1514:(in German) Website of Austrian ĂAMTC, July 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2019: "S-pedelecs are electric bicycles whose engines deliver a maximum rated power of 4 kW and support pedaling up to a speed of 45 km/h. S-pedelecs are considered vehicles of the class L1e-B, thus legally equivalent to a moped. To be able to steer such a thing, ergo also requires a suitable handlebar permission (at least so the driving license class AM)." â "And for a normal pedelec then a power limit of max. 600 watts for the engine. More importantly though, this engine is only allowed to assist at speeds up to 25 km / h. These normal pedelecs are therefore also considered a bicycle."
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Typically, incurred losses are around 25 percent, depending on the efficiency of the motor and the motor controller. Thus, a pedelec with a 70 kg rider (total mass of â100 kg) can be calculated to go about 5.6 kilometres on a 10% grade at 25 km/h on battery power alone (assuming frontal area = 0.4 meter-squared, drag coefficient = 0.7, altitude = 100m, wind speed = 10 km/h (2.8 m/s) and rolling resistance coefficient = 0.007). Depending on the assistance of the rider (which is required on a pedelec), a proportionally greater range is possible.
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304:. However, unlike some other types of e-bikes, pedelecs are classified as conventional bicycles in many countries by road authorities rather than as a type of electric moped. Pedelecs have an electronic controller that cuts power to the motor when the rider is not pedalling or when a certain speed â usually 25 km/h (16 mph) or 32 km/h (20 mph) â is reached. Pedelecs are useful for people who ride in hilly areas or in strong
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would overtake regular bikes, and this may result in more accidents with serious consequences for both cyclists and drivers. For drivers and pedestrians, it may be difficult to estimate how fast a cyclist is moving. Also, an elderly on a pedelec may ride much faster than previously possible. Risky situations can also arise at exits and junctions. To illustrate the consequences of such critical situations, the
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class L1-eB (Vehicle classification "Two-wheel moped" in the
Regulation (EU) No 168/2013) must be present. It must also be equipped like a moped with a maximum design vehicle speed less or equal 45 km/h. For these, the buyer should make sure to receive a COC (certificate of conformity) from the dealer in addition to the purchase contract. Only with these documents, the fast e-bike can be registered.
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Generally the range with motor support is between 7 km for a constant rise and up to 70 km. At medium power addition, it is about 20 to 50 km. On some models, by default two successive switchable batteries are housed in luggage bags, here is the range specified at medium power addition
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As for normal (only muscle powered) bikes, also for electric bikes, the provisions of bicycle
Regulation, for the control of these are the same as those for muscle StVO-powered bicycles, etc. Mandatory use of the bike path lane with bicycles. For their (commercial) In placing on the market subject to
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n (Wh), but mostly about 400 Wh (2013). In ideal conditions, after a thousand charges NiCd batteries have 85% of their original capacity and are therefore considered worn. With NiMH batteries about 400 to 800 cycles are possible. The charging time depending on the type of battery is around 2 to
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On the other hand, many pedelec (and e-bike) users report that they can ride more defensively with the auxiliary electric drive assisting them; unlike traditional bicyclists that tend to be averse to braking since this incurs effort to accelerate again, a pedelec rider can brake and then accelerate
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Safety issues are a concern in relatively flat areas, but are more pronounced in the hills. Hilly areas provide changing conditions; this poses the possibility of encountering more critical situations and thus more accidents may occur. Cars may need to overtake pedelecs at higher speeds than cars
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As of 30 May 2012, Australia has an additional new electric bicycle category using the
European model of a "Pedelec" as per EN15194 Standard. This means the bicycle can have a motor of 250 watts continuous rated power which must be activated only by pedalling (if above 6 km/h) and must cut out
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A large fleet of electric bicycles and pedelecs without required power control linked to the pedaling effort can be seen on the cycling paths without any proper registration. Additionally, many users found very simple ways how to tweak their pedelecs in order to overcome the pedaling sensor, making
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In case of the power assistance stopping at a speed up to 25 km/h, the riders are not required to carry motorcycle helmets, however, this speed limit shall not be exceeded even while pedaling only. There is no speedlimit by law for human powered vehicles, including un-assisted pedelecs at >
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or any other e-bike) it is a motor vehicle under the rules of the KFG 1967 and not a "Fahrrad" under the StVO 1960 and is only allowed to drive as a moped with the corresponding consequences. It must be a liability insurance be completed, it is the helmet and a driver's license of the corresponding
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market for pedelecs and e-bikes is bigger than the
European. According to the National Bureau of Statistics in China, more than 100 million e-bikes are on the road. Annual production in Chinese factories has increased from 58,000 in 1998 to 33 million in 2011. A pedelec classification separate from
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When the motors are regularly used heavily, especially when going uphill they may heat up significantly, some have a temperature sensor in the motor winding, where if a certain temperature is reached the electronics may reduce power to the motor. Ideally the electronics disconnect the battery at a
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As of 2012 there were about 600,000 pedelecs on the road in
Germany. Growth has been spectacular: the year before, 310,000â340,000 pedelecs were sold in Germany and this in turn was 55% more than in 2010. In fact, in Germany sales have gone up by more than 30% every year since 2008. In comparison,
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The slide or traction can help with
Maximization of legislation to support a motor without pedaling to 6 km/h. The shift means has the advantage that you can let the bike roll along with motor support without pedaling or you push yourself (e.g. must, when transporting a heavy load, or so you
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Electric-assisted bicycles are treated as human-powered bicycles, while bicycles capable of propulsion by electric power alone face additional registration and regulatory requirements as mopeds. Requirements include electric power generation by a motor that cannot be easily modified, along with a
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A conventional battery (36 V / 7 Ah) (1.9 to 5.1 kg mass in a pedelec) has an energy content of around 250 Wh (1 kg of gasoline has about 11,500 Wh). The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical work is done with some loss of energy due to the generation of heat.
