1093:restoration of ecosystems 1079:effects of climate change 1063:impacts of climate change 899:habitat. As of 2020, the 693:climate change mitigation 669:marine coastal ecosystems 370:climate change mitigation 146:to humans. Per the 2006 117:climate change mitigation 5451:Environmental psychology 4875:Environmental accounting 4624:Sustainable architecture 4614:Environmental technology 3743:European Investment Bank 3579:Northern Economics Inc. 2961:Comptes Rendus Biologies 2444:Dunk, A. (5 June 2012). 2408:New Scientist, June 2019 1923:European Investment Bank 1059:management of ecosystems 5456:Environmental sociology 5431:Environmental economics 5411:Ecological anthropology 4748:Sustainable agriculture 4202:Oxford University Press 4167:Charles Scribner's Sons 3969:Western Economics Forum 3312:10.1126/science.1090847 3261:10.1126/science.1091015 3214:Ostrom, Elinor (1990). 2722:10.1525/bio.2010.60.8.4 2530:10.1073/pnas.1212409109 2471:10.1073/pnas.1114773109 1585:3 December 2013 at the 1199:decision support system 1057:. They all involve the 1055:adapt to climate change 784:Environmental economics 604:experiences (including 433:processes such as soil 7029:Ecological restoration 5446:Environmental politics 5291:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 5160:Sustainable management 5145:Urban drainage systems 4885:Environmental planning 4849:Water recycling shower 4839:Tidal stream generator 4634:Sustainable industries 4593:Sustainable population 4578:Demographic transition 4560:Tragedy of the commons 3944:Cite journal requires 2632:Cite journal requires 2024:Basic Biology (2016). 1948:www.europarl.europa.eu 1531:Cite journal requires 1415:Nature Based Solutions 1291:environmental services 1165:viewpoints, including 1124:) and approaches that 1089:sustainable management 952: 925: 814:tragedy of the commons 808: 643:Recreation and tourism 569: 348: 290: 193: 38: 5541:Ecological humanities 5441:Environmental history 5183:Humanistic capitalism 4998:Environmental finance 4639:Sustainable packaging 1691:Ecological Monographs 1559:. BIOCON Conference. 1511:Austin, Troy (2009). 1366:Earth sciences portal 1134:early warning systems 1000:biodiversity hotspots 957:common pool resources 950: 943:Management and policy 923: 886:environmental impacts 803: 782:Further information: 677:provisioning services 560: 368:(this contributes to 326: 281: 217:Provisioning services 191: 62:provisioning services 24: 7034:Ecological economics 6914:remnant natural area 6551:storage and recovery 6217:habitat conservation 6035:Deforestation (REDD) 5633:Integrated geography 5511:Behavioral geography 5416:Ecological economics 5150:Urban infrastructure 4844:Water heat recycling 4667:Conservation biology 4511:Steady-state economy 4486:Micro-sustainability 4471:Ecological footprint 4428:Planetary boundaries 4180:Our Plundered Planet 3768:World Economic Forum 3186:Ecological Economics 2936:on 22 September 2017 2856:Ecological Economics 2662:on 30 September 2020 2588:Landscape and memory 2567:Landscape and memory 2320:"Ecosystem Services" 2249:"Ecosystem Services" 1240:in 1973 in his book 991:developing countries 901:Eglin Air Force Base 882:resource consumption 788:Ecological economics 754:. The high level of 689:carbon sequestration 613:scientific discovery 483:oak-woodland habitat 366:Carbon sequestration 113:carbon sequestration 6868:Earth Overshoot Day 6442:Marine conservation 6423:non-timber products 5904:Research institutes 5426:Environmental crime 5251:Earth Summit (1992) 4905:Metrics and indices 4758:Sustainable fishery 4677:Holocene extinction 4496:Product stewardship 4466:Earth Overshoot Day 4302:). Text taken from 4280:). Text taken from 4025:2015EcoSv..14...67Q 3871:on 11 February 2015 3693:on 4 September 2017 3661:2018EcoSv..29..223K 3618:1994Oikos..69..373J 3467:14 May 2011 at the 3427:2000ESPol...3..333D 3304:2003Sci...302.1912P 3298:(5652): 1912–1914. 3253:2003Sci...302.1907D 3247:(5652): 1907–1912. 2911:1997Natur.387..253C 2868:2002EcoEc..41..375F 2833:2016EcoSv..17...53G 2761:1968Sci...162.1243H 2755:(3859): 1243–1248. 2592:Symbolic Landscapes 2521:2012PNAS..109E3146K 2462:2012PNAS..109.8812D 2419:"Cultural services" 2219:2005EnvCo..32...85B 2174:2011HydSJ..56.1388C 2053:1998Natur.391..629C 1771:. Rome: FAO. 2020. 1703:2011EcoM...81..169B 1589:, chapter 1, p.19, 1254:could lead to soil 1167:regulatory agencies 701:Supporting services 685:Regulating services 525:Supporting services 388:Biological control 319:Regulating services 285:in Andhra Pradesh, 255:medicinal resources 209:regulation, etc.). 70:Supporting services 66:Regulating services 6853:Ecosystem services 5976:Ambient standards 5874:Environment portal 5628:Industrial ecology 4710:Sustainable energy 4672:Endangered species 4629:Sustainable design 4543:Consumer behaviour 4256:, New York. 305pp. 4221:, Chicago. 1193pp. 4204:, New York. 226pp. 4169:, New York. 472pp. 4067:. 8 September 2020 4013:Ecosystem Services 3649:Ecosystem Services 2821:Ecosystem Services 1338:Environment portal 1243:Small is Beautiful 1075:ecosystem services 953: 926: 897:endangered species 845:water purification 841:Catskill Watershed 809: 709:primary production 577:Primary production 570: 539:primary production 499:Coastal management 423:Catskill Watershed 409:Water purification 379:and detoxification 349: 291: 194: 178:ecosystem services 170:ecosystem services 115:(which helps with 109:primary production 42:Ecosystem services 39: 7016: 7015: 6994: 6993: 6793: 6792: 6472:genetic resources 6408:genetic resources 6043: 6042: 5951:Natural resources 5917: 5916: 5756:Green criminology 5516:Community studies 5471:Political ecology 5363: 5362: 5289:Earth Summit 2002 5272:Lisbon Principles 5244:Our Common Future 4922:Sustainable yield 4728:Civic agriculture 4481:Green consumption 4418:Global governance 4178:Osborn, F. 1948. 