148:
80:
52:, in December 1868. It was the idea of John Peake Knight, a railway engineer, who thought that it would provide a means to safely allow pedestrians to cross this busy thoroughfare. The signal consisted of a semaphore arm (manufactured by Saxby and Farmer, who were railway signaling makers), which was raised and lowered manually by a police constable who would rotate a handle on the side of the pole. The semaphore arms were augmented by gas illuminated lights at the top (green and red) to increase visibility of the signal at night. However, in January 1869, the gas used to illuminate the lights at the top leaked and caused an explosion, injuring the police operator. No further work was done on signalled pedestrian crossings until fifty years later.
65:"Could you do something to help the pedestrian to recover the old margin of safety on our common streets and roads? It is heartrending to read of the fearful deaths taking place. If a pedestrian now has even one hesitation or failure the chance of escape from a dreadful death is now much less than when all vehicles were much slower. There is, too, in the motor traffic an evident desire not to slow down before the last moment. It is surely a scandal that on the common ways there should be undue apprehension in the minds of the weakest users of them. While the streets and roads are for all, of necessity the pedestrians, and the feeblest of these, should receive the supreme consideration."
307:
159:
94:, protected by kerbs. The island allows pedestrians to cross the road one direction of traffic at a time, which can be quicker and safer (they decrease pedestrian accidents by around 40%) than a lack of crossing. Additionally, they can narrow the road (refuges slow vehicle speeds by 6%) and prevent vehicles overtaking (as vehicles must normally pass the island on the left on a two-way road). However, they do not afford pedestrians priority unless they are located at a junction, meaning pedestrians may have a longer wait than a controlled crossing. They can also create pinch points, which can be dangerous for cyclists.
121:
233:
98:
17:
108:
Courtesy crossings are uncontrolled crossings with coloured surfacing or some other non-formal suggestion that pedestrians may cross. They aim to encourage concentrated pedestrian crossings and to encourage drivers to let pedestrians cross the roads out of courtesy, rather than obligation (unless at
324:
are a type of controlled, signalised crossing which can be used simultaneously by pedestrians and cyclists, as cyclists cannot use the signal-controlled pedestrian crossings. Toucan crossings generally should not be staggered. Finally, a parallel crossing can be signalised by placing cycle track(s)
240:
Road markings with the text "Look right" and "Look left" are sometimes used at pedestrian crossings to indicate to pedestrians the direction from which traffic will approach. Common uses may be a pedestrian island on a one way street or where a contraflow bus lane is in use. At times these markings
176:
and pedex crossings are all types of controlled crossing controlled by traffic signals for pedestrians and drivers. These types of crossings can be used where vehicle speeds are high, where there are a lot of vulnerable pedestrians, where vehicle flows or pedestrian flows are high or where the road
211:
There are two common types of pedestrian signal in the UK: nearside and farside. Nearside signals are incorporated into the push button, while farside signals are located at the other end of the crossing, facing the pedestrian across the road. Both types are permitted, and highway authorities can
218:
Farside signal heads will normally contain two signals: a red man and a green man signal. Furthermore, on the nearside there will be a push button unit, which normally contains the text "PEDESTRIANS push button and wait for signal opposite" as well as a pictorial guide to the crossing symbols.
134:
are a type of controlled crossing indicated by white longitudinal bars across the carriageway and upright flashing globes, known as 'belisha' beacons. Zebra crossings can be used on roads where the 85th percentile speed is not above 35mph. The minimum width for a crossing is 2.4 m.
180:
At these crossings, there will be at least two signal heads facing each direction of vehicular traffic, as well as signal heads and call buttons for pedestrians. The crossings can be staggered to shorten crossing times, mainly for the benefit of vehicular traffic flow.
241:
have been painted incorrectly, which can create confusing situations for pedestrians. For example, on a street in
Islington, the words "look right" were painted, although the accompanying arrow pointed left and traffic approached from the left.
358:
is always used at controlled and uncontrolled crossings. This is coloured red at controlled crossings (zebras, puffins, signalised junctions) and any other colour which contrasts from the footway surface at uncontrolled crossings.
138:
At a zebra crossing, pedestrians should wait for traffic from both directions to stop before moving onto the crossing. Drivers are legally required to give way when someone is crossing the road at a zebra crossing.
362:
The guidance recommends that pedestrian push buttons be located on the right side of the crossing waiting area. This is because visually impaired people are taught to look for a push button to their right.
320:
Parallel crossings are formed by placing a cycle track next to the bars in the zebra crossing, and allow cyclists to ride across the crossing, which they are not normally permitted to do.