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walk up the wheel alone on a hill may be). For some models, the allowed 6 km/h can be achieved only in top gear, the other gears in the wheel rolls correspondingly slower. In any case, it allows for a faster (and more controlled physically) starting from standstill to "green" switches over
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is based on the sensor data (force sensor, crank speed, ground speed) is calculated based on the chosen level of support from the motor controller. The so-called support levels, that is, how much the motor supported in addition to the driver's performance lie in horizontal drive 5-400 percent.
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e-bikes (those whose motors can provide assistance regardless of whether the rider is pedalling) are often classified as mopeds or even motorcycles with the rider thus subject to the regulations of such motor vehicles, e.g., having a license and a vehicle registration, wearing a helmet, etc.
1491:(in German) Website of Austrian ĂAMTC, without date. Retrieved September 6, 2019: "So-called pedelecs differ from pedal-independent e-bikes in that the additional energy can only be requested via the electric / hub motor during pedaling. If you do not kick, there is no extra power." (
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is much longer-lived than a lithium-ion battery. Its use significantly reduces operating costs resulting from battery wear. In 2013, they are not yet available as standard in most pedelec models, but some pedelecs (e.g. Beyond Oil) have begun installing LFP batteries as standard.
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and should not be charged at frosty temperatures. For safety, the chemical composition and the quality of the electronics are crucial. Especially with short circuit and over voltage, lithium-ion batteries react very strongly. These problems in laptops have led to recalls.
675:, without 25 km/h speed limitation for power assistance are considered a small motorcycle and besides license plate (yellow with black letters), driving license and insurance, a 'motorcycle helmet' must be worn at all time from the start of 2017 and onwards.
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However, any pedelec where the power assistance is triggered by merely turning wheels rather than pedal motion (a large number of cheap versions or notoriously front hub assistance), are required to have a licence plate for a scooter / small motorcycle (so called
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To really be useful, it is important for a pedelec to be legally classified as a bicycle in each country or jurisdiction rather than classified as a moped or motorcycle. Otherwise, if a pedelec is classified as a moped or motorbike then it may not be allowed in
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In the version with speed sensor (s) of the motor is automatically using a function to a set percentage of the self-applied force. Since the force required at the speed rises sharply, it can be calculated in some models without force sensor.
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Electric vehicles with a motor having power less than 250 W, and a maximum speed 25 km/h or lower, are not required to be registered under the
Central Motor Vehicle Rules, and may be driven freely without any license/paperwork.
549:(= bicycle) according to § 2 paragraph 1 number 22 lit. b and d Road Traffic Act 1960 (StVO 1960) in conjunction with § 1 paragraph 2a Motor Vehicle Law 1967 (KFG 1967) two types of electric bikes can be distinguished:
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Under
Austrian law is no difference between any types of electric bicycles like such as exclusively powered by electricity without having pedals (see below, lit. d) or as hybrid powered (see below, lit. b), equal if it is
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Sogenannte
Pedelecs unterscheiden sich von tretunabhängigen E-Bikes dahingehend, dass die Zusatzenergie ßber den Elektro-/ Nabenmotor nur während des Tretens angefordert werden kann. Tritt man nicht, gibt es auch keine
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433:, the German automotive club, tested a large number of pedelecs in 2013, where about 56% of the pedelecs failed the test with a score lower than reasonable due to unsatisfactory safety and durability.
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Manufacturers which equip their pedelecs with NiCd batteries usually deliver them with an AC adapter that discharges the battery completely before the actual charging process in order to decrease the
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accident statistics for the first half of 2012 lists 6,186 accidents involving bicycles, of which 76 are e-bikes and notes that the accident risk of e-bikes is not higher than for other bicycles.
1453:"DIRECTIVE 2002/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheel motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92/61/EEC"
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of the service provided to the driver. In many models, this proportion may be set in several stages. There are also models where the support level can be set only at the dealer to the customer.