3859:"ebaflagship.org" 3801:(7996): 722–727. 3770:. 30 October 2018 3683:"Goal 15 targets" 3380:World Development 3365:10.1002/pam.10181 3225:978-0-521-40599-7 2905:(6630): 253–260. 2652:"Goal 14 targets" 2604:https://cices.eu/ 2594:. Dordrecht 2009. 2456:(23): 8812–8819. 2047:(6668): 629–630. 1896:978-92-5-132707-4 1826:978-92-5-132581-0 1786:978-92-5-132974-0 1711:10.1890/10-1510.1 1650:(5478): 395–396. 1083:EbA involves the 932:natural resources 713:Cultural services 691:(contributing to 673:marine ecosystems 586:Cultural services 295:forest management 250:biogenic minerals 101:genetic resources 93:marine ecosystems 82:cultural services 7071: 7006: 7005: 6957: 6904:Natural heritage 6863:overexploitation 6802: 6536: 6482:herbal medicines 6462:FAO Plant Treaty 6002: 5979: 5964: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5921: 5882: 5881: 5872: 5804:natural resource 5488: 5476:Regional science 5390: 5383: 5376: 5367: 5330: 5329: 5318: 5317: 5262:Agenda 21 (1992) 5233: 5198:Natural resource 5085:Organic movement 5060:Impact investing 4779:Hydroelectricity 4753:Sustainable diet 4705:Renewable energy 4700:Carbon footprint 4682:Invasive species 4619:Natural building 4570:World population 4531:Marketing myopia 4491:Over-consumption 4461:Circular economy 4456:Anti-consumerism 4413:Environmentalism 4367: 4360: 4353: 4344: 4293: 4271: 4257: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3992: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3932: 3930: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3864:. Archived from 3863: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3828: 3810: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3689:. Archived from 3679: 3673: 3672: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3549: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3481: 3475: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3323: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3028:. Archived from 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2967:(5–6): 469–482. 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2935: 2929:. Archived from 2919:10.1038/387253a0 2896: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2772: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2683:"Coastal Waters" 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2658:. Archived from 2648: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2532: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2483: 2473: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2185: 2168:(8): 1388–1406. 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2130:. Archived from 2129: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1887:10.4060/ca8985en 1875: 1862: 1861: 1852: 1839: 1838: 1817:10.4060/ca8753en 1805: 1799: 1798: 1777:10.4060/ca9825en 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1722: 1720:20.500.11919/920 1682: 1676: 1675: 1638: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1609: 1600: 1594: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1558: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1519: 1517: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1482: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1442: 1431: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1238:E. F. Schumacher 1235: 1122:artificial reefs 1118:water reservoirs 1020:excess nutrients 962:ecosystem health 884:. Most focus on 705:nutrient cycling 553:Nutrient cycling 535:nutrient cycling 510:saltwater swamps 455:water filtration 355:Purification of 341:sequester carbon 229:food (including 105:nutrient cycling 97:marine resources 7081: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7039:Systems ecology 7019: 7018: 7017: 7012: 6990: 6955: 6935: 6921:Systems ecology 6887:Natural capital 6789: 6674: 6663:reclaimed water 6525: 6487:UPOV Convention 6335: 6130: 6039: 6013: 6009:Ozone depletion 6000: 5977: 5953: 5948: 5918: 5913: 5860: 5709: 5680:Systems ecology 5664:Sustainability 5658:science studies 5643:Rural sociology 5489: 5480: 5466:Human geography 5399: 5394: 5364: 5359: 5306: 5231: 5223: 5222:Agreements and 5217: 5154: 4958:Climate finance 4926: 4853: 4809:Reclaimed water 4762: 4714: 4686: 4643: 4597: 4583:Family planning 4564: 4437: 4394: 4376: 4371: 4340: 4323:Earth Economics 4314: 4308:, FAO, FAO. 4265: 4260: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4129:10.2307/4004530 4110: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4065:www.go-grass.eu 4059: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3943: 3933: 3928:10.2172/1035334 3916: 3915: 3911: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3626:10.2307/3545850 3603: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3469:Wayback Machine 3459: 3452: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3032:on 1 April 2009 3024: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2631: 2621: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2598: 2581: 2577: 2560: 2556: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2137:on 3 March 2016 2134: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2087:Ecology Letters 2084: 2083: 2076: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1950:. 