215:
Nearside signal units will normally be one unit, however a repeater unit may be provided higher up where there are lots of pedestrians, as nearside signals can be more easily blocked.
147:
586:. Great Britain. Department for Transport, Northern Ireland. Department for Infrastructure, Scotland. Scottish Government, Wales. Welsh Government (2003 ed.). London. 2019.
249:
Average installation costs are as follows. Note that the costs are based on no existing crossing, it will cost less in other cases (e.g. upgrading a puffin to a toucan).
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345:
A ramp should be provided to assist pedestrians to cross the road, as some people, especially wheelchair users, find it difficult to negotiate kerbs. Therefore, a '
79:
764:
615:
526:
317:
There are situations where other users may need to cross the road alongside pedestrians, in which case it may be practicable to use a multi-user crossing.
934:
497:. Department for Transport, Northern Ireland. Department for Infrastructure, Scotland. Scottish Government, Wales. Welsh Government. London. 2019.
870:
109:
a junction). The inclusion of stripes (e.g. in paving), the presence of narrowing and visual narrowings of the road positively affect courtesy.
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591:
557:
502:
339:
All new and updated crossings in the UK, including informal crossings must not disable people. They do this is a number of different ways.
381:
634:
757:
158:
306:
382:"Making Roads Safe for Pedestrians or Keeping them Out of the Way? - An Historical Perspective on Pedestrian Policies in Britain"
807:
112:
Since 29 January 2022 pedestrians crossing the mouth of a side road have priority over vehicles turning in from the main road.
939:
120:
959:
954:
750:
944:
552:(Sixteenth ed.). Norwich: Department for Transport, Great Britain. Driver & Vehicle Standards Agency. 2015.
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530:
388:
682:
658:
125:
420:
188:(they are in Northern Ireland), pedex crossings allow the continued use of farside pedestrian signals.
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797:
773:
232:
37:
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609:
520:
102:
21:
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can be used by horse riders. They can be sited in parallel to toucan and pedestrian facilities.
97:
597:
587:
563:
553:
508:
498:
392:
859:
817:
812:
349:', where the kerb is flush with the carriageway, or a raised crossing is normally provided.
328:
169:
880:
837:
822:
321:
173:
913:
865:
842:
832:
792:
706:
355:
311:
200:
131:
91:
33:
928:
908:
185:
90:
Pedestrian refuges are uncontrolled crossings with two dropped kerbs and a central
886:
83:
Pedestrian refuges can be incorporated into priority junctions, like this one in
875:
445:
325:
in parallel to a puffin or pedex crossing. This is known as a sparrow crossing.
48:
The first pedestrian crossing signal was erected in Bridge Street, Westminster,
25:
601:
512:
450:
In: The 17th Annual
Transport Practitioners' Meeting. PTRC: Oxford, UK. (2019)
421:"Pedestrian Refuge Island | Traffic Choices - aiding traffic scheme decisions"
567:
163:
57:
581:
492:
55:
In the early 20th century, car traffic increased dramatically. A reader of
547:
903:
346:
152:
742:
212:
install either as they wish, though not both at the same installation.
84:
16:
683:"Puffin Crossing | Traffic Choices - aiding traffic scheme decisions"
659:"Zebra Crossings | Traffic Choices - aiding traffic scheme decisions"
49:
446:"Analysing pedestrian and vehicle interaction at courtesy crossings"
184:
While pelican crossings are no longer permitted to be installed in
305:
231:
157:
146:
119:
96:
78:
15:
635:"London road sign fail: 'Look right' - with arrow pointing left"
24:, London is particularly famous for appearing on the cover of a
746:
162:
A staggered set of pelican crossings with farside signals in
732:
896:
851:
780:
236:
Look right / Look left markings at a zebra crossing
494:Traffic signs manual. Chapter 6, Traffic control
734:Guidance on the use of Tactile Paving Surfaces.
583:Traffic signs manual. Chapter 5, Road markings
758:
8:
391:Centre for Transport Studies. Archived from
151:A puffin crossing with nearside signals in
803:Pedestrian crossings in the United Kingdom
765:
751:
743:
614:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
525:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
380:Ishaque, Muhammad M.; Noland, Robert B.
251:
871:Embedded pavement flashing-light system
444:Jones, P.; Di Guardo, G. (2019-07-10).
372:
302:The use of crossings by non-pedestrians
607:
518:
268:Informal crossing (pedestrian refuge)
101:Courtesy crossings on Newland Avenue,
728:
726:
487:
485:
295:Requires a Traffic Regulation Order.
284:Requires a Traffic Regulation Order.