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In evaluating pedelec batteries, it is useful to consider not only the capacity, but also criteria such as durability, memory effect, charging time, weight, safety and environmental protection.
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are now used by most manufacturers and have a range of up to 100 kilometers with moderate pedaling and a medium capacity battery (e.g. 15 Ah). Lithium batteries do not tolerate
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E-bikes are divided into many categories according to their uses, such as electric city bikes, electric folding bikes, electric fat tire bikes, electric mountain bikes and so on.
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In 1989, Michael Kutter, founder of
Dolphin E-bikes, designed and produced the first pedelec prototype. The first market-ready models of this kind were available in 1992 from the
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to detect the motion of the cranks. Most models are also equipped with a battery charge indicator and a motor power setting, either continuously or divided into support levels.
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The measurement can be further processed mechanically or electronically and is used to control the motor on and off or to regulate a control function based on continuously.
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2011:
1529:(in German) Federal law consolidated: Entire law for Road Traffic Act 1960 in the actual version. Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
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The position of the motor has a significant impact on the handling of the pedelec. The following combinations of actuator position and motor have been successful:
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Pedelecs, and all kinds of mechanical assist, are regarded as "motor vehicles" and classified as motor cycles, making legal registration impossible. The Hong Kong
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involves an additional risk. Not only do they achieve a higher average speed, but a higher top speed (usually 45 km/h) and can also expect a higher annual
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Die angegebene Spanne des durchschnittlichen Verkaufspreises schlieĂt auch die vernachlässigbar wenigen ausschlieĂlich elektrisch angetriebenen Räder mit ein.
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1544:(in German) Federal law consolidated: Entire legal provision for Motor Vehicle Law 1967. Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
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predetermined discharge voltage to prevent total discharge and to ensure sufficient supply for the operation of the lighting system. This can be done by
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d) an electrically driven vehicle, the drive corresponds to an electric bicycle as defined in § 1 paragraph 2a KFG 1967" (thus a just-electric drive)
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into battery charge. In addition to charging the battery when braking this incurs less wear on the traditional brake, reducing braking noises.
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This article is about pedal-assist only e-bikes that are often legally classified as conventional bicycles. For other sorts of e-bikes, see
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is very common. A conventional bicycle can be converted to a pedelec with the addition of the necessary parts, e.g., motor, battery, etc.
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b) a vehicle according lit. a, which in addition to an electric drive according to § 1 paragraph 2a KFG 1967 is equipped (electric bike),
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b) ein Fahrzeug nach lit. a, das zusätzlich mit einem elektrischen Antrieb gemäà § 1 Abs. 2a KFG 1967 ausgestattet ist (Elektrofahrrad),
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In addition, the speed of the vehicle are measured on the wheel, in particular, for example, to drive the motor from 25 km/h off.
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1345:[Pedelec, Segway, beer bike: desire or burden? Workshop on the 50th German Traffic Court Conference] (in German). January 2012
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d) ein elektrisch angetriebenes Fahrzeug, dessen Antrieb dem eines Elektrofahrrads im Sinne des § 1 Abs. 2a KFG 1967 entspricht
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1419:[The given interval of average sales prices includes the negligibly few bicycles with exclusively electric propulsion.]
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When Pedelec specifically, the type of control of the drive by the pedaling (see above), which may be integrated in the drive.
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Pedelecs are allowed, when wearing a helmet, the motor output is limited to 200 W and the motor cuts out by 25 km/h.
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9 hours. The durability of the battery is dependent on other factors. As lead-acid batteries discharge they provide less
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power assist mechanism that operates safely and smoothly. In December 2008, the assist ratio was updated as follows:
391:. The reason given is: Patterns of use have changed significantly since 2012, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic.
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In 1995, the first Flyer in the same year founded the Swiss start-up company BKTech AG in small series by
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1223:(UDV) has conducted a research project with road tests, performance tests and crash tests for pedelecs.
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is the first to amend their local road rules to accommodate this new standard as of 18 September 2012.
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Das E-Bike: Die neuen Fahrräder mit elektrischer AntriebsunterstĂźtzung. Typen â Modelle â Komponenten.
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1343:"Pedelec, Segway, Bierbike: Lust oder Last? Arbeitskreis auf dem 50. Deutschen Verkehrsgerichtstag"
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Besides the motor, the battery is the main component of pedelec technology. It is usually either a
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are a notable exception. They have far safer thermal characteristics as well as being non-toxic.
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a pedelec does not need registration, insurance, or license plate, if it adheres to these rules:
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The power electronics, depending on the type of motor, consist of a DC motor controller with
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1986:: a trip simulator to understand how far and how fast you can ride with your electric bike
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The true Pedelecs are not required to have any other prerequisities than a bicycle has.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1433:[ADAC test: bicycles with electric propulsion] (in German). ADAC. 2016-06-20
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If the above criteria are exceeded, the electric bicycle (equal if a so-called
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in Germany in 2011 according to ZIV, the German Bicycle Industry Association.