31 March 2023 1942: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1897: 1877: 1876: 1865: 1854: 1853: 1842: 1827: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1787: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1640: 1639: 1630: 1625:on 25 May 2013. 1622: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1587:Wayback Machine 1578: 1574: 1556: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1530: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1480: 1473: 1472: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1440: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1405:Natural capital 1385:Earth Economics 1364: 1359: 1357: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1326: 1305:regulation and 1233: 1225: 1195:land-use change 1179:multi-objective 1143: 1138: 1137: 1047: 1039: 945: 940: 939: 917: 909: 798: 780: 772:migratory birds 697:waste treatment 662: 645: 588: 579: 555: 527: 508:(which include 501: 495: 471:food production 465:Pollination of 463: 451:natural capital 411: 339:. Healthy bogs 321: 283:Social forestry 223:ecosystem goods 219: 186: 174:Robert Costanza 166:ecosystem goods 140: 74:nutrient cycles 17: 12: 11: 5: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7044:Social ecology 7041: 7036: 7031: 7021: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6956:(perpetuation) 6951: 6945: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6909:Nature reserve 6906: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6855: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6542: 6540: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6386:climate change 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6354:Bioprospecting 6351: 6345: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6231: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6140: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5999:Clean Air Act 5991: 5986: 5981: 5972: 5970: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5924: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5876: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560:Environmental 5558: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5324: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5297:(Rio+20, 2012) 5292: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5248: 5240: 5235: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5043:Infrastructure 5040: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4973:Eco-capitalism 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4890:Sustainability 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4858:Accountability 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4516:Sustainability 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4451:Anthropization 4447: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4374:Sustainability 4372: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4312:External links 4310: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4245: 4236: 4223: 4206: 4193: 4184: 4171: 4158: 4103: 4091: 4078: 4052: 4038: 4003: 3978: 3955: 3946:|journal= 3909: 3882: 3850: 3840: 3781: 3755: 3730: 3704: 3674: 3639: 3612:(3): 373–386. 3596: 3571: 3520: 3493:(5511): 2047. 3476: 3450: 3436:10.1.1.463.824 3421:(6): 333–339. 3405: 3386:(2): 273–284. 3370: 3343: 3282: 3231: 3224: 3203: 3176: 3150: 3121: 3095: 3069: 3043: 3012: 2997:. Ecometrica. 2986: 2947: 2881: 2862:(3): 375–392. 2846: 2811: 2800:(5): 249–257. 2784: 2735: 2716:(8): 576–589. 2699: 2673: 2643: 2634:|journal= 2607: 2596: 2575: 2554: 2495: 2435: 2410: 2401: 2371: 2341: 2311: 2290: 2265: 2240: 2197: 2148: 2112: 2093:(5): 468–479. 2074: 2031: 2016: 1986: 1961: 1935: 1910: 1895: 1863: 1840: 1825: 1800: 1785: 1760: 1748: 1734: 1697:(2): 169–193. 1677: 1628: 1595: 1572: 1542: 1533:|journal= 1503: 1489: 1463: 1449: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1410:Soil functions 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1355: 1352:Ecology portal 1341: 1325: 1322: 1314:socio-economic 1260:soil fertility 1224: 1221: 1208:Remote sensing 1142: 1139: 1048: 1040: 1038: 1035: 970:socio-economic 944: 941: 918: 910: 908: 905: 873: 872: 869: 866: 859: 848: 833: 779: 776: 732:brackish water 661: 658: 644: 641: 636: 635: 632: 629: 620: 619: 616: 609: 599: 596: 587: 584: 578: 575: 554: 551: 543:soil formation 526: 523: 497:Main article: 494: 491: 462: 459: 443:microorganisms 410: 407: 406: 405: 402: 397: 386: 380: 373: 363: 320: 317: 309:European Union 276: 275: 272: 258: 252: 247: 244: 241: 218: 215: 207:natural hazard 205:regulation or 199:climate change 185: 182: 162:Gretchen Daily 139: 136: 56:of wastes, or 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7077: 7076: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7049:Human ecology 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7009: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6987: 6986:Non-renewable 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6926:Urban ecology 6924: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6758:Privatization 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653:Surface water 6651: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6154:peak farmland 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5855: 5854:environmental 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5819:environmental 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5789:environmental 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764:environmental 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5749:environmental 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5736:Ecopsychology 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720:Architecture 