7:
542:
540:
483:
481:
479:
477:
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469:
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415:
413:
14:
177:layout could cause uncertainty.
935:Transport in the United Kingdom
808:Pedestrian separation structure
633:Reporter, Metro (2013-08-16).
1:
950:Transport in Northern Ireland
736:URL Accessed 2 January 2022.
61:wrote to the editor in 1911:
196:Defunct crossings include:
143:Signal-controlled crossings
976:
310:An equestrian crossing in
549:The official highway code
687:www.trafficchoices.co.uk
663:www.trafficchoices.co.uk
425:www.trafficchoices.co.uk
335:For disabled pedestrians
278:Zebra/parallel crossing
389:Imperial College London
353:Tactile blister paving:
289:Puffin/toucan crossing
20:This zebra crossing on
314:
237:
192:Defunct crossing types
166:
155:
128:
105:
87:
67:
36:has specific types of
29:
940:Transport in Scotland
618:) CS1 maint: others (
529:) CS1 maint: others (
309:
235:
228:Look right, look left
161:
150:
123:
100:
82:
63:
19:
960:Pedestrian crossings
955:Transport in England
788:Guerrilla crosswalks
774:Pedestrian crossings
329:Equestrian crossings
124:A zebra crossing in
798:Pedestrian scramble
260:Average cost range
253:
38:pedestrian crossing
945:Transport in Wales
711:TfGM Active Travel
315:
252:
238:
207:Pedestrian signals
167:
156:
129:
106:
88:
75:Informal crossings
30:
922:
921:
593:978-0-11-553208-5
559:978-0-11-553342-6
504:978-0-11-553744-8
299:
298:
245:Installation cost
170:Pelican crossings
967:
818:Pelican crossing
813:Pegasus crossing
767:
760:
753:
744:
737:
730:
721:
720:
718:
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703:
697:
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679:
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489:
460:
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441:
435:
434:
432:
431:
417:
408:
407:
405:
403:
397:
386:
377:
322:Toucan crossings
292:£30,000-£50,000
281:£15,000-£27,000
254:
174:puffin crossings
975:
974:
970:
969:
968:
966:
965:
964:
925:
924:
923:
918:
892:
881:Portland Orange
847:
838:Toucan crossing
823:Puffin crossing
776:
771:
741:
740:
731:
724:
715:
713:
707:"Jargon buster"
705:
704:
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691:
689:
681:
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676:
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657:
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632:
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491:
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398:on 17 July 2011
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271:£5,000-£10,000
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230:
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201:panda crossings
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132:Zebra crossings
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116:Zebra crossings
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5:
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914:Tactile paving
911:
906:
900:
898:
894:
893:
891:
890:
883:
878:
873:
868:
866:Belisha beacon
863:
855:
853:
849:
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846:
845:
843:Zebra crossing
840:
835:
833:Tiger crossing
830:
825:
820:
815:
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805:
800:
795:
793:Panda crossing
790:
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772:
770:
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762:
755:
747:
739:
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722:
698:
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650:
625:
592:
573:
558:
536:
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461:
436:
409:
371:
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356:Blister paving
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92:traffic island
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34:United Kingdom
13:
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2:
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909:Refuge island
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897:Other aspects
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860:Ampelmännchen
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394:
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366:
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343:Dropped kerb:
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714:. Retrieved
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690:. Retrieved
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666:. Retrieved
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642:. Retrieved
638:
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493:
453:. Retrieved
449:
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428:. Retrieved
424:
400:. Retrieved
393:the original
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347:dropped kerb
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876:HAWK beacon
929:Categories
716:2021-12-28
692:2022-01-02
668:2022-01-02
644:2022-01-11
602:1097355613
513:1134444798
455:2022-01-02
430:2022-01-02
367:References
22:Abbey Road
887:Xiaolüren
781:Crossings
610:cite book
568:913792893
521:cite book
402:18 August
164:Greenwich
58:The Times
904:Curb cut
223:Markings
153:Aviemore
85:Saltney
44:History
26:Beatles
852:Lights
828:Subway
600:
590:
566:
556:
511:
501:
312:Bisley
263:Notes
126:Antrim
50:London
28:album.
639:Metro
396:(PDF)
385:(PDF)
257:Type
70:Types
620:link
616:link
598:OCLC
588:ISBN
564:OCLC
554:ISBN
531:link
527:link
509:OCLC
499:ISBN
404:2009
103:Hull
32:The
931::
725:^
709:.
685:.
661:.
637:.
612:}}
608:{{
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539:^
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519:{{
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406:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