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1570:: Regarding the "Consultancy Study on Enhancing the Walkability in Hong Kong"
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864:{\displaystyle 2-{\tfrac {3\cdot {\text{speed in }}{\tfrac {km}{h}}-10}{14}}}
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In October 2017, only for the special case that 3 wheel bicycle that draws a
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is currently conducting a review, with a first report expected in mid-2020.
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1400:(in German). Zweirad-Industrie-Verband (ZIV). 21 March 2012. Archived from
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If any of these rules is not followed, the vehicle is classified as either
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1958:, an association with the aim of spreading human-powered/electric vehicles
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For switching or control of the motor, there are several possibilities:
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When running with a force sensor, the motor is automatically a certain
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Other of above described electric bicycles are not typable in Austria.
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1568:(Hong Kong Government) Examination of Estimates of Expenditure 2018-19
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779:{\displaystyle 2-{\tfrac {{\text{speed in }}{\tfrac {km}{h}}-10}{7}}}
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1. einer hÜchsten zulässigen Leistung von nicht mehr als 600 Watt und
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their pedelecs without further proper vehicle registration illegal.
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Bicycle where the rider's pedalling is assisted by an electric motor
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Measurement of treading on the signal from a revolution counter or
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Highest speed of 25 km/h (15.5 mph) with motor assistance
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1288:"Meilensteine des Dolphin e-Bikes (Milestones of Dolphin e-bikes)"
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Measuring electrical values in the serial hybrid (pedal generator)
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Measurement of acceleration or drawbar force at the push trailer
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The above named § 1 paragraph 2a KFG 1967 defines as follows:
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pedelecs with rear hub motors and batteries placed inside the
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with a device to be drawn, the ratio was updated as follows:
1367:[Go pedelec! Handbook with valuable practical tips]
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1. a maximum allowable power of not more than 600 watts and
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2. einer Bauartgeschwindigkeit von nicht mehr als 25 km/h.
1853:[E-Bikes not more dangerous than other bicycles].
1396:[Presentation on the scientific press conference]
1955:
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on the pedals, the pedal crank, the chain or at the wheel
1809:. Unfallforschung der Versicherer (UDV). 7 April 2011.
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1625:"Assistance Ratio as Set by Legal Standards in Japan"
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which require a license plate and insurance, or as a
366:(as an integral part of the start-up) to the market.
1768:"Elektrofahrräder â Umweltschonend aber gefährlich?"
94:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
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1007:Measuring the force or torque from the signal of a
300:where the rider's pedalling is assisted by a small
156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1948:â a European project with independent information
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1227:back to a normal speed with much less effort. The
1124:Almost exclusively, pedelecs use DC motors, using
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1827:. Unfallforschung der Versicherer. Archived from
1555:"LCQ19: Illegal sale or use of electric bicycles"
1365:"Go Pedelec! Handbuch mit wertvollen Praxistipps"
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951:or up to 15 amp hours at 48 V. The stored
541:To be such electric vehicles not classified as
494:Motor is active only when the pedals are turned
1703:"Alle Ergebnisse des Pedelec und E-Bike Tests"
1512:Thema S-Pedelec: Eure Fragen, unsere Antworten
1388:
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2005:
1851:"E-Bikes nicht gefährlicher als andere Räder"
1394:"Präsentation zur Wirtschaftspressekonferenz"
1018:on the crank, or at another suitable location
671:25 kmh speed. Electric bicycles, for example
667:), a valid driving licence and an insurance.
8:
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619:2. a design speed of not more than 25 km/h.
2439:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
1612:. Automotive Research Association of India.
590:⧠2 paragraph 1 number 22 littera a and d
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3585:Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums
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2012:
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1940:. (The first bike presented is a pedelec.)
416:there were around 70 million conventional
1431:"ADAC Test: Fahrräder mit Elektroantrieb"
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491:Motor power up to 250 W (continuous)
355:In 1994, larger numbers were produced by
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234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
1825:"Safety Aspects of High-Speed Pedelecs"
1527:StraĂenverkehrsordnung 1960 â StVO 1960
1279:
1142:A direct rotor hub motor may feature a
1021:Measurement of both force and the speed
513:which also requires a driving license.
1168:starting points of the electric drive.
975:Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries
75:contains content that is written like
7:
1970:-science documentary in March 2013,
1766:Siegfried Brockmann (7 April 2011).
1725:"Hill Climbing (and going downhill)"
1162:Force approach of the electric drive
154:adding citations to reliable sources
1193:Motor in the hub of the front wheel
294:electronically power assisted cycle
1610:"FAQs regarding electric vehicles"
1196:Motor in the hub of the rear wheel
636:the product liability provisions.