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5534:environmental 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5506:Anthrozoology 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461:Human ecology 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5278:Earth Charter 5276: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Environmental 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5100:Refurbishment 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090:Organizations 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5003:Green economy 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:Eco-socialism 4986: 4984: 4983:Eco-investing 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4968:Disinvestment 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4789:Marine energy 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4743:Cultured meat 4741: 4739: 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4285: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4232:W. H. Freeman 4227: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3938: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3867: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3359:(1): 97–117. 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3177: 3165:. 19 May 2020 3164: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2948: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2700: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2626: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2515:(46): E3146. 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2436: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:10.1038/35481 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2020: 2017: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1811:. FAO. 2020. 1810: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1525: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1492: 1490:1-59726-040-1 1486: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1452: 1450:1-59726-040-1 1446: 1439: 1438: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1356: 1353: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1320:objectives. 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252:deforestation 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1130:climate risks 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 995:deforestation 992: 988: 983: 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 958: 949: 942: 937: 933: 929: 922: 915: 906: 904: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 877: 870: 867: 864: 860: 857: 853: 852:water quality 849: 846: 842: 838: 834: 831: 827: 826: 825: 821: 819: 815: 806: 802: 797: 793: 789: 785: 777: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695:) as well as 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 659: 657: 655: 651: 642: 640: 633: 630: 626: 625: 624: 617: 614: 610: 607: 603: 600: 597: 594: 593: 592: 585: 583: 576: 574: 567: 563: 559: 552: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 524: 522: 519: 515: 511: 507: 500: 492: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 460: 458: 456: 452: 448: 447:water quality 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:New York City 408: 403: 401: 398: 395: 391: 387: 384: 381: 378: 377:decomposition 374: 371: 367: 364: 362: 358: 354: 353: 352: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 318: 316: 312: 310: 306: 305:afforestation 301: 296: 288: 284: 280: 273: 270: 269:biomass fuels 266: 262: 259: 256: 253: 251: 248: 245: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 227: 226: 224: 216: 214: 210: 208: 204: 200: 190: 183: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 151: 149: 145: 137: 135: 133: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 87:For example, 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:flood control 55: 54:decomposition 51: 47: 43: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 6984: / 6858:Exploitation 6743:Conservation 6686:Desalination 6621: 6514:conservation 6349:Biodiversity 6297:conservation 6144:Agricultural 6072:Fossil fuels 5774:occupational 5769:epidemiology 5740:Engineering 5638:Permaculture 5601:Ethnobiology 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5319: 5243: 5008:Construction 4931:Applications 4649:Biodiversity 4408:Anthropocene 4339: 4304: 4296:free content 4288: 4282: 4274:free content 4266: 4254:Random House 4248: 4239: 4226: 4214: 4209: 4196: 4187: 4174: 4161: 4123:(2): 60–75. 4120: 4116: 4106: 4086: 4081: 4069:. Retrieved 4064: 4055: 4041: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3937:cite journal 3912: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3866:the original 3853: 3843: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3772:. Retrieved 3767: 3758: 3746:. Retrieved 3742: 3733: 3721:. Retrieved 3717: 3707: 3697:24 September 3695:. Retrieved 3691:the original 3686: 3677: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3574: 3540:(11): e379. 3537: 3534:PLOS Biology 3533: 3523: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3215: 3192:(1): 29–36. 3189: 3185: 3179: 3167:. Retrieved 3162: 3153: 3141:. Retrieved 3137: 3112:. Retrieved 3098: 3086:. Retrieved 3072: 3060:. Retrieved 3046: 3034:. Retrieved 3030:the original 3015: 3003:. Retrieved 2989: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2938:. Retrieved 2931:the original 2902: 2898: 2884: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2690:. Retrieved 2686: 2676: 2666:24 September 2664:. 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