524:power-assisted only when pedalling
450:Legal status of pedelecs worldwide
14:
2246:Electric motorcycles and scooters
1221:German Insurers Accident Research
907:Pedelecs differ from an ordinary
446:an e-bike is not known in China.
427:in Germany are in fact pedelecs.
34:This article has multiple issues.
1813:from the original on 2021-12-14.
1800:"Crashtest: Pedelec gegen Autos"
1100:or a regulated DC-AC converter.
378:
130:
64:
23:
2293:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
1542:Kraftfahrgesetz 1967 â KFG 1967
467:; the rider may have to wear a
264:. This is the "Jetstream" from
141:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2175:Battery electric multiple unit
1746:"Electric Bicycle Calculators"
1112:Pedelec hub motor with gearbox
992:lithium iron phosphate battery
587:⧠2 Abs. 1 Z 22 lit. a and d
534:(commonly in Austria known as
327:or motorcycles. More powerful
1:
2276:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
1919:. 12/2011 (PDF 4.25 MB).
1917:Zeitschrift fĂźr Schadensrecht
1894:Gunnar Fehlau, Peter Barzel:
1371:(in German). 2012. p. 14
463:; the pedelec may have to be
359:under the name Power Assist.
308:. While a pedelec can be any
2565:Who Killed the Electric Car?
2361:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
1705:(in German). ExtraEnergy e.V
1135:The use of maintenance-free
296:), is a type of low-powered
2579:Revenge of the Electric Car
2170:Battery-electric locomotive
1598:. Land Transport Authority.
1290:(in German). Archived from
629:⧠1 paragraph 2a KFG 1967
3647:
1807:Unfallforschung on YouTube
1634:. Yamaha. 2021. p. 17
1139:pedelec is the exception.
370:Pedelec market penetration
323:as bicycles as opposed to
245:
2572:What Is the Electric Car?
2419:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
2021:Alternative fuel vehicles
1912:Aufsatz: Elektrofahrräder
1654:"Power assisted bicycles"
532:without need of pedalling
475:may have to be paid for.
387:This section needs to be
3570:Animal-powered transport
2281:Plug-in electric vehicle
2261:Gyro flywheel locomotive
2239:Battery electric vehicle
602:
555:
3445:Non-vehicular transport
2668:Human-powered transport
2501:Hybrid electric vehicle
2465:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
2460:Hybrid electric vehicle
2266:Hybrid electric vehicle
2229:Electric platform truck
1859:(in German). 2012-09-20
1632:global.yamaha-motor.com
1070:Rotary motion detection
955:can be up to about 800
890:over 25 km/h. The
530:but not: S-Pedelec) or
3595:Zero-emissions vehicle
2626:Zero-emissions vehicle
2142:Compressed-air vehicle
2083:Solar-powered aircraft
1964:e-motion electric bike
1898:Delius Klasing, 2009,
1493:
1489:E-bikes & pedelecs
1323:(in German). 1997â2001
1121:
1113:
1098:pulse-width modulation
865:
780:
626:⧠1 Abs. 2a KFG 1967
613:
570:
269:
2496:Flexible-fuel vehicle
2424:Hydrogen-powered ship
2376:Flexible-fuel vehicle
2251:Electric kick scooter
1856:Augsburger Allgemeine
1269:Electric bicycle laws
1119:
1111:
966:lithium ion batteries
943:capacity is up to 24
866:
800:Under 10 km/h; 3
781:
721:Under 10 km/h; 2
256:
96:neutral point of view
2621:Wind-powered vehicle
2205:Battery electric bus
873:Over 24 km/h; 0
807:
788:Over 24 km/h; 0
728:
689:Transport Department
150:improve this article
3533:Alpine touring skis
3343:Hand and foot power
2933:Cold-weather biking
2873:Small-wheel bicycle
2781:Glossary of cycling
2746:Cyclo-cross bicycle
2731:Cold-weather biking
2470:Natural gas vehicle
1689:JieLi Electric Tech
1137:AC induction motors
1079:Sliding or traction
937:lithium-ion battery
319:Many jurisdictions
88:promotional content
3538:Cross-country skis
3202:Litter/sedan chair
2766:Flat bar road bike
2137:Compressed-air car
2103:List of prototypes
1952:Go Pedelec! Manual
1910:Alexander Jaeger:
1510:See for instance:
1487:See for instance:
1407:on 2 December 2012
1144:regenerative brake
1122:
1120:Smart e-bike motor
1114:
1016:threshold switches
861:
859:
846:
776:
774:
761:
270:
90:and inappropriate
3626:Electric bicycles
3603:
3602:
3558:
3557:
3391:
3390:
3292:
3291:
2974:Motorized scooter
2969:Motorized bicycle
2848:Recumbent bicycle
2791:Motorized bicycle
2634:
2633:
2543:Electric aircraft
2409:Fuel cell vehicle
2256:Fuel cell vehicle
2180:Electric aircraft
2112:Electric aircraft
2037:Fuel cell vehicle
1904:978-3-7688-5282-1
1883:Moby Dick, 1996,
1464:eur-lex.europa.eu
1252:Motorized bicycle
1188:mid-engine layout
1092:Power electronics
911:by an additional
892:State of Victoria
858:
845:
829:
803:10â24 km/h;
773:
760:
744:
724:10â24 km/h;
673:Specialized Turbo
633:
632:
594:
593:
473:vehicle insurance
469:motorcycle helmet
423:About 95% of all
408:
407:
321:classify pedelecs
244:
243:
236:
226:
225:
218:
200:
124:
123:
116:
57:
3638:
3449:
3403:Amphibious cycle
3358:(sliding rigger)
3303:
3084:Invalid carriage
2999:Other foot power
2957:Electric bicycle
2681:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2638:
2434:Hydrogen vehicle
2414:Hydrogen economy
2381:Methanol economy
2234:Electric vehicle
2185:Electric bicycle
2157:Electric battery
2055:Electric bicycle
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1934:Robert Llewellyn
1879:Hannes Neupert:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1664:on 28 March 2013
1660:. Archived from
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1485:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1294:on 30 March 2013
1284:
1264:Electric bicycle
1206:of 100 km.
1128:-less and brush
870:
868:
867:
862:
860:
854:
847:
841:
833:
830:
827:
818:
785:
783:
782:
777:
775:
769:
762:
756:
748:
745:
742:
739:
599:
552:
403:
400:
394:
382:
381:
374:
298:electric bicycle
266:Riese und MĂźller
248:Electric bicycle
239:
232:
221:
214:
210:
207:
201:
199:
158:
134:
126:
119:
112:
108:
105:
99:
77:an advertisement
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3554:
3506:
3440:
3407:
3387:
3361:
3338:
3288:
3279:Summer toboggan
3242:
3216:Weight shifting
3211:
3207:Scoop stretcher
3190:
3151:Pulled rickshaw
3141:Flatbed trolley
3109:
3093:
3057:
2994:
2990:Treadle bicycle
2978:
2942:
2908:Utility bicycle
2883:Touring bicycle
2833:Porteur bicycle
2801:Mountain biking
2771:Folding bicycle
2736:Cruiser bicycle
2706:Bicycle trailer
2670:
2665:
2635:
2630:
2611:Wave power ship
2601:Ram air turbine
2584:
2552:
2491:Bi-fuel vehicle
2479:
2443:
2395:
2319:
2159:
2151:
2128:
2127:Compressed-air
2121:
2064:
2041:
2023:
2018:
1926:
1876:
1874:Further reading
1871:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1831:on 20 July 2012
1823:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1685:"Electric Bike"
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1622:Fact book 2021
1621:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1502:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1248:
1216:
1203:
1176:
1174:Drive positions
1164:
1156:
1106:
1094:
1081:
1072:
1060:
1001:
925:
905:
900:
887:
834:
819:
805:
804:
749:
740:
726:
725:
714:
705:
697:
685:
653:
651:The Netherlands
621:
618:
616:
610:
607:
605:
582:
579:
577:
575:
573:
567:
564:
562:
560:
558:
519:
481:
452:
439:
413:
404:
398:
395:
392:
383:
379:
372:
346:
337:power-on-demand
310:type of bicycle
251:
240:
229:
228:
227:
222:
211:
205:
202:
159:
157:
147:
135:
120:
109:
103:
100:
81:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3644:
3642:
3634:
3633:
3631:Green vehicles
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Road transport
3608:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3563:Related topics
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3500:Stair climbing
3492:
3491:
3490:
3488:Stair climbing
3480:
3479:
3478:
3471:Roller skating
3468:
3467:
3466:
3459:Inline skating
3455:
3453:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3352:(sliding seat)
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:Paddleboarding
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3284:Gravity biking
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Shopping caddy
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Baby transport
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2951:
2948:Electric motor
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Tandem bicycle
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:Safety bicycle
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:Penny-farthing
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2786:Hybrid bicycle
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Cycle rickshaw
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2523:
2521:Plug-in hybrid
2518:
2513:
2511:Hybrid vehicle
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Hydrogen train
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2224:Electric truck
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1941:
1930:Electric Bikes
1925:
1924:External links
1922:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1892:
1881:Das Powerbike.
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1842:
1816:
1791:
1780:on 8 July 2011
1758:
1737:
1716:
1694:
1675:
1645:
1615:
1601:
1593:icycles (PAB)"
1572:
1560:
1546:
1531:
1516:
1500:
1475:
1444:
1422:
1382:
1356:
1334:
1305:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1244:
1215:
1212:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1184:bottom bracket
1175:
1172:
1166:See generally
1163:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1148:kinetic energy
1105:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1000:
997:
924:
921:
913:electric motor
904:
901:
899:
896:
886:
883:
875:
874:
871:
857:
853:
850:
844:
840:
837:
828:speed in
825:
822:
815:
812:
801:
790:
789:
786:
772:
768:
765:
759:
755:
752:
743:speed in
736:
733:
722:
713:
710:
704:
701:
696:
693:
684:
681:
652:
649:
631:
630:
627:
623:
622:
611:
592:
591:
588:
584:
583:
568:
518:
515:
499:
498:
495:
492:
485:European Union
480:
477:
451:
448:
438:
435:
412:
409:
406:
405:
386:
384:
377:
371:
368:
345:
342:
331:, such as the
302:electric motor
242:
241:
224:
223:
138:
136:
129:
122:
121:
92:external links
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3643:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:Telemark skis
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
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3114:Pushed/pulled
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2838:Prone bicycle
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2796:Mountain bike
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2557:Documentaries
2555:
2549:
2548:Electric boat
2546:
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2527:
2526:Solar vehicle
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2484:Multiple-fuel
2482:
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2386:Methanol fuel
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2195:Electric boat
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2147:Tesla turbine
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2117:Electric boat
2115:
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2110:
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2101:
2100:
2099:
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2078:Solar vehicle
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2032:
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2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1985:
1984:Electric bike
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
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1949:
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1939:
1938:Fully Charged
1935:
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1889:3-89595-123-4
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1557:. 8 May 2013.
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1058:Force control
1057:
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999:Motor control
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985:memory effect
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543:motor vehicle
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399:December 2022
390:
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258:Deutsche Bahn
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220:
217:
209:
198:
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188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167: â
166:
162:
161:Find sources:
155:
151:
145:
144:
139:This article
137:
133:
128:
127:
118:
115:
107:
104:November 2020
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3511:Snow and ice
3330:(fixed seat)
3233:Caster board
3166:Stairclimber
3126:Baggage cart
3105:Rowing cycle
3016:Kick scooter
3006:Balance bike
2961:
2928:Wheelie bike
2893:Trailer bike
2853:Road bicycle
2726:City bicycle
2577:
2570:
2563:
2506:Hybrid train
2371:Ethanol fuel
2351:Butanol fuel
2336:Alcohol fuel
2271:Hybrid train
2212:Electric car
2200:Electric bus
2189:
2059:
1978:
1944:
1937:
1916:
1911:
1895:
1880:
1861:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1829:the original
1819:
1806:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:the original
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1631:
1618:
1604:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1563:
1549:
1495:Extra-Power.
1467:. Retrieved
1463:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1409:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1373:. Retrieved
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1282:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1177:
1165:
1157:
1141:
1134:
1123:
1095:
1082:
1073:
1061:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1009:force sensor
1002:
989:
982:
979:
947:at 24 or 36
926:
906:
888:
876:
791:
715:
706:
698:
686:
677:
669:
657:
654:
646:
638:
634:
614:
603:
595:
572:22. bicycle:
571:
557:22. Fahrrad:
556:
546:
540:
535:
527:
520:
500:
482:
453:
440:
429:
422:
414:
396:
388:
361:
354:
347:
336:
318:
312:, a pedelec
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
271:
230:
212:
203:
193:
186:
179:
172:
160:
148:Please help
143:verification
140:
110:
101:
86:by removing
82:Please help
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3621:Cycle types
3590:Human power
3436:Ornithopter
3264:Street luge
3181:Wheelbarrow
3011:Dandy horse
2843:Quadracycle
2816:Singletrack
2684:Pedal power
2356:Biogasoline
2070:Solar power
2047:Human power
1956:ExtraEnergy
1945:Go Pedelec!
1778:(PDF 1.7MB)
1314:"BKTech AG"
1234:The use of
1130:disc motors
1104:Motor types
1048:electronics
3610:Categories
3523:Ice skates
3452:Foot power
3431:Helicopter
3396:Amphibious
3373:Hydrocycle
3366:Foot power
3306:Hand power
3259:Billy cart
3238:Snakeboard
3228:Pogo stick
3146:Hand truck
3131:Bath chair
3098:Row action
3089:Wheelchair
3062:Hand power
3053:Skateboard
3043:Freeskates
3033:Brakeboard
2923:Velomobile
2918:Velocipede
2823:Party bike
2721:Cargo bike
2716:Boneshaker
1954:, info at
1863:2013-03-21
1469:2017-01-20
1321:ecademy.ch
1275:References
1236:S-Pedelecs
1126:commutator
1064:percentage
903:Components
465:registered
461:bike paths
457:bike lanes
364:e-business
333:S-Pedelecs
176:newspapers
84:improve it
39:improve it
3550:Snowshoes
3378:Hydrofoil
3269:Snowboard
3176:Toy wagon
3171:Stretcher
3074:Handcycle
3048:Longboard
3038:Freeboard
2937:ice cycle
2536:Solar bus
2531:Solar car
2516:Multifuel
2341:Biodiesel
2313:Solar bus
2308:Solar car
2098:Solar car
2093:Solar bus
2029:Fuel cell
957:watt hour
898:Technical
885:Australia
849:−
824:⋅
814:−
764:−
735:−
695:Singapore
683:Hong Kong
665:bromfiets
661:snorfiets
641:S-Pedelec
511:motorbike
507:S-Pedelec
471:; and/or
441:Only the
437:Elsewhere
314:city bike
306:headwinds
288:ycle) or
165:"Pedelec"
45:talk page
3518:Crampons
3419:Aircraft
3274:Toboggan
3028:Kicksled
3021:Kickbike
2903:Unicycle
2898:Tricycle
2868:Sociable
2858:Roadster
2811:Downhill
2711:BMX bike
2606:Vactrain
2589:See also
2401:Hydrogen
2391:Wood gas
2303:aircraft
1979:(44 min)
1835:21 March
1811:Archived
1784:21 March
1709:21 March
1668:21 March
1658:VicRoads
1589:ssisted
1411:22 March
1375:22 March
1349:23 March
1327:23 March
1298:23 March
1246:See also
1229:Bavarian
1037:The fed
547:Fahrrad
418:bicycles
206:May 2024
3579:outline
3575:Cycling
3495:Walking
3483:Running
3247:Gravity
3195:Carried
3079:Hobcart
3069:Handcar
2962:Pedelec
2913:Velocar
2776:Go-kart
2761:Fatbike
2700:outline
2696:Bicycle
2475:Propane
2455:Autogas
2325:Biofuel
2190:Pedelec
2060:Pedelec
1976:YouTube
1803:(Video)
1683:JieLi.
1257:eROCKIT
1240:mileage
1052:battery
1050:in the
941:battery
935:- or a
923:Battery
909:bicycle
545:but as
528:pedelec
517:Austria
483:In the
443:Chinese
425:e-bikes
411:Germany
389:updated
344:History
329:e-bikes
274:Pedelec
190:scholar
3476:skates
3464:skates
3383:Pedalo
3356:Rowing
3350:Rowing
3328:Rowing
3223:Trikke
2950:assist
2756:Enduro
2596:Maglev
2448:Others
2346:Biogas
2129:engine
1902:
1887:
1751:28 May
1730:28 May
1638:3 June
1437:3 June
1214:Safety
953:energy
939:. The
917:sensor
536:e-bike
503:e-bike
479:Europe
459:or on
357:Yamaha
325:mopeds
284:ctric
276:(from
262:frames
192:
185:
178:
171:
163:
3318:Kayak
3313:Canoe
3298:Water
2162:motor
2088:boats
1972:video
1771:(PDF)
1628:(PDF)
1596:(PDF)
1585:ower
1405:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
1201:Range
1154:Usage
1086:light
1039:power
970:frost
962:power
879:Moped
877:(See
712:Japan
703:India
350:Swiss
197:JSTOR
183:books
3424:list
3334:Punt
3186:Sled
3136:Cart
2806:27.5
2691:29er
2676:Land
2286:List
2217:List
2160:and
1968:3sat
1900:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1837:2013
1786:2013
1753:2014
1732:2014
1711:2013
1670:2013
1640:2021
1439:2021
1413:2013
1377:2013
1351:2013
1329:2013
1300:2013
929:NiMH
794:cart
578:c) ,
574:a) ,
563:c) ,
559:a) ,
431:ADAC
335:and
290:EPAC
169:news
3528:Ski
3412:Air
2366:E85
2328:ICE
1936:'s
1932:on
1915:in
1458:PDF
663:or
538:).
505:or
282:ele
280:al
278:ped
152:by
3612::
1974:,
1966:,
1805:.
1687:.
1656:.
1630:.
1534:^
1519:^
1503:^
1478:^
1462:.
1415:.
1385:^
1319:.
1242:.
1088:.
1054:.
990:A
945:Ah
933:Ni
931:-
881:)
856:14
852:10
767:10
272:A
48:.
3581:)
3577:(
2939:)
2935:(
2702:)
2698:(
2660:e
2653:t
2646:v
2013:e
2006:t
1999:v
1906:.
1891:.
1866:.
1839:.
1788:.
1755:.
1734:.
1713:.
1691:.
1672:.
1642:.
1591:B
1587:A
1583:P
1581:"
1498:)
1472:.
1460:)
1456:(
1441:.
1379:.
1353:.
1331:.
1302:.
1190:)
1186:(
949:V
843:h
839:m
836:k
821:3
811:2
771:7
758:h
754:m
751:k
732:2
526:(
401:)
397:(
292:(
286:c
268:.
250:.
237:)
231:(
219:)
213:(
208:)
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